BS CRIMINOLOGY – 2K

Final Requirements
Manligas, Glenn Paul, L.
21. What is the difference between an alkane, alkene, and alkyne, and how do
their properties differ? (12 points)

Alkanes are commonly referred to as paraffin because, under specific conditions of normal
ambient temperature and pressure, they exhibit polish-like properties. Alkanes can be further
divided into linear branching and cyclic alkanes based on their basic structure.

Hydrocarbons that are with a double carbon-carbon link are known as alkenes. They are highly
reactive polish molecules.

Alkynes are frequently utilized in the manufacturing of crude oil, natural gas, synthetic rubbers,
substances, vinyl chloride, ethanol, acrylic acids, glycerol ester, fuels, vinyl chloride, as well and
vinyl chloride, as well as several other industrial processes. Ethene, propene, butene, pentene,
hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, and other alkenes are instances.

Smith Emma, (2023, March, 20), https://askanydifference.com/difference-between-alkanes-

alkenes-and-alkynes-with-table/

Carey, Francis, A. (2023, Apr, 1), https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrocarbon

McIntosh, J. (2018). 5. Reactions of Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes. In Organic Chemistry:

Fundamentals and Concepts (pp. 61-81). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110565140-005

22. What is resonance in organic chemistry, and how does it affect the stability
and reactivity of molecules? (12 points)

It is not always possible to depict a molecule or an ion using just one structure. It is necessary to
propose multiple structures. But none of these fully explains all of the molecule's known
features. The answer is to create a weighted average of all the legitimate structures that
describes every property. Resonance, mesomerism, or delocalization are common terms used
to describe this phenomenon.
Resonance is the representation of a molecule's structure as a weighted. Average of two or
more hypothetical structures that only differ in their electron configuration but have identical
atom locations.

Vutturi, Aditya, V. (2021) https://plus.google.com/115049833493415558937?rel=author

Wei,Sharon(2023,Jan,30)https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/
Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Chemical_Bonding/
Valence_Bond_Theory/Resonance

Bhandari, Sanjay(2019, Dec, 7)https://chemistrypage.in/resonance-effect-or-mesomeric-effect/

23. What is the difference between an aromatic and aliphatic compound, and
how do their properties differ? (12 points)

What separates aliphatic from aromatic compounds Compounds are how electrons are
arranged. Aromatic The conjugated pi-electron systems are present in compounds aliphatic
elements don't. Aromatic substances include not only It's not necessary for benzene to simply
contain hydrogen carbon, too. Tryptophan is an aromatic substance, however the indole ring
and electrons from the aromatically that of nitrogen. They must consist of one and be "flat," as
many rings. Carbon and hydrogen are a-alignments. various atoms can only be joined to an
aliphatic molecule in that case. Aliphatic is the portion having carbon and hydrogen aliphatic.
Compounds can have any number of linear, circular, or branching structures many ways. There
are singles, doubles, and even triples among them obligations. provided that aliphatic
compounds

The Aromatic always has smells and only reacts when the conditions are right.While the
aliphatic possesses no scent and is combustible under most situations

Bhimabhai, Karmur, S. (2018, Aug, 28) www.thepharmajournal.com

Ozil, (2023, Feb, 28 )https://diffzi.com/aromatic-compounds-vs-aliphatic-compounds/

Albanese, Morgane(2016,Feb, 16)https://www.aimspress.com/article/id/63

24. What is the difference between an electrophile and a nucleophile, and how
do they participate in organic reactions? (12 points)

The chemical compounds known as nucleophiles and electrophiles are those that take or
contribute electrons to form new chemical bonds. A chemical bond is created when a
nucleophil donates an electron pair. Any molecule, atom, or ion with only an electron deficit is
referred to be an electrophile. The nucleophile and electrophile reaction is written using a
resonance structure. The second one makes it clearer that the central carbon can accept the
additional bond. The following are acceptable depictions of a nucleophilic attack of a hydroxide
ion on acetone.

In the series on knowing where electrons are and how they flow, we have been discussing how
the fundamental principle of chemistry is that like charges repel one another and that, in
reactions, electrons flow from "electron rich" locations to "electron poor" parts.

Suman, Shekhar (2022, Oct, 10)https://collegedunia.com/exams/difference-between-

electrophile-and-nucleophile-definition-reaction-and-sample-questions-chemistry-articleid-
699

Ashenhurst, James (2022, Sept, 13)

https://www.masterorganicchemistry.com/2012/06/05/nucleophiles-and-electrophiles/

Cortes, Sergio(2020, May, 18)

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Organic_Chemistry/Organic_Chemistry_I_(Cortes)/
12%3A_Introduction_to_Lewis_Acid-Base_Chemistry/
12.04%3A_Reactions_Between_Nucleophiles_and_Electrophiles

QUESTION 25. What is the different between a reaction intermediate and a

transition state, and how do they participant in organic reaction? (12 points)

The difference between the two is transition state of a chemical reaction is the intermediate
with the highest potential energy. The primary distinction between activated complex and
transition state is that activated complex refers to all possible intermediates, whereas transition
state refers to the intermediate with the highest potential energy.
In organic reaction the participation of reaction intermediate is a relatively long-lived species
that can be detected and characterized experimentally. This means that an intermediate is an
actual molecule or an ion that you can work with, sometimes even isolate. That's you freezing
in space after landing on one foot while park hopping. To "transition state" it determines the
peak of a wave and what point it rich , a transition state represents an extremely brief
arrangement of atoms at a local power optimum (aka reaction coordinate).The transition state
is described as an intermediate stage in which the chemical process has more energy than both
the reactants and products combined. In contrast, activation energy can be defined as the
minimal amount of energy necessary for the reaction to take place.

Alexander Johnson (2022, August, 28). What is the difference between intermediates and
transition states? (scienceoxygen.com)

Ashenhurst, James(2022,Aug,22)What's A Transition State?

(masterorganicchemistry.com)

Bryant,Edward(2022,Sept,21)Transition state and free energy -

ReachSupportNetwork.eu

QUESTION 26. What is the difference between a synthesis reaction and a

decomposition reaction, and what are some example of each? Please discuss
this comprehensively? (12 points)
Chemical processes called "synthesis reactions" involve the fusion of two elements to create
a new substance. While both elements and compounds can operate as reactants, the newly
created product is always a compound.
Decomposition reactions are chemical processes that result in the production of two or
more products from one reactant. This occurs when the compound's bonds are severed to
create brand-new compounds. These reactions are typically endothermic because the heat
generated by the dissolution of those chemical bonds.
 Synthesis reaction the example is Water: 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(g) and Carbon dioxide: 2
CO(g) + O2(g) → 2CO2(g). An example of a decomposition reaction is the breakdown of
carbonic acid (H2CO3) to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) [2]. H2CO3 (aq.) → CO2 (g) +
H2O (l)

Nam D.(2018, May, 18) https://socratic.org/questions/what-is-the-difference-

between-synthesis-and-decomposition-reactions
Helminstine, Marie Anne (2019, Dec, 02)Synthesis Reaction Definition and
Examples (thoughtco.com)
Madhu(2020, Jan, 26) Difference Between Synthesis Reaction and
Dissociation Reaction | Compare the Difference Between Similar Terms

QUESTION 27. Define isotopes. Explain why isotopes of the some element have
the same chemical properties but different between physical properties? (12
points)
Isotopes are an important idea in atom research. They help chemists, physicists, and
geologists make sense of the world around them. Yet, in order to explain what radioisotope
are and the reason they are so significant, we must first look at atoms in their entirety. Also
atoms are not all created equal. Since all of the atoms in a single element have the same
amount of protons (hydrogen only has proton, helium has two, lithium has three, and so
on), they occasionally do not possess the same amount of neutrons.
Identical chemical behavior. Most elements found in nature are mixes of many isotopes; tin,
for example, has 10 isotopes. In most situations, only stable isotopes of elements are A
chemical element's isotopes are any of two or more species of atoms that have nuclei that
have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. They differ in atomic
weights but share the same atomic number, leading to almost found in nature. The
radioactive forms break down spontaneously into different elements (see radioactivity).
Isotopes of all elements heavier than bismuth are radioactive; some occur naturally because
they have long half-lives.
The reason why? Some element has same chemical number is because of the fact that even
though an element's isotopes have the same number of electrons as its atoms, they have
 different numbers of neutrons, which alter the mass number. Physical characteristics are
determined by mass number,
so, although chemical properties are ascertained by atomic number.

Herzog, G. F. (2022, October 20). isotope. Encyclopedia Britannica.

https://www.britannica.com/science/isotope

Mancini, Mark(2021, Oct, 20)What Is an Isotope? | HowStuffWorks

Phiddian, Ellen(2022, Jan, 12)What is an isotope, and what is isotopic

analysis? (cosmosmagazine.com)

QUESTION 28. What is the difference between an addition reaction and a

substation reaction, and how do they differ in term of energy changes? (8
points)
Fundamental reactions in organic chemistry comprise addition, substitution, and elimination
reactions. These reactions form the basis of the most of chemical synthesizes and
identifications. Either one step or two steps can be involved in these reactions. The primary
distinction between addition and substitution reactions is that whereas the former entail
combining two or more atoms or functional groups, latter involve the displacement of an atom
or functional group by another functional group. And also, the reaction processes in organic
chemistry are explained using addition and substitution reactions. The primary distinction
between addition reactions and substitution reactions is that the former entails the joining of
two or more atoms or functional groups, whilst the latter involve the displacement of an atom
or functional group by another functional group.

The addition and elimination reaction differ in term of energy change, addition is a product that
is not form, elimination is product that form. And in energy change the changes in chemical
bonding that occur during a chemical reaction can be observed. This can be used to
differentiate between exothermic and endothermic reactions. Also SN1 and SN2 events are
common examples of reaction mechanism in which the nucleophile encounters the ionic bond
to substitute a functional group. Polar addition reactions are classified into two types: addition
reaction reactions and nucleophile reactions. Non-polar addition reactions include
complimentary oxidation reaction and contradictions..

Madhusha (2017, July, 4) Difference Between Addition and Substitution Reactions | Definition, Types,
Characteristics, Examples, Comparison (pediaa.com)

Rentschler,RT(2018,May,31) How do substitution and addition reactions differ?

| Socratic
Kare,Divya(2022,Sept,19)Addition Reaction: Learn its Definition, Types,
Examples & Uses (testbook.com)

QUESTION 29. How do chemists use NMR spectroscopy to analyze the structure
of organic compounds, and what information can be obtained from NMR
spectra? (12 points)
Scientists use NMR Spectroscopy to plot the complex molecular structures of matter.
Samples are placed in a highly specialized NMR spectrometer and subjected to a strong
magnetic field. The field's gravitational pull excites the nuclei of some atoms, resulting in
resonant frequencies. Scientists use a wide range of methods to study the molecular
properties of matter, and one of the most useful is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
Spectroscopy. The advanced analytical technique enables researchers to study the unique
chemical, physical, and biological properties of molecules, and it is used in a variety of fields
and professions. Continue reading to learn more about the different applications of NMR
Spectroscopy.
NMR spectra obtained set up a magnetic field around the sample. To generate NMR
signals, use radio waves to excite the nuclei sample into nuclear magnetic resonance
Sensitive radio receivers detect these NMR signals. The intramolecular magnetic field that
surrounds an atom in a molecule changes its resonance frequency. This provides
information about a molecule's individual functional groups as well as its electronic
structure. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a reliable method for determining
the identity of monomolecular organic compounds. This method provides information
 about a molecule's reaction state, structure, chemical environment, and dynamics. You'll be
capable of identifying the position of these groups as well as the protein's structure using
NMR spectroscopy.

Dr Robin J. Blagg, (2021, October, 22) 7 Uses of NMR Spectroscopy Labmate Online
(labmate-online.com)

NMR Spectroscopy (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) - Principle, Working, Chemical Shift,

Instrumentation & Applications of NMR Spectroscopy (byjus.com)

Andel Früh & Andreas Maccagnan, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

Biophys, Arch, Biohem(2017,June,16)Applications of NMR to structure determination of RNAs

large and small - PMC (nih.gov)

QUESTION 30. What is the difference between an exothermic and endothermic

reaction, and how do they differ in terms of energy changes? (8 points)
The difference between the two is the endothermic reactions produce in energy from their
surroundings. Furthermore, an exothermic reaction emits energy into its surroundings.
Energy can be emitted or absorbed in the form of heat, cold, light, or sound. Also,
endothermic reactions take in energy from their environment. Heat is taken in as a type of
energy. The change in enthalpy is positive. Product enthalpy is always larger than reactant
enthalpy. The temperature drops as endothermic processes continue. An endothermic
reaction process is an endothermic reaction. Evaporation, Instant Cold packs, cooking, and
other endothermic processes are examples. But exothermic reactions emit energy into their
surroundings. Sound, heat, and light are all forms of energy that are emitted. The change in
enthalpy is negative. Products usually have a lower enthalpy than reagents. The
temperature goes up as exothermic processes occur. Exothermic reactions are exergonic
reactions. Condensation, nuclear reactions, iron rusting, and other exothermic processes
are examples.Chemical reactions are classified as endothermic or exothermic based on the
 transfer of energy between both the external environment as well as the system in which
the reaction is going to take place. We can compute the enthalpy change among reactants
and products to determine if a chemical process is endothermic or exothermic. If not, we
may see the temperature change of the reaction medium. The primary distinction among
endothermic and exothermic processes would be that endothermic reactions collect energy
from their surroundings, while exothermic reactions release the energy into them.

Atul Sinha (2023, January, 20 ) Difference between Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction - Physics In
My View

Madhusha(2017,July,30)Difference Between Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions |

Definition, Properties, Examples (pediaa.com)
Helmenstine, Anne Marie(2019,Sept,16)Endergonic vs Exergonic Reactions and
Processes (thoughtco.com)