This document discusses culture, society, and politics from an anthropological perspective. It defines key concepts like culture, cultural variations, gender, socioeconomic class, nationality, ethnicity, and provides examples. Culture and environment shape human behavior and traditions over generations. Cultural variations exist between groups due to differing environmental conditions. Factors like gender, class, ethnicity also lead to social differences. Studying culture, society and politics is important as it provides information on human adaptation and development, promotes understanding of groups, and helps create a just society through representation and consensus.
This document discusses culture, society, and politics from an anthropological perspective. It defines key concepts like culture, cultural variations, gender, socioeconomic class, nationality, ethnicity, and provides examples. Culture and environment shape human behavior and traditions over generations. Cultural variations exist between groups due to differing environmental conditions. Factors like gender, class, ethnicity also lead to social differences. Studying culture, society and politics is important as it provides information on human adaptation and development, promotes understanding of groups, and helps create a just society through representation and consensus.
This document discusses culture, society, and politics from an anthropological perspective. It defines key concepts like culture, cultural variations, gender, socioeconomic class, nationality, ethnicity, and provides examples. Culture and environment shape human behavior and traditions over generations. Cultural variations exist between groups due to differing environmental conditions. Factors like gender, class, ethnicity also lead to social differences. Studying culture, society and politics is important as it provides information on human adaptation and development, promotes understanding of groups, and helps create a just society through representation and consensus.
HUMAN VARIATION Environment and History are two of the primary factors that shape the behavior of human groups. This behavior, which serves as an adaptive tool for the varied stimuli projected by the environment, is influenced by beliefs, practices, and materials possessions. Through constant practice, these sets of behavior form human traditions, which are passed on from one generation to the other. As human group experiences differing environmental conditions, cultural variations are established. CULTURAL VARIATIONS
- refers to the differences in social behaviors that
different culture exhibit around the world. What may be considered good etiquette in one culture may be considered bad etiquette in another. CULTURAL VARIATIONS * The variation in human conditions promotes diversity and plurality in cultural traditions. * This could lead to discrimination and ostracism. CULTURAL VARIATIONS Ethnocentrism - is a perspective that promotes an individual’s culture as the most efficient and superior; hence, the individual who exhibits ethnocentrism feels that his or her culture is the most appropriate as compared with other cultures. CULTURAL VARIATIONS Cultural relativism promotes the perspective that cultures must be understood in the context of their locality. using this perspective makes you tolerant of the differing attitudes and practices of others-a characteristics that is essential to a highly globalized world that we live in. CULTURAL VARIATIONS Race - (17th to the early 19th century)the term was used as a form of human classifications that was based on observable human traits and characteristics. some of the earlier categories include Caucasoid, Australoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid.These categories merely reflect the differences in skin color, size of skull, height, body frame and other physical characteristics. CULTURAL VARIATIONS
Mestiza/Mestizo- an individual whose
parents have differing ethno- biological background.(Philippines) NATIONALITY AND ETHNICITY
NATIONALITY - is the identity that is tied to
being part of a nation or country – a “group of people who share the same history, tradition and controlled by a government. can be acquired by being born in a country or by the process of legal applications called naturalization. Ethnic groups – are smaller cultural groups that share specific environments, traditions and histories that are not necessarily subscribed to by the mainstream culture. There are about 180 indigenous ethnic groups in the Philippines and more than 100 tribal groups who are mostly inhabiting ancestral domains in the lowland, upland, and coastal areas. Apart from the varying cultural back grounds and ethnicity, human populations also experience social differences, which include categories on gender, socioeconomic class (social class and economic status), political identity, and religion. Gender Gender – refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women. Sex - which refers to the biological characteristic of humans such as male or female. Gender Categories – lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and intersex (LGBTQ I+) TYPES OF GENDER Heterosexual - a person with this gender is inclined to be sexually attracted to a person of the opposite sex. Homosexual – a person is sexually attracted to a person of the same sex. Gay – a male who is romantically and sexually attracted to another male Lesbian – a female who is romantically and sexually attracted to another female Bisexual - are some individuals who are attracted to both sexes Asexual – are some who are totally incapable of being attracted to any sex Polysexual – are attracted to multiple types of gender Pansexual – accommodate all types of gender. Transgender – are people whose gender identities do not match their biological identity as male or female Transsexual - these individuals believe that the discord between their internal gender and the gender role that they have to perform can be addressed through medical reassignment. SOCIO ECOPNOMIC CLASS
The concept of socioeconomic class varies
between societies as the ideas associated with being poor or rich differ based on the collective experiences of individuals. The typical determinants of one’s social status include income, value of assets and savings, cultural interest and hobbies, and economic status of her/ his peers and relatives. Philippines indicators of Social class
Mahirap Medyo mayaman Sakto lang Mayaman Note:
The term Global North refers to the political
and economically advanced societies in the world The term Global South refers to the countries whose political and economic indicators are within the developing category. UNDERSTANDING CULTURE, SOCIETY, AND POLITICS Significance of Studying Culture, Society and Politics CULTURE According to Mark Banaag, culture functions in the following ways and from which we can realize the significance of culture as well: 1. Culture makes it possible for man to adapt and integrate himself to his environment by being creative and resourceful in coming up with ways and means of survival. 2. Culture establishes patterns of acceptable social behaviour such as etiquette, protocols, good manners and right conduct, roles and duties, etc. as established by folkways, mores and laws. 3. Culture conveys and facilitates meaning through verbal and non-verbal communication, written and non-written languages, forms of expression, and symbolism. 4. Culture produces man – made things such as clothing, tools, instruments, machines, equipment, structures, etc. made possible by technological know-how. 5. Culture contributes to overall human satisfaction as we develop ways to make life more enjoyable, more comfortable, easier and more rewarding such as recreational activities, leisure, entertainment and Arts. SOCIETY
Studying society provides us an idea
on its importance in creating an equal, just, and humane society. 1. Representation of our identity 2. Characterize the totality of a territory 3. Symbol of political independence 4. Avenue for economic dependence POLITICS 1. Consensus and compromise 2. Society 3. Power and distribution 4. Art of government 5. Public affair 6. Academics Hague defines politics in different ways but whatever definition is attached to it. 1. Politics is a collective activity-involving people who accepted a common memberships or at least acknowledge a shared fate. 2. Politics presumes an initial diversity of views- if not about goals then least about means 3. Politics involves reconciling differences through discussion and persuasion; and 4. Political decisions become authoritative policy for a group, binding members to decisions that are implemented by force if necessary The Rationale of Studying Anthropology, Political Science, and Sociology Anthropology derived from the two Greek words antropos=human and logos= study the study of people - their origins, their development, and contemporary variations, wherever they have been found on the face of the earth”(Ember, Ember, and Peregrine) is the branch of knowledge which deals with the scientific study of man, his works, his body, his behaviour and values, in time and space (Palipis, 2007p.6) Also, it includes man’s physical, social, and cultural development that describes and explains the phenomenon of human life. - give us information concerning concerning man’s behavior in relation to his environment. - promotes a holistic study of humans Five sub disciplines of Anthropology Archaeology Examines the remains of ancient and historical human populations to promote an understanding of how humans have adapted to their environment and developed. Cultural anthropology Promotes the study of a society’s culture through belief systems, practices, and possessions Linguistic anthropology Examines the language of a group of people and its relation to their culture Physical anthropology
Looks into the
biological development of humans and their contemporary variation. Applied anthropology Attempts to solve contemporary problems through the application of theories and approaches of the discipline. Political Science is a systematic study of a state and its government, with relationship of men in the community, with relations of men and groups to the state itself, and with the relations of a state with other sovereign sates abroad(Palapis, 2009 p.14) It emphasizes the use of power, interest, influence, and diplomacy which is important in creating a well-ordered society Political Scientist analyze how people attain political position in society, how they maintain their position, and the outcomes of their policy implementation within a definite social territory. * The primary goal of Political Science is citizenship education. It requires the student to understand and appreciate the duties and obligations of being a member of a society. IMPORTANCE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE KNOWLADGE BASED - It provides the students the knowledge and understanding of a government, with all its component curricula like public law, political theory, public administration, political philosophy, and political dynamics COMPETENCE BASED - Inculcates the objectives and underlying principles of the sate that should be abided by the officials and its SKILL BASED - Prepares the students for future career path, be it in legal profession, government service, politic, teaching, and many more. Sociology
is the scientific study of patterned,
shared human behavior(Jospeh Fichter) - It analyzes human interaction which is essential in understanding man’s cultural make - up - It may focus its all attention on all kinds of social interactions: social arts, social relationships, social organization, social structures, and social processes.
(LSE Monographs On Social Anthropology 63) Andre Beteille - Society and Politics in India - Essays in A Comparative Perspective-Athlone Press - Routledge (1991) (Z-Lib - Io)