Test Bank For Matrix of Race Social Construction Intersectionality and Inequality 1st Edition Coates Ferber Brunsma 1452202699 9781452202693
Test Bank For Matrix of Race Social Construction Intersectionality and Inequality 1st Edition Coates Ferber Brunsma 1452202699 9781452202693
4. Which of the following states has the highest percentage of minority population within
the state?
Instructor Resource
Coates, The Matrix of Race
SAGE Publishing, 2018
a. California
b. Hawaii
c. Texas
d. Georgia
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 2.1: Explore how recent events have affected how we experience
race.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Changing Demographics
Difficulty Level: Hard
8. Which of the following phrases illustrates the social focus put on difference?
a. racial profiling
b. subprime loans
c. dining while black
d. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.1: Explore how recent events have affected how we experience
race.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: The Influence of a Changing World
Difficulty Level: Easy
16. Which of the following was discussed as a lens through which colonialism can be
viewed?
a. structure of domination
b. internal or domestic colonialism
c. “colonialism of the mind”
d. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Application
Answer Location: Understanding Colonialism
Difficulty Level: Medium
18. This lens of colonialism includes the subjugation of one group of people to another
across political entities.
a. structure of domination
b. internal or domestic colonialism
c. “colonialism of the mind”
d. all of these
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Understanding Colonialism
Difficulty Level: Medium
Instructor Resource
Coates, The Matrix of Race
SAGE Publishing, 2018
19. is the name given to the colonies that developed within the Americas.
a. Settler colonies
b. Satellite colonies
c. Monarch colonies
d. both “satellite colonies” and “monarch colonies”
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Understanding Colonialism
Difficulty Level: Easy
20. What is the contemporary name for the place that Columbus landed in 1492?
a. Cuba
b. Florida
c. Gulf of Mexico
d. Mississippi
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Discovery and Encounters: The Shaping of our Storied Past
Difficulty Level: Easy
21. The Black Code of France did all of the following except .
a. legislated life
b. legislated marriage
c. legislated the number of children a slave could have
d. legislated the treatment of slaves by their masters
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Labor Crisis and Slavery
Difficulty Level: Medium
25. Which of the following is true about the Black Codes of France?
a. It prohibited whites and free-blacks from having sexual relations with slaves.
b. A slave’s status could be altered by marrying a free-black.
c. Children born to slave mothers were considered slaves.
d. both “it prohibited whites and free-blacks from having sexual relations with slaves”
and “children born to slave mothers were considered slaves”
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Labor Crisis and Slavery
Difficulty Level: Medium
26. What group of women did French men often form alliances with that were termed
left-handed marriages?
a. Hispanic
b. Native American
c. Creole
d. African American
Instructor Resource
Coates, The Matrix of Race
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Left-Handed Marriages and Plaçage
Difficulty Level: Medium
27. What benefit did Creole women receive from entering into left-handed marriages?
a. They were given a household.
b. They gained social status.
c. They did not receive any social benefits.
d. both “they were given a household” and “they gained social status”
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Left-Handed Marriages and Plaçage
Difficulty Level: Easy
28. What view did both the French and British colonists share about the Native
Americans that they encountered?
a. the Native Americans were savages
b. the Native Americans needed to be Christianized
c. the Native Americans had functional social systems in place
d. both “the Native Americans were savages” and “the Native Americans needed to be
Christianized”
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: British Colonialism
Difficulty Level: Easy
29. In which year did the Plymouth Company’s Mayflower reach the New World?
a. 1492
b. 1504
c. 1589
d. 1620
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: British Colonialism
Difficulty Level: Medium
32. In 2016 what percentage of the U.S. population was foreign born?
a. 5
b. 14
c. 21
d. 25
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 2.1: Explore how recent events have affected how we experience
race.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Changing Demographics
Difficulty Level: Hard
33. Which of the following is true about the demographics of 19 of the 25 largest
counties by population in the United States?
a. whites are the majority
b. whites made up less than half of the population
c. blacks are the majority
d. both “whites made up less than half of the population” and “blacks are the majority”
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 2.1: Explore how recent events have affected how we experience
race.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Changing Demographics
Instructor Resource
Coates, The Matrix of Race
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Difficulty Level: Hard
36. Within the concept of the triple glass ceiling discrimination is based on .
a. race
b. gender
c. class
d. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.1: Explore how recent events have affected how we experience
race.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Revising the Experience of Work, Gender, and Race
Difficulty Level: Easy
38. The court case Brown vs. the Board of Education was fought in which state?
a. Pennsylvania
b. Kansas
c. Virginia
d. Massachusetts
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 2.1: Explore how recent events have affected how we experience
race.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Changing Demographics
Difficulty Level: Medium
39. was applied in French colonies to people that were one-fourth black by
descent.
a. Quadroon
b. Creole
c. Hispanic
d. Mulatto
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Left-Handed Marriages and Placage
Difficulty Level: Medium
40. In New Orleans this type of “ball” was held to celebrate the relationships inhigh
society.
a. creole
b. quadroon
c. slave
d. none of these
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Left-Handed Marriages and Placage
Difficulty Level: Medium
41. refers to the contested spaces or borders between Spanish, French, and
English colonies.
a. Frontiers
b. Borderlands
Instructor Resource
Coates, The Matrix of Race
SAGE Publishing, 2018
c. Savage country
d. Free space
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Borderlands and Frontiers
Difficulty Level: Easy
45. Where did the first significant slave rebellion against the English occur?
a. Gloucester County, Virginia
b. Jamestown, New York
c. Plymouth, Massachusetts
d. none of these
Ans: A
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Slave Rebellions
Difficulty Level: Medium
47. Which of the following was true about the lives of African slaves in the French
colonies?
a. they were able to purchase their freedom
b. they had legal recourse through the French courts
c. both “they were able to purchase their freedom” and “they had legal recourse through
the French courts”
d. they did not have the same rights as slaves in the Spanish colonies
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: French Colonialism
Difficulty Level: Medium
48. What was the precipitating social cause for the Spanish to use African slave labor?
a. impact of disease on the Native American population
b. impact of warfare on the Native American population
c. impact of overwork on the Native American population
d. all of these
Ans: D
Instructor Resource
Coates, The Matrix of Race
SAGE Publishing, 2018
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Analysis
Answer Location: Spanish Colonialism (1492)
Difficulty Level: Easy
49. Which group was the first to work as slaves in the Spanish colonies?
a. African Americans
b. Native Americans
c. Hispanics
d. Germans
Ans: B
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Knowledge
Answer Location: Constructing a Racial Ideology
Difficulty Level: Medium
50. Which of the following is true about the rights of slaves in the Spanish colonies?
a. slaves could purchase their own freedom
b. slaves had legal recourse through the Spanish courts
c. the freeing of slaves did not require approval from the Crown
d. all of these
Ans: D
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Spanish Colonialism (1492)
Difficulty Level: Easy
51. are governments or social structures that grant political power based on
hierarchies of skin tones, regardless of race or social status.
a. Plutocracies
b. Meritocracy
c. Pigmentocracies
d. Democracies
Ans: C
Learning Objective: 2.3: Examine the patterns of Spanish, French, and British
colonialism in the Americas.
Cognitive Domain: Comprehension
Answer Location: Spanish Colonialism (1492)
Difficulty Level: Easy
52. In what way were the bodies of women controlled by the racial caste system?
a. the wombs of white women were considered sacred
b. European men had access to all women’s bodies
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received a dorsally-placed accessory gland, open to the exterior by a
median aperture placed ventrally a little way behind the mouth.
Life-history.—The egg undergoes a large portion of its
development within the body of the mother. In Linguatula
taenioides, which lives in the nasal cavities of the dog, the eggs pass
away with the nasal excretions. If these, scattered about in the grass,
etc., be eaten by a rabbit, the egg-shell is dissolved in the stomach of
the second host and a small larva is set free. In Porocephalus
proboscideus and others, which inhabit the lungs of snakes, the eggs
pass along the alimentary canal and leave the body with the faeces.
They also must be eaten by a second host if development is to
proceed.
The larva which emerges when
the egg-shell is dissolved has a
rounded body provided with two
pairs of hooked appendages, and
a tail which is more or less
prominent in different species
(Figs. 259, 260). Each appendage
bears a claw, and is strengthened
by a supporting rod or skeleton.
Anteriorly the head bears a
boring apparatus of several
chitinous stylets. The various
internal organs are in this stage
already formed, though in a Fig. 259.—A late larval stage of
somewhat rudimentary state, and Porocephalus proboscideus, seen from
the side. Highly magnified. (From
it is doubtful if the anus has yet Stiles.) 1, primordium of first pair of
appeared. chitinous processes; 2, primordium of
By means of its boring second pair of chitinous processes; 3,
apparatus, and aided by its mouth; 4, ventral ganglion; 5,
hooked limbs, the larva now receptaculum seminis; 6, oviduct; 7,
ovary; 8, anus; 9, vagina.
works its way through the
stomach-walls of its second host,
and comes to rest in the liver or in some other viscus. Its presence in
the tissues of its second host causes the formation of a cyst, and
within this the larva rests and develops. In man, at least, the cysts
often undergo a calcareous degeneration, and Virchow states “dass
beim Menschen das
Pentastomum am häufigsten von
allen Entozoen zu
Verwechselungen mit echten
Tuberkeln Veranlassungen giebt.”
The larva moults several times,
and loses its limbs, which seem to
have no connexion with the
paired hooks in the adult (Fig.
256). The internal organs slowly
assume the form they possess in
the adult. The larva is at first
quite smooth, but as it grows the
annulations make their
appearance, arising in the middle
and spreading forward and
Fig. 260.—Larva of Porocephalus backward (Fig. 259). In this
proboscideus, seen from below. Highly encysted condition the larva
magnified. (From Stiles.) 1, Boring, remains coiled up for some
anterior end; 2, first pair of chitinous months, according to Leuckart;
processes seen between the forks of the
second pair; 3, ventral nerve-ganglion;
six in the case of L. taenioides,
4, alimentary canal; 5, mouth; 6 and 7, and a somewhat shorter
[385]
period,
gland-cells. according to Stiles, in the case
of P. proboscideus.
The frequency of what used to
be called Pentastoma denticulatum (= the larval form of L.
taenioides) in the body of man depends on the familiarity of man
with dogs. Klebs and Zaeslin found one larva in 900 and two in 1914
autopsies. Laenger[386] found the larva fifteen times in about 400
dissections, once in the mesentery, seven times in the liver, and
seven times in the wall of the intestine. After remaining encysted for
some time it may escape, and begins wandering through the tissues,
aided by its hooks and annulations, a proceeding not unaccompanied
by danger to its host. Should the latter be eaten by some carnivorous
animal, the larva makes its way into the nasal cavities or sinuses, or
into the lungs of the flesh-eating creature, and there after another
ecdysis it becomes adult. If, however, the second host escapes this
fate, the larvae re-encyst themselves, and then if swallowed they are
said to bore through the intestine
of the flesh-eater, and so make
their way to their adult abode.
Systematic.[387]—The
Pentastomida are a group much
modified by parasitism, which
has so deeply moulded their
structure as to obscure to a great
extent their origin and affinities.
The larva, with its clawed limbs,
recalls the Tardigrades and
certain Mites, e.g. Phytoptus,
where only two pairs of limbs
persist, and where the abdomen Fig. 261.—Encysted form of
is elongated and forms a large Porocephalus protelis, × 1, lying in the
proportion of the body. The mesentery of its host. (From Hoyle.)
resemblances to a single and
somewhat aberrant genus must
not, however, be pressed too far. The striated muscles, the ring-like
nature of the reproductive organs and their ducts, perhaps even the
disproportion both in size and number of the females to the males,
are also characters common to many Arachnids.
The Pentastomida include three genera, Linguatula, Fröhlich,
Porocephalus, Humboldt, and Reighardia, Ward.[388] The first two
were regarded by Leuckart as but sub-genera, but Railliet[389] and
Hoyle[390] have raised them to the rank of genera. They are
characterised as follows:—
Linguatula, body flattened, but dorsal surface arched; the edges of
the fluke-like body crenelated; the body-cavity extends as diverticula
into the edges of the body.
Porocephalus, body cylindrical, with no diverticula of the body-
cavity.
Reighardia, devoid of annulations, transparent, with poorly
developed hooks and a mouth-armature.
The following is a list of the species with their primary and
secondary or larval hosts:—
i. Linguatula pusilla, Diesing, found in the intestine of the fresh-
water fish Acara, a South American genus of the Cichlidae. This
is possibly the immature form of L. subtriquetra.
ii. L. recurvata, Diesing, found in the frontal sinuses and the
trachea of Felis onca.
iii. L. subtriquetra, Diesing, found in the throat of Caiman
latirostris and C. sclerops, perhaps the mature form of L. pusilla.
iv. L. taenioides, Lamarck, found in the frontal sinuses and nasal
chambers of the dog and ounce, and in the nasal cavities of the
wolf, fox, goat, horse, mule, sheep, and man, and in the trachea
of the ounce. The immature form has been found in or on the
liver of the cat, guinea-pig, and horse; in the lungs of the ox, cat,
guinea-pig, porcupine, hare, and rabbit; in the liver and
connective tissue of the small intestine of man; and in the
mesenteric glands of the ox, camel, goat, sheep, antelope, fallow-
deer, and mouse.
v. Porocephalus annulatus, Baird, found in the lungs of the
Egyptian cobra, Naja haje; the immature form is thought to live
encapsuled in a species of Porphyrio[391] and in the Numidian
Crane.
vi. P. aonycis, Macalister, from the lungs of an Indian otter taken
in the Indus.
vii. P. armillatus, Wyman, found in the adult state in the lungs of
certain African pythons, and in the lion; in the larval form it
occurs encysted in the abdomen of the Aard-wolf, the mandril,
and man—usually in negroes. Its migrations in the body of its
second host sometimes cause fatal results.
viii. P. bifurcatus, Diesing, found in the body-cavity of certain
snakes, and in the lungs of boa-constrictors and the legless
lizard, Amphisbaena alba. Possibly an immature form.
ix. P. clavatus, Lohrmann, found in the lungs of the Monitor lizard.
x. P. crocidura, Parona, found in the peritoneum of the “musk-rat”
Crocidura in Burmah. Probably a larval form.
xi. P. crotali, Humboldt, found in the lungs, body-cavity, kidneys,
spleen, and mesentery of many snakes and lizards, and of the
lion and leopard. The immature forms occur in the liver and
abdominal cavity of species of opossum, armadillo, mouse,
raccoon, bat, and marmoset.
xii. P. geckonis, Dujardin, found in the lungs of a Siamese gecko.
xiii. P. gracilis, Diesing, found free in the body-cavity or
encapsuled on the viscera and mesenteries of South American
fishes, snakes, and lizards,
xiv. P. heterodontis; Leuckart, found encapsuled in the abdominal
muscles and mesentery of a species of Heterodon.
xv. P. indicus,[392] v. Linst., found in the trachea and lungs of
Gavialis gangeticus.
xvi. P. lari, Mégnin, found in the air-sacs of the Burgomaster or
Glaucous gull, Larus glaucus of the Polar seas.
xvii. P. megacephalus, Baird, found embedded in the flesh of the
head of an Indian crocodile, C. palustris, the “Mugger.” Probably
a larval form.
xviii. P. megastomus, Diesing, found in the lungs of a fresh-water
tortoise, Hydraspis geoffroyana.
xix. P. moniliformis, Diesing, found in the lungs of pythons.
xx. P. najae sputatricis, Leuckart, found encapsuled in the
abdominal muscles and peritoneum of the cobra, Naja
tripudians. Probably a larval form.
xxi. P. oxycephalus, Diesing, found in the lungs of crocodiles and
alligators.
xxii. P. platycephalus, Lohrmann, habitat unknown.
xxiii. P. subuliferus, Leuckart, in the lungs of the cobra Naja haje.
xxiv. P. teretiusculus, Baird, found in the lungs and mouth of
certain Australian snakes.
xxv. P. tortus, Shipley, found in the body-cavity of a snake,
Dipsadomorphus irregularis, taken in New Britain.
xxvi. Reighardia, sp., Ward, found in the air-sacs of Bonaparte’s
gull and the common North American tern.
PYCNOGONIDA
BY
Remote, so far as we at present see, from all other Arthropods, while yet
manifesting the most patent features of the Arthropod type, the Pycnogons
constitute a little group, easily recognised and characterised, abundant and
omnipresent in the sea. The student of the foreshore finds few species and seldom
many individuals, but the dredger in deep waters meets at times with prodigious
numbers, lending a character to the fauna over great areas.
The commonest of our native species,
or that at least which we find the oftenest,
is Pycnogonum littorale (Phalangium
littorale, Ström, 1762). We find it under
stones near low water, or often clinging
louse-like to a large Anemone. The squat
segmented trunk carries, on four pairs of
strong lateral processes, as many legs,
long, robust, eight-jointed, furnished each
with a sharp terminal claw. In front the
trunk bears a long, stout, tubular
proboscis, at the apex of which is the
mouth, suctorial, devoid of jaws; the body
terminates in a narrow, limbless,
unsegmented process, the so-called
“abdomen,” at the end of which is the
anal orifice. The body-ring to which is
attached the first pair of legs, bears a
tubercle carrying four eye-spots; and Fig. 262.—Pycnogonum littorale, Ström, × 2.
below, it carries, in the male sex, a pair of
small limbs, whose function is to grasp
and hold the eggs, of which the male animal assumes the burden, carrying them
beneath his body in a flattened coherent mass. In either sex a pair of sexual
apertures open on the second joints of the last pair of legs. The integument of body
and limbs is very strongly chitinised, brown in colour, and raised into strong bosses
or tubercles along the middle line of the back, over the lateral processes, and from
joint to joint of the limbs. The whole animal has a singular likeness to the Whale-
louse, Cyamus mysticeti (well described by Fr. Martins in 1675), that clings to the
skin of the Greenland Whale as does Pycnogonum to the Anemone, a resemblance
close enough to mislead some of the older naturalists, and so close that Linnaeus,
though in no way misled thereby, named it Phalangium balaenarum. The substance
of the above account, and the perplexity attending the classification of the animal,
are all included in Linnaeus’s short description:[394] “Simillimus Onisco Ceti, sed
pedes omnes pluribus articulis, omnes perfecti, nec plures quam octo. Dorsum
rubrum, pluribus segmentis; singulis tribus mucronibus. Cauda cylindrica,
brevissima, truncata. Rostrum membranaceum, subsubulatum, longitudine pedum.
Genus dubium, facie Onisci ceti; rostro a reliquis diversum. Cum solo rostro absque
maxillis sit forte aptius Acaris aut proprio generi subjiciendum.... Habitat in mari
norvegico sub lapidibus.”[395]
The common Pycnogonum is, by
reason of the suppression of certain
limbs, rather an outlying member than a
typical representative of the Order, whose
common characters are more strikingly
and more perfectly shown in species, for
instance, of Nymphon. Of this multiform
genus we have many British species, some
of the smaller being common below tide-
marks, creeping among weeds or clinging
like Caprellae with skeleton limbs to the
branches of Zoophytes, where their
slender forms are not easily seen. In
contrast to the stouter body and limbs of
Pycnogonum, the whole fabric of
Nymphon tends to elongation; the body is
drawn out so that the successive lateral
processes stand far apart, and a slender
neck intervenes between the oculiferous
tubercle and the proboscis; the legs are
produced to an amazing length and an
extreme degree of attenuation: “mirum
tam parvum corpus regere tam magnos
pedes,” says Linnaeus. Above the base of
the proboscis are a pair of three-jointed
appendages, the two terminal joints of
which compose a forcipate claw; below
Fig. 263.—Dorsal view of Nymphon brevirostre, and behind these come a pair of delicate,
Hodge, × 6. Britain. palp-like limbs of five joints; and lastly,
on the ventral side, some little way
behind these, we find the ovigerous legs
that we have already seen in the male Pycnogonum, but which are present in both
sexes in the case of Nymphon. At the base of the claw which terminates each of the
eight long ambulatory legs stands a pair of smaller accessory or “auxiliary” claws.
The generative orifices are on the second joint of the legs as in Pycnogonum, but as
a rule they are present on all the eight legs in the female sex, and on the two
hindmost pairs in the male. One of the Antarctic Nymphonidae (Pentanymphon)
and one other Antarctic genus less closely related (Decolopoda) have an extra pair of
legs. No other Pycnogon, save these, exhibits a greater number of appendages than
Nymphon nor a less number than Pycnogonum, nor are any other conspicuous
organs to be discovered in other genera that are not represented in these two: within
so narrow limits lie the varying characters of the group.
In framing a terminology for the parts and members of the body, we encounter an
initial difficulty due to the ease with which terms seem applicable, that are used of
more or less analogous parts in the Insect
or the Crustacean, without warrant of
homology. Thus the first two pairs of
appendages in Nymphon have been
commonly called, since Latreille’s time,
the mandibles and the palps (Linnaeus
had called them the palps and the
antennae), though the comparison that
Latreille intended to denote is long
abandoned; or, by those who leaned, with
Kröyer and Milne-Edwards, to the
Crustacean analogy, mandibles and
maxillae. Dohrn eludes the difficulty by
denominating the appendages by simple
numbers, I., II., III., ... VII., and this
method has its own advantages; but it is
better to frame, as Sars has done, a new
nomenclature. With him we shall speak of
the Pycnogon’s body as constituted of a
trunk, whose first (composite) segment is
the cephalic segment or head, better
perhaps the cephalothorax, and which Fig. 264.—Nymphon brevirostre, Hodge. Head,
terminates in a caudal segment or from below, showing chelophores, palps, and
abdomen; the “head” bears the proboscis, ovigerous leg.
the first appendages or “chelophores,” the
second or “palps,” the third, the false or
“ovigerous” legs, and the first of the four pairs of “ambulatory” legs. The chelophores
bear their chela, or “hand,” on a stalk or scape; the ambulatory legs are constituted
of three coxal joints, a femur, two tibial joints, a tarsus, and a propodus, with its
claws, and with or without auxiliary claws.
The Body.—The trunk with its lateral processes may be still more compact than
in Pycnogonum, still more attenuated than in Nymphon.
In a few forms (e.g. Pallene, Ammothea, Tanystylum, Colossendeis) the last two,
or even more, segments of the trunk are more or less coalescent. In Rhynchothorax
the cephalic segment is produced into a sharp-pointed rostrum that juts forward
over the base of the proboscis. The whole body and limbs may be smooth,
tuberculated, furnished with scattered hairs, or sometimes densely hispid.
Fig. 265.—A, Colossendeis proboscidea, Sabine, Britain; B, Ammothea echinata,
Hodge, Britain; C, Phoxichilus spinosus, Mont., Arctic Ocean. (The legs omitted.)
The proboscis varies much in shape and size. It may be much longer or much
shorter than the body, cylindrical or tumid, blunt or pointed, straight or (e.g.
Decolopoda) decurved; usually firmly affixed to the head and pointing straight
forwards; sometimes (Eurycide, Ascorhynchus) articulated on a mobile stalk and
borne deflexed beneath the body.
Chelophores.—The first pair of appendages or chelophores are wanting in the
adult Pycnogonum, Phoxichilus, Rhynchothorax, and Colossendeis.[396]
In Ammothea and its allies they are extremely rudimentary in the adult, being
reduced to tiny knobs in Tanystylum and Trygaeus, and present as small two-
jointed appendages in Ammothea; in this last, if not in the others also, they are
present in complete chelate form in the later larval stages.
Fig. 266.—A, B, Chelophores of Ascorhynchus abyssi, G.O.S. A, Young; B, adult.
(After Sars.) C, Anterior portion of Ammothea hispida, Hodge, Jersey: late larval
stage (= Achelia longipes, Hodge), showing complete chelae. D, Chela of
Eurycide hispida, Kr.
In Eurycide, Ascorhynchus, and Barana they are usually less atrophied, but yet
comparatively small and with imperfect chelae, while in some Ascorhynchi (A.
minutus, Hoek) they are reduced to stumps.
Legs.—The four pairs of ambulatory legs are composed, in all cases without
exception, of eight joints if we exclude, or nine if we include, the terminal claw. They
vary from a length about equal to that of the body (Pycnogonum, Rhynchothorax,
Ammothea) to six or seven times as much, perhaps more, in Nymphon and
Colossendeis, the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints being those that suffer the greatest
elongation. The seventh joint, or tarsus, is usually short, but in some Nymphonidae
is much elongated; the eighth, or propodus, is usually somewhat curved, and usually
possesses a special armature of simple or serrate spines. The auxiliary claws,
sometimes large, sometimes small, lie at the base of the terminal claw in
Ammotheidae, Phoxichilidae, in Phoxichilidium, in most Pallenidae, in nearly all
Nymphonidae. Their presence or absence is often used as a generic character,
helping to separate, e.g., Pallene from Pseudopallene and Pallenopsis, and
Phoxichilidium from Anoplodactylus; nevertheless they may often be detected in a
rudimentary state when apparently absent. The legs are smooth or hirsute as the
body may happen to be.
Fig. 275.—Legs of A, Pallene brevirostris, Johnston; B, Anoplodactylus
petiolatus, Kr.; C, Phoxichilus spinosus, Mont.; D, Colossendeis proboscidea,
Sabine; E, Ammothea echinata, Hodge, ♂.
Fig. 276.—Boreonymphon robustum, Bell. Male with young, slightly enlarged.
Faeroe Channel.