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This confirms results of earlier analysis that China was the country with the highest number of
research work on WRCC. 3.3 Keywords co-occurrence and hotspots dynamics analysis Keywords
can reflect the main content of the article, and the analysis of keywords can understand the general
status of the research field. Among different components of. (PDF) Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
for Sustainable Water Resources A systematic literature review was selected for this study to
evaluate and synthesize the available evidence in support of wastewater treatment for both economic
and environmental. Its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily
represent the official views of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention or the Department of
Health and Human Services. The two river basins form part of the Upper Nile system and are
governed through the LVBC and the NBI. These compartments make it easier for operators to
control the amount of residence time and mixing energy the water receives. Positively charged
contaminants in the water are exchanged with more innocuous positively charged ions, typically
sodium, on the resin’s surface. Results identified the neediest of the studied colonias and showed that
improvements in any of the 4 indicators would benefit that community. As the research continued to
deepen, scholars began to pay more attention to the impact of WRCC on regional water resources.
This method is used in United Kingdom, especially in London to purify drinking water. Water
resources are an important part of the natural environment and guarantee the development of the
human society and economy. A multiplicity of agreements around shared watercourses in West
Africa led to the realisation of the IWRM policy approach. And the details of our four-staged
bibliometric analysis proposed in this research is shown in Figure 2. FIGURE 2. Details of
application process of four-stage bibliometric analysis method. In general terms, the greatest
microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is contaminated with human or animal
(including bird) faeces. Analysis results of research methods indicates that the most frequently
occurring research methods in the keyword co-occurrence graph are model and systems dynamics.
Although the region acknowledges the need for adopting the IWRM strategy, they have varied
adoption statuses (GWP, 2003). UNDESA, International Standard Industrial Classification of All
Economic Activities Revision 4. 2008, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs:
New York, USA. The IWRM Plan document provides summaries of the current baseline situation of
the bio-physical context, the socio-economic context, water demands, water resources potential, the
water sharing among the neighbouring countries along with the current framework management as
specified by the legal instruments and roles and functions of water institutions. Sensitisation and
education on the menace of illegal mining and creating alternative livelihood activities for victims
Illegal mining have taken a toe in the limited water resources, destroying a lot of fresh water bodies
in Ghana. Water Resources Carrying Capacity is intrinsically linked to population carrying capacity,
groundwater resources, urbanization and water shortage. One is the surface water source like river,
reservoir, etc. Many nodes are closely connected to these two nodes ( Figures 8A,B ). The annual
runoff contribution from Volta is 64.70%, 29.20% from South-Western and 6.10% from Coastal
system in Ghana (Ghana National Water Policy 2007; Ministry of Water Resources, Works and
Housing 2012 ). A direct increase in pollution results in a decrease in the amount of operational
water (Nsubuga et al. 2014 ). Moreover, rapid increase in population across the globe, notably in the
developing countries, presents a significant threat to the water resource as well as been a threat to
sustainability prompting the need to carefully handle and protect the resource. It can be seen
intuitively from the titles that three of the articles are studied in cities in China including Tianjin,
Yiwu, and Siping and the other two articles equally studied in China ( Feng and Huang, 2008; Gong
and Jin, 2009 ) in Lanzhou and Jinhua Cities. About 20 percent of the world gets energy from this
method. Water softeners operate on the ion exchange process (specifically a cation. There is no clear
distinction as to ownership of water in the customary practice; it varies from community to
community. Basically the customary and statutory laws have failed to address challenges associated
with water resources management, hence the need to adopt efficient and robust approach to arresting
the menace. Besides, innovative techniques and methods adopted by the governments help to test the
purity of treated sewage and there exist less chance for large scale impurity in treated sewage. It is
worth mentioning that the authors used their discretion to extract and code for themes. 3 Results and
discussion Data charting comprised of the PRISMA flow-chart ( Fig 1 ).
A coagulant cleaning mechanism removes the coagulant. To create a colonia-level WPI, the study
matched a water, sanitation and safety dataset from a 2010 Texas Department of State Health
Services community-based survey on colonias with water supplier compliance and enforcement
information. In order to acquire more comprehensive search results, in the first stage, multiple search
terms should be selected. From the perspective of research objects, previous studies have focused
more on some provinces and cities. Water scarcity, trans-boundary water resource and donor aid
played a critical role in driving the IWRM policy approach in the three regions. The Nile River
system is the single largest factor driving the IWRM in the region since it is shared across several
upstream and downetream nations. This phenomenon is mostly stimulated by anthropogenic
activities that have increase the levels of greenhouse gases resulting in global warming and eventually
climate change. Keep on browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
Besides, low mineral content water is called soft water or pure water. As part of the management
strategies adopted by the local authorities, implements or containers used to fetch water are also
regulated and monitored. The best Water Treatment activity is the one that will produce an effluent
that will not alter the microbial and chemical composition of the environment. Aeration is also used
to filter oxidized contaminants in water, such as dissolved iron, by converting them into solid
particles that can be more easily filtered out. When one regularly comes in touch with chemically
contaminated water, there is high chance for severe health problems. The water reuse law stresses the
reuse of waste water. Fifty-two years ago, this indicator attained a supreme value of 4 276 in 1962 as
at 2014. When this occurs, the particles bind with the chemicals to form slightly larger particles. The
end use may be drinking, industrial water supply, irrigation, river flow maintenance, water recreation
or many other uses, including being safely returned to the environment. Unlocking the Power of
ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present. In East Africa, Kenya is still recovering
from the devolved system of government to the County system which created new transboundary
sectors with the country. Specifically, the need to give incentives and disincentives in water use
sectors to encourage water conservation. Oregon, and other states interested in this issue, would have
to determine if these relationships reflect what is experienced in local communities. The efforts made
to improve water quality and public health are by improving WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene)
facilities and infrastructure and also WASH education. The sand is replaced with the washed sand to
maintain the sand bed thickness. GEMStat: Global Environmental Monitoring System, (UNEP,
2022). This confirms results of earlier analysis that China was the country with the highest number of
research work on WRCC. 3.3 Keywords co-occurrence and hotspots dynamics analysis Keywords
can reflect the main content of the article, and the analysis of keywords can understand the general
status of the research field. Goals to learn: How did people live in different culture areas of North
America. As pointed out earlier, the scope of reverse osmosis in areas which face the problem of
scarcity of drinking water is unlimited. In addition, ability to produce potable water helps this
technique to be applicable in different situations. We found that the existing bibliometric analysis of
WRCC were not systematic, lacked coherency and were not comprehensive. Kurion Technologies
Limited website (2009) in U.K. offers different types of techniques to recycle wastewater like
Reverse Osmosis system, membrane system, Ion exchange system etc.
Apart from the IWRM strategy being a social experiment in sub-Sahara, there exists a gap on an
overarching review on the performance and aggregated outcomes of the IWRM adopters in the
continent. In the analysis of keywords co-occurrence, China is the only country that appeared.
Critical Appraisal of Descriptive and Correlational Studies. Contamination by microorganisms
(bacteria or viruses) on water sources and drinking water supplies is a common cause in developing
countries like Indonesia. The tool uses available data to identify the water system number and name,
the regulating agency, the county, the service connections, city, zip code, compliance status and the
violation details (type of contamination). 3.1.3. Indicators Water poverty index studies. However, the
country still faces numerous challenges in its quest to meet the current and future needs. The
objectives of the report are pointed out below. The density map of WRCC keywords co-occurrence
in this study is shown in Figure 9. FIGURE 9. Hotspot analysis. In Figure 9, apart from water
resources carrying capacity, there is also carrying capacity, water resources, management, sustainable
development, model, China, system dynamics, and other hot spots in the field of WRCC research.
This process begins with coagulation, which destabilizes the particles in the water. Unregistered rules
and the asymmetrical variations associated with watercourses warranted the introduction of the
IWRM principle to set equitable water sharing protocols and promote environmental flows (e-flows).
The funders had no additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to
publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Burkina Faso and Mali’s adoption story is accentuated by
heightened agency, the individual enthusiasm on influencing the outcome facilitated policy diffusion
and can be argued to be a potential innovation diffusion driver for the IWRM policy approach in the
region. Of the 95 articles, the majority were water resources, environmental studies and engineering
focused, while fewer than 10 articles focused on public health. Co-existence between the customary
laws and practices as well as the statutory laws There should be a need for a reconciliation of the
traditional management (customary laws) and statutory laws to effectively address water resources
management problems. Thus, judicial mechanism should be developed for settling conflicts, disputes
that arise from water resources management. From the perspective of time series analysis of the
keywords of WRCC, WRCC is gradually generated and developed from scholars’ attention to
population carrying capacity, groundwater resources, urbanization, water shortage, risk assessment,
etc, ( Figure 10 regions A, B). This consequently maintains the historically skewed status-quo, where
“big players” keep winning. The basis of theoretical analysis is lacking in most bibliometric studies.
The water is collected from the sources like a lake, river, or reservoir. Surveys, Samples, and
Populations Obj: Explain the survey method and the importance of proper sampling techniques. The
lighter the color of the node means that the research in that area is the current hotspot. FIGURE 10.
Keyword evolution process. The review outlined high microbial contamination of water as almost all
surface waters are contaminated with either E. Preventable direct health outcomes of water
insecurity include water-borne illnesses, exposure to contaminants and toxins, dehydration and
malnutrition. Nsubuga FNW, Namutebi EN, Nsubuga-Ssenfuma M (2014) Water resources of
Uganda: an assessment and review. Aside from penal sanctions like infliction of fines and sacrifices,
religious and cultural beliefs, norms and values are also crucial means of ensuring compliance with
the customary rules on water supply. While the project offers a comprehensive guidebook and
rationale for conducting a HWISE study, the project is still underway with no results to assess the
effectiveness of the intervention. Generally, water collected from rivers and other sources contain
mineral components like calcium, magnesium etc. Freshwater resources are continually decreasing in
quality and quantity. This, therefore, implies that for NBI to succeed, it must have a mandate and
political goodwill from the member countries. This however decreased slightly in 2011 compared
with 2010, and maintained a steady upward trend from 2011 to 2016. This carbonaceous material
must be further treated or “activated” before it is useful in water treatment.