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  • ICSE Class 8 Chemistry Selina Solution Chapter 1 Matter

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    Ammolh Mahajan
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    The document defines key terms related to states of matter and changes between states. It discusses the three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to attract one another and determine a substance's state. Changes between states, like melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation, occur when temperature or pressure variations overcome intermolecular forces. The kinetic theory of matter describes matter as composed of constantly moving particles with empty space between them.

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    The document defines key terms related to states of matter and changes between states. It discusses the three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to attract one another and determine a substance's state. Changes between states, like melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation, occur when temperature or pressure variations overcome intermolecular forces. The kinetic theory of matter describes matter as composed of constantly moving particles with empty space between them.

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    286 views5 pages

    ICSE Class 8 Chemistry Selina Solution Chapter 1 Matter

    Uploaded by

    Ammolh Mahajan
    The document defines key terms related to states of matter and changes between states. It discusses the three common states of matter - solids, liquids, and gases. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to attract one another and determine a substance's state. Changes between states, like melting, freezing, evaporation, and condensation, occur when temperature or pressure variations overcome intermolecular forces. The kinetic theory of matter describes matter as composed of constantly moving particles with empty space between them.

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    of 5

    Chapter 1 - Matter

    Question 1.

    Define:

    (a) Matter

    Solution:

    (a) Matter is anything that occupies space, has space and can be perceived by our senses.

    Example: Air, Book.

    (b) Intermolecular force of attraction

    Solution:

    (b) Due to the intermolecular force of attraction, the molecules of matter are always in motion and attract each
    other with a force, by which they are held together.

    Question 2.

    What are the three states of matter? Define each of them with two examples.

    Solution:

    The three states of matter are:

    Solids, liquids and gases

    • Solids - A solid has a standard volume and shape. Example- wood, stone, iron, ice etc.
    • Liquid - A liquid has a definite volume but not a definite shape. Example- water, juice, milk, oil, etc.
    • Gases - A gas neither has definite shape nor a definite volume. Example- air, hydrogen, oxygen, water
    vapour etc.

    Question 3.

    Define interconversion of states of matter. What are the two factors responsible for the change of states
    of matter?

    Solution:
    A process in which things changes from one state to another and get back to the original state, without
    any change in its chemical composition is called interconversion state of matter.

    Two factors responsible for the change of state of matter are: change in

    • Temperature
    • Pressure

    Question 4.

    State the main postulates of kinetic theory of matter.

    Solution:

    The main postulates of the theory are:

    1. Matter is made up of very small particles.

    2. The constituent particles of a kind of matter are identical in all respects.

    3. These particles have space or gaps between them which is known as interparticular or intermolecular space.

    4. There exists a force of attraction between the particles of matter which holds them together. This force of
    attraction is known as interparticular or intermolecular force of attraction.

    5. Particles of matter are always in a state of random motion and possess kinetic energy, which increases with
    increase in temperature and vice-versa.

    Question 5.

    What happens to water if

    (a) It is kept in a deep freezer

    (b) It is heated

    Explain the phenomenon of change of state of water.

    Solution:

    (a) When water is placed in a deep freezer, it is cooled and changed into ice at 0°C ice.
    𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑝
    𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 → 𝐼𝑐𝑒 (𝑂°𝐶)
    𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑧𝑒𝑟
    (b Water on heating changes into steam at 100°C

    ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
    𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 → 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚 (100°𝐶).

    The phenomenon of change of state of water: In ordinary conditions, water is in liquid state but when it is
    placed in a deep freezer, it changes into ice at 0°C and when ice is kept at room temperature again changes back
    into liquid water.

    Likewise, when heating water, it changes into steam at 100° C, which on cooling changes back into liquid
    water. But there is no change in the chemical composition of water when its state changes from liquid to solid
    or liquid to gaseous state.
    ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
    𝐼𝑐𝑒 ⇋ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ⇌ 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑚
    𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑙

    (𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑) (𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑) (𝑔𝑎𝑠)

    Question 6.

    (a) State the law of conversation of mass.

    (b) What do you observe when barium chloride solution is mixed with sodium sulphate solution?

    Solution:

    (a) “Matter can neither be created nor be destroyed in a chemical reaction”. But we can change it from one
    form to another.

    It can also be stated as, “In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the reactants is equal to the total mass of the
    products”.

    (b)

    𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 → 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

    (𝑎𝑞. ) (𝑎𝑞. ) (𝑝𝑝𝑡. ) (𝑎𝑞. )

    We can observe that a white insoluble solid (precipitate of barium sulphate) is formed along with a solution of
    sodium chloride. Then, wait for ten minutes for the reaction to be completed, and the solid formed to settle
    down and then weigh the content again. Finally, note the reading.

    We will observe that the total mass of the apparatus + reactants = total mass of apparatus + products. Hence the
    law of conservation of mass is verified.
    Question 7.

    Give reasons:

    (a) A gas can fill the whole vessel in which it is enclosed.

    (b) Solids cannot be compressed.

    (c) Liquids can flow.

    (d) When magnesium is burnt in air, there is an increase in mass after the reaction.

    Solution:

    (a) Because, in gases, the molecules are free to move. They are not stuck to each other, and the intermolecular
    force of attraction is least in the gases. So the gas almost fills the whole vessel in which it is enclosed.

    (b) In solids, particles are closely packed. The intermolecular space is almost zero due to a strong force of
    attraction. Therefore the molecules are not free to move, which makes them hard and rigid. So solids cannot be
    compressed.

    (c) Due to the weaker intermolecular forces in liquids, the particles are not closely packed, and hence there
    is large intermolecular space. So molecules in liquids can move randomly, and hence liquids can flow easily.

    (d) When magnesium ribbon is burnt in air, a white solid, magnesium oxide is formed. The mass of magnesium
    is more than the mass of magnesium oxide. This is because the mass of oxygen used is not taken. If that is
    considered, the total mass of the reactants and the products are found to be almost equal.

    2Mg + 𝑂2 → 2MgO

    (Magnesium) (Air) (Magnesium oxide)

    Question 8.

    Fill in the blanks:

    (a) The change of a solid into a liquid is called melting or fusion.

    (b) The process in which a solid directly changes into a gas is called sublimation.

    (c) The change of water vapour into water is called condensation.

    (d) The temperature at which a liquid starts changing into its vapour state is evaporation or vaporisation.
    Question 9.

    Give two examples for each of the following:

    (a) The substances which sublime.

    (b) The substances which do not change their state on heating.

    Solution:

    (a) Camphor, iodine, naphthalene, dry ice (solid carbon dioxide), etc.

    (b) Gases do not change their state on heating. For example: O2.

    Question 10.

    Define:

    (a) Diffusion.

    (b) Brownian motion.

    Solution:

    (a) Diffusion: The motion of their particles causes the intermixing of two or more substances to get a uniform
    mixture is called 'diffusion’:

    (b) Brownian motion: The haphazard, random motion of suspended particles on the surface of a liquid or in the
    air is called 'Brownian motion'.

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