Ele Hort 367 Notes - 240214 - 214415

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THEORY NOTES
Course : ELE HORT 367 Semester: VI

Course title: Landscaping Credit: 3(2+1)
Lecture Topic Weightage (%)

1 Importance and scope of landscaping 5
2-4 Principles of landscaping 5
3-6 Garden styles and types, terrace gardening, vertical gardening, 10
7-9 Garden components, adornments, lawn making, rockery, water 10
garden, walk-paths, bridges, other constructed features etc.
10–12 Gardens for special purposes. 05
13–16 Trees: selection, propagation, planting schemes, canopy 10
management, shrubs and herbaceous perennials: selection,
propagation, planting schemes, architecture.
17–19 Climber and creepers: importance, selection, propagation, 05
planting,
20–21 Annuals: selection, propagation, planting scheme, 05
22–23 Other garden plants: palms, ferns, grasses and cacti succulents. 05
24–25 Pot plants: selection, arrangement, management. 05
26 Bio-aesthetic planning: definition, need, planning; 05
27–29 Landscaping of urban and rural areas, Peri-urban landscaping, 15
Landscaping of schools, public places like bus station, railway
station, townships, river banks, hospitals, play grounds,
airports, industries, institutions.
30 Bonsai: principles and management, 05
31 Lawn: establishment and maintenance. 05
32 CAD application. 05
Total 100
Suggested Readings:
1) Complete Gardening in India – Gopalswamiengar

2) Complete Home Gardening – Dey, S.C.
3) Floriculture and Landscaping – Bose, T.K.
4) Floriculture and Landscaping – Deshraj
5) Floriculture in India – Randhawa and Mukhopadhyay
6) Introduction to Landscaping, Designing, Construction and Maintenance – Ronald J.Biondo
and Charles B. Schroder
7) Landscape Gardening & Design with Plants – Supriya Kumar Bhattacharjee
8) Landscaping principles and practices – Jack E. Ingels
Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Compiled By: Prof. S. G. Rajput, Asstt. Professor, Horticulture Section, College of Agriculture, Nandurbar
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Chapter –1: IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF LANDSCAPING
With gradual modernization, landscape gardening has been focused by people for aesthetic
development of cities, town and other public places. It is a developing subject and offers much scope for
improvement. The profession of landscape architecture deals with conservation and understanding of the
environment. Landscape Gardening enhances the understanding of nature developed eco friendly concept
and gains the feeling of responsibility towards natural elements such as plants, birds and animals.
Landscape: It may be defined as a vacant area, either big or small, on which it is possible to mould a view
or design with the help of plant material, changing landforms, water, stones, etc.
Landscape Gardening: It is the application of garden forms, different styles, methods and materials with
a view to improving the landscape.
Landscape Architecture: It is an art of designing a garden layout on paper.
Importance of Landscaping
 The prime importance of landscape gardening lies in aesthetic developments and modernization of
cities, town, countryside, roadways, airports, railway stations, railway lines, bus terminus, city
parks, and educational institutions against industrial fast growing pollution. In recent years, bio-
aesthetic planning has wider scope in landscape and gardening.
 Landscape gardening increases the awareness towards nature developed eco -friendly concept and
provide feeling of responsibility towards plants, birds and animals.
 It also serves as a source of live medicines and herbal taste in prepared food and tea.
 It also helps in soil-moisture retention; prevent erosion, modifying air temperature, creating
microclimate and removal of noise and dust pollution.
 It also provide habitat for birds and animals.
 One fully developed large tree in a landscape can change the microclimate and brings down the
temperature by 2 to 5oC.
 The average temperature of concrete urban area devoid of vegetation/green belt is higher compile
to a thickly vegetated area.
 Well planned landscape around building or residence adjoins aesthetic value to it as well as affix
real estate value of about 30%.
 The landscaping profession conveys and directs to make human life more elegant, more satisfying,
more eco-friendly and more productive.
 There is unbound scope in the field of landscape gardening with the increase in demand for
attractive parks, landscaped ground of schools and institution, pleasant residential backyards, eco-
friendly housing society and towns.
 Landscape flora industry employs thousands of people through various activities like nursery and
rental plant services, besides landscape designing.
 Landscape gardening also plays a vital role in giving emphasis to the tourist business by improving
aesthetic and functional uses of historical places, sea beaches, rivers and dams, hill stations and
other tourist places.
Scope and Possible Fields to Develop Carrier in Landscape Architecture
 Bedding plant industry  Landscape consultant  Nursery business
 Gardener  Landscape contractor  Plant rental service
 Horticulturist as landscape  Landscape designer  Tourism
developer and manager

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Chapter–2: PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPING
There are some principles keep in mind when landscaping the garden. They are mentioned here.
1) Axis: - This is an imaginary line in any garden round which the garden created strikin g
balance.
2) Unity:- Unity in a garden is very important and will improve the artistic look of thegarden.
Unity has to be achieved from various angles
It can be achieved by using mass planting and repetition.
3) Mass effect:-The use of single plant species in large numbers in one place is done to have mass effect.
One should see that such mass arrangements do not become monotonous; the sizes of masses should be
varied
4) Repetition:- It refers to repeated use of features like plants with identical shape, in form,
texture and colour. Eg Hedge, Avenue planting
5) Focal point:-A focal point in every garden is a centre of attraction which is generally an architectura l
feature focused as a point of interest such as statue, fountain, rockery etc. It involves the leading visua l
observation towards a feature by placement of the feature e.g. center of the garden, corner of the garden.
6) Space:-The aim of garden design should be such that the garden should appear larger than it actua l
size. The aim of every garden design should be such that the garden should appear larger than its actua l
size. One way of achieving this is to keep vast open spaces, preferably under lawn and restrict the
plantings in the periphery, normally avoiding any planting in the centre
7) Balance:- It refers to equilibrium or quality of usual attraction,
 Correct positioning of plants and features create well balanced design
 It is used to maintain optimum symmetry in garden.
8) Rhythm:- Repetition of the same object at equal distance is called rhythm.
9) Divisional Lines:- a landscape design there should not be such hard and fast divisional lines, the
necessity of dividing or rather screening a compost pit or mail's quarter or a vegetable garden from
the rest of the garden
10) Proportion and Scale:-
 Proportion refers to the size of parts of the design in relation to each other and the design as a
whole. Scale refers to the size of an object or objects in relation to the surroundings.
11) Texture:- Texture describes the surface quality of an object than can be seen or left, surface in the
landscape includes buildings, walks, ground covers and plants
12) Time and Light:- A good planner must roughly take in to account the seasonal movement of the sun
shade and light area likely to fall during different parts of the season
13) Colour:-
Colour can be used to direct attraction in the land scape. Three basic colour schemes are
i) Monochromatic ii) Analogous iii) Complementary
14) Mobility:-
 Mobility means gradual changes or sudden change. Garden should be mobile.
 It can be obtained by the arrangement of objects with varying texture, forms or sizes in logica l
order.
14) Garden style:-
 Garden styles have been changed from time to time with the new ideas and necessities.
Styles of garden are - Formal, Informal, and Free style or Wild style.
 NATURAL ELEMENTS OF GARDEN:-
1. Mountains 2. Hills 3. Glens 4. Valleys

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5. Seas 6. Rivers 7. Plains 8. Forests

9. Deserts 10. Lakes 11. Swaps 12. Streams
Feelings of the Natural Elements:
1. Exhilaration 2. Sadness 3. Eeriness or awe 4. The ethereal 5. The serene

6. The Delicate 7. The idyllic 8. The graceful 9. The majestic 10. The bold

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Chapter –3: GARDEN STYLES AND TYPES, TERRACE GARDENING, VERTICAL

GARDENING
 Garden: It is a design with definite use of plants to serve certain aesthetic or utilitarian
purpose. OR An area embellished with plants a valuable and pleasurable adjunct
to a house.

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Style of Gardening
The goal in a landscape gardening is to improve the landscape with an idea of developing a view
or a design.
Styles of gardens are:
 Formal, Informal and Free style or wild gardening

1) Formal Gardening:
 Laid out in a symmetrical or a geometrical pattern. i.e. square, rectangular, circular bed and border.
 Everything is done in a straight and narrow way and planted in straight way.
 Land is leveled.
 First plan is made on paper and then land is selected accordingly.
 Road and paths cut at right angle.
 Balance is symmetrical as same feature replicated on both side of central axis.
 Hedges, edges and topiary are trimmed.
 Trees can be selected as individual feature.
Example: Mughal, Persian, Italian, Fresh, Chinese and American gardens.
Rashtrapathi Bhavan, New Delhi

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2) Informal Garden:
 The whole design looks informal as the plants are arranged in a natural way without following any
rule.
 Plan is forced to fit the land.
 Main aim is capture natural scenery.
 Land is not leveled.
 Asymmetrical design.
 Non geometrical beds and borders.
 Untrimmed hedge, edges and topiary.
 Individual plants are not selected as
feature.
Example: Japanese, Chinese, English garden.
3) Free style Garden:

 Recent style of gardening.
 It breaks the rules of land scape.
 Main idea was to naturalize plants in shrubberies; grass should remain unmoved as in nature.
 Few bulbous plants should be grown scattered in the grass to imitate wild scenery.
 Passage should be opened in the wood land,
and trees, shrub and bulbous plants should
be planted among the forest flora.
 The croppers to grow over the trees
naturally.
 This concept explained by WilliamRobinson
in the last decade of the nineteenth century.
(1) Mughal Garden:-
The garden laid out during the rule of Mughal Emperors in India. Baber was the first Mughal ruler to
introduce this style of garden in India.
 The main features of Mughal gardens:
1) Site and Designs: - A site on a hill slope with perennial rive letor along the bank of river.
Generally design is rectangular or square with symmetrical at both sides and straight paths.

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2) Walls and Gates: -Gates are prepared from wood and iron thorns with an imposing wooden gate
at the entrance which was studded with bold iron nails and pointed iron spikes. The purpose of high wall
was security from enemies and shelter against hot wind.
3) Terrace:- Location of garden near the hill slopes Terrace are both side equal.
4) Running Water: - Constructing canal and tanks was borrowed from Persian. It is a centra l
feature. The water canal used to have fountain to throw up the water high in the air. In evening small
lamp used to create beautiful relaxation.
5) Baradari: - It is arbor like structure. It is in the middle of the garden. It is mostly used by king for
enjoying the song with dancing girl. It has twelve doors.
6) Tomb and Mosque: - It was common practice to have the garden built around a tomb. It is often
said that Mughal garden were at their best when built around a mosque.
Trees and Flowers: - The trees were selected with careful planning and thought. Each tree
symbolized something like life, youth, death etc. Fruit trees considered as life and youth while cypress
represent death and eternity. Favourate flower were rose, jasmine, carnation, hollyhock, delphinium etc.
Trees in mughal garden were Arjun, ber, champa, cypress, datepalm, fig, palas, guava, jamun,
(2) Japanese garden
Japanese garden design was based on their respective ideas of heaven. A most important teachin g
of Japanese garden is possibly that “Unless a garden has an air of peace it‟s not worth a place visiting.”
 Types of Japanese garden:
1) Hill garden: - Laid out in mountain and large area, shrubberies whether it stones are used for
preparing water fall. The other feature is stream; trees, stones and pine tree are used.
2) Flamed garden: - This garden is without hill and ponds and mountain vellies not in flamed garden.
Only low growing trees, flat rocks and very small hills are constructed in this garden.
3) Tea garden: - Tea garden is constructed for particular ceremony. Two parts of tea garden i) out door
and ii) indoor garden. In outdoor garden waiting place, water basin, stone lanterns, residues trees and
stone paths are constructed, planting of deciduous tress. In indoor garden tea house, well water basin,
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evergreen trees casting more shadows are used. Tea garden needs considerable space of atleast about
200 sq. m for its designing.
4) Passage garden: - Laid in narrow passage, laid out should be simple and no man made features. Few
rocks, slabs of stones and only couple of types of plants, plants of open form and slender shape are
used and ground covers are also used.
5) Sand Garden:- Sand, gravels and stones are used. Planting material are not used. Sand around rocks
and ripple are created rock can live.
The main features of Japanees gardens:
1) Pond:- Ponds are irregular in shape. The bank is generally bordered with stone. Pilling work in a
regular or irregular fashion. The ponds are generally fed by a stream or a water fall.
2) Streams:- Small streams are arranged most naturally with natural stone are arranged in mild stream to
break the flow of water. The path of stream to break the flow of water. The path of stream is not
straightit is zigzag way.
3) Water Fall:- A water fall may be made more attractive by manipulating it to drop in two or three
levels. To make the water fall dignified and natural, large sized stones are arranged.
4) Fountain:- Natural fountain are provided near the foot of the hill on the hill side or in the forest.
Mostly constructed from bamboo.
5) Well:-It is used only for ornamental. It is not a real well. It is jus used for mouth wash. It gives the
natural look.
6) Island:- a) Sea island: Shape is tortoise also called Flysian island. Bank of island stones are arranged,
low growing trees and shrubs are display. b) Wind slept island: Most of the feature are tree are trained
in one way. c) Master‟s island:- It is connected with breeze and summer huts is created. d) Guest
island: Breeze is connected from back side.
7) Water basin:-It is very ornamental in front of hurts, house. Ornamental shapes are there.
8) Stone lanterns: - Stone usually used is granite but sand stone and white marble are also used. One
„snow scene‟ style lantern is used. It is place near the base of hill, on an island, on bank of lake. Light
is fix near the rocks.
9) Stone:- Stone are selected according to size, shape and colour and it is very from purpose to place.
10) Pagodas:-It is a temple of Japanese. It is also called as stone tower. A structure of constructing two,
three, five or more separate roof stages.
11) Fence and gate:- Fence are two types one is partition and other for the purpose of screening which
called „sleeve fence‟. The partition fence is used took light in appearance and gate are two in number.
One is in front of entrance and second the back entrance made of wood and bamboo.

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(3) English garden:-
Main features of English garden:

1. Flower beds 2. Lawn 3. Herbaceous border 4. Rockery
5. Shrubbery 6. Topiary 7. Artificial water fall 8. Terraces
9. Stream 10. Statues

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Rose garden, Chandigarh
(4) Italian garden:-
Main features are:
1) Came into existence at the time of renaissance.

2) Resemble Mughal or Persian gardens.
3) Fountain, water canal box, hedge, topiary, arbors.
4) Plants of ilex and roses.
(5) French garden:-
Main features are:
1) Formal garden in perfection

2) Un exampled scale of mass and sweep of designs.
(6) Persian garden:-
Main features are:
1) Based on idea of heaven

2) Strictly formal and symmetrical
3) Beautiful architectural work
4) Laid out after cutting terrace
5) Water flowing canals
6) Planted cypress as symbol of eternity
(7) Spanish garden:-
Main features are:
1) Water in basins, pools, fountain and channels

2) Fruit and ornamental trees
3) Fragrant flowers
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Terrace Garden
A terrace is a raised space of ground constructed around a dwelling house or at the corner of a
garden or on the sides of hills. When terrace is used for gardening purpose it is known as terrace
gardening. It is constructed just in front of the house from where a view from the whole garden can be
attained. This is very often referred to as the outdoor living or drawing room. A low brick or stone
retaining wall may be built while on the top of it about 90-120 cm tall wall of lace patterned concrete
blocks may be built as it provide privacy and not stop breeze or obstruct light. Since the terrace is used for
outdoor living room for relaxing, the floor area should always be nearly dry. For this reason, most people
used prefer a paved terrace. To keep the place dry paving is done with local stones, flag stones, brick
concrete, wood, gravel and mosaic tiles. A gravel paving is cheapest but it subsides with the pressure of
heavy furniture and children injure themselves while playing. A combination of brick and stone paving or
a wood and stone paving etc. can be tried.
Main Features
 A few low growing creeping plants such as portulaca, Lantana sellowiana, Thymus subphylum
and Veronica repens can be used for planting at the wider joints.
 Some small specimen dwarf trees or shrubs can be planted in the circular, rectangular or square
beds.
 Potted plants in tubs and bowls can also arranged artistically especially in completely paved
terraces.
 Hanging baskets and plant stands can also be displayed in the terrace.
 A lily pool, sundial or birdbath or a stone sculpture may also be constructed in suitable garden.
 Chairs and tables can be fixed in places for resting and comfort.
Vertical gardening
Vertical gardening involves gardening with upright structures so

as to utilize the vertical space. It is ideal for gardening in the urban city
areas and apartments with balconies. Many structures including fences,
arbours, trellises and walls can be used to create vertical gardens.
Hanging plants and pulley systems can be used to make vertical
gardening attractive.
 New concept of garden developed in Switzerland.

 Consists of wooden frame of thickness varying 15 cm to 30cm.
 The broader tubs are enclosed with wire netting. Sphagnum moss is
pressed within the wire frame which serves as growing medium.
 Shallow rooted plants grow well.
 Plants:
 Sun loving: Alyssum, pansy, nasturtium
 Shade loving: Begonia, African violets, zebrine

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Chapter–4: GARDEN COMPONENTS
1. Garden Wall 12. Carpet bedding

2. Fencing 13. Flower beds
3. Steps 14. Shrubbery
4. Drives and Paths 15. Border
5. Hedge 16. Rock Garden
6. Edgeing 17. Water Garden
7. Arches 18. Marshy / boggy Garden
8. Pergolas 19. Sunken Garden
9. Terraces 20. Gardening shade
10. Pavements 21. Conservatory
11. Lawn
1) Garden Wall:-
 They are prepared from bricks, concrete and stone.
 Wall height is 60-90 cm climbers are trained on walls. e.g.Tecoma grandiflora, Bigonia,
Thumbergia, Passiflora, Climbing roses, Bougainvillea etc.
2) Fencing:-
 Wooden, bamboo, wire, wire netting, chain linking etc.
 Climbers of fences are Alamanda, Bougainvillea, Vernonia, Bigonia etc.
3) Steps:-
Steps can be made of various materials but usually the some material used is bricks, paving stones,
gravel and crazy paving.
Grass should not be used in the steps as it become slippery when watered.
4) Drives and Paths:-

 All these occupy minimum space and not are too many numbers.
 They should serve to link one part with other.
 Path may be made up of soil, bricks, concrete or pavers.
 Drives and paths are the inside and outside entries of the garden.
 It may be straight or curve or zigzag manner.
5) Hedge:- When shrub is planted on boundary for the fencing, it is called hedge.
Purpose of the hedge:
I. Protective purpose:
a) Tall protective (1-3 m. height) e.g. Casurina, karonda
b) Dwarf protective (1 m height) e.g. Cactus, Euphorbia, Agave,
II. Ornamental purpose:
a) Foliage: e.g. Acalypha, Aralia, Duranta, Justesia
b) Flowering e.g. Hibscus, Jetropha, Lantena
III. Screening purpose: It is used at an ugly and unwanted spots such as manure pit, servant quarter etc. e.g.
Casurina, Putranjiva etc.
IV. Demarcation:- Ornamental hedges are used to demarcate a rose garden or a flower bed or a shrubbery
or path in garden. e.g. Rosary, Rockery.
6) Edging: When low growing plants are grown on the border of plot they are called as edge plants.
Purpose of the edge:
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a) Lining of border of flower beds, paths, lawn and shrubbery.

b) Use for decoration or demarcation.
Plant for the edges:

a. Foliage: Aerva, alternenthera, coleus, pilea, set cassia, ribbon grass.
b. Flo wer: Gerbera, alyssum, tuberose, verbena, mini roses, chrysenthimum.
7) Arches:
 Arches may need for training climbers
 Arches constructed near gate or over paths
 Arches should be at least 2 to 2.5 meter in height.
 The roof of arches may be made of wood or
angle iron binding wires
 Angle iron support firmly grouted in the soil
by concrete.
8) Pergola:
It may be define as series of arches joined to
gather. It is generally constructed over pathways which
add beauty to a garden.
Two types:
I. Live: When tre are directly considered and trained
as pergola. e.g. Casurina, Asopalav
II. Dead: The support can made of wooden or stone or
bricks, pillar, angle and GI pipes.
9) Terraces:
 It may be square or rectangular in shape in formal type garden. e.g. Mughal garden.
 It may uneven in shape in informal type garden.
 Slope of the soil on terrace is 1:60 cm.
 Drainage hole on terrace.
Types:
B) Pavasious:
C) If the terrace is small:
D) If the terrace is very broad:
A Terrace is raised space of ground constructed around a dwelling house or the road side of the
hill. When this terrace is used for some sort of gardening is known as terrace gardening.
10) Pavements:
 Paved paths are particularly effective in formal garden.
 Paving can be done by flat stones are concrete slabs or bricks.
 Sometime paving with irregularly sized stones to create an old pattern will result in a crazy path.
 The inter space can be planted with ground spreads.
11) Lawn:
 The lawn is a green carpet for a landscape.
 It is basic and essential feature of any garden.
 In a home garden, it improves the appearance of the house, enhances its beauty, increase
conveniences and usefulness, thus adding the value of the real estate.
 Provide perfect setting of flower bed, border etc.

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 75% of the beauty of the garden depends on a properly maintained lawn.

12) Carpet bedding:
 It is define as covering on area preferably a bed or series of beds with dense low growin g
herbaceous plant according to a set design. e.g. Figures, letters or any geometrically design.
 Rock should be place of the border of the set design to inhibit the growth of grass covering the set
design. Pebbles can also be used.
 Carpet bedding looks better when arranged in a slope or slanting position.
 Rectangular trimming is necessary.
 Plants: Alternenthera, Cineraria, coleus, verbena, aerva. lentena.
13) Flower bed:

 Flowers look best when massed in a bed.
 The flower beds can be planted with winter flowering annuals sown in Sep.-October,
summer flowers sown in Feb.-March and rainy season flower sown in April-June.
 Perennial flowering plants also used in flower beds.
 Flower beds should be square, rectangular, circular and oval in shape.
 Flower beds are important feature of formal garden.
14) Shrubberies: A shrub may be define as perennial plant having many woody branches
arising from the base of the plant.
A shrub is generally erect and bushy, attaining height of 0.5 to 4 meters.
Shrubs are: i) Flo wering:e.g. Rose, Hibuscus

ii) Foliage: e.g. Croton, Drescena
iii) For berries: e.g. Clerodendron
15) Border:
 Outline of the garden area or flowering beds, patches, rockery and straight line wall of paths is known
as border.
 Border is also used as flower or foliage.
 Plants used for border are Duranta, Justesia, Croton, Acalipha.
Three types:
 Herbaceous:e.g. Canna, Verbena, Salvia, Daisy

 Annual mixed and
 Mixed:e.g. Ixora, Dahlia, Gerbera
16) Rock Garden:
 Also known as alpine garden.
 An artistic arrangement of the stone with a planting of different rock plant in a certain place of garden
i.e. corner, middle.
 For preparing rock garden local and porous stones are used to give more natural look.
 Height of the rock garden is 2-3 meters.
 Famous rock garden of India is at Chandigadh (Harayana) made by Nekchand Saini.
Plants:
 Succulents: Agave, Aloe, Euphorbia, Kalancjho
 Ferns: Nephrodiaum, Polypodium
 Flo wering annual: Candy tuft, Dianthus, Zinnia, Salvia, Phlox, Verbena
17) Water Garden:
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 It is an oldest arts of gardening in India.

 Water garden may be formal or informal.
Formal Water Garden:
 Pool is situated at central position and has regular shape i.e. circle, rectangular, or square, oval oblon g
etc.
 Fountain also kept in center of the pool.
 Sunshine require for water plants.
 Usual depth is 60 cm. but for growing lotus, depth is 1 meter required.
 Never situated at low-lying area.
Informal Water Garden:
 Made in low-lying area of the garden.
 Shape is depending up on the slope and land scape of the garden.
 It should be simple and natural.
 Base of pool must be puddling.
18) Marsh or Bog Garden:

 It is an area where there is stag net acid water and only plants such as sundew etc. grows.
 Main criteria of Marsh garden is to keep soil moist and in a swampy state all throughout.
 A site having a sub soil of sticky clay is ideally suitable for Marsh garden.
 A Marsh garden never suffers from drought and avoids stagnation.
 Slowly water is running in Marsh garden.
Plants: Alocassia, Bamboo, Fern, Day lily, Iris, Ketaki etc.
19) Sunken Garden:
 This garden is laid below the ground level.
 Ideal depth of a sunken garden is 120 cm.
 It breaks the monotony of flat ground in garden.
 The garden goes down through a series of terrace to a small pool or a fountain at the bottom.
 In the terrace, flower beds and strips of lawn are laid out.
20) Garden in the shade: Three types of shade:
i) Dense shadow in North or North-West corner under a high well or bellow low spreading trees where
the ground is semi dark.
ii) These are other places where though there is shade but the sun penetrates to considerable extent.
iii) There are places which are in half shade like on the east or west side of the building.
Plants: Coleus, Ficus, Ferns, Acalipha etc.
21) Conservato ry or Green House or Fernery House:
 There are certain plants with beautiful foliage or flowers or both which can not thrive in the open,
exposed to direct sun or wind. Such plant can be grown in conservatory or green house.
 This type of house provides shade, humidity and coolness.
 In high hills it is necessary to grow tropical plants to protect them from severe cold weather.
Shade is provided by growing creepers over the roof which not shut out light completely. Plants:Ferns,
Anthurium, Difenbechia, Prepromia, Palms, Orchids, Geranium, African Violets, Begonias etc.

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Chapter–5: GARDEN ADORNMENTS
In a garden several adornments should be provided to make it look more ornamental and useful.
1. Garden seat 7. Ornamental stones
2. Ornamental tubs, urns and vases 8. Fountain
3. Bird bath 9. Statues
4. Sun dial 10. Plant stands
5. Floral clock 11. Garden bridges
6. Japanese lanterns
1) Garden seat:
Garden seat are necessary in any garden. The seat should be comfortable, durable, artistic
looking and should not look out of place. Wooden and fabric seats are comfortable to seat as compare to
those built in stone or iron. The chair or bench should have an appropriate design.
2) Ornamental tubs, urns and vases:-
These add beauty to a garden. Plants displayed in ornamental tubs or urns at suitable place
look beautiful. The tubs or vases are made up of wooden or brick concrete. These can build permanently or
may keep and moved whenever needed. These can be placed near the gate or near the main entrance.
3) Bird bath:-
It is a large bowl shaped container made of concrete, fixed over a pillar or column which
is about one meter tall. Water is stored in bowl for the birds to come and drink or bath in it.
4) Sun dial:-
A Sun dial has many roles to play in a garden. It can be used as a focal point in a garden or
center peace of a garden. It is good feature of sunken garden.
5) Floral clock:-
It is a huge clock and operated by electricity having huge handsfor showing the seconds,
minutes and hours. The machinery of the clock is counseled under the ground chamber with only hands
showing above the ground. Mostly pilea, sedium, alternenthera, winter annual plants are used.
6) Japanese lanterns:-
The lanterns should preferably be carved in stone and should be low and decorative as the
Japanese would prefer. The column may be cylindrical or square faced with ornamental carving. The fire
box can also be carved in ornamental manner. Lanterns are made up of white stones or marbles.
7) Ornamental stones:-
Ornamental stones, pillar or piece of rounded form or other abstract designs. It improves
the look of any garden to a great extent. The stone can place near lily pool or in streams and water fall.
8) Fountains:-
Fountain is made to work by circulating the same water contains in the pool. There may be
straight upright water jet or a number of finer water jets converging in form of an umbrella. To make the
fountain more colourful during nights, coloured lights are provided under water with water proof setting.

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9) Statues:-
Statue of animal or anima tic objects are also used in the garden to improve look. It is
placed at middle of stream or pool or at the end of road.
10) Plant stands:-
It is a useful structure for decorative the garden. They are made of mild steel rods molded in
different fashion with various sized rings attached to hold the pots growing plants. It can be displayed in
the terrace garden at the entrance of the house.
11) Garden bridges:-
They are made of natural wood of stone varying in size and width. They are used to connect islands.
Either single stone or many pieces have been used to make the bridges sometime, semicircular arch. Form
of bridges are constructed on the special ponds to permit the passage of boats under it. The bridges are
named as wooden trestle bridge, „peeping‟ bridge, „Granite slat bridge‟ curved bracket bridge, Chinese full
moon bridge etc.,

19
Chapter–6: TREES: SELECTION, PROPAGATION, PLANTING SCHEMES,

ARCHITECTURE.
Definition: Trees are big, tall perennial plants having very thick and hard distinct stems called
as trunk and crown at the top. This single main stem i.e, trunk give rises to many branches
bearing leaves and fruits.
 Trees are essential feature of a landscape garden, roadside planting, public parks, along railway
line, in school and colleges and in private garden also.
 It provides shade, shelter and makes summer pleasant.
 Bears beautiful flowers and foliage.
 Some trees provide fruits.
 Trees plays important role in controlling pollution in cities and town.
 Some species of trees are used for beautification.
 Delight and refresh the eye with their green foliage.
 Trees are used as avenue e.g .Amaltas, Cassia, Gulmohar, Ashok, Rain tree etc
Uses: -
• Beautification :
i) Flower – Gulmohar (Delonix regia), Bottle brush (Callistemon lanceolatus) Ashoka (Saraca
india), Pride of India (Lagerstroemia), Spathodea campanulata, Bahunia, Begonia, Palash
(Butea monosperma,) Casia fistula, etc.
ii) Foliage – Casuraina, Kusum. Ashopalav (Polyalthia longifolia), Silver oak, Peltophorum
inerme, Sharu (Casuriana equisetifplia), Siris (Albezia lebbek), Rain tree (Samane saman),
Eucalyptus, Vad (Ficus bengalensis), Pipal (Ficus relegiosa), Rubber tree (Ficus elastic), etc.
• Wind-breaks : Casuarina, Eucalyptus.
• Shade : Rain tree.
• Architecturally: Wall – casuarina, Roof – Rain Tree.
• Medicinal : Margosa, Jamun, Saraca Indica
• Protection: Erythrina, Amli.
• Food: Moringa, Syzynium, Tamarind, Aonla.
• Fodder: Gliridicia, Subakul, Erythrina.
• Wood:Teak, Dalbergia Sissoo.
• Pollution Control: Peltophorum, Neem, Spathodia.
Propagation: -
• Cutting:Ficus, Erythrina, Glyricidia
• Root sucker: Butea monospermum, Spathodia, Milintonia hortensis
• Layering:Jamun
• Grafting: Aonla, Citrus
20
• Seed: most of the plants
Planting Scheme:-
Requirement of Temperature
 Tropical :-Mango, Sapota, jack fruit etc.

 Sub-Tropical:- Casuarina, litchi, Citrus,etc.
 Temperate:- Apple, Deodur, Pine, popular, Cypress Chestnut, Silver Oak, etc.
Flo wering :
• Flowering – Gulmohar, Peltophorum, Spathodea, Cassia, Bauhinia, Jacaranda, Erythrina indica,
Largerstroemia, cordia.
• Foliage – Neem, Ficus, Rain tree, Eucalyptus, Casurina, Ashok, Teak, Kusum.
• Fruit Bearing – Seeedling mango, Tamarind,Jamun, Mulberry, Palm.
Height: -
• Dwarf – 2 to 6m: Plumeria, Cordia, borsalli, Erythrina, Ficus panda, Bauhinia.
• Medium – 6m to 12m: Gulmahor, Acasia, Paltopharum, delberzia sisso.
• Tall – more than 12m: Casurina, Deoder, teak,silver Oak, Eucalyptus,Parkia.
Types of canopy: -
Round : - Mango, Acassia nilotica,

Peltophorum,mahudo
Oval :- Bakul, Jamun, Ashoka
Columnar:- Eucalyptus, Casuarina,Silver Oak, Pendula
Umbrella :- Rain Tree, Gulmahor,Cassia nodosa, karanj
Pyramidal:- Chrismas Tree, Pines, Deodar
Weeping :- Weeping Willow, Bottle Brush, Ficus nitida
Spreading:- Palms- Royal, Date, Areca, Fishtail,
Coconut, etc.
Irregular :- Butea monosperma, Tree branch break by
wind

21
Chapter–7: SHRUBS AND HERBACEOUS PERRENNIAL
Shrubs are defined as woody or semi woody perennial

plants, the branches of which arise from the base of the
plant and grow up to a height ranging from 50 cm to 4
m. Shrubs are very important garden components not
only because of the large number of cultivated species
and varieties but also due to the wide range of variation
in the shape and size of the plants, handsome foliage,
richly coloured flowers, ease in propagation and
suitability to grow in varied climatic conditions. They
become an integral part of the garden, being permanent
characters.
Utility of shrubs in gardening
a) They form part of the framework of the garden and create very pleasin picturesque effect if selected
and planted carefully.
b) Shrubs act as foundation plants for buildings.
c) Variegated shrubs especially with silver or dark grey foliage can also produce pleasing effects if
planted in appropriate schemes as they provide most suitable contrasts in the garden.
d) Flowering can be seen throughout the year from one or other plant.
e) They can be used for hedging, fencing and also for topiary e.g. Hibiscus, Divi Thevetia, Casuarina,
f) They can also be grown as potted plants.
Classification
I. Based on use in the garden
a) Shrubs for showy or attractive flowers e.g. Hibiscus, Ixora, Mussaenda, Cestrum, Euphorbia
b) Shrubs for fragrance e.g. jasmine, rose, Tabernaemontana, Nyctanthes

22
c) Shrubs for foliage e.g. Crotons, Polyscias, Eranthemum, Graptophyllum
II. Based on sunlight require ment
a) Open sunlight e.g. Hibiscus, Bougainvillea etc.
b) Partial sunlight e.g. Eranthemum, Polyscias,

Pisonia, Graptophyllum
c) Full shade: e.g. Polyscias, Hemigraphis
Description of important shrubs
Acalypha sp. Euphorbiaceae

These are colourful foliage shrubs used for various purposes of garden decoration. A. hispida.
Flowers appear in erect or drooping, terminal or auxiliary spikes, called „cat‟s tail‟. Mostly used as hedge
plant. It is propagated from stem cuttings. Adenium obesum Apocjanaceae Tall erect shrub, growing up to
2.5 meters. Stem swollen at base and succulent. Leaves clustered near the tip of branches; simple, sessile
oblong. Flowers are many on terminal corymbs, funnel shaped, pinkish crimson. The long conical fruits
contain winged seeds. Flowering season: June-September; propagated by seeds or air-layers.
Barleria cristata (December crossandra) Acanthaceae

A dwarf bushy much branched shrub; flower is funnel shaped. Flowering season is November to
January. It is propagated from stem cuttings.
Bauhinia tomentosa Fabaceae

An erect, bushy deciduous shrub grows up to 2.5 meters. The plants bear
numerous sulphur yellow flowers in summer and rains. It is propagated from seeds.
Bougainvillea spectabilis Nyctaginaceae

It is a popular shrub or a climber with stiff thorns arises from axils of leaves;
Bracts are many colored, elliptic in shape, perianth is tubular ending in five star shaped lobes; once
established in the ground, it seldom needs watering even during the hot months.
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Caesalpinia pulcherrima Fabaceae

It is a beautiful bushy shrub with few prickles. Flowers are orange scarlet in
terminal raceme; sepals are red, tinged green. It is propagated by seeds.
Calliandra brevipes (Powder puff) Fabaceae

This is a bushy shrub with branches drooping and spreading. Flowers arise in clusters with
numerous fine pink stamens. The plants are multiplied from seeds or layers. Flowering seen almost
throughout the year.
Cestrum diurnum (Day jasmine or Day queen) Solanaceae

A bushy shrub with spreading branches: The flowers are sessile & white coloured. The fruit is
showy, globular, blue, and grows in a cluster. Flowers in summer and rainy season. It is propagated by
seeds and cuttings.
Cestrum nocturnum (Night queen) Solanaceae

A large bush with weak branches; leaves are oblong and alternate. Flowers grow in axillary or
terminal panicle, creamy white and night scented; Propagated by cutting and layering.
Codiaeum variegatum (Crotons) Euphorbiaceae

Medium growing foliage shrubs with attractive foliage in multiple colors and spots; suitable for
semi shaded and open areas. It is propagated by air-layers and cuttings.
Crossandra infundibuliformis Acanthaceae

It is a perpetual flowering shrub; quick growing and flowers are commercially valued. Flowers are
orange and a borne on spikes. Propagation is by seeds.
Cassia biflora Leguminosae

A tall bushy evergreen plant, 3 m tall. Leaves are compound with 10-12 pairs of leaflets. Flowers
are golden yellow in colour, develop in clusters of auxiliary or terminal raceme. Pods are flat. Flowering is
almost throughout the year. Propagation is by seeds.
Cassia alata Leguminosae

A tall erect shrub, not much branched as other cassias. Flower is golden yellow, pod is long and
winged. Propagated by seeds.
Dombeya natalensis Sterculiaceae

A tall shrub with numerous spreading branches; Flowers grow on terminal umbels of 4-8, rosy
white, slightly scented with 5 petals. Produce numerous tufts of white flowers during the winter.
Propagation is by air layering and cutting.
Duranta plumeri Verbenaceae

A tall much branched shrub with axillary spines. Branches are 4 angled. Flowers are blue in loose
terminal panicles. Fruits are yellow in colour propagation is by cuttings.
Eranthemum bicolor Acanthaceae

The plants are bushy useful for shady and semi-shady places with colorful foliage and flowers.
Plants grow well in rich porous soil. Flowers are tubular, white with 4 lobes, grow on terminal or auxiliary
raceme. Propagation is by terminal cuttings.
Euphorbia pulcherrima (Syn: Poinsettia pulcherrima) Christmas flower, Euphorbiaceae

A shrub with cylindrical branches. Leaves are with pink petioles. Flowers appear as clusters on top
of the branches. Bracts are crimson red and are showy during winter; propagated from cuttings.

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Euphorbia leucocephala Euphorbiaceae

A medium shrub with cylindrical branches. Leaves turn to white during winter giving beautiful
appearance. Flowers are small, white, and arise in leaf axils and terminals. Propagation is by air layering
and cuttings.
Graptophyllum hortensis Acanthaceae

A beautiful foliage shrub, stem is yellowish green; flowers are deep red in terminal or axillary
raceme. Grows well in a semi-shade and porous soil.
Hamelia patens Rubiaceae

A handsome perpetual flowering shrub, stem is reddish green, pubescent leaves. It produces
numerous tubular flowers all the year round. Propagation is by cutting or air layering.
Hibiscus mutabilis Malvaceae

A deciduous shrub, growing up to 2.5 m height. Flowers are solitary & large. Petals white at first,
fading to pink later. Propagation is by air layering, cutting or seed.
Hibiscus rosasinensis China rose Malvaceae

A tall or medium sized evergreen shrub; leaves are ovate, coarsely toothed. Flowers are large,
solitary, axillary, single or double, having shades of one or two or more colors. The colors range from
white, yellow, orange, salmon, pink, mauve red etc.
Ixora singaporensis (red) Rubiaceae

Ixora coccinea
These are popular and useful flowering shrubs in the garden and almost all the species and
varieties flower very freely in the summer and rains. Many types of Ixora produce seeds, but cuttings and
layering are the common methods or propagation.
Jasminum spp. Oleaceae

Jasminum auriculatum - Mullai
J. sambac - Gundumalli
J. grandiflorum - Jathimalli
Jasminum species are group of shrubs of commercial importance. Leaves are opposite or alternate;
flowers are in terminal or auxiliary corymbs and flowering seen for 5-6 months in summer and rains.
Large-scale propagation is done by cuttings.
Jatropha multifida (Coral bush) Euphorbiaceae

A perpetual flowering shrub; flowers are red with yellow stamens. Propagation is by stem cuttings.
Lantana camara Verbenaceae

Prickly stemmed bushy plants of half to two meters height. Leaves are opposite, ovate or oblong,
toothed, coarse. Flower colours range from yellow, bright red, white etc.
Lawsonia inerme (Syn: L. alba) Lythraceae

Var. alba-petals light yellow; var rubra petals rose. It is tall growing shrub and flowers are small in
terminal cymes. Petals are ovate, wrinkled on the top of the calyx tube. Propagation is by stem cuttings.
Mussaenda erythrophylla Rubiaceae

A semi-erect shrub. The expanded sepals are sessile, bright scarlet above and whitish with red
veins below. These velvety sepals are produced during summer and rains. Propagation is by air layering
and cuttings. Thrive well in acidic soils.

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Nerium oleander Apocynaceae

A evergreen erect shrub, leaves mostly in whorls of three, lanceolate, flowers may be single or
double in terminal panicles, slightly fragrant. Pink, white, rosy red colour flowers are available.
Propagated by stem cuttings.
Nyctanthes arbortristis (Night jasmine) Oleaceae

A tall bushy shrub with drooping branches. Flowers are white with an orange tube in terminal
panicles. Flowers open during night and drop off in the morning.Propagation is by stem cuttings.
Pentas lanceolata Rubiaceae

It is herbaceous or semi woody perpetual flowering shrub. Numerous flowers appear in terminal
corymbs. The corolla is tubular with 5-6 lobes. Flowers are white, pink, mauve and red. Propagated by
cuttings.
Phyllanthus nivosus (Snow bush) Euphorbiaceae

A bushy shrub with compound leaflets. Leaves have variegation with whitish and greenish
patches. Flowers are small, greenish, hanging on a long pedicel from the leaf axils. Propagated by cuttings.
Plumbago capensis Plumbaginaceae

A dwarf shrub with green weak stem; Flowers grow in a short terminal raceme, which are azure
blue colored. Propagated by layers and cuttings.
Polyscia filicifolia (Syn: Aralia filicifolia) Araliaceae

An erect glabrous shrub. The stem and leaf stalks are with various colours. There are usually 3
leaflets, which are roundish or reniform shaped.
Pisonia alba (Tree lettuce) _yctaginaceae

A tall growing foliage shrub; can be grown in shade and semi-shade conditions. The leaves are
also used as greens.
Tabernaemontana coronaria (Cape Jasmine) Apocynaceae

A very popular shrub. The leaves are simple oblong flowers are white. Single, semi double and
double forms are available in terminal or axillary cymes.
Tecoma stans (yellow) Bignoniaceae
An erect or rambling shrub growing up to 1.5 to 3.0 m height. Flowers borne in terminal panicles
or racemes during summer and rains.
T. capensis (orange-red)
T. smithii (Yellowish orange)
Cuttings root very easily, and the plants thrive in all types of soils.
Thunbergia erecta Acanthaceae
A hardy bushy shrub. The flowers are in solitary or paired, axillary violet coloured with yellow or
orange throat, tubular in shape. Propagated by cuttings.
Thevetia nerifolia Apocynaceae

A tall growing shrub normally used for fencing. The flowers are golden yellow, fruits and flowers
have poisonous substances.
Vinca rosea; Syn: Catharanthus roseus (Periwinkle) Apocynaceae

A much branched dwarf bushy shrub, up to 60-90 cm high. Flowers are rose or white, solitary,
axillary, flowers seen throughout the year. Vinca is grown mostly in rock gardens in full sunlight.

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Chapter–8: CLIMBER AND CREEPERS
Definitions:
Climbers: Plants having a weak stem and possess special structure to climb over a support are defined
as climbers. Eg. Antigonon, Thunbergia
Twiners: The climbing plants which do not have any such structure but climb over a
support or a plant by twining themselves spirally around such supports are called twiners
Eg. Ipomoea, Lonicera.
Ramblers and stragglers: There are still other plants which fail in their attempt to climb but somehow
manage to support themselves over the trunks, stems, or branches of other plants; these are termed
ramblers and stragglers. Eg. Quisqualis indica.
Creepers: Plants which creep or climb on a surface with their rootlets are called creepers.
Such plants are generally trained over stone or brick walls. Eg. Ficus repens, Tecoma
radicans
Special structure like:

• Hook like thorn :- Bougainvillea, Asparagus
• Tendril :- Antigonon leptopus, Bignonia
• Rootlets :- ficus repens, Philodendron, Syngonium, Tecoma grandiflora,
Monstera, Money Plant(Pothos)
Utility in gardening:
• Climbers are very important ornamental plants in landscaping which add beauty, co lour and fragrance
to gardens
• They are commonly used on artificial structures like walls, arches, pergolas, pillars, cascades, topiary,
etc.
• Bare walls can be most effectively decorated by growing colourful climbers on them.
• Trees are also used to train the climbers and this enhances the beauty of garden many folds.
• Utility of climbers in cities is increasing for the purpose of screening the premises from adjacent
houses and maintaining privacy.
• It is use to give protection as a fence.
Propagation
• Seeds:- Antigonan, Asparagus, Star ipomea, Morning glory, Railway creeper, Wood rose creeper.
• Cutting:- Most of the perennial climber.
• Air layering:- Bougainvillea, Rose.
• Root suckers:- Asparagus, Clerodendron, Lasoon vel, Allamanda.
• Grafting :- Petrea, Allamanda
Classification of Climbers for selection
• Showy flowering :- Clerodendron, Jacquimontia, Tecoma, Thunbergea, Lesoon vell.

• Scented Flowing :- Mogra, Juie, chameli, honeysuckle, madhvilata, madhumalti, vellaris.
• Attractive Foliage :-Monstera, Vernonia, Pothos(money plant),Asparagus, philodendron.
• Shade loving :- Clerodendron, jacquemontia, pothos, asparagus.

• Hardy climber :- Quisqualis India, wisteria sinensis, Thunbergia.
• Light climber :- Asparagus, Jasmine, Antigonan, Allmanda, Petrea, Juie.

27
Chapter–9: ANNUALS: SELECTION, PROPAGATION, PLANTING SCHEMES
Annuals
Plants which complete its life cycle from seed to flowers and die in 3 to 6 months or within a year are
called annuals.
Use of Annuals
• Bedding Plant: Portulaca, Calendula, Candytuft.

• Boarder Plant: Balsam, Verbena.
• Ground Cover: Portulaca, Sweet pea, Petunia.
• Hanging Basket: Petunia, Portulaca,zinnia.
• Pot Plant: Kochia, Marigold, Antirrhinum .
• Rockery: Gaillardia, Candytuft, Portulaca.
• Cut Flo wer: Antirrhinum, Lark spur.
• Loose Flowe:Marigold, Gaillardia
• Climber: Clitoria, Sweet pea, Star ipomea.
Propagation
• Seed :
I. Fine seed: petunia, coreopsis, celosia
I. Medium bold : marigold, calendula, cosmos.
I. Bold : sunflower, sweet pea, hollyhock
Classification of Annuals
According to season:
Winter Monsoon Summer

Sowing : Sept- Oct Sowing : Jun- July Sowing : Feb- March
Flo wering : Feb-March Flo wering : Sept-Oct Flo wering : May-June
Candy tuft Marigold Marigold
Hollyhock Sunflower Sunflower
Sunflower Balsam Portulaca
Marigold Celosia Gailardia
Coreopsis Portulaca Kochia
Antirrhinum Gailardia Amaranthus
Aster Kochia Gomphrena
Salvia Amaranthus Clitoria
Dianthus Gomphrena Cosmos
Petunia Clitoria Coreopsis
Verbena Cosmos Zinnia
Sweet pea Coreopsis Tithonia
Calendula Zinnia
Pansy Star ipomea
Stalk Tithonia
According to Blooming
• Early Blooming: (45 to 60 days)Ageratum, Cosmos, Gomphrena, Amaranthus, Balsam,Salvia,
Celosia,Marigold, Coreopsis, Zinnia
• Late Blooming: (60 to 120 days) Dianthus, Hollyhock,) Antirrhinum, Salvia,
Chrysanthemum

28
According to height
Dwarf Medium Tall Tall

15 cm – 30 cm 30 cm – 75 cm 75 cm – 120 cm
Pansy Balsam Hollyhock

Sweet alysum Marigold Salvia
Candy tuft Antirrhinum Chrysenthimum
Portulaca Dwarf salvia Sunflower
Calendula Aster Tithonia
Verbena Celosia Lark spur
Petunia Gaillardia Clarkia
Dwarf marigold Cosmos
Dwarf celosia Zinnia
Dianthus Stalk
Coreopsis
Gomphrena
White Flowered Annuals
Blue, Purple, and Lavender-flowered Annuals
Red-Flowered Annuals

29
Yellow-Flo wered Annuals
Annuals Suitable For Shade
• Ageratum
• Alyssum
• Calendula
• Clarkia
• Phlox
• Salvia
• Verbena
Fragrant Annuals
• Sweet Alyssum
• Sweet willium /dianthus
• Phlox
• Marigold
• Stock
• Four O‟clock
• Sand Verbena
Herbaceous Perennial
Herbaceous Perennial
Plants having soft stem and live year after year are known as herbaceous perennial.They are not
included in shrubs as they don‟t have woody stem.
Propagation
• Seed: Vinca, Gerbera, Coleus, Balsam,Verbena, Geranium

• Cuttings: Portulaca,Pilea,Coleus,verbena,Zebrina,Setcreasea,Hemmigraphis.
• Offshoots: Chrysanthemum, Coreopsis, Gaillardia, Carnation.
• Suckers: Gerbera, Chrysanthemum, Daisy, Golden rod

30
Use of Herbaceous Perennial
• Cut Flo wer:- Gerbera, Golden rod, Daisy, Chrysanthemum.

• Bedding plant:- Daisy, Portulaca, Zinnia,
• Borden Plant:- Vinca, Daisy, Chrysanthemum,Zinnia.
• Pot Plant:- Vinca, Portulaca, Gerbera, dwarf,Chrysanthemum, iridium.
• Rockery:- Verbena, Coreopsis, Gaillardia,Portulaca.
• Hanging Plant:- Zamphrina, Portuleca, Verbena.
• Indoor Plant:- Coleus, Pile, Setcreasea, Zebrina,Hemigraphis
Flo wering Herbaceous Perennial
Foliage Herbaceous Perennial
• Coleus
• Pilea
• Setcreasea
• Zebrina
• Hemigraphis
• Peperomia

31
Chapter–10: OTHER GARDEN PLANTS: PALMS, FERNS, GRASSES, CACTUS &

SUCCULENTS
 Palms and Ferns

Palms: -
Palms are mostly tropical plants of palmaceae family. They are known for their tall, straight,
unbranched, cylindrical or columnar trunks by spreading canopy of huge pinnate or digitate leaves. The
great botanist, linnaceus called “princes of vegetable kindom” due to their sculpturistic appearance. The
palmaceae family has more than 200 genera and 3000 species. They are suitable for outdoor planting as
well as indoors.
Uses:
1. Avenue planting: -Royal palm,date palm, sago palm
2. Decorative: -Kentia palm
3. Indoor: Areca palm, Rhapis palm
4. Hedge: -Areca palm, Rhapis palm
5. Medicinal: -Coconut palm, Areca palm
6. Food:-Date palm, Coconut palm, Palmyra palm
7. Pot plants: -Areca palm, Rhapis palm
8. Building construction: - Palmyra palm
9. Thatching of sroof: - leaf of coconut and Palmyra palm
Fe rn
The cryptogams plant under the family polipodiceae are generally termed as fern. Tropical humid
mountains are the natural house of fern. They need high temperature, humid and shady place.
Example : Ad iantum, polypod ium, ly god ium, pteris, osmund a etc.
Cycads
Cycads are group of plants have a stout and woody trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff and compound
evergreen leaves. Cycads are resembled to palms in overall appearance. They possess a pachycauls. The
word is derived from the Greek pachy meaning thick or stout, and Latin caulis meaning the stem.
Example:Cycas, macrozamia, zamiaetc.
Uses:
10. Avenue planting:-Royal palm,date palm, sago palm
11. Decorative:-Kentia palm
12. Indoor: Areca palm, Rhapis palm
13. Hedge:-Areca palm, Rhapis palm
14. Medicinal:-Coconut palm, Areca palm
15. Food:-Date palm, Coconut palm, Palmyra palm
16. Pot plants:-Areca palm, Rhapis palm
17. Building construction:- Palmyra palm
18. Thatching of roof:- leaf of coconut and Palmyra palm
Classification of palm
Fan leaved Feathered leaved
Palmyra palm Areca palm
32
Latania palm Cane palm

Licula palm Fishtail palm
Rhapis palm Kentia pal
Blue palm Royal palm
Livistonia palm Coconut palm
Pritchardia palm Date palm
 Grasses: As per Lawn making
 Cactus
These are a broad group of plants that have evolved in situations characterized by very high day
temperatures and low night temperatures with very low available moisture in the growing medium.
 Their plantbody is modified to conserve moisture.

 Stem, leaves and roots of these plants are fleshy and rich in water.
 Have rarity value when grown as ornamental.
 Mostly referred as rock garden plants.
 Succulents
They are the group of plants well adopted for unfavorable drought condition. They
store water in their succulent stems and reduce water loss by having waxing skin coating. They are grown
for their beauty of their flower and plant shape. They are remarkable for their thick fleshy leaves or stems
or both.
Plants are mostly used as succulents:-
Agave Furcarea
Alovera Ice plant
Euphorbia mili Snow buch
Euphoribia lomi Snake plant
Adenium Sedum
kalanchoe Nolino
Yucca
 Ornamental Cacti:-
Cacti are member of cactaceae family. They are dicotyledonous perennial stem and
are mostly spiny and leafless. Cacti flower periodically and may be day or night flowering. The flowers are
red, white, purple and yellow are short lived. Cacti are generally short-lived.
 Plants are mostly used as cacti:-

Horned star cactus Old man cactus Rain bows cactus
Wooly star cactus Peanut cactus China cactus or Night-blooming cactus
Wooly cap cactus Silver-torch cactus Vanilla cactus

33
Chapter–11: POT PLANTS: SELECTION, ARRANGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Pot plant or Indoor Plants are those plants which require some degree of shade and can be display
in the house.
Selection of Pot plants:-
• Aglaonema • Graptophyllum
• Alocasia • Heliconia
• Anthurium • Kalanchoe
• Aspidistra • Maranta
• Asparagus • Monstera
• Begonia • Pepromea
• Chlorophytum • Pilea
• Beloperone • Philodendron
• Caladium • pothos
• Coleus • roheo
• Crotons • Syngonium
• Dieffenbachia • Tradescantia
• Dracaena • Zebrina
• Exocaria bicolour • hemigraphis
• fittonia • spathiphyllum
• setcreasea
Arrangement of pot plants: -
Management of pot plants: -
There are several factors are effected on house plant growth.
1) Light:- Light is an important factor. It varies from plant to plant. Climbing plant grow well under a
relatively dark corner. Most of the plant requires some of light. The art ificialsource is fluorescent
lighting. A plant receiving insufficient amount of light will grow lanky. Generally, 15-20 watts of
fluorescent light is needed for each 30 sq. m. of plant area.
2) Temperature:- The ideal range of temperature should be around 15 -21o C during day time and in
night time it never falling below 20oC. Most of the house plant best grown in 18 to 24 oC temperature
of day time.
3) Humidity:- A relative humidity 40 to 60 % is best for growth of plants.
4) Watering:- Water management is differ from plant to plant and season to season. Cactus group
require less water where Alocasia require more water. Clay pot plants require more water than plastic
pot. It is safe practice to under water rather than over watering. In winter require less water as compare
to summer season.
5) Fresh air:- The air in the room become polluted due to fumes, high concentrated of carbon dioxides
etc. The windows can be opened regularly for getting fresh air to plant.

34
6) Soil:- Require course soil with adequate drainage and aeration to the roots and sufficient organic
matter. Good mixture for house plant is 2 part soil + 1 part of organic matter and 1 part of sand.
7) Feeding:- The plant should be fed with liquid manure during their growing season. Applying one
teaspoon of any complete fertilizer with in 15 days.
8) Other cultural practices:- Clean lines is one of the important factor. The large leaves plant can be
sponged regularly. The smaller leaves plant can be kept clean from dust. Apical shoot or tips are
removed to encourage side growth i.e. pinching. Climbing plant requires support to climb and for this
purpose moss stick can be used.
9) Plant protection:- Common diseases noticed are stem rot and root rot. Common insect are red spider,
mite, aphid, thrips and white fly. Spray of fungicide and insecticide at regular interval.

35
Chapter–12: LAWN: ESTABLISHMENT AND ITS MAINTENANCE
“Lawn is defined as the green carpet for a landscape”

 It is the basic feature of home garden and other type of garden.
 75% of the beauty of a garden depends on a properly maintained lawn.
 In a home garden it improves the appearance of house and hence its beauty increases the value of
the estate.
 Provide perfect setting for flower beds, border, shrubbery, specimen tree etc.
 Source of charm reduce the tension of mind after a day‟s hard work.
 Site selection:-
A few points for site selection are…
 A site should receive full sunshine.
 The best situation will be the Southern side and then South-East or South – West of the building.
 No big tree should be existing at the site.
 Soil moisture capacity and drainage is also important points.
 Selection of grasses:-
1) Bermunda grass: Cynadon dactylon (Dharo) (Harayali grass)
2) Korean grass: Zoysia japonica
3) Manilla grass: Zoysia matrella
4) Korean velvet grass: Zoysia tenuifolia
5) Carpet grass: Axonopus affinis
 Some points to keep in mind for selecting lawn:
 It gives outdoor rapidly or germinates rapidly.
 Stands regular cutting.
 Resistance to drought and disease.
 Retain colour through out the year.
 Cold resistance.
 SOIL:- It growing in all types of soil like goradu, black, sandy loam but it grows well in fertilize
loamy soil. At least a depth of 25- 30 cm of good soil is required.
 DRAINAGE:- Grasses are shallow rooted herbs and therefore no deep drainage is necessary but
no water should stagnate in rooting zone. Field should be leveled with 5% slope is allowed.
 PREPARATION OF LAND:-
 The whole area should be dug with 60 cm deep and leveled by eye setting.
 During the process of digging all stones, old grass roots, weeds etc. should be removed.
 Add 500 kg manure (organic matter such as caster cake, leaf mold manure, vermicompost) per
100 square meter of soil.
 Irrigate the land and after 8-10 days again dug it and add 8-10 kg single super phosphate and 3-4
kg of muriate of potash per 100 square meter of soil.
 TIME OF PLANTING:-
 The best time is in July at the beginning of the rainy season.
 Where irrigationwater is ample, planting may be done in March – April.
 There should be no shortage of water during the following hot and dry months.
 METHODS OF PLANTING:-
1) By seed sowing 2) By dibbling
36
3) By turfing 4) By turf plastering

5) By suckers
1) By Seed Sowing:-
 Require 500 gm of seed for 200 square meters.
 Seed mixed with finesoil and broad caste by hand.
 The rake is drawn lightly in opposite direction to mix up the seed.
 The ground should be rolled with very light roller.
 The plot should be watered at regular interval.
 Seed germinate with in 3-5 days from sowing.
2) By Dibbling:-
 Well matured rooted doob grass cutting is obtained from a close cut lawn or nursery.
 The roots or grass obtained are dibbed in the ground when it is slightly moist at 7-10 cm apart.
 Soil is kept moist by frequent irrigationtill the grass sprouts.
 Within 5-7 week grass is ready for first cutting.
 By this method lawn is prepared with in 4 months.
3) By Turfing:-
 This is a quickest method of growing lawn but it is more expensive.
 Turf is a piece of earth about 5 cm thickness with grass thickly grown over it.
 The piece may be of small squares or in rolls of small width.
 By this method lawn is ready with in very short time.
4) By Turf plastering:-
 In this method first the paste is prepared by mixing garden soil, fresh cow dung and water.
 2 part root bits + 1 part horse manure + 1 part farm yard manure (Cow dung) + 1 part good
garden soil and required quantity of water for plastering on soil and spread evenly on the
surface of the ground after moisturing the soil.
 Then paste is covered with spreading 2 cm of dry soil and watered at regular interval.
 This is not suitable in dry and variable climate.
5) By Suckers:-
 Suckers collected from good patches and planted 5 to 8 cm apart on the prepared soil.
 Watering is given till it is established.
 MAINTENANCE OF LAWN:-
There are various aspects of maintenance of lawn are:
1) Weeding 2) Liming 3) Rolling 4) Mowing 5) Sweeping 6) Irrigation
7) Scrapping and racking 8) Top dressing with compost and fertilizer
1) Weeding:-
 It is common in old and new lawns.
 Frequently of weeding is more in rainy season.
 All weed should be removed with root before flowering to never allow to seed.
 8 to 10 hand weeding is require.
2) Liming:-
 Powdered chalk or lime should be applied at the rate of 250 gm per square meter area.
 Application of lime once in a year except alkaline soil is beneficial.
 After liming watering should be done.
3) Rolling:-

37
 After the first irrigation, when the soil is still moist, the lawn is rolled with a medium weight
roller.
 Rolling is carried out after each irrigationuntil the lawn is established.
4) Mowing:-
 It is another important operation.
 Frequently of mowing is determined by the amount of growth and willvary from season to
season.
 Grass should be allowed to grow more than 5-6 cm in length during any season.
5) Sweeping:-
 Sweeping the lawn after each mowing is essential to clean the cut grasses which might have
fallen from mower box.
 Also done in early every morning to clean the fallen leaves and debris.
6) Irrigation:-
 Frequent light irrigationis better than flooding after long intervals.
 Labour and water can be saved to a considerable extent if sprinkler irrigationused i.e. popous.
For this at the time of land preparing we have to fix the PVC pipe under ground the soilas per
the lawn area and fit the popup.
 In winter irrigationis less require as compare to summer.
7) Scrapping and racking:-
 Continuous rolling, treading and mowing may result in the formation of a hard crust and lower
part of lawn may get matted and woody.
 Such lawn scraps at ground level in the month of April and May and followed by raking to
break the crust.
 Thorough raking is done both ways to loosen the old runners and to aerate the soil.
8) Top dressing with compost and fertilizer:-
 After the raking 100 kg compost for 100 square meters willbe needed.
 Bone meal is also applied @ 1 kg per 10 square meters.
 Same compost applied during September – October.
 From September to April only Ammonium Sulphate is applied once in every month at the rate
of 1 kg per 50 square meter followed by watering.

38
Chapter–13: BIO AESTHETIC PLANNING: DEFINITION, NEED AND PLANNING
The concept of bio-aesthetic planning was given by Prof. Lancelot Hogben which means
proper utilization of the available flora and fauna in the beautification of the surroundings. In India,
the practical shape of bio-aesthetic planning was brought by Dr. M. S. Randhawawho gave a
practical shape to it in planning Chandigarh along with the famous architects along with Le
Corbusier & Pierre Jeanneret.
The aim behind bio aesthetic planning is to plant ornamental flowering trees along roads, in
parks, house compounds, public places. It also aimed to develop national parks where non carnivorous
animals and beautiful birds with sanctuary along with beautiful flora.It includes landscape gardening
and can be extended to the entire country.
The bio aesthetic planner uses the whole country as his canvas and his paints are the rich
colours of red, blue, orange and white of the different flowers.
The untouched nature is quite monotonous and it is only with a touch of bio aesthetic planning
that the countryside and other places will look not only natural but pleasing too to the eye.
Town / Urban Planning
 Bio aesthetic planning should go hand in hand with town planning.
 The roads in towns and cities should be broad, planted with flowering and shade trees.
 There should be spacious parks along with conservatories for harmless animals and birds.
Old Unplanned Cities
 The older congested cities and towns need to be retrieved from their present state by bio
aesthetic planning.
 It can be done by compulsion the ugly areas of the towns in some centrally located pockets
and to convert them into parks.
Garden suburbs
 In congested cities like Kolkata, Kanpur, Mumbai, etc., it is impossible to get land in the city
proper for bio aesthetic planning.
 Garden suburbs are devoted on the outskirts of the city easily approachable by vehicles or
even bicycles.
 The real estate value of property increases if it is properly landscaped and planted with trees.
Air Pollution
 Air pollution, has reached disturbing proportion in some of the larger cities of the world and
metropolitan cities in India.

39
 The unplanned growth of the cities has resulted in congestion of houses, factories in
residential areas and proliferation of motor vehicles.
 Pollution is causing increase in the diseases of the respiratory tract, cancer and may other
ailment.
 The parks full of living plats play an import role in checking air pollution.
 The parks are considered as the lungs of a c ity, the barrier of trees checks noise pollution, dust
pollution and air pollution.
Human Welfare
 The landscape gardening plays an important role in human welfare by providing the citizens
with spacious parks having beautiful trees.
 Hum welfare through bio aesthetic planning and landscape gardening is ensured by
developing open, breathing spacious parks plated with beautiful trees and flowers.
 These places are used for relax, find peace of mind, and breath fresh air and allow playing of
children.

40
Chapter–14: BONSAI: PRINCIPLE AND MANAGEMENT
BONSAI:
The word Bonsai is a combination of two Japanese words Bon and Sai. Bon meaning shallow pan
and sai meaning plant which can be transplanted as “Tray Planting”.
 ORIGIN: China, Japan

 Definition:- A tree/plant grown in a shallow pot/container and expressing the beauty and volume
of a tree in natural environment is called Bonsai.
 It is grown on living rooks, verandas, terraces, windowsills and conservatories.
 The main criterion is the artistic look of the plant in a miniature formmaintained for many years is
all that is wanted.
 The great Japanese expert on Bonsai is KyozoMorata.
 TREES:- Adansonia digitata, Black bamboo, Butea monosperma, Ficus religiosa, Ficus
benghalenis, Ficus infectoria, Ficus mysorensis, Jacaranda mimosifolia, Kigellta pinnata,
Magifera indica, Melia azedarach, Punica granatum, Putranjara roxburghill.
 Conifers: -
 Under tropical condition:- JuniperusChinensis,J.Horizontalis.
 Under Temperature condition: Pinusdensiflora, Taxus baccata etc.
 Shrubs:- Adenium obesum, Brya ebenus, Hamelia patens, Jatropha podogrica, Murraya Exotica
 Woody climbers:- Combretum, Derris, Scandens etc.
 Types of Bonsai:-
1. Micro – 5 to 18 cm
2. Miniature – 18 to 30 cm
3. Medium tall – 30 to 60 cm
4. Tall – more than 60 cm
 Classification
 Micro (a) Finger Tip – 5 to 7.5 cm (b) Baby / Mame – 7.5 to 15 cm
 Small : 15 -30 cm
 Medium large – 30-60 cm
 Larger to very large 60-120 cm
 Bonsai are classified into two groups
(a) By the shape of the trunk
(b) By the number of trees grown in a single pot
 Style of Bonsai
(1) Formal Upright trunk
Informal upright trunk
 Single specimen with straight& upright stem
(2) Windswept or Oblique style:
 Planting in oblique positionas if swept by wind
 Having more branches on one side
(3) Slanting:
(4) Cascade or Kengai Style
Trunk hangs over the edges of container or hanging over the ledge of mountain.
41
1) Semi Cascade
2) Weeping
3) Winding or Kyokkuk Style:
4) Single trunk os twisted
5) Gnarled
6) Trunk is twisted near the ground, once or twice to form a loop.
7) Twin / triple trunk
8) Multiple trunk :
9) Rock Planting:
 Examples :
I) Formal upright : Bougainvilla, chery blossom, lady mery beri
II) Informal upright : Ficus benjamina, Prunus domenstica
III) Slanting style : Citrus, Japonica, Chinease orange
IV) Semicascade : Bougainvillea, Blondie
V) Twin trunk : Phyllanthes nivosus
VI) Standing style : Pinus roxburghii
VII) Root over rock style : Tamarindus indica
 Starting Out :
Seeds: Very slow process
Cuttings: quicker method
Layering: much quicker
Nursery plants: Selection is important
From country side: More natural but should be careful in digging out
 Requirements:
 Soil : Well drained and Autritive (mixture of garden soil, organic manure mould, coarse sand)
 Containers: Depends on style, be with good drainage holes, may be terrantta earthen ware, or
ceramics.
 Shape : round, oval, rectangular,
 Colour: natural black, green, brown eater
 Tools : cutters, scissors, small saw, fork, grafting blade, soil scoops, sp wires
 Care of tools: proper cleaning and oiling.
 Developing:
 Choosing the plants: healthy with good trunk, remove some branches.
 Potting: Root pruning-tap root, place the plant in tight position
 Watering: In severe winter – once a week is sufficient
 In summer – thrice necessary
 Feeding : Once a week of fortnightly
 Pruning and trimming:
 Bonsai keep dwarf not by starving but by various method or pruning
 Pinching also helps maintain shape of plant so reduce total leaf are
 Shaping and wiring: the curves should look more natural
 Reporting
 Diseases and pests: control by spray insecticides at regular intervals.

42
Chapter–15: CAD APPLICATION AUTOCAD
CAD is a software system that is capable of transforming raw data into plans, drawings and models to
enable effective planning and management.
Current use of CAD
 record keeping using topographical maps:

 assets such as drains, power, meters, etc can be valued
 areas and distances can be determined for planning and maintenance
 exact locations of all items can be recorded for future reference
 contour plans can be illustrated for drainage works
 earthworks of cut and fill can be made
 costs for soil volumes can be calculated for a range of variables (from different suppliers and different
grades of raw products)
 3D models are created to illustrate the concept and to show interaction of light, shade, plant growth, future
development
 CAD plans can be entered into software that automatically operate earthmoving machines that can level
the site as specified on the plans
 Information can be transferred by email.
Data Collection
Like all software based on data, it must be collected and added and the options for this are:-
 Global Positioning System (GPS)

 Aerial surveys
 Total data station surveys
 From government departments
 By scanning or digitising original paper maps/plans
 Manual surveys
Existing CAD systems
There are many different systems. The following software based on CAD are commonly used to convert
data into useful information:
 Landcadd
 Landcadd OEM (Site Designer)
 AutoCAD LT
CAD Software Features:

 A data base containing over 900 plants
 2-D ad 3-D symbols (of plants, furnishings, etc.) which can be inserted
 Ability to add to the plant and symbol list
 Freedom to substitute blocks, edit attributes globally along with special text fonts etc.,
based on the landscape industry
 Links to other graphics packages
43
 Commands to generate data maps

 Ability to combine information from one or more maps of interest
 Ability to create shadows cast by walls, plants etc.
 Choice of markers, arrows, symbols to improve readability of maps
Limitations of CAD in Landscape Design
Despite the obvious advantages of CAD; it's use for landscaping is limited. Many of the best
garden designers will only used CAD for very limited applications. The fact is that when you come to
drawing plants into a plan, the size and shape of any plant can vary considerably.... being influenced by the
things around it, as well as soil type, management methods and other things. Any one species of tree could
grow in hundreds of different shapes, depending upon the situation it finds itself in.
For a CAD program to properly deal with representing plants on a plan, it would need to offer a
catalogue of perhaps over a million different graphic images to choose from. The fact is, most landscapers
would find it easier to draw the plants freehand to represent what they have in their head.
Auto CAD is a computer-aided software drafting program. It is used for a number of

applications like creating blueprints for buildings, bridges and computer chips to name a few.
AutoCAD is 2D and 3D computer aided drafting software application. It is commercial software.

BONSAI MAKING
Bonsai is an art of growing and training of a plant to a miniature form having a natural
look of old age. It was originated from china, but it was called as the Japanese art. It involves
techniques of extreme dwarfing. The optimum size of bonsai may be only 30 to 60 cm in height,
but miniature sizes of below 25 cm have also been preferred. Bonsai of minimum 10 years old
are period, but of 100 and even 200 years of age are available and are highly valued as
‘venerable’ specimens.
Bonsai requires special types of containers. They should be usually shallow with 5 to 7.5
cm deep (except for cascade type of bonsai for which deep pots can be used). Round, hexagonal
or square shaped containers with 25 to 30 cm diameters are preferred. Containers with specific
colours like mosaic, sky blue, terra cotta, grey or jungle green are well suited for bonsai culture.
Plants adaptable for extreme dwarfing like juniper. pine, elm, maple, cypress are suitable
materials for bonsai culture. But in tropical places like India, the tree species like Manilkhara,
Sapota, Bassia, Tamarind and Ficus spp. and shrubs like West Indian cherry are well suited.
Trunk and branches may be bent, forced and tied by coiling them with heavy wire. This
wire is removed after several months when training to shape has been accomplished. The bonsai
plants may be trained to different shapes like twisted trunk, upright, S-shaped, semi-cascade,
cascade, slanting or any other formal shape. Planting of both tips and roots is usually done at
planting time and periodically pinching the tip and removing the excess side shoots are essential
to maintain the general outline of design. Annually, the plants are either repotted or lifted from
the pot, root pruned and reset.
The bonsai plant is fed sparingly of week fertilizer solution containing major and minor
nutrients. Sometimes extracts of oil cakes may be also added. Similarly, the plant is given only
minimum requirements of moisture. It is advisable to water twice a day to plants kept in shallow
containers and once a day to plants kept in deeper pots.
Selection of hardened woody plants that have been subjected to adverse conditions is a
good starting point. Such kind of planting materials may be collected from rock crevices of from
the walls of any buildings. Old seedlings kept in containers form any nursery or cutting, grafted
plants or layers may be also utilized in bonsai culture.
Where it succeeds?
 Under open sunny conditions

 Under air conditions
 As indoor near windows only.
Rules for Bonsai making

For trunk
 Height can be 6 times the caliper of the trunk.

 Should lean towards the viewer.
 It should anchor the plant.
 Roots should radiate.
 No eye poking roots.
 Should taper as it ascends
 Should not move back
For Branches
 Should not cross the trunk

 No eye poking branches
 First branch should be at one third height of the tree
 No belly branches
 Should be opposite
 Should diminish in size as it ascends
 Secondary branches are to be alternate
Principles of Bonsai
Look for
 Small leaves or needles

 Shorter internodes
 Attractive bark or roots
 Branching characteristics
To enhance the age, expose the one third of the roots
 Before potting, the twisted and tangled roots are to be straightened.

 Upper branches should not overshadow the lower branches.
Plants suitable for Bonsai making

1. Ficus benjamina
2. Ficus Carmona microphylla
3. Ficus nerifolia
4. Ficus retusa
5. Ficus virens
6. Ficus pelkan
7. Ficus parasitica
8. Ficus krishna
9. Ficus elastica
10. Ficus trangularis variegated
11. Ficus mysorensis
12. Ficus nooda Variegated
13. Ficus tomentosa
14. Ficus saliscifolia
15. Ficus jaquinifolia
16. Ficus long Island
17. Ficus marginata
18. Ficus lipstick
19. Bougainvillea
20. Bottle Brush - Red / White / Lavender
21. Black Olive
22. Brazilian Raintree
23. Cashew
24. Casuarinas
25. Chinese Banyan
26. Chinese Mini Orange
27. Duranta Gold
28. Duranta Variegated
29. Golden Cypress
30. Hamelia patens
31. Hibiscus rosea sinensis
32. Inga Dulse Variegated
33. Jackaranda
34. Jasmine Kamini
35. Juniper chinensis
36. Karonda
37. Lavender Brown
38. Lavender Green
39. Badam
40. Mango
41. Murraya exotica
42. Murraya paniculata
43. Neem
44. Pine
45. Pomegranate Mini
46. Powder Puff - White / Pink / Red (Calliandra)
47. Poinsettia Mini
48. Kumquat
49. Sapota
50. Scheffleura Variegated
51. Silver Oak
52. Surinam Cherry
53. Tamarind
54. Wood apple
55. West Indian Cherry
56. Wrightia religiosa
Styles of bonsai
Formal Upright
It is one of the most natural styles where the trunk is perfectly s traight. The branches should
alternate left to right to suggest age. The bottom third branches are removed and the remainder is
drawn downward.
Formal upright style
Informal Upright
This style is characterized by a lightly curving trunk displaying the harsh elements of nature.
This can be achieved with ease using wire and/or cords. It is as appropriate for conifers as with
deciduous trees.
Informal upright style
Broom
It has a straight trunk that begins to divide and subdivide into many branches. The characteristics
are its thick and finely branched crown. Some trees for this style are Beech, Elm, False cypress
and Maple.
Broom style
Slanting
It is so called because the general slope of the trunk is highly pronounced. The branches should
lie horizontal or droop slightly downward. The surface roots have an unstable appearance but
have a well anchored impression.
Slanting style
Windblown
It is rare in nature. This kind of tree is found on cliffs or mountains. The trunk, branches and
twigs are trained in a single direction to give the affect of a strong wind and storm.
Windblown style
The Clasped-to-Stone
It is a much loved but difficult to create style. The size and shape of the rock should complement
the plant that is set on a gravel or water dish. A whole chapter could be spend on this style.
Clasped-to-stone style
Agrotechniques for Bonsai

1. Propagation
2. Season
3. Potting and repotting
4. After care
5. Container
6. Planting media
Propagation
Through seeds, cuttings, layering or grafting
Seeds: Pines and Junifers
Cuttings: Ficus, Pomegranate, Mulberry and Bougainvilleas
Layers: Jasmine, Ixora, Bougainvilleas and Pome granate
Grafts: Mango, Sapota, Citrus
Season
1 July - August
2. Febraury - March
Best time is before opening of the buds
Potting and repotting
 1/3 of the roots can be trimmed

 Long tap roots are to trimmed
 Excessive branches are to thinned out
 Balanced nutrition and adequate watering is must
 Potting is not advisable during winter or hot months
 Repotting is done after 2-3 years
After care
Pinching - Once or twice
Pruning - For its shape
Training - Desirable shape
It is achieved through copper wire or polythene tape. It is to be removed once the shape is
attained.
Containers
 Mostly terracotta or ceramic

 Small in size
 Square/round/rectangle/oval in shape
 Preferred is oval / rectangle
In round / square the plant is to be in the centre

In others placed in the sides of the containers.
Planting Media
Media consists of
Loam soil 2 parts
Leaf mould 1 parts
Coarse sand little
Media can be covered with moss and one or two pebbles can be placed to give a natural look.

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1

Course : ELE HORT 367 Semester: VI

Lecture Topic Weightage (%)

1) Complete Gardening in India – Gopalswamiengar

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Chapter –1: IMPORTANCE AND SCOPE OF LANDSCAPING

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Chapter–2: PRINCIPLES OF LANDSCAPING

1. Mountains 2. Hills 3. Glens 4. Valleys

5. Seas 6. Rivers 7. Plains 8. Forests

Feelings of the Natural Elements:

1. Exhilaration 2. Sadness 3. Eeriness or awe 4. The ethereal 5. The serene

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Chapter –3: GARDEN STYLES AND TYPES, TERRACE GARDENING, VERTICAL

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Styles of gardens are:

 Formal, Informal and Free style or wild gardening

Rashtrapathi Bhavan, New Delhi

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

3) Free style Garden:

(1) Mughal Garden:-

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

(2) Japanese garden

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

(3) English garden:-

Main features of English garden:

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Rose garden, Chandigarh

(4) Italian garden:-

Main features are:

1) Came into existence at the time of renaissance.

Main features are:

1) Formal garden in perfection

(6) Persian garden:-

Main features are:

1) Based on idea of heaven

Main features are:

1) Water in basins, pools, fountain and channels

Vertical gardening involves gardening with upright structures so

 New concept of garden developed in Switzerland.

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Chapter–4: GARDEN COMPONENTS

1. Garden Wall 12. Carpet bedding

4) Drives and Paths:-

a) Lining of border of flower beds, paths, lawn and shrubbery.

Plant for the edges:

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

 75% of the beauty of the garden depends on a properly maintained lawn.

13) Flower bed:

Shrubs are: i) Flo wering:e.g. Rose, Hibuscus

 Herbaceous:e.g. Canna, Verbena, Salvia, Daisy

 It is an oldest arts of gardening in India.

18) Marsh or Bog Garden:

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Chapter–5: GARDEN ADORNMENTS

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Course Title: LANDSCAPING (HORT-367)

Chapter–6: TREES: SELECTION, PROPAGATION, PLANTING SCHEMES,

• Wind-breaks : Casuarina, Eucalyptus.

• Shade : Rain tree.

• Architecturally: Wall – casuarina, Roof – Rain Tree.

• Medicinal : Margosa, Jamun, Saraca Indica