OST - Module 2 Complete
OST - Module 2 Complete
1 Mark Questions:
4. What is License?
A license is the permission or right granted to engage in some act without which
the act might be otherwise unlawful.
5. Define copyright.
Copyright is a legal concept enacted by most national governments, that gives
the creator of an original work exclusive rights to it, usually for a limited period
of time.
7. Define Patent.
A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a state to an inventor or
his assignee for a fixed period of time in exchange for a disclosure of an
invention.
The term "patent" refers to a right granted to anyone who invents or
discovers any new and useful process, machine, article of manufacture, or
composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof.
13. Write any two tools used for open source development.
1. Communication Channels
2. Software Engineering Tools
3. TestingTools
4. Automated Tests
17. List any four exclusive right attached to the holder of copyright.
i. To produce copies or reproductions of the work.
To sell those copies (typically, electronic copies).
ii. To import or export the work.
iii. To create derivative works (works that adapt the original work).
iv. To perform or display the work publicly.
v. To sell or assign these rights to others.
vi. To transmit or display by radio or video.
3 Mark questions:
1. Write the process data model for open source software development.
Open source software development is the process by which open source (or
similar software whose source is publicly available) is developed. These are
software products "available with its source code and under an open source license
to study, change, and improve its design". Examples of popular Open source
software product are Mozilla Firefox and the OpenOffice.org Suite.
Every project has its own phases. There are, however, generalities between
Open source development projects.
Open source is also about sharing ideas, and spreading the effort of creating
software over a large number of interested developers. This sharing can lead to
better software in shorter development times. It also allows for better feedback
directly to the developers than is often present in traditional development models.
Major companies like Apple and IBM have recognized that there can be a
significant advantage to writing software in this way. Apple by way of the Darwin
project and IBM through several significant donations of software and patents to
open source groups have paved the way for other companies to seriously consider
using this development model.
1. An individual who senses the need for a project announces the intent to
develop the project in public. The individual may receive offers of help from
others. The group may then proceed to work on the code.
1. Project leaders who have the overall responsibility (Core). Most of them
might have been involved in coding the first release of the software. They
control the overall direction of individual projects.
3. Everyday users (Periphery) who perform testing, identify bugs, deliver bug
reports, etc.
5. List and explain the tools used for open source development.
1. Communication Channels
Open Source Technology Developers and users of an open source project are
not all necessarily working on the project in proximity. They require some
electronic means of communications. E-mail is one of the most common forms
of commtmication among open source developers and users. Often, electronic
mailing lists are used to make sure e-mail messages are delivered to all
interested parties at once. This ensures that at least one of the members can
reply to it (in private or to the whole mailing list). In order to communicate in
real time, many projects use an instant messaging method such as IRC
(although there are many others available). Web forums .have recently become
a common way for users to get help with problems they encounter when using
an open source product.
2. Software Engineering Tools
3. Testing. Tools
4. Package Management
5. Automated Tests
1. Effects
2. Enforcement
Patents can generally only be enforced through civil lawsuits (for example, for
a US patent, by an action for patent infringement in a United States federal court),
although some territories (such as France and Austria) have criminal penalties for
wanton infringement. Typically, the patent owner will seek monetary
compensation for past infringement, and will seek an injunction prohibiting the
defendant from engaging in future acts of infringement. In order to prove
infringement, the patent owner must establish that the accused infringer practices
all of the requirements of at least one of the claims of the patent (noting that in
many jurisdictions the scope of the patent may not be limited to what is literally
stated in the claims, for example dueto the "doctrine of equivalents").
3. Ownership
In most countries, both natural persons and corporate entities may apply for a
patent. The entity or entities then become the owners of the patent when and if it
issues. However, it is nearly always required that the inventor or inventors be
named and an indication be given on the public record as to how the owner or
owners acquired their rights to the invention from the inventor or inventors. In the
United States, however, only the natural person(s) (i.e., the inventor/s) may apply
for a patent. If a patent issues, then each person listed as an inventor owns the
patent separately from the other. For example, if two inventors are listed on a
patent, then one may grant licenses to the patent independently of the other, absent
an agreementto the contrary.
4. Governing laws
The grant and enforcement of patents are governed by national laws, and also
by international treaties, where those treaties have been given effect in national
laws.
Patents are, therefore, territorial in nature. Commonly, a nation forms a patent
5. Application
6. Economics
There are four primary incentives embodied in the patent system: to invent in
the first place; to disclose the invention once made; to invest the sums necessary to
experiment, produce and market the invention; and to design around and improve
upon earlier patents.
1. Patents provide incentives for economically efficient research and
development (R&D). Many large modern corporations have annual R&D budgets
of hundreds of dollars.
o
10. What is Copy left? Explain
Copyleft is a form of licensing and may be used to modify copyrights for works such as
computer software, documents, music and art.
Copyleft is the practice of using copyright law to remove restrictions on distributing
copies and modified versions of a work for others and requiring that the same
freedoms be preserved in modified versions.
o Copyleft is a general method for making a program or other work free, and
requiring all modified and extended versions of the program to be free as well.
The simplest way to make program free software is to put it in the public
domain, uncopyrighted. This allows people to share the program and their
improvements. But it also allows uncooperative people to convert the program
into proprietary software. They can make changes, many or few, and distribute
the result as a proprietary product. People who receive the program in that
modified form do not have the freedom that the original author gave
them; the middleman has stripped it away.
o In the GNU project, our aim is to give all users the freedom to redistribute and
change GNU software. If middlemen could strip off the freedom, we might have
many users, but those users would not have freedom. So instead of putting GNU
software in the public domain, we "Copyleft" it. Copyleft says that anyone who
redistributes the software, with or without changes, must pass along the
freedom to further copy and change it. Copyleft guarantees that every user has
freedom.