Chapter 1 5
Chapter 1 5
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CE 433: CE Project 1
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Chapter 1
thoroughly by Architects and Engineers as to ensure and verify the project’s safety and
completion. As such, loads, stresses, and possible problems that may arise on later dates are
analyzed; roof loads are computed, beams and columns are designed, and firewalls are
introduced. Inevitable disasters are taken into account to minimize impending dangers and
reduce damages.
Contrary to floods and earthquakes, buildings and houses being caught on fire is much
more “human-caused” and thus, poses greater threats in terms of immediate damages and
recoveries as they spread and destruct on a faster pace. From a single stick of lit cigarette or
loose electrical connection, a widespread fire can occur within and from the household to
compounds in a matter of seconds. No matter how sturdy and safe the structure might be, it
wouldn’t be able to fend and withstand flames, as woods are easily conductive to fire, steels bend
and distort on a certain degree of heat, and high temperatures causes concrete spalling.
Based on the data which was released by the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP), it was
recorded that ranging from January 01, 2023 to April 17, 2023, there had been a total of 3,991
fire occurrence, in which, led to 834 percent year-on-year property damage, 124 death toll, and
402 fire-related injuries. In an average of 30 seconds or half a minute, a small flame can
exponentially turn into a large-scale fire and spread within the building or vicinity.
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Hence, this is where the researchers aim to introduce a means to lengthen the timeframe
for even just a tiny fraction as to save as much lives, resources, properties, and possession as
possible. In a circumstance where every minute matters, a mere second counts. This is the
initiative of the researchers to give people ample time for such case of unanticipated disaster
In response to this event, the researchers came up with the study which aims to give an
immediate, practical, and accessible solution through the method of using powdered eggshells as
organic paints. As eggshells are easily available and affordable materials containing calcium
carbonate which are known to be non-combustible and heat resistant, the researchers decided to
test its effectiveness as a fire-retardant matter. The product developed is in the form of an
organic paint mixture which will be used as fire-resistant surfaces on furniture, buildings,
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Specific questions that the researchers sought to answer are the following:
1. How effective is the paint with eggshells as its primary component against fire when
applied on surfaces?
2. Does adding another layer of paint on surfaces affect the effectiveness of the product?
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Theoretical Framework
Eggshells" aims to investigate the potential of utilizing powdered eggshells as a key ingredient in
the development of fire-retardant organic paint. The goal is to explore a sustainable and eco-
friendly solution to enhance fire safety in various applications, such as furniture, buildings,
structures, and materials. The theoretical framework of this study will encompass three main
components: the chemical composition of eggshells, the fire-retardant properties of the proposed
The chemical study of eggshells is the first portion of the framework. In which it contains
fire-retardant minerals such as calcium carbonate, phosphorous, nitrous, potassium, and zinc,
will focus on calcium carbonate as the primary constituent. Calcium carbonate is the most
common raw material, which is known to be environmentally friendly and highly efficient as a
gas-phase flame retardant with no reported environmental hazards, and no adverse effect on the
biggest causes of death and injury in fire – namely, smoke and toxicity (The Royal Society of
Chemistry, 2021).
The framework then examines the organic paint derived from powdered eggshells' fire-
retardant qualities. In this section of the investigation, experiments and fire tests are carried out
to determine how well the paint can survive high temperatures and prevent the spread of flames.
To gauge the paint's fire-resistance potential, data on its performance under controlled fire
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Finally, the third part of the theoretical framework will investigate the application of the
organic paint on different surfaces, such as wood, concrete, and metal. Each material poses
unique challenges regarding paint adhesion and fire resistance. This section will discuss surface
preparation techniques, compatibility, and the overall performance of the paint when applied to
these materials. The study aims to provide valuable insights into the potential advantages and
paving the way for safer and more environmentally friendly fire protection solutions.
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Conceptual Framework
surfaces
powder on surface
powder on surface
powder on surface
powder on surface
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The research paradigm of the study shows the relationship between the independent
variable and dependent variable. The independent variable is the effectiveness of composite paint
with eggshells as primary component against fire when applied on surfaces, and the five (5)
coatings: A.) First layer of organic paint with powder eggshell B.) Second layers of organic paint
with powder eggshell C.) Third layers of organic paint with powder eggshell D.) Fourth layers of
organic paint with powder eggshells E.) Fifth layers of organic paint with powder eggshell. The
dependent variable refers to how organic paint with powder eggshell layers withstand fire and
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focuses only on the effectiveness of organic paint mixed with powdered eggshells in preventing
the spread of the fire or putting a stop to it. This study will be conducted at the Western Institute
The researchers will be collecting the eggshells. This research will determine the amount
of calcium carbonate needed from the eggshell that we collected for it to be effective as a fire-
retardant. The eggshell will be pulverized until it becomes powder. The powdered eggshell will
be mixed with organic paint, once it is mixed well, we will be using it as a coating for walls of
Even though the researcher's objective were met, there are certain necessary restrictions.
There are two major limitations in this study that could be addressed in the future. First is the
the topic. In addition, the researchers are not experts in the subject matter. In light of this, the
researchers must rely on the other educational resources used as a foundation or guidance for the
study.
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Engineers. Engineers play a crucial role in implementing innovative solutions for fire
safety within construction projects. Utilizing fire-retardant paint enables engineers to elevate the
fire resistance of diverse structures, thereby fostering elevated safety protocols in building design
retardant paint applications within structures. Their meticulous installation and validation of
functionality contribute substantially to the overarching fire safety standards within construction
endeavors.
employ this paint for the safeguarding of various edifices and infrastructure, thereby mitigating
Paint Company. The paint manufacturing company stands to benefit from this research
as it gains insights into improving its existing product line and the potential to develop additional
paint variants. Enterprises that incorporate the findings of this study into their product offerings
House Owner. One of the primary beneficiaries of this product is the homeowner, as the
approval and market introduction of this study could yield significant cost savings and a
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Market. The introduction of this new product to the market has the potential to expand
the consumer base and increase revenue. Furthermore, there is an opportunity to bring this
product to the global market, enabling international access for consumers from abroad.
Community. The community stands to reap significant advantages from this study, as
fires are highly destructive. Implementation of this research could lead to a reduction in fire-
related risks. The affordability and dual purpose of this product, offering both aesthetic appeal
and safety features, are likely to garner a favorable response from individuals seeking to
purchase it.
Future Researchers. The results of this product act as a valuable reference, providing a
foundation for further research endeavors aimed at enhancing resourcefulness and creativity.
This study has the potential to facilitate the acquisition of knowledge in the field of fire-retardant
paint.
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Definition of Terms
For the purpose of clarification, the important terms used in this study have been defined.
The terms here are conceptually and operationally defined for a better understanding of the
readers.
1979).
In this study, the paint can slow up or halt the spread of fire.
Organic Paint - It is a paint produced from organic compounds that do not contain
In this study, organic paint serves as a base where the powdered eggshell will be
mixed to produce fire-retardant paint. It is made using casein powder, borax powder, and water.
Powdered - It refers to the dry substance that consists of extremely small pieces, usually
In this study, it is the process of pulverizing or grinding the eggshells into tiny
particles resulting in a powdered form and mixed with the organic paint to produce fire-retardant
paint.
Eggshells - It is the hard porous protective outer layer of a bird's egg, consisting of
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In this study, eggshells are the main ingredient in making the fire-retardant paint.
It will be mixed with organic paint, and it contains fire-retardant mineral such as calcium
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Chapter 2
Paint has been a part of human dwellings for thousands of years, with its origins dating
back to cave dwellings around 30,000 years ago. Ancient paint was made from plant sap, blood,
berries, or other colored soils. Over 10,000 years ago, Egyptians created blue pigment by mixing
lime, silica, soda ash, alumina, and copper oxide. Other ancient civilizations developed more
sophisticated materials to produce paint, such as chalk, arsenic sulfide yellow, and malachite
green, combined with gum Arabic, lime, beeswax, and egg albumen. Around 500 BC, lead sheets
were reacted with vinegar to make white lead paint in Egypt. The Industrial Revolution
significantly changed the impact of paint on the national economy in America, with the first
recorded paint mill in Boston in 1700 and the first prepared paints patented in 1867. The
Industrial Revolution created new markets for paints and coatings, including Model T Ford and
televisions. Today, paints and coatings are available in an unlimited number of colors and
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finishes for various products, with a shipment value of approximately $30 billion (Bauman,
2021).
metropolitan areas is the Philippines. Focusing on fires in metropolitan areas, the nation suffers
significant losses each year as a result of fire catastrophes, with a total of 326 fire fatalities
recorded in 2018, 14,364 fire incidents, and 16,408 verified instances from January to October
2019. (Kurata et al., 2023). In the Philippines, it's becoming more typical to apply paint coats
that are fire-resistant. In several types of buildings, such as high-rise structures and hospitals,
fire-retardant paint coatings are now required by law. These coatings are especially crucial in
residential buildings, but they are also essential in schools, office buildings, and other
commercial structures. Fire-retardant paint prevents the spread of fires, safeguards a building's
structural integrity, and ultimately saves lives when there are people inside who need precious
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When a fire starts, every minute that the flames' progress slows down can greatly lessen
the site's overall damage. The goal of fire-retardant paint is to prevent or reduce the rate at which
fire or flames travel over a surface. The most popular fire-retardant paints emit a gas that
dampens flames when they become too hot. The Fire Service will have a smaller fire to deal with
if the spread of the fire is slowed down, giving site residents more time to safely go to the
Intumescent Paints
One of the simplest and most effective ways to shield load-bearing components of
structures from fire is by using intumescent coating, often known as intumescent paint. By
insulating the structural components (columns, beams, floors, and roofs) that support the
building, intumescent coating helps reach the fire resistance requirements stated in terms of time
by delaying the collapse of the structure. As a result, it satisfies the greatest priority of passive
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fire protection, which is to keep the structure from collapsing, give people enough time to safely
leave, and make the area safer for the emergency services and rescue team (Promat, 2018).
Cementitious Coating
qualities. One of the main components used to make concrete is cementitious material. Of
course, one of the most popular building materials is concrete. It is durable, affordable, and
doesn't corrode with time. Most notably, concrete is naturally fire-resistant due to its
cementitious qualities. An application of cementitious coating can shield steel components used
in a building's construction. This coating is made of cement or gypsum, which, when wet, creates
an extremely durable and fire-resistant surface. To preserve the subsurface material, cementitious
sprays are placed in several layers. When complete, it creates a barrier that slows the rate of heat
Organic Coatings
The paints and coatings industry invests considerable time and resources in the
development and management of raw materials and products. Traditionally, these products have
been formulated through a process of trial and error, relying on experimentation and accumulated
experience. However, there is a more efficient and systematic approach to coating formulation,
which involves the integration of computer-aided tools, carefully planned experiments, and the
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expertise of formulators. A method for designing organic coatings has been developed to
functional requirements. This method, known as computer-aided product design (CAPD), seeks
and predictive models to estimate a wide range of physicochemical properties (Enekvist et al.,
2022).
A total of 170 organic pigments commonly utilized in the context of artists' paints
were systematically gathered from both historical art collections and contemporary pigment
manufacturers. This compilation encompasses multiple instances of the same pigment obtained
from various sources, encompassing a diverse array of 118 distinct Color Indices (C.I.).
Comprehensive analytical examinations were conducted on all these pigments using Fourier-
unique C.I. numbers, which hold particular significance for artist's paints, were subjected to
rigorous characterization through Raman spectroscopy. These findings were reported in the study
Epoxy Coating
metals, serving as a physical shield separating the metal substrate from corrosive electrolytes.
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by factors such as the number of pores, the ionic resistance of the coating against electrolyte
penetration, and the cross-linking density of the coating. Epoxy coatings are widely employed in
the protection of metal due to their commendable attributes, including strong adhesion, resistance
to acids, alkalis, and solvents, high mechanical properties, and a substantial cross-linking
density. Epoxy coatings achieve metal protection by releasing inhibitory substances from
pigments, thereby forming a robust passive or barrier layer that obstructs contact between the
corrosive medium and the metal substrate (Y. Hao et al., 2013).
Polyester Coating
protection of steel surfaces against corrosion due to their cost-effectiveness and ease of
steel surfaces, leading to problems like delamination and coating deterioration, particularly in
challenging environmental conditions. To address this concern, researchers have turned their
properties of polyester coatings. Conversion coatings have the potential to augment the strength
of interlayer adhesion between Es and the metal substrate by reducing the rate of metal
corrosion, enhancing surface roughness, and fostering robust chemical interactions between the
polyester coating and the underlying substrate. It is important to note that conversion coatings
are not without their structural imperfections, such as micro-cracks, and in light of this,
recommendations for mitigating this issue have been put forth (Ali Davarpanah et al., 2023).
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Alkyd Coating
for both solvent-based and waterborne coatings. The effectiveness of alkyd coatings in corrosion
prevention has traditionally been augmented through the incorporation of inhibitors like
chromates, phosphates, and ion exchange pigments. Presently, zinc phosphate derivatives have
gained significant attention as they represent the most commonly studied alternatives,
particularly since conventional zinc phosphate emerged as the initial non-toxic substitute for
Polyurethane Coating
coatings, specifically in the context of segregated polyurethanes, has been established. This
model posits a correlation between the structural and morphological attributes of segregated
polyurethanes, their damping characteristics, and their resistance to erosion over time. In wind
blade protective coating systems, polyurethane topcoats, tapes, and layers serve as fundamental
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characterized by the presence of both rigid and flexible blocks (Mishnaevsky and Sütterlin,
2019).
In a previous study conducted by Villar in 2022, it was stressed that artists generally
essence, or gravestone. Public commissions for similar art have become more common, although
like solar radiation, water, atmospheric adulterants, and natural colonization, face significant
challenges in maintaining their continuity, indeed in the short term, due to constant exposure in
evolving civic settings. Admitting the innately deciduous nature of these artworks, there's a
growing motivation to save civic art or at least brake its deterioration. This commitment is
instanced by the European Union's interest in supporting civic art preservation through
enterprise like Erasmus CAPuS- Conservation of Art in Public Spaces. This design has
established the methodological foundations for conserving and restoring accoutrements used in
civic art grounded on laboratory and field exploration findings. likewise, it has introduced
innovative approaches for recording and establishing the conservation status of out-of-door
artworks, making them accessible to the public, thereby icing the recognition, appreciation, and
protection of this form of cultural expression. Artists frequently employ a variety of marketable
these maquillages being organic in nature. These organic maquillages correspond of organic
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bases made up of different polymers or resins, including alkyd, tempera, vinyl, polyurethane,
phenolic, polyester, epoxy resin, among others, as well as organic colors, specially the azo- type
functionalities and parcels to the makeup. Civic artworks created using generally employed
ultramodern organic maquillages are prone to rapid-fire deterioration due to the perceptivity of
linking, and the conformation of low molecular weight free revolutionaries. multitudinous
studies have explored the vulnerability of polymers to artificial daylight or ultraviolet( UV)
radiation. Feting the vulnerability of polymers to solar radiation, makeup manufacturers have
embarked on exploration and development trials to produce maquillages that are more resistant
which correspond of colors and paddings suspended in a liquid potassium glass. These silicate
maquillages, though suitable for ornamental purposes, parade limited resistance to snap- thaw
cycles, performing in lowered adhesion to substrates. The posterior development of sol- silicate
of colloidal silica in an waterless alkali essence silicate result, form an organic- inorganic
mongrel involving alkoxysilanes( Si( OR) 4) linked to organic groups. Hydrolysis and posterior
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condensation induce oligomers that form covalent bonds with substrate OH groups following
the loss of water during drying. colorful experimenters have formulated sol- silicate maquillages
from silicates using different polysilicate results, performing in coatings that parade exceptional
resistance, high wetting capabilities, and strong adhesion to cement- beach substrates indeed
after passing snap- thaw cycles. The activation energy for the declination process decreases
employs available estimation techniques and models to predict the properties of ingredients. The
outcomes of these predictions are then employed to systematically screen and reduce the pool of
potential candidates. This culminates in a more manageable number of formulation options that
can subsequently undergo experimental validation. This approach offers the advantages of
upholding the credibility of the formulations through experimental verification and necessary
binders, which comprise nonvolatile compounds conducive to film formation, play a pivotal role
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in endowing coatings with essential functionalities. Binders must exhibit compatibility with both
the solvent mixture and other binders. Second, the solvent mixture, crucial in solvent-borne
coating formulations, provides a continuous liquid phase essential for the application of the
coating. Subsequently, the solvents should evaporate. The solvent mixture significantly
influences critical functions, such as film leveling, flow characteristics, drying time, safety
considerations, and the overall sustainability of the coating. Additionally, pigments and fillers, in
the form of solid particles, contribute color and specific functional properties to the paint,
thereby interacting with both the solvent and the binder. Finally, additives, typically incorporated
in small concentrations, play a vital role, with the selection of additives and property
specifications closely tailored to the characteristics of the specific coating system (Enekvist et
al., 2022).
Properties
The presence of various waste dumps in open fields poses significant environmental
surroundings. Eggshells, laden with organic matter, can become hazardous as they attract rats
and worms, thus presenting a public health hazard. Notably, a considerable portion of solid waste
comprises eggshell waste, originating from various sources such as factories, households, poultry
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organic material, effectively replacing limestone. Blended cement, which integrates eggshell
economic viability, and technological enhancements. The chemical composition of ESP closely
parallels that of limestone powder, a common filler employed in cement, concrete, and brick
production. Substituting cement with ESP accelerates the hydration process and imparts early
strengths to the material, thereby enhancing tensile strength, compressive strength, and flexural
strength. Consequently, a practical alternative to conventional landfill disposal has been explored
While ESP has been utilized as a source of calcium in the synthesis of calcium
phosphates since 1999, research on its impact on concrete properties has been limited. A
comprehensive investigation has been undertaken to assess the feasibility of incorporating solid
waste, such as eggshells, into building materials. Given that the annual production of eggshell
waste amounts to a substantial 10,000 million units, the effective utilization of such waste not
only contributes to a sustainable environment but also fosters sustainability in the construction
Uses
Eggshells are a rich source of calcium and trace microelements, including magnesium,
boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, sulfur, silicon, and zinc, as noted by Bee in 2011.
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alternatives. The process of obtaining eggshell powder involves boiling eggshells to eliminate
pathogens, followed by air-drying and grinding them into a fine powder. A single medium-sized
eggshell yields about one teaspoon of powder, providing approximately 750-800 milligrams of
elemental calcium.
The composition of eggshells closely resembles that of human bones and teeth. For
recommended in addition to dietary sources. Effective utilization of eggshell powder entails its
consumption alongside magnesium, zinc, vitamin D3, K1, K2, strontium, and boron. Schaafsma
et al. in 2002 reported the positive impact of eggshell calcium supplementation, enhanced with
magnesium and vitamin D, on Bone Mineral Density (BMD). This supplementation resulted in
measurable increases in hip bone density within a year, particularly in healthy late post-
The formation of eggshells involves manganese and zinc, which influence enzymatic
activity and calcification at the uterine level. Organic forms of these elements are preferred in
laying hen nutrition, as they exhibit higher biological activity and bioavailability compared to
inorganic sources. Studies by Iara et al. in 2007 highlighted the benefits of an organic mineral
supplement called "Eggshell-49" for hybrid laying hens aged 49-69 weeks, emphasizing its role
in enhancing eggshell quality. Comparable findings have been documented by other researchers,
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Eggshell powder, combined with vitamin D3, has been studied in animals with
significantly elevating blood calcium levels. The type of eggshells used for such purposes can
encompass chicken, goose, or duck shells, with preference given to birds receiving a well-
artistic purposes. Ground eggshells are employed as an affordable and eco-friendly plant
fertilizer, enriching the soil with calcium to regulate pH levels and enhance plant growth. Studies
have indicated that red clover plants fertilized with eggshells exhibited notable growth
advantages. Additionally, sanitized eggshells can enhance compost mineral content and act as a
deterrent to slugs and snails when placed around plants. Furthermore, artists utilize eggshells for
mosaic creation and to create textured paint for three-dimensional artistic effects.
conducted by Paruthi et al. in 2023, it is noteworthy that the European Commission classifies
eggshells as a hazardous material. However, the utilization of eggshell powder as a substitute for
cement offers substantial waste reduction benefits and aligns with sustainability objectives.
Eggshell powder, rich in calcium, can replace cement in concrete production. Due to its
impermeable nature, eggshells aid in reducing concrete permeability. Moreover, eggshell powder
expedites cement hydration by forming monocarboaluminate during material mixing at the time
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processes, the properties of eggshell powder concrete, and the interrelationships between various
Method of Production
Rapid urbanization and industrialization have given rise to uncontrolled chemical usage,
resulting in adverse effects on human health and the environment. This has led to a widespread
and significant pollution issue that impacts all living organisms. Among the harmful substances,
colored compounds, specifically dyes, have emerged as one of the most notorious pollutants in
existence. Various industries, including textiles, paints, tanneries, plastics, food, printing,
pharmaceuticals, rubber, cosmetics, and more, discharge dyes into the environment on a daily
basis. Considering these concerns, the most cost-effective, environmentally friendly, versatile,
easy-to-operate, straightforward to design, reusable, and efficient method for addressing this
pollution is through the adsorptive removal of pollutants. Chicken eggshells have been selected
as a promising material for this purpose due to their noteworthy properties (Mobarak et al.,
2023).
materials, including collagen and sulfated polysaccharides. The substantial CaCO3 content in
eggshell waste provides an alternative source of CaCO3, particularly valuable due to the high
demand for conventional CaCO3 sourced from limestone by the cement industry. Furthermore,
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coatings, which rely on zinc for cathodic sacrificial protection, has not been extensively explored
The production process begins by collecting eggshells and finely pulverizing them. These
powdered eggshells are then combined with acrylic powder and casein powder. Using a muller,
the binder, casein powder, and eggshells are thoroughly mixed by creating a swirling motion on
a cutting board. This process continues until the eggshells are finely ground and thoroughly
integrated with the binder. Finally, the resulting paint is transferred into a sealable container
(Gerst, 2023).
Before the popularization of Oil-based Paintings during the Renaissance period, both egg
whites and yolks were known to be of used for Tempera Paints or simply Egg Tempera. Tempera
method was prevalent during Europe's Medieval Painting which dates back from The Middle
Ages to The Early Renaissance period (Europe, c.1200-1500). Sandro Botticelli's famous 'Birth
2022). In a related history, as eggs are said to be a symbol of good luck in China, painted
eggshells serves as ornaments and decorations on desks. As such, the eggshell wastes were
regarded as canvas and flourished on China during the Qing Dynasty dated from 1644 to 1911. It
was then that "egg-painters" were widely recognized and was deemed as artisans from one of the
listed seventy-two (72) professions. Following that, in the 1970s, painted eggshells became one
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of China's exported Art Products (Deng, 2020). Through continuous advances, it was in the
course of early 1970s when eggshell paints were introduced as an alternative for flat paints
(Dykstra, 2022).
Eggshells, as material for organic paints, are made up of calcium carbonate which are
ground into fine powder and added into binder solutions to produce paint. On this account,
calcium carbonates are non-toxic mineral additive frequently used in pain industries. They are
known for their ability to improve various properties of paint formulas: opacity, sheen, wear
resistance. In addition to its color enhancement, it lowers the overall cost of the paint product
(Masuy, 2011). As of the recent date, these eco-friendly and low-cost eggshell-based paints are
In cases of construction, wall colors and designs became one of the fundamental
aesthetic structures could have. Eggshell latex paints are one of the most sought-after and used
method for painting walls, notably, interior walls. Popularly, latex paints are used for their
sizable coverage. As they are usually purchased in large quantities, latex paints are intended for
painting large areas. They are mainly water-based and are safer to use since fewer fumes are
produced. Furthermore, latex is easy to apply on surfaces. It displays great workability through
its quick drying characteristic and trouble-free cleaning mechanism as compared to other types
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of paint. Essentially, this paint is more used for commercial structures and residential houses
(Clark, 2020). With water as its base, applicators drag less. Its ease of application stems from the
smooth and even spreading of paint on different surfaces such as drywall, concrete, bricks, wood,
alternative to oil-based paints, which dry comparatively slowly. For the purpose of being a fast-
drying alternative, they can dry up in the course of only 20 minutes, depending on the amount
and surface used. Blending is hard, yet paint layering is fast and easy (Dilini, 2022). As a
chemical-based paint, acrylic is pervasively used as an art material. These pigmented and costly
paints that are sold in small batches are usually applied to art projects (What You Need to Know
About Eggshell Paint, 2022). Furthermore, due to their chemical composition, acrylic paints
require proper ventilation for dangerous fumes as well as thinner coat applications. Regardless,
acrylic paints are good for exterior coatings. Latex contains great elasticity, which effectively
responds to temperature changes. Cracking and flaking are significantly reduced through this
(Clark, 2020). After drying, acrylic paints dry into a permanent plastic film that becomes water-
resistant. Acrylic paints are versatile enough to be used externally without suffering any sunlight
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As a material for paint, eggshells are known to have low reflective characteristics. It
absorbs more light due to its soft luster and subtle sheen (Tonelli & Curkin, 2023). In a related
study, eggshell paints were described as being between the descriptions of matte or flat and satin
or semi-gloss. In a way, this paint reflects more light than matte yet produces lower luster or
shine than satin; as such, it brings out more color or pigment than flat paints and has ample shine
(Wallender, 2023). As paint "finishes", eggshells give the impression of being "flat, yet not really
flat". From a view point, it would seem to be flat when you looked at it straight ahead or directly.
Yet, when observed from an angle, it displays a little speck of sheen to it (Trauring, n.d.).
Relatively, levels of sheen can give dimension and color to a room. A high sheen can give life to
a room, while low sheens can hide room imperfections. While eggshell paints appear to be flat
enough to not be visible, they can hide flaws on the surfaces where they are being applied; they
have the capability to hide grooves, bumps, and pitting. As such, it can be highly used on walls,
furniture, and surfaces that may not be flat in nature. Furthermore, eggshell paint on walls is easy
to maintain and clean. Due to its properties, dirt, such as fingerprints and dust can be washed
clean without washing or rubbing off the wall paint. It hinders paint burnishing. Eggshell’s light
gloss is enough to prevent stains from soaking in and settling on the surface (What You Need to
On a related study conducted to test the fire performance of coatings made up of eggshell
biofiller conducted by M.C. Yew, Sulong, M.K. Yew, Amalina, and Johan (2015), it was
concluded that Chicken Eggshell (CES) wastes, which were predominantly 95% calcium
carbonate, were able to exhibit a fire-suppressing behavior during the fire propagation test as
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incorporated with other formulas such as Al(OH)3/Mg(OH)2, which are flame-resistive fillers,
showing good thermal stability as well as a reduced fire propagation index. Conclusively, the
improving fire protection on surfaces, houses, and infrastructure. Consequently, it does not
Fire-retardant Property
paints and coatings are experimented, manufactured, and tested through and through. Per say,
one of the most convenient ways of inhibiting fire propagation on buildings are the usage of fire-
resistive coatings on surfaces: walls, furnitures, etc. The flame-retardant property of paints
makes it less combustible. As such, they are able to prevent rapid and widespread fire
propagation on the affected areas. Notably, fire-retardant wall coatings should be taken at an
early stage to serve as countermeasure or precautionary measures for residential houses and
commercial facilities where both life and property is at stake. According to Mariappan (2017),
ideally, fire-retardant paints should have the following properties to suppress fire spreading: low
smoke and toxic gas release, wear resistance, easy application, and affordability. Its price should
be low enough that any and all homeowners can afford to buy it. Fundamentally, the chemical
composition of the substrate is not influenced by the fire-resistive coatings applied. As when
applied to the surface, its role is solely to prevent the thermal combustion or degradation of its
underlying layer and alter heat flux, relatively acting as nothing but a protective layer
(Mariappan, 2017).
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excellent fire-resistive property. For instance, a similar study conducted by Tseghai, Berhe, and
Wakjira (2019), explored the flame resistance of chicken eggshells by grinding them into powder
and using them to coat cotton fabrics. Samples were then presented, in which, the results varied
depending on the thickness and fineness of the coating applied. Ultimately, the study concluded
that fabrics with more coating thickness and powder fineness have better fire resistance (Tseghai
et al., 2019). As such, these organic wastes are proven to be materials that are both useful and
highly recyclable. In a related study, Arwizar & Sobri (2023), conducted an experiment where
eggshells were crushed into fine powder and mixed into organic paints. Per say, these mixtures
with eggshell (calcium carbonate) formula were able to release a higher amount of carbon
dioxide density than the oxygen present in the air. Ultimately, the rate of combustion
significantly slows down as the oxygen gases are disrupted from spreading while the prevalent
amount of carbon dioxide coats the surface (Arwizar & Sobri, 2023).
Workability
residential houses. They are notably good for coating and covering interior walls. Powdered
eggshells are mixed into organic paint formulas as an additive. As they are predominantly made
up of calcium carbonate, properties such as great resistance to wearing and burnishing, show
improved sheen and colors, as well as fire-retardant characteristics. As stated in a related article
about calcium carbonate in paint and coating applications, the calcium carbonate present on
eggshells can enhance product performance through its usage (Masuy, 2011).
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through their additives. On that account, eggshell paints require about two layers of coating at a
lower cost. In addition to being less expensive, they are easy to work with. They can be applied
with ease, scrubbed off, and cleaned (What You Need to Know About Eggshell Paint, 2022).
Stains such as grease, crayons, and fingerprints on eggshell-painted walls are easy to clean with
just any damp sponge and soap or a baking soda mixture. Walls can be cleaned with gentle
scrubbing and drying, preventing any paint from coming off. On average, eggshell paints would
take about 4 to 6 hours to touch-dry and around 16 to 24 hours to be completely ready for their
second application. In some cases, drying time depends on the thickness of the paint as well as
the surface it is being applied to (Nelhams, 2016). In addition, any surface, whether rough or
smooth, can be painted with eggshell paint. As it displays low amount of sheen and reflectivity,
surface flaws and imperfections are easier to cover with this type of paint. It can be applied to
relatively old walls and bare wood with blemishes, bumps, cracks, and uneven finishes with just
any common tools like rollers, brushes, or sprays at hand (Gilbert, 2022).
Economic/Financial Aspects
Eggshells, which are regarded as industrial wastes, are easy to obtain materials
exponentially found it be indoors, in restaurants, bakeries, etc. Considerably, these wastes which
are rich in calcium carbonate display great potential in the construction industry (Sathiparan,
2021). Other materials also rich in calcium carbonate, particularly limestone (geologic calcium
carbonate), were used for steel manufacturing. The price ranged from about $200–350
USD/metric ton (Katsuyama et al., 2005, as cited in Ahmed et al., 2021). Naturally, our
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limestone reserves decrease on each passing year. Considering that countries such as Canada
pays about $0.5–1.6 million USD for eggshell disposal, eggshell waste could not only be a
partial alternative for limestone, ultimately mitigating the consumption of our limestone reserves,
but it could also lessen the amount of eggshell waste, naturally lessening the amount of money
used for disposals. As calcium carbonates found on limestones are expensive, whilst calcium
carbonate on eggshells are disposed and deemed as 'waste' and some countries pay money to
dispose of them, the production of eggshell-based organic paints on the market are both
economical and cost-friendly as compared to other paints due to their cheaper, accessibility, and
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Related Studies
According to Yew et al. (2015), in the study entitled, "Eggshells: A Novel Bio-Fille for
namely ammonium polyphosphate phase II, pentaerythritol, and melamine, were mixed with
flame-retardant fillers and acrylic binders to synthesize intumescent coatings. The coatings were
assessed for fire performance in accordance with the test standards of BS 476: Part 6 for fire
propagation and BS 476: Part 7 for surface spread of flame. Upon fire exposure, 4 out of 5 of the
coated specimens (B, C, D, and E) did not exhibit surface spread of flame or afterglow
improved fire protection due to char formation, with better morphology, height, and structure of
the protecting shield. The coatings were found to be effective in fire protection, exhibiting good
qualities such as water resistance, thermal stability, and adhesion strength. The efficient
protection of plywood against fire has been demonstrated by coating E. (Yew et al., 2015)
In another study by Yew et al. (2018) entitled, "Influence of bio-filler on the fire-resistive
and mechanical properties of water-based intumescent coating, they aimed to use the new
samples were examined with a Bunsen burner, thermogravimetric analysis, Fourier transform
infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and a pull-off adhesion tester. The creation of char
thickness protecting the coated steel was greatly enhanced by coating D, which contained the
proper ratio of flame-retardant and binder materials. In the scanning electron microscopy image,
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this char layer revealed a denser and more consistent foam structure surface. This formulation
also showed a maximum adhesion strength of 2.13 MPa, demonstrating the efficiency of
interface attachment to the substrate. Thermal studies also revealed that the formulation's thermal
stability had improved. The results of the investigation therefore showed that using the right
amount of nano biofiller improved the intumescent coating's mechanical qualities and fire
Another study conducted by Tseghai et al. (2019) entitled “Producing Fire Retardant
Cotton Fabric Using Chicken Eggshell” aimed to develop an intumescent flame-retardant coating
that uses chicken eggshell waste as novel eco-friendly bio-fillers. The synthesis of intumescent
coatings was achieved by mixing ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine with
flame-retardant fillers and acrylic binder. Cotton has poor fire-retardant characteristics.
Consequently, in areas of fire risk, textile material is not recommended due to its high comfort
factor, which makes it more appropriate for use as a garment; consequently, cotton must be
treated with flame retardance. The aim of this research is to create fire-retardant cotton fabric by
phosphorous, nitrous, potassium, and zinc are among the fire-retardant minerals found in chicken
eggshells. Synthetic chemicals have many limitations when it comes to imparting fire retardance,
The abundant availability of chicken eggshells in nature makes it a bio-product with no side
effects. The removal of the chicken eggshell after use or hatching causes significant
environmental pollution in appearance and odor. Converting these wastes into treasure has two
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advantages: preventing cotton from burning and using eggshell waste for valuable treatment
processes. The flammability of treated fabric using chicken eggshell was lower than that of
untreated fabric. Furthermore, the treated fabric produced both ash and char, while the untreated
fabric produced only ash and burned up completely. Inflammation was spread at a rate of 40 and
1.4 mm per second for untreated and treated fabrics, respectively (Tseghai et al., 2019).
Another study conducted by Xu et al. (2018) entitled, "Effect of chicken eggshell on the
system," aimed to use the new eggshell nano bio-filler to create an environmentally friendly
intumescent coating. Then, the samples were examined with a Bunsen burner, thermogravimetric
analysis, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and a pull-off adhesion
tester. The creation of char thickness protecting the coated steel was greatly enhanced by coating
D, which contained the proper ratio of flame-retardant and binder materials. In the scanning
electron microscopy image, this char layer revealed a denser and more consistent foam structure
surface. This formulation also showed a maximum adhesion strength of 2.13 MPa,
demonstrating the efficiency of interface attachment to the substrate. Thermal studies also
revealed that the formulation's thermal stability had improved. The results of the investigation
therefore showed that using the right amount of nano bio filler improves the intumescent
coating's mechanical qualities and fire protection effectiveness. By reusing chicken egg shells, an
environmentally friendly bioburden was created using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,
and thermogravimetric analysis. Chicken eggshell was used to investigate the impact of chicken
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eggshell on the thermal stability, flame retardant, and smoke suppression properties of traditional
testing cone, as well as thermogravimetry. The combination of chicken eggshell and flame
retardant-3 with a fire retardant compound that was resistant to burning and had the highest limit
of oxygen index value suggested by the results Additionally, it improved the samples' oxygen
index value. The addition of chicken egg shells to the samples through cone calorimetry and
smoke density tests resulted in a significant reduction in heat loss and increased sample residual
weight, as well as improved thermal stability. Swollen carbon acts as a barrier against heat and
mass transfer when burned. The combination of eggshell and flame retardant properties can have
a significant impact on fire performance, but an abundance thereof will diminish this synergistic
effect. Through thermometry, the eggshell swelling system is shown to possess excellent thermal
stability and carbonization ability. In general, chicken eggshells can be bio-fillers that are eco-
friendly and have potential synergistic benefits for growing systems (Xu et al., 2018).
Another study conducted by Tizo et al. (2018) entitled, "Efficiency of carbon carbonate
from eggshells as an absorbent for cadmium removal in aqueous solution" aimed to study the
feasibility and efficiency of chicken eggshell waste as an adsorbent for eliminating cadmium
(Cd) in liquid water. The adsorbent properties of chicken eggshells have been demonstrated to
capacity of 146 mg/g was obtained at an initial concentration of 150 mg/L, contact time of 75
min, adsorbent dose of 75 g, and pH 6 at ambient temperature. Isotherm studies using the
Freundlich model reveal that this process involves adsorption in both directions, with the latter
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having fewer errors and exhibiting sensitivity to temperature than the former. The study showed
that chicken eggshells, which are typically considered waste, can be an environmentally friendly
and economically viable option for removing carcinogenic cadmium from water bodies. (Tizo et
al., 2018)
carbonate as a filler material in polymer matrix composites is prevalent, and research has
revealed that eggshells contain approximately 94 calcium carbonates. The study compared the
polyethylene. Calcium carbonate/eggshell particles that were produced in industrial settings were
utilized as fillers in polypropylene matrices with different weight fractions. To determine the
mechanical properties of indentation hardness and uniaxial tensile properties, we utilized both a
Rockwell hardness tester and subsequently analyzed them using corresponding universal
mechanics instruments. Different preparations were tested for their properties to determine how
they influenced their composition. Microstructural analysis of the composite surface and crack
surface was also performed using a scanning electron microscope to examine possible damage
modes. Measured against both the reinforcement effectiveness and conventional calcium
carbonate replacement criteria, the results were compared. The results indicate that
polypropylene reinforced with calcium carbonate exhibits the greatest tensile strength, elastic
modulus, rupture modulus, ductility, and elastic moderation along with hardness. Additionally,
the findings indicate that the mechanical properties of polypropylene can be greatly improved by
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using a granular eggshell, which is comparable to those of calcium carbonate minerals reinforced
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Chapter 3
Research Methodology
This study aims to lessen property damages and casualties from fire-related occurrences
in residential facilities in a practical, accessible, and environmentally friendly way. From the
positive result of this study, people would be able to recycle and use eggshell waste in making
organic paints that are able to prolong the combustion and spreading of fire.
Research Design
Experimental design is the process of carrying out research in an objective and controlled
fashion so that precision is maximized and specific conclusions can be drawn regarding a
hypothesis statement. Generally, the purpose is to establish the effect that a factor or independent
variable has on a dependent variable. paraphrase this in a formal way (S. Bell, 2009).
This study will be conducted through experiments and fieldwork by the use of
experimental design. Following the procedures set, an experimental application of the product,
organic paint made of eggshells, will be made and used by the researchers on multiple surfaces.
In the fieldwork, the research group will be conducting an interview or gathering data on the
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premises of the Western Institute of Technology. Researchers will be testing out both the final
product and the control product with the assessment of registered civil engineers within the
Western Institute of Technology and skilled painters within Iloilo City so as to provide
comparisons and gather data. Data on the field will be gathered through a series of surveys and
interviews on the site. This study will be a summary of the researchers’ data and an assessment
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Sources of Data
The main components of this study are powdered eggshells and organic paint, which will
be put to use as fire retardants for buildings, houses, and infrastructure. To find out if organic
paint mixed with powdered eggshell is effective as a fire retardant, the researcher will conduct a
try-out experiment. Powdered eggshells will be gathered from different poultry vendors and wet
The finished product of the study will be evaluated by ten (15) respondents categorized
into ten (10) registered civil engineer respondents from Western Institute of Technology, RTS
campus, Brgy. Bantud, La Paz, Iloilo five (5) paint experts within Iloilo City.
The sensory evaluation score sheet is based on a modified five-point hedonic rating scale.
This method will be used to gather the respondent’s evaluation of the acceptability of organic
paint mixed with powdered eggshell as a fire retardant made by the researchers. The responses of
the respondents will be the main source of data for this study.
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The researchers will employ a Sensory Evaluation Score Sheet that utilizes a modified
version of the Five-Point Hedonic Rating Scale to collect the necessary data for this study. The
5 Very Good
4 Good
3 Fair
2 Poor
1 Very Poor
Ratings will be allocated to assess the final products in terms of ignition resistance and
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This experimental study will be divided into four(4) phases: Phase 1- Preparation of
Materials, Tools and Equipment; Phase 2- Preparation of Organic Paint; Phase 3- Preparation of
Lumber and Plywood; Phase 4- Standardization of the Materials; Phase 5- Evaluation of the
Finished Products.
The researchers will gather and prepare all the components, tools, materials and
equipment. Shown below are the components, tools, materials and equipment that the researchers
Powdered Eggshells
Lumber/Plywood
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Casein Powder
Paint Binder
Blow Torch
will be mixed
experimentation
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The procedure for Preparation of Organic Paint will be divided into 4 phases.
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Figure 2 shows the procedure in Preparation of Organic Paint. Organic Paint, casein
powder and eggshells were gathered from the hardware and stores in the locality of the
researchers. After gathering, the eggshells will be made into powdered eggshells using blender.
Then, powdered eggshells will be mix with paint binder and casein powder. Lastly, adding the
The procedure for Preparation of Lumber and Plywood will be divided into three (3)
phases.
Gathering of Lumber
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Figure 3 - Phase 3-Flow Chart in Preparation of Lumber and Plywood Coated with
Organic Paint
Figure 3 shows the procedure in flow chart for the preparation of lumber and plywood.
Lumber and plywood were gathered from hardware in the locality of researchers. Coating the
lumber and plywood with organic paint. Then, air drying both of them at least 24 hours until it is
dry. Lastly, will proceed to blow torching of samples with the presence of civil engineers and
skilled painters.
Mixture Lumber
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Procedure:
3. Combine all mixtures and mix thoroughly until the desired consistency is achieve.
4. Coat the mixture to the samples and let it sit until it is dry.
The respondents of this study will be categorized into 2 groups comprising fifteen
Registered Civil Engineers and fifteen skilled painters. Their responses will be gathered, tallied,
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The data analysis showed different ways on how to collect and analyses data. It is the
process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate,
For descriptive data analysis, mean and standard deviation will be used.
Mean. Mean is the most commonly used measure of central tendency. It is the average of all the
added values of the data divided by the number of observations in it. It aims to provide an accurate
analysis of the results of the entire data (Manikandan, 2011). The mean was utilized to assess the
effectiveness of the composite coating applied to the lumber, which comprised multiple layers, in
The computed mean will be analyzed and interpreted using the arbitrary scale:
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3.41-4.2 Good
2.61-3.4 Fair
1.81-2.6 Poor
Standard Deviation. Standard deviation is a statistic that tells you how tightly all the
various examples are clustered around the mean in a set of data (Niles, n.d.). It will be used to
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Chapter 4
Descriptive Analysis
powdered eggshells. The computed mean of 4.40 was interpreted as “Very Effective”. The
participants provided ratings indicating their perception of the effectiveness of the coatings as
per their analysis of the presented outputs. As shown in the Table 1.0, the use of composite
(organic and synthetic) coating with eggshells as its main material increases fire resistance on
surfaces with X=4.4, SD=0.56. Ordinary coatings without powdered eggshells were rated with
X=1.43 and SD=0.50 comparatively. This means that the respondents conferred the latter coating
as “Very Ineffective” in terms of its fire resistance. The result of this data set suggests that
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eggshell-derived composite coatings are more resistive to fire than ordinary store-bought
coatings. This finding implies that incorporating eggshell powders into coatings improve fire
coatings.
Organic paint with eggshell powder provides better fire 30 1.43 0.50 Ineffective
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Coating Interpretation
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Table 3. Considering Composite Paint and Eggshell Powder for Fire Protection in Homes
and Workplaces.
Chapter 5
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Recommendation
1. The future researcher may utilize an electric grinder to pulverize the eggshell in order to
3. Assess the fire-retardant properties of powdered eggshell-based coatings through lab testing.
6. Assess the feasibility of recycling or repurposing waste eggshells for use in fire-retardant coatings.
7. Examine the compatibility of powdered eggshells with different types of binding agents in composite
coatings.
8. Investigate the impact of exposure to environmental factors such as moisture and UV radiation on the
longevity of powdered eggshell coatings.
9. Explore the potential for collaboration with egg processing facilities to source powdered eggshells for
coating production.
10. Assess the mechanical properties of powdered eggshell composite coatings, including hardness,
flexibility, and impact resistance.
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