Possible confusion

The following are just different names for the same text types:

1) journal entry= diary entry

2) article= column /magazine article (public commentary = opinion article/editorial/ reader’s
letter)
3) news report = news article
4) interview = article
5) pamphlet=leaflet=brochure=guide
6) a proposal is a variant of a report and has the same structure
7) speech = talk = introduction to the debate

The levels of formality

The following text types are personal, which means that you can use “I” , express your opinion
and emotions, and tell personal anecdotes. Their audience is yourself or a close circle of
friends/followers. This is a loyal and supportive audience, so you do not need to prove the
newsworthiness of your writing, or win their attention. Their purpose is to reflect, share
opinions, experience and emotions, tell a personal story. The writing is mainly self-focused and
reflective. You should focus on the questions like: how do I see myself? Where do I belong?
what is important for me? How has my life changed?

1) journal entry= diary entry

2) blog
3) personal letter
4) speech (depends on the situation)

These texts are media texts, which means they are emotional, deal with different opinions and
facts and interpret them. Analyze the situation from different angles and tell the stories of
different people. We do not normally use “I” or talk about personal experience in these texts.
The audience is wide and ranges from ‘this school/neighborhood’ to ‘everyone’. You need to
win the audience, persuade them to read your piece to the end, prove them that the matter is
worthy of attention. They might not be loyal: they need to be persuaded. The purpose can be to
inform, to persuade, to present an objective opinion, to motivate, to promote, and what not.
There will always be some entertaining element to keep the attention of the audience.

1) article= column /magazine article (public commentary = opinion article/editorial/ reader’s

letter)
2) blog
3) news report = news article
4) interview = article
5) speech
6) pamphlet=leaflet=brochure=guide
7) review

These texts are formal. No “I/we” , passive constructions are common. A lot of clichés, very
rigid structure. The audience is very concrete: the administration, some city authorities,
different institutions. They HAVE to read the text, as it is part of their job. That’s why the text
does not have to be entertaining or creative; however, it has to be informative and structured to
save their time. The purpose is to inform or to persuade. However, we must avoid emotions and
personal opinions and focus on facts, data and expert opinion.

1) a report
2) a proposal
3) a formal letter
4) a set of instructions

Text Organization.

Most texts, with the exception of a letter and a speech, need a title.

Some texts require a title and subheadings. It helps to structure the information and keep the
audience focused:

1) a blog
2) pamphlet=leaflet=brochure=guide
3) a report
4) a proposal
5) a set of instructions

Some texts need a standfirst ( a short summary of the main ideas before the main body)

1) article= column /magazine article (public commentary = opinion article/editorial/ reader’s

letter)
2) news report = news article
3) interview = article
4) review

Some texts require a greeting and a signing off.

1) personal letter
2) formal letter
3) speech

Most texts will have an introduction and a conclusion (even if they don’t have formal
subheadings). The only texts that do not follow this structure are brochures

Before you start writing

1) Think about your audience – what do they want from you? Do you need to entertain them?
Attract their attention? Motivate them or persuade them? How are you going to do this? With
facts and data? Expert opinion? Emotive language? Rhetorical devices? What examples can
prove your point?
2) plan your writing: write at least three main points you are going to make and how you are
going to develop them.

3) think about a powerful beginning and an effective ending

Remember punctuation and grammar rules

1) linkers and liking phrases: Firstly, to begin with, talking about …., Nevertheless, however,

What I want to focus on,….

If you ask me about the best movie I have seen, ……

2) No matter how hard I try, nothing helps. Whatever you do, it’s all in vain.

3) because/ when/ where/if/ whereas - нет запятых

4) if you ask me, I will tell you.

When I come home, I have lunch.

5) “I like you,” he said.

He said, “I like you.”

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Samples

Review

The best sci-fi I have ever seen

I do not know about you, but to me, about 90% of the movies you can see in cinemas nowadays are
dull. I know that it is mostly about popcorn and soda, hanging out with friends, and having fun, but I
still cannot get rid of the idea that a movie should be not just about visuals and the wow-effect, but
also about deep emotions and contemplation. I believe movies should be thought-provoking,
dramatic, even hard to watch sometimes. Okay, I know that I am sounding like a grumpy grandpa,
and I do value entertaining movies, but I hate the fact that it is difficult to find a serious and dramatic
film.

Anyways, today I am reviewing a movie that has been living in the warmest and coziest corner of
my heart since 2014: Interstellar. Although there are hundreds of reviews written about it and
thousands of lances broken over its scientific credibility, I still feel like there is something more to say.
This review is going to be more of a reflecting glance, a contemplation, rather than an overview of
well-known facts.
 I remember the impression I got from seeing the movie’s poster for the first time. It felt
like Interstellar was going to be about a great discovery, an epic voyage. From the first glance, it was
evident that Nolan was not about making a “pew-pew laser spaceship” film. I felt interested, but
somehow I missed the whole Interstellar hype train —so all the fuss about Kip Thorne’s
participation in the production process, scientifically-credible visualizations, and other advertisements
passed by me. I had more of a benevolent but neutral attitude—something like, “Well, I hope they
make a nice story out of it.” On the premiere night, I had better things to do, and even two weeks
after it, I remained the last person among the people I know who had not seen the movie yet.

I swallowed the bait when one of my friends posted on Facebook: “Interstellar is like
Kubrick’s Odyssey, only filmed in 2014.” In my book , I would not compare Nolan’s work to
Kubrick’s masterpiece , but I liked the movie. In fact, I liked it so much that I watched it three times:
twice in two days, and once more a week after.

Interstellar gave me the same feeling I had when I was reading Asimov or Bradbury in my teen
years: a powerful romantic sensation of conquering new, unknown frontiers . I love the word
“frontiers”—to me, it is always about distant and uncharted places, and this is exactly
what Interstellar is about. It is about almost reckless courage, self-denying dedication, and a
desperate search for a better future. It is a movie about love and seeing all your hopes crumble. It
is about revealing a truth so grand that one’s mind cannot grasp it.

To me, the movie was not about science at all. Yes, the visualization of the black hole looked
beautiful, as well as the icy clouds and mile-high waves on the planets explored by the Endurance
team. However, what truly touched and amazed me was how people managed to maintain
connections with their loved ones despite enormous distances and distorted time. When Cooper
returns to the spaceships after landing on one of the planets, he learns that those three or four minutes
he spent on the surface equaled 23 years on Earth. Shocked, he views all the messages his family sent
him during this time. Imagine how it feels: you leave your daughter when she is twelve, and in a
couple of months (of your subjective time) you suddenly see her become a 40-year-old woman.
McConaughey crying in front of the screen with his daughter talking to him—this is one of the best
scenes in cinematography, in my opinion. Despite anything that happens to him, despite being trapped
in an interdimensional space hole, he still fights to see his daughter, because he promised he would
return to her—and he does, if only to see her die.

Interstellar gave me the feeling of witnessing something epic and eternal: the force and strength
of the human spirit, hope, and love. I do not care about scientific credibility or factual mistakes
made in the movie; I care about a beautiful story—and this is what Interstellar delivers in full scale .

Proposal:

How we can aid foreign students on exchange programs

Introduction
This proposal is intended to outline common issues students have when studying abroad, and
suggest ways that a course could help them to deal with these. The final section makes
recommendations about what should be included in the course curriculum.

Major issues

Interviews were conducted with 20 students who have recently completed a student exchange
programme. The majority of students were of the opinion that overcoming the language barrier
in their new country was the biggest challenge and nearly half also said that they experienced
culture shock. Other problems cited included unrealistic expectations, loneliness and packing the
wrong things - particularly being unprepared for a different climate.

Possible solutions

A course could prepare students for culture shock by raising awareness of the phenomenon and
describing cultural differences that students may encounter in their host country. To aid participants
with language, a course could include learning some useful phrases for the first days after arrival, in
addition to providing some resources for language learning. The course could also generate a
discussion about combating isolation and adjusting expectations.

Conclusion

I would like to make the following recommendations:

▪ Invite students who have previously studied abroad to share aspects of the culture they
found surprising and give advice on what to take.
▪ Provide a list of useful phrases, together with suggestions of useful resources for language
learning such as websites, blogs or e-books.
▪ Facilitate a discussion about engaging with people to avoid loneliness and isolation.

If these recommendations are implemented, young people are bound to feel more prepared for
their experience

Report on access to cultural education for ethnic minorities in Russia

Introduction
The aim of this report is to present the situation with cultural education for ethnic minorities in
Russia, to outline difficulties they face, and to recommend actions which IB could take in order
to help these people.

No interest for the government

Although today 80% of Russia’s population identify as ethnically Russian, there are more than
190 ethnic groups that live on the territory of Russian Federation, The Russian Government is
currently not making any steps to support their unique cultures and languages, This can be
evident from the following actions:
- Cuts in financing for the local festivals, museums, research programs
- Optional study of local languages at school
- No requirement for the local administration to speak indigenous languages
- Active promotion of standardized version of Russian culture, language and history offered
by the state education program, which is the only opportunity to access higher
education and improve the life standards

The following government policy results in total neglect of the issues ethnic minorities may face
in their daily life, disappearance of local languages and loss of ethnic and cultural identities .
No interest for people
The research of the Karelian ethnicity, the people who comprise about 8% of the Karelian
Republic, reveals that ethnic minorities show little interest in preserving their culture and
language The interviews with the representatives of this ethnicity helped to outline the main
reasons for such behavior They can be listed as follows:
- Being ashamed of the ethnic identity (Karelian ethnicity is associated with rural,
uneducated people, and many students preferred to conceal their ethnicity to avoid
prejudice and stereotypes)
- Lack of opportunity for the speakers of local languages (Higher academic achievement is
often associated with Russian language, so most families preferred to avoid speaking
local languages at home)
- No official writing system, resulting in lack of literature or any written sources of
information in the local languages

All of the above leads to disappearance of Karelian language and culture, and complete
assimilation of this ethnicity into Russian culture,

Recommendations
Taking into account all the factors presented above, the situation demands immediate attention
from the international community, If we want to preserve the unique cultures and languages on
the territory of Russian Federation, and stop them from disappearing completely, we need to
take urgent action:

- Offer alternative IB educational programs with an emphasis on the local culture and
language
- Promote diversity by publishing articles and fiction about indigenous cultures and based
on local tradition
- Give priority to the indigenous people applying for international programs abroad

I believe that taking the steps listed above can improve the situation with ethnic minorities
on the territory of Russian Federation and stop their languages and cultural traditions from
disappearance,

Speech The institution of the family in a state of crisis

Dear students!
Have you ever wondered why is it that now children have less and less respect for the adults?
And adults seem to be less and less interested in the life of their own children? Why do people
spend more time at work, and less time with their families? I think these problems are deep
rooted in the crisis of the family institution itself. As part of this school debate, I am going to
explain my position now.
The institution of the family has been transforming for many years already. The extended
families when many relatives lived under the same roof and shared financial responsibilities and
household duties are now a thing of the past. The nuclear families became widespread in the 20th
century, as they suited the reality of big cities with their vibrant life and constant lack of square
meters. And now even the nuclear family is falling apart, as more and more people are choosing
to remain single or bring up children in single-parent households.
Do you wonder why this is happening? Actually, there are many reasons for this. First of all,
lifestyles have changed. People are becoming more independent: the household duties are
outsourced to robots- washing machines/dish washers/i-robots; food delivery is becoming more
popular, so people in big cities no longer need to cook on a daily basis. Naturally, living alone is
becoming less challenging. At the same time, being on your own gives you the freedom and
independence that is unimaginable when you are living in the family. You can do what you like,
when and where you like. Many people cannot resist the temptation.
What’s more, feminism is taking its toll on traditional family roles. Nowadays, women are not
willing to stay at home and depend on their men’s income. Most women want to work and find
fulfillment not only in the family, but also in the society. They are ready to assume leadership
roles in politics or public organizations, and they are not afraid to stand up for their rights. These
undoubtfully positive changes for women might be the cause of their decreasing interest in the
family as more and more divorces are filed for and abortion rates reach unprecedented levels.
Finally, the Internet and social networks have changed the way people communicate and look
for partners. Social networks make us feel connected to our friends 24/7. This means we never
seem to feel lonely even if we live alone. Also, you might have noticed that increasingly more
people tend to go online for advice or comfort instead of discussing their problems with the
family. It is not a rare situation nowadays when people living under the same roof are less
connected than people in the same interest groups or those who play online games together.

So, what does the future hold for the family institution? Will we manage to preserve some
types of family? Are we facing unprecedented changes in the way we organize our lives and
very soon the very word “family” will become obsolete? These questions are still waiting for the
answer. Anyway, one thing remains certain. The institution of the family is in a state of crisis and
things will never be the same again.
Thank you for your attention!

Speech
Will English remain a global language?

Dear Ladies and Gentlemen!

Now I am going to give a speech about a global language, and especially, English as the global language.
But, let’s take this one step at a time.

Nowadays as the world is increasingly striving for globalisation, we are facing the question: What
language will become global? Or will the world be multilingual?
The modern world is dynamic. We strive to communicate with a large number of people, establish
business relations, socialize wherever we can. Many people open their business abroad. When you can
fly to the other side of the world in a few hours, when corporations are becoming more and more
interested in international workers, we need a single way of communication more than ever. But in this
age of speed, people do not always have time to learn a new language, and therefore, the appearance
of a global language is only a matter of time.

Talking about English as a global language, we need to remember, that economic and political
dominance of the USA and Great Britain will continue in the near future.
For example, the film industry is now dominated by Hollywood. Most of the modern famous films are
released in English. The same thing happens in science. The vast majority of well-known scientific
studies are published in English. The same pattern can be observed in the field of business. Even within
the limits of one country, people often use English at business meetings, for example in India. Many
countries are trying to become English-speaking. For example Latvia, where now Russian schools are
actively closing down and English schools are being built.
Another area highly influenced by English language dominance is education. Now many
international schools and universities where education is provided in English open all over the
world. Even in Russia there are schools that teach in English, such as Skolkovo.

Of course, we cannot grant that USA and Great Britain will always be the dominant powers. Even now
such countries as China and India are developing very rapidly. The population of these countries is also
constantly growing. It is quite possible that in a few years Chinese will be able to compete with
English for the right to be a global language. However, will it be more convenient for everyone to speak
Chinese? I do not think so.
It appears that English is one of the easiest languages to learn. Those who learn English do not need
to have a good ear to understand the difference between tones, they do not need to learn a large
number of characters.
English grammar is actually very simple, especially compared to Russian or Chinese.
Also, recent studies in linguistics have shown that the English dictionary contains the largest number of
words among the world's languages
This is very good news, because different areas of industry need different vocabulary. The English
language has enough words for people to explain their position in completely different fields.

Summing up all the above, we can say that in the near future English will more likely remain a global
language. And it is safe to say that the fact that we are now studying in IB programme will help us a lot
in the future.
Thank you for your attention!

Blog

IS BRITAIN STILL RACIST? WHAT A STUPID QUESTION...

One of the topics of the BBC's 'The Big Questions' this Sunday was 'Is Britain Still Racist'. I

was sure that the general consensus would be that racism is very much alive in Britain but

I was shocked to see so many people, some of whom were people of colour, denying the

existence of racism in this country. How can this be when you consider Britain's history - it is a

country built on imperialism, slavery and its current political atmosphere is defined by Brexit, a

referendum that was largely shaped by racist and anti-immigrant rhetoric.

Not only do I know that racism is flourishing in the UK because of things I see online, or

because of hate crime statistics, shown below, but also because of the behaviour that I see

white people comfortably exhibit around me because, even though I am half Indian, I am white

passing.

A while ago Lionel Richie's daughter, Sofia Richie, spoke about how people are racist around her because
they don't realise that she is black due to her light skin colour. This is something that I have

experienced all too often.

My white privilege is something that cocoons me from the true realities of racism but my ethnicity has
allowed me to see that it most certainly exists, and it is an insidious force in this country. However, my
experience barely scratches the surface because my daily interactions are not shaped by race in the same
way that it is for people of colour. It saddens me greatly that my mother tells me she is thankful that I
am not the same skin colour as her because it means that I will have more opportunities in life. That is
just the scary reality of this country.

In 'BBC Big Questions' I also saw the extent to which the existence of racism is denied. The denial
of racism is dangerous because it stops racism from ever being eliminated by preventing people of colour
from even having a platform to discuss it. How can something ever be solved if we don't
acknowledge that it exists? Racism is an uncomfortable truth but it is one that must be faced.

I saw this denial of racism come from an Asian woman on 'The Big Questions'.
When Kehinde Andrews cited a statistic that 40% of young black men are unemployed, an Asian woman
on the show replied asking why the other 60% weren't unemployed if racism really did exist. This kind
of ignorance amongst both white people and people of colour simultaneously supports the
narrative that racism is non-existent and validates racist behaviour.

The reality of racism is that it is of a pervasive nature because of its deep historical roots. Racism is
embedded in the institutions and mindsets of people in this country and only when it resonates deeply in
the psyche of a racist individual does it manifest itself in violent behaviour. Normally, it is a simmering
force that oppresses people of colour.

I, myself know this because of an interaction I had with my mother when I was very young.
Somebody was taking a photo of me and I told my mum to take her hand out of the photo because I did
not want a brown hand in the photo. I had heard this kind of thing around me at school, I remember a
white boy telling a mixed race girl at my school that he did not want to hold her hand because it was
brown. I did not even understand the ramifications of what I said but racism had already infiltrated my
perspective of society and my white privilege was already manifesting itself. This is the reality of racism
and white people have to unlearn this thought process and face this reality head-on if the problem is ever
to be fixed. This process of unlearning is still something I have to do every day because of how immense
white privilege is.

I recently wrote an essay for university regarding the rise of ethnocentrism in the Western world.

All the evidence that I examined, particularly regarding hate crime, showed that ethnocentric ideas

and outright racism are only on the rise in the West. The UK experienced a 27% rise in hate crime in the

last year alone. Brexit and the idea that we should no longer be 'politically correct', just like Nigel Farage
or Donald Trump who are the opposite of 'politically correct', has validated racist tendencies and

behaviour.

What I am saying here is nothing new. However, the inability of people to even grasp that racism

exists makes me feel like we are not even close to making headway on the issue. The everyday racism that

I see from unapologetic white people, some happily say the N word around me or use other racial slurs

thinking that I will not call them out, as well as the fact that people are happy to go on national television

and deny the existence of racism entirely confirms the issue. When this is further evidenced by

statistics it is so undeniably clear that Britain is still racist and it always will be until our

political climate, language and behaviour do not consistently validate racism.

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editorial

How technology affects the quality of our education? And does it affect it?

Nowadays we can't imagine our everyday life without technology. We are using it to wake up, make
coffee, communicate… In some places, for example, schools, we have to turn off our phones, but it
is getting harder and harder for everyone to do. Students start to be worried and angry. Teachers of
SK Gymnasium have been complaining that students are always distracted and cannot focus during
the lesson. Our newspaper investigates this problem.

We have interviewed several teachers working in High and Middle school and tried to specify their
complaints. The biology teacher in the 8-th and the 9-th grades says that students always switch
their attention to SMS texts or calls, or they can just check their social networks during the lesson..
«They get bored after 5 seconds of the lesson and they immediately start using their phone», he
admits.

The history teacher in the 9-th and the 10-th grades complains: «They just can’t put it away, even if
I ask, they would return to it after 7 minutes.» He thinks the problem is the internet addiction,
students cannot be calm if their mobile phone is not in front of them.

But what are the students’ opinions? Several 8-th and 9-th graders who wish to stay anonymous
share their views on the problem. «I check my social media only when I get bored because I just
can't bear doing nothing», one of the students says. «When I am writing a test, I can't be sure
100% in my own knowledge, it is strange because I know that I can answer these questions without
a phone, but I always doubt myself and I am also afraid of getting a bad mark» , the second student
answers. So, we can conclude that students are not sure in their knowledge and cannot focus on
the tests because they think more about checking the answers online to get better marks.
They cannot rely on their own memory. Modern teens are not used to being bored, as they have to
do something every second, which is why they sometimes check their social media during the
lesson.
Dr. Maria Wimber, the lecturer at the University of Birmingham's School of Psychology, suggests
that the internet: «makes us good at remembering where to find a given bit of information, but not
necessarily what the information was.» In other words, we just know where we have to look to find
something. It is obviously connected with «our students’ problem»: they are used to looking for the
answers to the questions online and it is unusual and hard for them to remember something by
themselves. Dr. Maria Wimber also underlines that it influences our memory and attention : "we pay
less attention to life itself and become worse at remembering events from our own lives." This is a
problem most of students face nowadays.

Professor Betsy Sparrow, Columbia University, supports these ideas with her research. She
concluded: «Our brains rely on the internet for memory in much the same way they rely on the
memory of a friend, family member or co-worker.» It means we can never be sure about the
knowledge in our heads and always have to check it with online resources, which naturally leads to
distraction

So, what Sk Gymnasium teachers should do? Based on this research we can conclude that the
way people think, perceive the information have changed. And nowadays teachers shouldn't teach
the students the way they did 50 years ago. They have to use new methods, pass some retraining
programs, learn more about modern system of education, give harder tasks, for example, when you
have to find a solution to some problem, using all resources available. If teachers stop asking
students to simply learn some dates or facts, Maybe then we will have a major breakthrough in our
results.

Opinion article

Do you believe in climate change?

This may seem like an odd question for a climate scientist to ask, but it is one I am constantly asked
now. The typical discussion starts: "I know that the climate is changing, but hasn't it always changed
through natural cycles?" Then they will often give an example, such as the medieval warm period to
prove their point.
Those asking the question include a wide range of people I meet in the pub, friends, politicians
and, increasingly, even some of those active in sustainable development and the renewable energy
businesses. What I find interesting is that I have known many of these people for a long time and they
never asked me this before.
Recent studies show that public acceptance of the scientific evidence for man-made climate
change has decreased. However, the change is not that great. The difference I find in talking to people is
that they feel better able to express their doubts.
This is very hard for scientists to understand. The scientific evidence that humanity is having an
effect on the climate is overwhelming and increasing every year. Yet public perception of this is
confused. People modify their beliefs about uncomfortable truth, they may have become bored of
constantly hearing about climate change; or external factors such as the financial crisis may have played
a role.
Around three years ago, I raised the issue of the way that science can be misused. In some cases;
scare stories in the media were over-hyping climate change, and I think we are paying the price
for this now with a reaction the other way. I was concerned then that science is not always presented
objectively by the media. What I don't think any of us appreciated at the time was the depth of
disconnect between the scientific process and the public.

Which brings me to the question, should you believe in climate change? The first point to make is that
it's not something you should believe or not believe in – this is a matter of science and therefore of
evidence – and there's a lot of it out there. On an issue this important, I think people should look at that
evidence and make their own mind up. We are often very influenced by our own personal experience.
After a couple of cold winters in the UK, the common question was: "Has climate change stopped?"
despite that fact that many other regions of the world were experiencing record warm temperatures.
And 2010 was one of the warmest years on record. For real evidence of climate change, we have to look
at the bigger picture.

You can see research by the Met Office that shows the evidence of man-made warming is even
stronger than it was when the last report was published. A whole range of different datasets and
independent analyses show the world is warming. There is a broad consensus that over the last
half-century, warming has been rapid, and man-made greenhouse gas emissions are very likely to be the
cause.
Ultimately, as the planet continues to warm, the issue of whether you believe in climate change
will become more and more irrelevant. We will all experience the impacts of climate change in some
way, so the evidence will be there in plain sight.
The more appropriate questions for today are how will our climate change and how can we prepare for
those changes? That's why it's important that climate scientists continue their work, and continue
sharing their evidence and research so people can stay up to date – and make up their own minds.

Letter to the editor

Subject: Urgent Action Needed to Address Climate Change

Dear Editor,

I write to you today with a heavy heart and a deep sense of frustration. Despite overwhelming
evidence and dire warnings from scientists around the globe, our society seems unable or
unwilling to confront the urgent issue of climate change. As each year passes, we witness
increasingly devastating consequences: extreme weather events, rising sea levels, loss of
biodiversity, and threats to food security. Yet, our response remains inadequate, marred by
political inertia and short-sightedness.

It is incomprehensible to me how we can continue down this path of destruction, knowing well
the consequences that await us if we fail to act decisively. The time for half-measures and
empty promises has long passed. We must confront this crisis head-on, with a sense of urgency
and determination like never before.

But what can we do? It's a question that haunts me daily, as I grapple with the enormity of the
challenge before us. However, I refuse to succumb to despair. Instead, I propose a plan of action
that I believe can mobilize our communities and galvanize global efforts to combat climate
change.

First and foremost, we must prioritize the transition to renewable energy sources. Fossil fuels
are the primary driver of climate change, and we cannot afford to continue their reckless
exploitation. By investing in wind, solar, and other forms of clean energy, we can not only
reduce greenhouse gas emissions but also create millions of new jobs and stimulate economic
growth.

Secondly, we must embrace sustainable practices in every aspect of our lives, from
transportation and agriculture to waste management and urban planning. This means
promoting public transportation, supporting organic farming methods, reducing plastic
consumption, and conserving natural habitats. It requires a fundamental shift in our mindset,
away from consumption and towards stewardship of the planet.

Furthermore, we must hold governments and corporations accountable for their actions and
demand bold policies that prioritize the environment over short-term profits. This includes
implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, ending subsidies for fossil fuel industries, and
enacting stringent regulations to limit emissions.

But perhaps most importantly, we must recognize that climate change is not just an
environmental issue – it is a matter of justice and equity. The impacts of climate change are
disproportionately felt by marginalized communities, both locally and globally. As such, any
solution must prioritize the needs of those most vulnerable and ensure a just transition to a
sustainable future for all.

The time for action is now. We cannot afford to wait any longer while the world burns. I urge
every individual to join the fight against climate change, whether it be through grassroots
activism, political engagement, or simply making changes in our own lives. Together, we have
the power to create a better world for future generations.

Sincerely,
[Your Name]

Pamphlet

The government has proposed a housing development project in your local national park
which will result in environmental damage. You strongly object to the project and wish to
raise awareness among the local community. Write a text describing the government’s
project, explaining the negative impact it will have and persuading the community to take
action.

Save Our National Park: Say No to Housing Development

Introduction
Our national parks are an invaluable part of our country's natural heritage, providing a
sanctuary for wildlife and a place of tranquility for all to enjoy. However, the government's
recent proposal to build a housing development in our local national park puts this precious
resource at risk. In this pamphlet, we will explore the negative impacts of this proposed
development and why it is important to take action now to save our national park.
The Proposed Housing Development

The government's proposal calls for the construction of a housing development consisting of 100
homes in our local national park. This project would require clearing a significant portion of the
parkland, destroying native habitats and disrupting the natural ecosystems. Additionally, the
development would increase traffic, noise pollution, and light pollution in the area, further
damaging the natural environment.

Negative Impact on the Environment

The proposed housing development would have a devastating impact on the local ecosystem.
Clearing the parkland for construction would result in the destruction of native plants and
animals. This would also disrupt the food chain, potentially leading to the extinction of certain
species. The increased traffic and pollution from the development would also contribute to air
and water pollution, affecting both wildlife and the local community. Furthermore, the
construction process itself would generate large amounts of waste, leading to further
environmental damage.

Impact on Local Community

The housing development would also have a significant impact on the local community.
1) Increased traffic and pollution would not only affect the natural environment but also the
quality of life of local residents.
2) The construction process would cause noise pollution and disturbance, leading to a
decrease in property values and quality of life for residents.
3) The development would lead to an increase in demand for resources such as water and
electricity, putting a strain on the local infrastructure.

Why Take Action

It is essential to take action now to prevent this proposed housing development from proceeding.
Our national parks are a vital part of our natural heritage, and it is our responsibility to protect
them for future generations. By taking action, we can prevent irreversible damage to the
environment, preserve native habitats and species, and protect the quality of life of local
residents.

What You Can Do

There are several ways you can take action to protect our national park.

1. Sign the Petition: Join us in signing the petition against the proposed housing
development.

2. Spread the Word: Share this pamphlet with your friends and family to raise awareness of
the negative impacts of the development.

3. Contact Your Local Representative: Let your local representatives know that you object
to the proposed housing development in the national park.

4. Attend Community Meetings: Attend community meetings to learn more about the
proposed development and to voice your concerns.

We should work together!

It is up to us to take action to protect our national park. By joining our forces, we can ensure that
our natural heritage is preserved for future generations. Remember, every action we take now
will make a difference in the long-term health and sustainability of our national park.

Contact our local initiative group on telegram @Initiative 0001

Guidelines

Task: There has been talk at your school of some misuse of the popular online directory,
Facebook. You have been asked to write a set of guidelines for the student body on the
appropriate and responsible use of Facebook.

How to use Facebook in an appropriate and responsible way. title

Facebook is a social networking website that connects people from all over the world. It allows
users to create a profile, share their thoughts and photos, and communicate with friends and
family. Facebook has become an integral part of our lives, but with its popularity comes the need
for responsible and appropriate use. Here are some guidelines for the appropriate and responsible
use of Facebook. Short intro

1. Protect your personal information steps or subheadings

Facebook is a public platform, and anything you post can be viewed by anyone on the internet.
So, it's important to be careful about what personal information you share on Facebook. Avoid
sharing your home address, phone number, or other sensitive information on your profile. Also,
make sure to adjust your privacy settings to limit who can see your posts, photos, and personal
information

2. Use appropriate language and behavior

Facebook is not a place to vent or lash out at others. Always remember to use appropriate
language and behavior on Facebook. Avoid posting offensive, threatening, or discriminatory
content that may offend others. Be respectful of others and their opinions, even if you don't
agree with them.

3. Think before you post

Before posting anything on Facebook, think about the potential consequences of your actions.
Posting inappropriate or controversial content can have serious consequences, including getting
you into trouble with the law or damaging your reputation. So, take a few moments to think
before you post anything online.

4. Respect others' privacy

Just like you expect others to respect your privacy, you should also respect the privacy of others
on Facebook. Avoid sharing photos or information about others without their consent. Don't tag
others in posts or photos without their permission, and don't share private conversations or
messages with others.

5. Avoid cyberbullying
Cyberbullying is a serious problem, and it can have devastating effects on those who are
targeted. So, it's important to avoid any behavior that could be seen as bullying or harassment on
Facebook. Don't use Facebook to spread rumors or gossip about others, and don't engage in
arguments or name-calling.

6. Be aware of scams and fake news

Facebook is a breeding ground for scams and fake news. Be careful about clicking on links or
downloading attachments from unknown sources, and be skeptical of any news stories that seem
too good (or too bad) to be true. Always verify information before sharing it with others.

7. Report inappropriate behavior

If you come across any inappropriate behavior on Facebook, such as cyberbullying or offensive
content, report it to Facebook immediately. Facebook has a number of tools and resources to help
users report inappropriate behavior, and they take these reports very seriously. So, if you see
something that doesn't seem right, don't hesitate to report it.

Conclusion In conclusion, Facebook is a powerful tool that can be used to connect with others,
share information, and build communities. But with great power comes great responsibility, and
it's important to use Facebook in a responsible and appropriate manner. By following these
guidelines, you can help make Facebook a safe and enjoyable place for everyone.

News report

Your city has become a very popular destination for tourists from around the world. You
have inquired into the impact of mass tourism on different groups of people in the city. You
want to inform the public about your investigation. Write a text in which you describe the
situation, highlight opinions from the different groups of people, and draw attention to
what needs to be addressed going forward.

Tourism Booms in City: A Blessing or a Curse?

The picturesque streets of our city, with its historical architecture, vibrant culture, and
delectable cuisine, have long made it a sought-after destination for travelers from around the
world. In recent years, however, the influx of tourists has reached unprecedented levels,
raising concerns about its impact on the city and its inhabitants.

To investigate this issue, we interviewed a range of individuals, including local business owners,
residents, and tourists themselves. Their opinions on the effects of mass tourism were diverse
and illuminating.

Local business owners, particularly those in the hospitality and retail industries, generally
welcomed the influx of visitors, citing the boost to their businesses and the city's economy.
Some even argued that tourism has brought about new opportunities for cultural exchange and
international cooperation. Some do have some reservations.

"Tourism is great for business, but it's also a double-edged sword. We need to find a way to
balance the benefits with the challenges," says Karen, a local business owner.
Residents, on the other hand, had mixed feelings about the rise in tourism. While some
appreciated the increased vibrancy of the city and the economic benefits that came with it,
others expressed frustration with the crowds and the loss of the city's unique character and
charm.

"Tourists come here to see a 'real' city, but all they're seeing is a place that's been overrun by
commercialism," says John, a lifelong resident. They also voiced concerns about the rising cost
of living and the displacement of longtime residents as the demand for short-term rentals and
hotel rooms increased.

Tourists themselves had varying opinions as well. While many were drawn to the city's cultural
attractions and friendly locals, some expressed disappointment with the crowds and the feeling
that the city had become too commercialized and overrun with souvenir shops and tourist
traps.

"I came here to experience the local culture, but I feel like I'm just part of a herd," says Maria, a
tourist from Spain.

Overall, it is clear that the rise in tourism has both positive and negative effects on different
groups of people in the city. Going forward, it is crucial to address some of the key issues that
have arisen as a result of mass tourism.

As our city continues to attract more tourists, it is essential that we take a balanced approach to
ensure that all members of the community benefit. This means addressing the concerns of local
residents and businesses, while also welcoming tourists in a way that is sustainable and
respectful of our city's character and resources.

Some of the solutions may include implementing policies that regulate short-term rentals,
promoting sustainable tourism practices, and investing in affordable housing and job training
programs for low-wage workers.

While tourism can bring economic benefits, it’s important to consider the impact it has on the
different groups of people living in the city. By taking a holistic approach, we can ensure that
tourism benefits everyone and not just a select few.