DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ESTIMATION AND QUANTITY SURVEYING

LECTURE NOTES
 UNIT I INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

Rules for measurement

REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING

Procedure of estimating or method of estimating

Data required to prepare an estimate

Drawings

Specifications

Rates

Complete estimate

Lump sum

work charged establishment

METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES:

Long wall-short wall method

Centre line method

Partly centre line and partly cross wall method

Detailed estimate

Factors to be considered while preparing detailed estimate

Data

Fixing of rate per unit of an item

 Methods of preparation of approximate estimate

TECHNICAL TERMS

1. ESTIMATE

An estimate is the anticipated or probable cost of work and is usually prepared

before the construction is taken up. It is indeed calculations or computations of
various items of an engineering work.

2. QUANTITY SURVEY

It is the schedule of all items of work in a building. These quantities are calculated
from the drawing of the building. Thus quantity survey gives quantities of work
done in case of each items, when priced gives the total cost. In short, quantity
survey means calculations of quantities of materials required to complete the work
concerned

3. SPECIFICATIONS

Detailed specifications gives the nature, quality and class of work, materials to be
used in the various parts of work , quality of the material, their proportions,
method of preparation, workmanship and description of execution of work are
required.

4. RATES

The rates of various items of works, materials to be used in the construction and
the wages of different categories of labor (skilled and unskilled) should be
available for preparing an estimate. The cost of transportation charges should also
be known. As far as possible sanctioned “Schedule of Rates” shall be followed or
the rates may be worked out by the “Analysis of Rates” method.

5. SITE PLAN

It is the plan drawn for a particular construction showing its position with respect
to approaching roads, main bazars, markets and other permanent features in a
populated area. It shows the location of the area under construction with respect
 to the other areas and on it generally the names of the owners of areas or property
holders adjoining to it are also denoted. North line is also clearly marked on it.

6. LINE PLAN

Line plan can be defined as the plan of a particular construction simply showing
main features with the help of the single lines of different portions of the constructions.
Details of constructions are not generally shown on this plan. This inside and outside
dimensions shown on this plan should necessarily be corresponding to actual
dimensions.

7. INDEX PLAN

This is the plan of a particular colony showing the positions of different houses in
single lines their number if any position of roads, schools, market, hospitals and
other features etc. this plan is generally fixed on the entrance, or at exit or in the
central place of the colony, for the guidance of the inhabitants and outsiders.

8. DETAILED PLAN

This plan indicates a plan of a construction drawn to a definite scale, showing all
detailed information required for its execution. Various sections and elevations
are clearly drawn on this plan.

9. CENTRE LINE PLAN

This is actually a layout plan drawn to facilitate the laying out of foundation lines
and other features. It is generally fixed on the entrance or at exit in the central
place of the colony for the guidance of the inhabitants and outsiders.

10. SUPPLEMANTARY ESTIMATE

When some additions are done in the original work, a fresh detailed estimate is
prepared to supplement the original work. This estimate is called supplementary
estimate. It is also accompanied by all the papers as required in thru detailed
estimate.
11. ADMINISTRATIVE APPROVAL

For any project required by the department an approval so sanction of the

competent authority with respect to the cost and work is necessary at the first
instance. Thus administrative aooroval denotes the formal acceptance by the
administrative department concerned of the proposals for incurring expenditure.

12. TECHNICAL SANCTION

It means the sanction and order by the competent authority of the department for
the detailed estimate design calculations quantities of work rates and cost of
work..after the technical sanction of the estimate is received the work is then taken
up for construction.

13.COMPETENT AUTHORITY

An officer or any other authority in the department to whom relevant powers are
delegated by the government (Financial Department).

13. ORDINARY MEASUREMENT BOOK

It is measured book in which entries regarding the work done or supplies made
and services performed are recorded for the purpose of making payments to the
contractors or the labor. Entries in the M.B are generally recorded by the sectional
officers or by any other officers deputed for the purpose

14. LUMPSUM ITEMS

Sometimes while preparing estimate for the certain small items like front
architecture or decoration work of a building it is not possible to workout detailed
quantities so far such lump sum items a lump sum rate is provided.

15. PLINTH AREA

The built up covered area of a building measured at floor level of any storey is
called plinth area.

17. CIRCULATION AREA

 The total cost of construction including all expenditures incurred plus the cost of
external servicesup to the end of the completion of the work is called capital cost.
It also includes the cost of preliminary works, miscellaneous items and
supervisioncharges etc.

UNIT - I INTRODUCTION

GENERAL

Estimating is the technique of calculating or computing the variousquantities and the

expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work orproject. In case the funds available
are less than the estimated cost the work isdone in part or by reducing it or specifications are
altered, the following requirementare necessary for preparing an estimate.

1. Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points.

2. Detailed specifications about workmanship& properties of materials etc.

3. Standard schedule of rates of the current year.

UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS

The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size and for
making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of measurements normally
consists the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., is expressed in numbers.

b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail,
bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running meters (RM)

c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and are expressed in square meters (m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement

concrete, Masonry etc are expressed in Cubic metres.

RULES FOR MEASUREMENT (spe

The rules for measurement of each item are invariably described in IS- 1200.

However some of the general rules are listed below.

1. Measurement shall be made for finished item of work and description of each item
shall include materials, transport, labor, fabrication tools and plant and all types of
overheads for finishing the work in required shape, size and specification.
 2. In booking, the order shall be in sequence of length, breadth and height or

thickness.
3. All works shall be measured subject to the following tolerances.

I) linear measurement shall be measured to the nearest 0.01m.

ii) Areas shall be measured to the nearest 0.01 sq.m
iii) Cubic contents shall be worked-out to the nearest 0.01 cum

4. Same type of work under different conditions and nature shall be measured
separatelyunder separate items.

5. The bill of quantities shall fully describe the materials, proportions, workmanships and
accurately represent the work to be executed.

6. In case of masonry (stone or brick) or structural concrete, the categories shall be

measured separately and the heights shall be described:
a) From foundation to plinth level

b) From plinth level to first floor level

c) From Fist floor to second floor level and so on.

REQUIREMENTS OF ESTIMATION AND COSTING

1. Estimate gives an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be

determined i.e. whether the project could be taken up with in the funds available or not.

2. Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work.

3. Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract.

4. Estimate is also required to control the expenditure during the execution of work.

5. Estimate decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available or not.

PROCEDURE OF ESTIMATING OR METHOD OF ESTIMATING.

Estimating involves the following operations

1. Preparing detailed Estimate.

 2. Calculating the rate of each unit of work

3. Preparing abstract of estimate

DATA REQUIRED TO PREPARE AN ESTIMATE

1. Drawings i.e. plans, elevations, sections etc.

2. Specifications.

3. Rates.

DRAWINGS

If the drawings are not clear and without complete dimensions the preparation of
estimation become very difficult. So, it is very essential before preparing an estimate.

SPECIFICATIONS

a) General Specifications: This gives the nature, quality, class and work and materials in
general terms to be used in various parts of wok. It helps no form a general idea of building.

b) Detailed Specifications: These gives the detailed description of the various items of work
laying down the Quantities and qualities of materials, their proportions, the method of
preparation workmanship and execution of work.

RATES

For preparing the estimate the unit rates of each item of work are required.

1. for arriving at the unit rates of each item.

2. The rates of various materials to be used in the construction.

3. The cost of transport materials.

4. The wages of labor, skilled or unskilled of masons, carpenters, Amador, etc.,

COMPLETE ESTIMATE

Most of people think that the estimate of a structure includes cost of land, cost of materials
and labor, but many other direct and indirect costs included and are shown below.
1.3.7 LUMPSUM
While preparing an estimate, it is not possible to work out in detail in case of petty
items. Items other than civil engineering such items are called lump sum items or simply
L.S.Items.

The following are some of L.S. Items in the estimate.

1. Water supply and sanitary arrangements.

2. Electrical installations like meter, motor, etc.,

3. Architectural features.

4. Contingencies and unforeseen items.

In general, certain percentage on the cost of estimation is allotted for the above L.S.Items
Even if sub estimates prepared or at the end of execution of work, the actual cost should not exceed
the L.S.amounts provided in the main estimate.
1.3.8 WORK CHARGED ESTABLISHMENT:

During the construction of a project considerable number of skilled supervisors, work

assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis. The salaries of these persons are
drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards the work charged establishment. That is,
establishment which is charged directly to work. AnL.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost
is provided towards the work charged establishment.
 UNIT II
ESTIMATION OF BUILDINGS
METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES

The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinthand super
structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods:

a) Long wall - short wall method

b) Centre line method.

c) Partly centre line and short wall method.

LONG WALL-SHORT WALL METHOD

In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be longwall while the
wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get thelength of long wall or short wall,
calculate first the centre line lengths of individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out)
may be calculated after adding half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the length of
short wall

Measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from its centre linelength at
each end. The length of long wall usually decreases from earth work tobrick work in super
structure while the short wall increases. These lengths aremultiplied by breadth and depth
to getquantities.

CENTRE LINE METHOD

This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line length
is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity at a time.
When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the centre line length gets
reduced by half of breadth for each junction. Such junction or joints are studied carefully while
calculating total centreline length. The estimates prepared by this method are most accurate and
quick.
PARTLY CENTRE LINE AND PARTLY CROSS WALL METHOD

This method is adopted when external (i.e., around the building) wall is of one thickness
and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, centre line method is applied to
external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to internal walls. This method suits for
different thicknesses walls and different level of foundations. Because of this reason, all
Engineering departments are practicing this method.

DETAILED ESTIMATE

The preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out quantities of various items
of work and then determines the cost of each item. This is prepared in two stages.

I) DETAILS OF MEASUREMENTS AND CALCULATION OF QUANTITIES

The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work concreting,
brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements are taken from drawings and
entered in respective columns of prescribed preformed. The quantities are calculated by
multiplying the values that are in numbers column to Depth column as shown below:

Details of measurements form

ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost:

 The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already computed in
the details measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is worked out in the prescribed
form is known as abstract of estimated form. 4%of estimated Cost is allowed for Petty Supervision,
contingencies and Unforeseen items.

Types of Estimates

ABSTRACT OF ESTIMATE FORM

The detailed estimate should accompanied with

I) Report
ii) Specification
iii) Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
iv) Design charts and calculations
v) Standard schedule of rates.

FACTORS TO BE CONSISDERED WHILE PREPARING DETAILED

ESTIMATE

i) Quantity and transportation of materials:

For bigger project, the requirement of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials
will be purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.

ii) Location of site:

The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce damage or in transit during loading,
unloading, stocking of materials.

iii) Local labor charges:

The skill, suitability and wages of local labors are considered while preparing the detailed
estimate.
DATA

The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as Data. In
preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labor are obtained from current standard
scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and labor required for one unit of item
are taken from Standard Data Book
UNIT V
RATE ANALYSIS
FIXING OF RATE PER UNIT OF AN ITEM

The rate per unit of an item includes the following:

1) Quantity of materials & cost:

The requirement of materials is taken strictly in accordance with standard data

book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first cost, freight, insurance and transportation
charges.

2) Cost of labour:

The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and the multiplied by the wages/
day to get of labour for unit item work.

3) Cost of equipment (T&P):

Some works need special type of equipment, tools and plant. In such case, an amount of
1 to 2% of estimated cost is provided.

4)Overhead charges:

To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of equipment salaries of staff postage,

lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is allocated.
METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE ESTIMATE

Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects of work of

project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of commercial projects, whether
the net income earned justifies the amount invested or not. The approximate estimate is prepared
from the practical knowledge and cost of similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report
duely explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site or layout plan. A percentage
5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are the methods used for preparation of
approximate estimates.

a) Plinth area method

b) Cubical contents methods

c) Unit base method.

Plinth area method

The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth area rate. The area
is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth
area rate, careful observation and necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity
aspect of materials and labour, type of foundation, height of building, roof,

UNIT-I 1. 15

wood work, fixtures, number of storey’s etc., As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas

include while calculating the plinth area of building

Types of Estimates

a) Area of walls at floor level.

b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0m2, lifts, air-conditioning ducts
etc.,

c) Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one
side constructed on one side constructed on terraced roof which is used as shelter during
rainy season.

d) Porches of non cantilever type.

Areas which are not to include

a) Area of lofts.

b) Unenclosed balconies.

c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,

 d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.

e) Box louvers and vertical sunbreakers.

Cubical Contents Method

This method is generally used for multistoreyed buildings. It is more accurate that the
other two methods viz., plinth area method and unit base method. The cost of a structure is
calculated approximately as the total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local
Cubic Rate. The volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length
and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set. The cost of string course,
cornice, corbelling etc., is neglected. The cost of building= volume of buildings x rate/ unit
volume.

PROBLEMS

1.5.1 Estimation of different foundations, steps and boundary walls.

Example : 1 From the Drawing given below determine (a) Earth work excavation

(b) CC (1:5:10) Bed (c) R.R.Masonry in C.M. (1:6) (d)

Brick Work in C.M.(1:6).
Single Roomed Building (Load Bearing type structure)
Measurement of Materials and Works Long wall - Short wall Method

UNIT-I 1. 17
1. From the Drawing given below determine (a) Earth work excavation
(b) CC (1:5:10) Bed (c) R.R.Masonry in C.M. (1:6) (d) Brick Work in
C.M.(1:6). by
(a) longwall - short wall method

(b) Centre line Method

1. 23
 ESTIMATION AND VALUATION
UNIT II
ESTIMATE OF BUILDINGS

UNIT-II 2. 1
CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO TOPICS

TECHNICAL TERMS

LOAD BEARING AND FRAMED STRUCTURES

Load bearing

Cubical content Method

Unit base method

Framed structures

pitched roof

Stair case

Compound wall

TECHNICAL TERMS

1. RETAINING WALL

It is a structure designed and constructed to resist the lateral pressure of soil when
there is a desired change in ground elevation that exceeds the angle of repose of
the soil.

2. AQUEDUCT
 It is a water supply or navigable channel (conduit) constructed to convey water.
In modern engineering, the term is used for any system of pipes, ditches, canals,
tunnels, and other structures used for this purpose

3. ARCH

It is a structure that spans a space while supporting weight.

4. PITCHED ROOF

It is a roof structure where the roof leans to one side of the house

5. FLAT ROOF

It is a type of covering of a building. In contrast to the sloped form of a roof, a flat

roof is horizontal or nearly horizontal.

6. CULVERT

It is device used to channel water. It may be used to allow water to pass underneath
a road, railway, or embankment

7. FORMWORK

It is the term given to either temporary or permanent moulds into which concrete
or similar materials are poured. In the context of concrete construction, the false
work supports the shuttering moulds.

8. LOAD BEARING

It is one in which a wall of a structure bears the weight and force resting upon it,
conducting the vertical load from the upper structure to the foundation.

9. HANDRAIL

It is a rail that is designed to be grasped by the hand so as to provide stability or

support.

10. TREAD:

It means horizontal upper portion of a step.

2. 2
UNIT-II 2. 3

11. RISER:

This is the vertical portion of a step. It means the vertical distance between the
horizontal surfaces of two consecutive steps.

12. LANDING:

This is a horizontal platform provided at the head of a series of step.

13. NOSING:

This is the outer projecting edge of a tread.

14. FLIGHT:

This is consists of series of steps provided between the landings.

15. FLATSLAB:

A flat slab is reinforced concrete slab supported directly over the columns without
beams. Generally used when head room is limited. Such as in cellars and
warehouses.

16. PANEL:

Panel is that the part of the slab bounded on each of its form sides by the centre line
of columns or center lines of adjacent spans.

17. DROP:

The drop panel is formed by increasing the thickness of slab in vicinity of

supporting column.

18. COLUMN HEAD:

The column head or capital located by flaring of the column at the top is primarily
intended to increase the punching shear of the slab.

19. BRICK MASONRY:

Masonry structures are built using masonry units and mortar.

20. MASONRY WALL:

Masonry walls are constructed using bricks and mortar.

21. MORTAR:

Masonry units are bonded together using mortars.

2. 4
Load bearing and framed structures

Load bearing(Problems on Plinth Area Method)

Example 2.1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with totalplinth area of all
building is 800 sqm. and from following data.

i) Plinth area rate Rs. 4500 per sqm

ii) Cost of water supply @7½%of cost of building.

iii) Cost of Sanitary andElectrical installations each @ 7½% of cost ofbuilding. iv)

Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.

v) Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.

vi) Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building cost. Determine the
total cost of building project.

Solution:

Data given:

Plinth area = 800m2

Plinth area rate = Rs. 4500 per Sq.m

Cost of building = 800 x 4500 = Rs. 36,00,000=00

Example 2:The plinth area of an apartment is 500 sqm. Determine the totalcost of building

from the following data:

UNIT-II 2. 5
UNIT-II 2. 6
Example3: The plinth area and plinth area rate of a residential building are100 sqm and
Rs. 5000/-

respectively. Determine the total cost of building assumingsuitable provisions.

Example 4 :Prepare an approximate Estimate of a proposed building from the following?

UNIT-II 2. 7

UNIT-II 2. 8
Plinth area of the building = 226 sqm.

Cost of the structure = 2500 per

sqm.

Water supply and sanitary

arangements = 12½%

Electrification =7%

Fluctuation of rates = 5% petty

supervision charges = 3%

Sol: Cost of Building = 226x 2500 = Rs.5,65,000

Water supply & Sanitary arrangements @ 12½ %

Cubical content Method:

Example 5 :Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commercial complexfor a municipal
corporation for the following data.

Plinth Area = 500m2/floor Ht of

each storey = 3.5m
No. of storey’s = G+2

Cubical content rate = Rs. 1000/m3

Provided for a following as a percentage of structured cost

a) water supply & Sanitary arrangement -8%

b) Electrification -6%

c) Fluctuation of rates - 5%

d) Contractors profit - 10%

e) Petty supervision & contingencies - 3%

Sol :
Cubical content = No. of storey’s (Plinth Area x height of each storey)= 3(500x3.5) = 5250m3

UNIT-II 2. 8
Structural cost = Cubical content x cubical content rate= 5250 x 1000 = 52.5 Lakhs

Unit Base Method

Example 2.6: Prepare an approximate estimate or rough cost estimate of ahospital building for
50 beds. The cost of construction altogether for each bed isRs. 60,000/-. Determine the total cost
of hospital building.

Solution:

No. of beds = 50

Cost of construction = Rs. 60,000/-

Total Cost of Hospital building = 50x 60,000= Rs. 30,00,000/-

Example 2.7: To prepare the rough cost estimate of a hostel building whichaccommodate 150
students. The cost of construction including all provisions isRs. 15,000/- per student. Determine
total cost of building.
Solution :

No.of students= 150

Cost of construction including all L.S. provisions = Rs.

15,000/-Total Cost of hostel building =150 x 15000 = Rs.
22,50,000/-(Rupees twenty two lakhs, fifty thousand only)

UNIT-II 2. 9

Example 2.8: From the given figure below calculate the detailed and abstract estimate for the
single roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by
a) long wall & short wall method

b) Centre Line Method

UNIT-II 2. 10
UNIT-II 2. 13
UNIT-II 2. 12

UNIT-II 2. 15
UNIT-II 2. 17
UNIT-II 2. 14
UNIT-II 2. 19
UNIT-II 2. 16
Example :2.9From the given figure below calculate the details and abstract estimate for the double
roomed building (Load bearing type structure) by a) long wall & short wall method
(b) Centre Line Method

UNIT-II 2. 21
UNIT-II 2. 23
UNIT-II 2. 24
UNIT-II 2. 25
UNIT-II 2. 26
Example 2.10 From the given figure below calculate the details and abstractestimate for
the single Storied residential buildingwith no of rooms (Load bearing type structure) by
Centre Line Method

UNIT-II 2. 22

UNIT-II
UNIT-II
UNIT-II 2. 24
UNIT-II 2. 25
FRAMED STRUCTURES

Example 2.11 From the given figure below calculate the details and abstractestimate for the

single storied residential building withno. of rooms (Framed Structured type) by Centre

Line

Method

UNIT-II 2. 32
UNIT-II 2. 27
UNIT-II 2. 34
UNIT-II 2. 29
Example 2.12 From the given figure below calculate the details and abstractestimate for the

two storied residential building withno. of rooms (Framed Structured type) by Centre Line

Method

UNIT-II 2. 36
UNIT-II 2. 31
 PITCHED ROOF
Example 2.13Estimate the Quantities of the pictured roof shown in figure

a) Size of common rafter = 80x40mm

b) Size of ridge piece = 120x 200mm

c) Size of eaves board = 20 x 300mm

UNIT-II 2. 32
STAIRCASE

Example 2.14Calculate the quantities of items of the stair case of the figure shown in below.
UNIT-II 2. 33
UNIT-II 2. 34
COMPOUND WALL
Example 2.15 From the given figure below calculate the details estimatefor the Compound Wall

Note: 1) Brick
Pillars of size
230x 230 size
are built every 3
meters 2) The
expansion joints are provided for every 6m length

UNIT-II 2. 35
UNIT-II 2. 36
Example 2.16Estimation of basement steps (one way)

UNIT-II 2. 37
 2. 41

TOPICS Unit-I

1. units for various items of work Ans:-.

Sl no. Particulars of item Units of measurement Units of payment
1. Earthwork in excavation cum Per cum
2. Earth work in filling in cum Per cum
plinth
3. Lime concrete in cum Per cum
foundation
4. Cement concrete in lintels cum Per cum
5. RCC in slab cum Per cum
6. Brickwork in foundation cum Per cum
7. Brickwork in plinth cum Per cum
8. Brickwork in cum Per cum
super structure
9. Stone masonry cum Per cum
10. Steel reinforcement bars Quintal Per Quintal
etc. in RCC and
reinforced brick work
11. Bending, binding of steel Quintal Per Quintal
reinforcement

2. General items of work for building estimates in detail.

Ans:-
1. Earthwork in excavation
2. Earth work in filling in plinth
3. Lime concrete in foundation
4. Cement concrete in lintels
5. RCC in slab
6. Brickwork in foundation
7. Brickwork in plinth
8. Brickwork in super structure
9. Stone masonry
10. Steel reinforcement bars etc. in RCC and reinforced brick work
11. Bending, binding of steel reinforcement

3. Calculate the quantity of concrete shown in the figure

Ans:-

Height = 0.80m
Length = 1.20m
Width = 1.80m
Rise = 0.20m
Tread 0.30m

1st step = 1 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.108 cu m

2nd step = 2 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.216 cu m
3rd step = 3 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.324 cu m
 4th step = 4 x (0.30x0.20x1.80) = 0.432 cu m
Total Quantity = 1.080 cu m

4.
5.
 UNIT III
CHAPTER 1.1 ESTIMATION OF EARTH WORK
1. Draw the tabular form for the calculation of earthwork with the following methods.
(a) Mid – ordinate method and (b) Mean – sectional area method.

2. Calculate the volume of earthwork for 100.00m length of road in a uniform ground.
Height of the bank at one end is 0.75m and at the other end 1.20m. Formation width
is 10.00m and side slopes of embankment are 2:1. Ground does not have any cross slope.
Calculate the volume of earthwork by
1. mid sectional area method
2. Mean sectional area method
3. Trapezoidal method and
4. Prismoidal method
1. Ans:-
4. Lead and lift.
Ans: -
Earth work may be either earth excavation or earth filling or Sometimes both. Basically the
volume of earthwork is computed from length, breadth, and depth of excavation or filling.
However the payment for the earthwork is made according to this volume as well as the lead
and lift with regard to area of disposal.
Lead is the average horizontal distance b/w site of earthwork and the area of disposal. The lead
is generally measured in terms of 50m distances.
Lift is the average vertical distance b/w level of excavation and the to the place of spreading or
heaping. The unit of lift is 2.00m for first lift and one extra lift for every 1.0m.
For example, when earth is to be lifted for 4.5m, four
lifts are to be paid to the contractor.i.e.
-Up to 2.0-1lif
-1.0- 1 lift
-1.0-1 lift
- 0.5 – 1 lift

Define and explain regarding Earth work embankment?

The stability of the formation depends, apart from other factors, upon the sub grade material
and the methods of construction. Experience has shown that many of the problems in the
maintenance of the track are due to incorrect methods of execution of earthwork. In order to
have certain uniformity in practices, guidelines have been laid down by Indian Railways for the
execution of earthwork in embankments and cuttings in new constructions, doubling, and
conversion projects. These guidelines, given briefly in the following sections, are required to be
modified to suit local conditions and prevailing circumstances.
Explain the following (a) Market rate.
(b) Work-charged establishment. (c)
Lump-sum.
Ans: -
a) Market rate: - The rates worked out based on market enquiry/ quotations and applying the
percentage above/ below for similar quoted trade items plus overheads and profit. Alternately
rates worked out for material/ labour based on paid bills/ vouchers produced by contractor plus
profit.
b) Work-charged establishment:- During the construction of a project considerable number
of
skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards The
work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly to
work. An L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the
work charged establishment.
c) Lump-sum: - A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments
made over time (such as an annuity).

1. Calculate the quantity of materials and analyze the

rate required for lime concrete in foundation with
25mm size stone ballast, lime and sand. Proportions 1:2:4
for 1 cu.m

(a) Market rate: - The rates worked out based on market enquiry/ quotations and applying the
percentage above/ below for similar quoted trade items plus overheads and profit. Alternately rates
worked out for material/ labour based on paid bills/ vouchers produced by contractor plus profit.
 (b) Work-charged establishment:- During the construction of a project considerable number
of skilled supervisors, work assistance, watch men etc., are employed on temporary basis.
The salaries of these persons are drawn from the L.S. amount allotted towards The
work charged establishment. That is, establishment which is charged directly to
work. An L.S.amount of 1½ to 2% of the estimated cost is provided towards the
work charged establishment.
Lump-sum:- A lump sum is a single payment of money, as opposed to a series of payments made
over time (such as an annuity).

standard schedule of rates

In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining
the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit

Prepare Purpose of Rate Analysis?

Ans: -
In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that item are
studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of determining the
rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.
The rate of particular item of work depends on the following:
1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and constructional
operation method.
2. Quantity of materials and their costs.
3. Cost of labours and their wages.
4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance charges.
5. Overhead and establishment charges
6. Profit
Purpose of Analysis of rates:
1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.
2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the particulars
item.

1. End anchorage, types of end anchorages

A mechanical device used to transmit prestressing force to the reinforced concrete in a post
tensioned member.

2. Development length of reinforcement

 A development length can be defined as the amount of reinforcement(bar) length needed to be
embedded or projected into the column to establish the desired bond strength between the concrete
and steel (or any other two types of material).
When the reinforcement bar is no longer required to carry the tensile forces, i.e tension at that
section is about zero, and then it is required to develop the bar further so that the grip/bond between
the steel and concrete forms a continuous structure.
If the development length is not provided, then the restraining force in concrete section will be
comparatively thin (weak) and will be unable to withhold the position of highly stressed bars
resulting in splitting of bars from concrete.

3. Prepare a detailed estimate if a R.C.C beams of 8 meters clear span and 75cm x 40cm
in section from the given drawing. Steel in detail and RCC work shall be calculated
separately. Also prepare the schedule of bars.

UNIT - III

SPECIFICATION

GENERAL OR BRIEF SPECIFICATION:

This gives the nature and class of the work and materials in general terms, to be used in the
various parts of work, from the foundation to the superstructure. It is a short description of
different parts of work specifying materials, proportions, qualities, etc., General
specifications give general idea of the whole work or structure and are useful for preparing
for estimate

DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS

DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS OF EXCAVATIONS, FILLING AND

BACKFILLING
Scope of Work

The scope for work covered under this specifications pertain to excavation of
foundations, trenches, pits and over areas, in all sorts of soil, soft and hard rock, correct to
dimensions given in the drawing including shoring, protections of existing underground utilities
of any, such as water lines, electric cables etc. dewatering and shoring if necessary, stacking the
useful materials as directed within the lead specified, refilling around the foundation and into
the plinth with selected useful excavated earth and disposing off the surplus earth / materials
within specified lead and finishing the surface to proper levels, slopes and camber etc. all
complete.

Site Clearance:

Before the earth work is started the area coming under cutting and filling shall be cleared
of all obstruction, loose stones, shrubs, rank vegetation, grass, bushes and rubbish removed up
to a distance of 150 metres outside the periphery of the area under clearance. This work is
deemed to be included in the earthwork item rate and no separate payment will be admissible.

Roots and Vegetation clearance:

The roots of trees if any shall be removed to a minimum depth of 60 cm below ground
level or a minimum of 30 cm below formation level whichever is lower and the hollows filled
up with earth leveled and rammed. This work is deemed to be included in the earthwork items
and no separate payment will be admissible for the work. Any material obtained from the site
will be the property of the Government of India and the useful materials as decided by the
Engineer-in-charge will be conveyed and properly stacked as directed within the lead specified.

Setting out and making profiles:

Masonry or concrete pillars will be erected at suitable points in the area to serve as
benchmarks for the execution of the work. These benchmarks shall be connected with G.T.S.
or any other permanent benchmark approved by the Engineer-in-charge. Necessary profiles
with pegs, bamboos and strings or Burjis shall be made to show the correct formation levels
before the work is started. The contractor shall supply labour and materials for setting out and
making profiles and Burjis for the work at his own cost and the same shall be maintained during
the excavation work. The Department will show grid co-ordinate or other reference points. It
shall bethe responsibility of the contractor to set out center lines correctly with reference to the
drawings and install substantial reference marks. Checking of such alignment by the
Department will not absolve the contractor from his responsibility to execute the work strictly
in accordance with the drawings.

Excavation:

The contractor shall notify the Engineer-in-charge before starting excavation and before
the ground is disturbed, to enable him to take existing level for the purpose of measurements.
The ground levels shall be taken at 5 to 15 metres intervals in uniformly sloping ground and at
closer distance where local mounds, pits, or undulations are met with, as directed by the
Engineer-in-charge. The ground levels shall be recorded in field books and plotted on plans,
which shall be signed by the Contractor and the Engineer-in-charge, before the earthwork is
actually started. The labour required for taking levels, shall be supplied by the Contractor at his
own cost. The Contractor shall perform excavation in all types of soils, murrum, soft and hard
rock, boulders etc. in foundation, over areas and in trenches to widths, lines, levels, grades and
curves as shown in the drawing or lesser widths, lines, levels, grades and levels as directed by
the Engineer-in-charge and per items in the schedule of quantities.
The item in the schedule of quantities shall specify the excavation in trenches or over areas.
For this purpose, the excavation for any depth in trenches for foundation not exceeding 1.5m
in width or 10sqm. on plan shall be described as excavation in foundation trenches. Excavation
exceeding 1.5m in width as well as 10sqm. on plan (excluding trenches for pipes, cables etc.)
and exceeding 30cm in depth shall be described as excavation over areas. Excavation
exceeding 1.5m in width as well as 10sqm. on plan but not exceeding 30cm.

in depth shall be described as surface Excavation.

Classification of Earth work:

The earthwork shall be classified under the following main categories and measured
separately for each category. All types of soil, murrum, boulders, Soft rock, Hard rock.

All types of Soils, Murrum, Boulders:

 This includes earth, murrum, top deposits of agricultural soil, reclaimed soil, clay, sand
or any combination thereof ad soft and hard murrum, shingle etc. which is loose enough to be
removed with spadies, shovel and pick axes. Boulders not more than 0.03 cum. in volume found
during the course of excavation shall also fall under this classification.

Excavation in Soft Rock:

This shall include all materials which are rock or hard conglomerate, all decomposed
weathered rock, highly fissured rock, old masonry, boulders bigger than 0.03 cum, in volume
but not bigger than 0.5 cum. and other varieties of soft rock which can be removed only with
pick axes, crow bars, wedges and hammers with some difficulty. The mere fact that the
contractor resorts to blasting and / or wedging and chiseling of reasons of his own, shall not
mean the rock is classifiable as hard rock.

Excavation in Hard Rock :

This includes all rock other than soft rock mentioned in para above 1.5.1 (b) viz.
soft rock, occurring in masses, boulders having approximate volume more than 0.5 cum. plain
or reinforced cement concrete, which can best be removed by chiseling and wedging where
blasting cannot be permitted owing to any restriction at site.

Excavation in Hard Rock by Chiseling and Wedging:

Where blasting is not permitted and if the Engineer-in-charge so desires, the excavation
shall be done by chiseling and wedging or any other agreed method.

Note: All the excavated hard rock obtained shall be stacked properly and neatly within the
specified lead by the contractor as directed by the Engineer-in-charge

Excavation:

The excavation under all classifications in areas in trenches or in pits shall be carried
out systematically. Cutting shall be done from top to bottom and not under pining or under
cutting will be allowed. The bottom and sides of excavation shall be dressed to proper level,
slopes, steps, camber etc. by removing high spots and ramming thoroughly as directed by the
Engineerin-charge. All the excavation shall be carried out strictly to the dimensions given in
the drawing. The width shall generally be of the width of mudmat concrete and depth as shown
in drawing or as directed by the Engineer-in-charge, according to availability of the desired
bearing capacity of soil below. Any excavation if taken below the specified depths and levels,
the contractor shall at his own cost fill up such over cut to the specified level with cement
concrete 1:4:8 in case of excavation in all types of soils an with cement concrete 1:2:4 in case
of excavation soft and hard rock. After the excavation is completed, the contractor shall notify
the Engineer-in-charge to that effect and no further work shall be taken up until the Engineer-
in-charge has approved the depth and dimensions an also the nature of foundation materials,
levels and measurements shall also be recorded prior to taking up any further work.

Shoring:

Unless separately provided for in the schedule of quantities, the quoted rate for
excavation shall include excavation of slopes to prevent falling in soil by providing and / or
fixing, maintaining and removing of shorting, bracing etc. The contractor would be responsible
for the design of shoring for proper retaining of sides of trenches, pits etc. with due
consideration to the traffic, superimposed loads etc. shoring shall be of sufficient strength to
resist the pressure and ensure safety from slips and to prevent damage to work and property
and injury to persons. It shall be removed as directed after items for which It is required are
completed should the slips occur, the slipped materials shall be removed and slope dressed to
a modified stable slope. Removal of the slipped earth will not be measured for payment.

Dewatering:

Unless specifically provided for as a separate item in the schedule of quantities, rate
shall also include bailing or pumping out all water which may accumulate in the excavation
during the progress of further works such as mud mat concrete, R.C. footings, shuttering etc.
either due to seepage, springs, rain or any other cause and diverting surface flow by bunds or
other means. Care shall be taken to ensure that the water discharged sufficiently away from the
foundations keep it free from nuisance to other works in the neighborhood.

Disposal of Excavated Materials:

Antiquities:

Any finds of archeological interest such as relics of antiquity, coins, fossils or other
articles of value shall be delivered to the Engineer-in-charge and shall be the property of the
Government.

Useful Materials:
 Any material obtained from the excavation which in the opinion of the Engineerncharge
is useful, shall be stacked separately in regular stacks as directed by the Engineerincharge and
shall be the property of the Government. No material excavated from foundation trenches of
whatever kind they may be are to be placed even temporarily nearer than about 3m from the
outer edge of excavation. Discretion of the Engineer-in-charge in such cases is final. All
materials excavated will remain the property of the Department. Rate for excavation includes
sorting out of the useful materials and stacking them separately as directed within the specific
lead. Material suitable and useful for backfilling or there use shall be stacked in convenient
place but not in such a way as to obstruct free movement of materials, workers and vehicles or
encroach on the area required for constructional purposes. It shall be used to the extent required
to completely backfill the structure to original ground level or other elevation shown on the
plan or as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. Materials not useful in anyway shall be disposed
off, leveled and compacted as directed by the Engineer-in-charge within a specified lead. The
site shall be left clan of all debris and leveled on completion.

Backfilling in sides of Foundations, Plinth, Under Floor etc:

The backfilling shall be done after the concrete or masonry has fully set and shall be done
in such a way as not to cause under-thrust on any part of the structure. Where suitable excavated
material is to be used for backfilling, it shall be brought from the place where it was temporarily
deposited and shall be used in backfilling. The scope of work for backfilling/ filling in
foundation, plinth, under floors etc. shall include filling for all the buildings covered under the
contract. Surplus earth available from one building, if required, shall be used for backfilling
filling for other buildings also within the specified lead mentioned in the item. All timber shoring
and form work left in the trenches, pits, floors etc. shall be removed after
their necessity ceases and trash of any sort shall be cleared out from the excavation. All the
space between foundation masonry or concrete and the sides of excavation shall be backfilled
to the original surface with approved materials in layers not exceeding 150mm, in thickness,
watered and well consolidated by means of rammers to at least 90% of the consolidation. Areas
inaccessible to mechanical equipment such as areas adjacent to walls and columns etc. shall be
tamped by hand rammer or by hand held power rammers to the required density. The backfill
shall be uniform in character and free from large lumps, stones. shingle or boulder not larger
than 75mm. in any direction, salt, clods, organic or other foreign materials which might rot.
The backfilling in plinth and under floor shall be well consolidated by means of mechanical or
hand operated rammers as specified to achieve the required density. Test to establish proper
consolidation as required will be carried out by the Department at rates specified. Two tests
per 50 sqm. will be taken to ascertain the proper consolidation. The cost of tests carried out
will be recovered from the contractor’s bill.

Filling in Plinth and Under Floors:

After the available suitable excavated materials are exhausted as backfilling, the
contractor shall notify the Engineer-in-charge of the fact and levels taken jointly with
Engineerin- charge. The earth, murrum, sand, gravel etc. or such materials suitable for filling
proposed to be filled under floors and so mentioned in t he item of schedule of quantities shall
then be brought to site from approved locations and sources.

Earth Filling:

The earth, soft murrum etc. so brought shall be filled up in layers of 15 cm depth, each
layer being well watered and consolidated by approved hand or mechanical tampers or other
suitable means to achieve the required density.

Gravel or sand filling:

Gravel if required to be filled under floors, shall be single washed gravel of approved
quality and of size varying from 12mm t0 20mm. it shall be uniformly blind with approved type
of soil and / or sand to obtain full compaction. Gravel shall be filled in specified thickness and
shall be well watered and rammed entirely to the satisfaction of the Engineer-in-charge.If sand is
required to be filled under floors, it shall be clean, medium grained and free from impurities.
The filled in sand shall be kept flooded with water for 24hrs. to ensure maximum consolidation
shall be done by the contractor at his own cost. The surface shall

then be well dressed and got approved from Engineer-in-charge before any other work is
taken over the fill.

Lead and Lift:

Lead: The lead for disposal / deposition of excavated materials shall be as specified in the
respective item of work. For the purpose of measurements of lead, the area to be excavated or
filled or area on which excavated material is to be deposited/ disposed off shall be divided in
suitable blocks and for each of the block, the distance between center lines shall be taken as
the leads which shall be measured by the shortest straight line route on the plan and not the
actual route adopted.

Lift: Lift shall be measured from ground level. Excavation up to 1.5m depth below ground
level and depositing excavated material on the ground shall be included in the item of
earthwork for various kinds of soil. Extra lift shall be measured in unit of 1.5m or part thereof.
Obvious lift shall only be measured that is lifts inherent in the lead due to ground slope shall
not be measured, except for lead up to 250m. All excavation shall be measured in successive
stages of 1.5m stating the commencing level. This shall not apply to cases where no lift is
involved as in hill side cutting.

Mode of Measurements:

All excavation in areas having depth more than 30cm. pits, trenches etc. shall be
measured net. The dimensions for the purpose of payment shall be reckoned on the horizontal
area of the excavations for the purpose of payment shall be reckoned on the horizontal area of
the excavation at the base for foundations of the walls, columns, footings, rafts or other
foundations, multiplied by the mean depth from the surface of ground determined by levels.
Excavation for side slopes will not be paid for. Excavation in areas having depths less than 30
cms. shall be measured as surface excavation on square meter basis, mentioning the average
depth of excavation.

Reasonable working space beyond concrete dimension required for waterproofing and
shuttering where considered necessary in the opinion of Engineer-in-charge will be allowed in
execution and considered for payment for underground water tank, sump septic tank etc.

Where direct measurements of rock excavation are not possible, volume of rock can be
calculated on the basis of length, breadth, and depth of stacks made at site as mentioned in para
1.5.1 (c). The net volume shall be worked out by reducing it by 40% taking the voids into
consideration as 40%. Similarly to arrive at net quantity to be paid in the case of soil, reduction
at 20% of corresponding stack / truck measurements shall be made. The rate for excavation
shall include carting and disposing and leveling the excavated materials within the specified
lead. The rate shall also be inclusive of cost of all tools, plants, explosives, shoring, dewatering
at various stages, labour, materials etc. to complete all the operations specified.

The backfilling and consolidation in sides of foundation and in plinth with excavated
material will not be paid for separately. The rate quoted for excavation shall be deemed to
have been included the cost of stacking of excavated materials, conveying within the
specified lead, picking of selected stacked materials, conveying it to the place of final
backfill, compaction to the required proctor density etc. Payment for filling and consolidation
inside the trenches, sides of foundations, plinth etc. with selected materials brought by the
contractor other than the excavated material, shall be paid for separately as per the rates in
schedule of quantities which includes cost of such materials/ excavation, royalty, its
conveyance within the specified lead, watering, consolidating, dressing etc. Actual quantity
of consolidated filling shall be measured and paid in cubic meters up to two places of
decimal. The rate quoted in cum. for items of excavation is deemed to include the necessary
additional quantity of excavation involved beyond the plan dimensions of the work which
may be necessary to be carried out for carrying out the work in an engineering made, decided
upon by the contractor. Therefore no extra payment will be made for any excavation done
other than the required quantity as per the plan dimension indicated in the drawings.
Measurements for excavation over areas shall be determined by levels or by "Dead men" or
both at the discretion of the Engineer-in-charge. If however the Engineer-in-charge decided
on measurement by levels, levels of site shall be jointly taken and recorded by the
Engineerincharge or his representatives and the contractor, before commencement of the
work and after completion of the work and the quantity of work done shall be computed
based on these levels. The volume of earth work shall be computed based on "Simpson's
formula ' or any other approved method at the discretion of the Engineer-in-charge.
HARD CORE / SOLING UNDER FLOORS / FOUNDATIONS:

Scope of work:

The work covered under this specification includes all type of soling work either by
bricks or by rubble stones laid under floors / foundations, hand packed, complete as per
specification mentioned below and applicable drawings.

Rubble Stone Soling:

The rubble stone shall be of best variety of black trap / granite / basalt or other approved-
variety of stone available locally. The stone shall be hard, durable free from defects and of
required size and shall be approved by the Engineer-in-charge.

Preparation of Surface:
 The bed on which rubble soling is to be laid shall be cleared of all loose materials,
leveled, watered ad compacted and got approved by the Engineer-in-charge before laying
rubble soling. Cable or pipe trenches if shown in the drawing and as required by the Engineer-
in-charge shall be got done before the soling is started.

Workmanship:

Over the prepared surface, the stone shall be set as closely as possible and well packed
and firmly set. The stones shall be of full height and shall be laid so as to have their bases of
the largest area resting on the sub-grade. Soling shall be laid in one layer of 230mm or 150mm
depth or specified thickness of soling with a tolerance of 25mm. After packing the stones
properly in position, the interstices between them shall be carefully filled with quarry spoils or
stone chips of larger size possible to obtain a bard, compact surface. Spreading of loose spoils
or stone chips is prohibited. The entire surface shall be examined for any protrusions and the
same shall be knocked off by a hammer and all interstices shall be filled with approved murrum.
Excess murrum if any over the surfaces shall be removed. Unless other wise specified, the
murrum shall be supplied by the contractor at his own cost from the selected area. The surfaces
shall then be watered and consolidated with mechanical or sufficiently heavy wooden tampers
and log-rammers as approved by the Engineer. After compaction, the Engineer-in-charge to
give the required slope or level and dense sub-base and the surface shall present clean look.
Adequate care shall be taken by the contractor while laying and compacting the rubble soling
to see that concrete surfaces in contact with soling are not damaged.

Mode of Measurement:

The quoted rate shall be per square metre of the soling of specified thickness. The linear
dimension shall be measured up to two places of decimals of a metre and are worked out correct
to the two places of decimals of a square metre. Plan areas of soling work actually done limiting
to the dimensions as per drawings shall be measured for payment. The rate shall include all the
materials labour, transport etc. and no extra payment shall be made for work done at different
levels. The rate shall also include the cost of preparation of surface, all materials and labour,
watering, consolidation etc. all complete

4. Contracts and types of contracts

 There are different types of construction contracts and their comparison is presented in this
construction works as per certain terms and conditions.
A construction contracts contains general and special conditions of agreement, details of
construction project work, their specifications, time limits, payments and penalties for
delivery delays etc. and ensures every party’s rights and obligations.

valuations
1. Types of valuations?
a. Rental Method of Valuation
b. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
c. Valuation based on the profit
d. Valuation based on the cost
e. Development method of Valuation

2. Devaluation and purpose of valuation.

To find out the exact cost of particular asset and know the present price of that asset. It is
generally carried out once the construction of the house has come to an end or during its
life. A valuation can help you to evaluate the current market value of your house.

Market capitalization/capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of size of a business

enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding (shares
that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors) of a public company.

3. Detailed specifications of the following items of works.

(a) Colour washing
White wash shall be prepared from lime slaked on site and stirred with sufficient water to make
a thin cream. This shall be allowed to stand for 24 hours and shall be screened though clean
cloth, 4 kg of gum dissolved in hot water shall be added to each cubic meter of the cream (115
gm per cft) copper Sulphate not exceeding 3% shall be added to give required whiteness. The
approximate quantity of water to be added to make cream shall be five liters per kg. Of lime.
White wash shall be applied in specified coats by a dispersing agent; detergent up to a maximum
of 5% will be added to the mix before application using flat brushes or spray pumps. Each coat
shall be allowed to dry before the next coat is applied .If additional coat then what have been
specified are necessary to obtain uniform and smooth finish, it shall be given at no extra cost.

4. Sinking fund
A sinking fund is a fund established by an economic entity by setting aside revenue over a
period of time to fund a future capital expense, or repayment of a long-term debt.
In North America and elsewhere where it is common for public and private corporations to
raise funds through the issue of bonds, the term is normally used in this context. However, in
the United Kingdom and elsewhere where the issue of bonds (other than government bonds) is
unusual, and where long-term leasehold tenancies are common, the term is only normally used
in the context of replacement or renewal of capital assets, particularly the common parts of
buildings.
 5. Conditions for termination of contract?
Termination of contract is considered to be lawful when a legitimate reason exists to end the
contract before performance has been completed. Some of the more common reasons for
termination of contract may include:
Impossibility of Performance: Fulfilling contract terms is called “performance”. Some situations
may make performance of contract terms impossible. For example, in a contract for a musical
concert, the contract may sometimes be terminated if the performer becomes incapacitated.
Instances of Mistake, Fraud, or Misrepresentation: If the contract was formed under conditions
involving mistake, misrepresentation, or fraud, the contract may be terminated, since it was not
formed according to sound contract principles.
Breach of Contract: In a contract, both parties usually have duties to fulfill. If one party fails to
perform their duties, the contract may be terminated, and the non-breaching party may be able
to recover losses caused by the breach.

TECHNICAL TERMS

1. ANALYSIS OF RATE

The determination of rate per unit of a particular item of a work, from the cost of
quantities of materials, the cost of laborers and other miscellaneous petty
expenses require for its completion.

2. SPECIFICATIONS
 Describes the nature and class of work, materials to be used in the work,
workmanship...Etc is very important for the execution of work

3. ESTIMATE

An Estimate is a Computation or Calculation of the quantities required and

expenditure likely to be incurred in the construction of a work.

4. EXPENDITURE

The whole amount can be spent during the financial year or not.

5. CAPITAL COST

Total cost including all the expenditure incurred from beginning to the completion
of a work.

6. PROVISIONAL SUM

Estimate of bill quantities for some special work to be done by a specialist firm
whose details are known at the time of preparation of estimate.

7. RATE OF COST

The cost per unit of subhead which is arrived at by dividing the up-to-date final
charges on a sub-head by its up-to-date progress.

8. PREMIUM

The tendered percentage rate above the notified rates.

9. REBATE

The tendered percentage rate below the notified rates.

10. PLINTH AREA

It is a covered area of a building measured at floor level. It is measured by taking

external dimensions excluding plinth offset if any.

11. RATES

Rates followed are of sanctioned schedule of rates or non-scheduled, this fact is to be mentioned
under this sub – head.
12. CONTINGENCIES

Incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be classified

approximately under any distinct sub-head, but is added in the cost of
construction necessarily.

13. VALUATION

Valuation is the technique of estimating or determining the fair price or value of

a property such as building, a factory, other engineering structure of various
types, land…etc.

14. SALVAGE VALUE

It is the value of end of utility period without being dismantled.

15. SINKING FUND

The fund is gradually accumulated by way of periodic on annual deposit for the
replacement of the building or structure at the end of its useful life.

16. DEPRECIATION

Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of a usefulness of a property. Decrease or

loss in the value of a property due to its structural deterioration use, life wear and
tear, decay and obsolescence.

17. SCRAP VALUE

Scrap value is the value of dismantled materials. For a building when the life is
over the end of utility period of dismantled materials as steel, bricks, timber. Etc.
will fetch certain amount which is scrap value of a building.

18. SPECIFICATIONS

Describes the nature and class of work, materials to be used in the work,
workmanship...Etc is very important for the execution of work.

19. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

 It give a general idea of the whole work or structure and are useful for preparing
the estimate.

20. DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS

It specifies the qualities and quantities of materials, the proportion of mortar,

workmanship, the method of preparation and execution and the methods of
measurement.

REINFORCED CONCRETE AND ALLIED WORKS:

Scope:

This specification covers the general requirements for concrete jobs, using on-site
production facilities including requirements in regard to the quantity, handling, storage of
ingredients, proportioning, batching, mixing and testing of concrete and also requirements in
regard to the quality. This also covers the transportation of concrete from the mixer to the
place of final deposit and the placing, consolidation, curing, protecting, repairing ad finishing
of concrete. After award of the work, if so desired by the contractor, he / they may be allowed
by the Engineer-in-charge till the designed mix is obtained, to carry out the reinforce concrete
work In foundation and plinth as per equivalent nominal mix against the specified design mix
concrete as per IS Codes. However, all other specification for design mix shall govern for
nominal mix also and nothing extra shall be paid for use of extra cement on this account
whether the cement is supplied by the Department or procured by the contractor.

Cement Concrete (Plain and Reinforced):

The quality of materials and method and control of manufacture and transportation of
all concrete work in respect of mix, where reinforced or otherwise, shall conform to the
applicable portions of these specifications. The Engineer-in-charge shall have the right to
inspect the sources of materials, the layout and operation of procurement and storage of
materials, the concrete batching and mixing equipments and the quality control system. Such
an inspection shall be arranged by the contractor and the Engineer-in-charge's approval shall
be obtained prior to starting the concrete work.

Materials for Standard Concrete:

The ingredients to be used in the manufacture of standard concrete shall consist solely
of a standard type Portland cement, clean sand, natural coarse aggregate, clean water, ice and
admixtures if specially called for as per drawings or schedule of quantities.

Cement :

Unless otherwise specified or called for by the Engineer-in-charge, cement shall be

ordinary Portland cement in 50 kg bags. The use of bulk cement will be permitted only with
the approval of the Engineer-in-charge. Changing of brands or type of cement within the

same structure will not be permitted. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) 43 grade manufactured
as per I.S. specifications of reputed brands like ACC / Ultratech / Zuari / Coramendel or any
other brands as approved by the Engineer-in-charge from time to time shall be procured and
used on the work. Joint account of cement consumed at site for every day for items of work
carried shall be maintained by the Contractor for verification to ensure effective control on
quality of cement used in the work.

A certified report attesting to the conformity of the cement to IS specifications by the

cement manufactures chemist shall be furnished to the Engineer-in-charge, if demanded. Incase
the cement is required to be arranged by the Contractor, the Contractor will have to make his own
arrangement for the storage of adequate quantity of cement. Cement in bulk may be stored in bins
or silos which will provide complete protection from dampness, contamination and minimize
caking and false set. Cement bags shall be stored in a dry enclosed shed (storage under tarpaulins
will not be permitted), well away from the outer walls and insulated from the floor to avoid
contact with moisture from ground and so arranged as to provide ready access. Damaged or
reclaimed or partly set cement will not be permitted to be used and shall be removed from the
site. The storage bins and storage arrangements shall be such that there is no dead storage. Not
more than 12 bags shall be stacked in any tier. The storage arrangement shall be got approved by
the Engineer-in-charge. Consignments in cement shall be stored as received and shall be
consumed in the order of their delivery. Contractor shall establish cement/concrete/soil testing
laboratories at site of work with qualified person to handle the laboratory. Every consignment of
cement procured shall accompany test certificate from the company indicating lot No etc. Sample
shall be

taken for each lot and sent to Standard Approved Material Testing Laboratory for physical and
chemical analysis. The cost of testing shall be borne by the Contractor.

Cement held in store for a period of 90 (ninety) days or longer shall be retested before
use in work. Should at any time the Engineer-in-charge have reasons to consider that any
cement is defective, then irrespective of its origin and / or manufacturers test certificate, such
cement shall be tested immediately at a National Test Laboratory / Departmental Laboratory
or such approved laboratory, and until the results of such tests are found satisfactory, it shall
not be used in any work.

Aggregates:

"Aggregate" in general designates both fine and coarse inert materials used in the
manufacture of concrete.

"Fine Aggregate" is aggregate most of which passes through 4.75 mm I.S. sieve.
"Coarse Aggregate" is aggregate most of which is retained on 4.75 mm I.S. sieve.
All fine and coarse aggregates proposed for use in the work shall be subject to the

Engineer-in-charge's approval and after specific materials have been accepted, the source of
supply of such materials shall not be changed without prior approval of the Engineer-
incharge. Aggregate shall, except as noted above, consists of natural sand, crushed stone and
gravel from a source known to produce satisfactory aggregate for concrete and shall be
chemically inert, strong, hard, curable against weathering, of limited porosity and free from
deleterious materials that may cause corrosion to the reinforcement or may impair the
strength and / or durability of concrete. The grading of aggregates shall be such as to produce
a dense concrete of and shall be based on the "mix design" and preliminary test on concrete
specified hereinafter.

Sampling and Testing:

Sampling of the aggregates for mix design and determination of suitability shall be
taken under the supervision of the Engineer-in-charge and delivered to the laboratory, well in
advance of the schedule placing of concrete. Record of tests which have been made on proposed
aggregates and on concrete made from this source of aggregates shall be furnished to the
Engineer-in-charge in advance of the work or use, in determining suitability of the proposed
aggregate.

Storage of aggregates:

All coarse and fine aggregates shall be stacked separately in stock pile in the material

yard near the work site in bins properly constructed to avoid inter mixing of different
aggregates. Contamination with foreign materials and earth during storage and while heaping
the materials shall be avoided. The aggregate must be of specified quality not only at the time
of receiving at site but also at the time of loading into mixer. Rakers shall be used for lifting
the coarse aggregate from bins or stock piles. Coarse aggregate shall be piled in layers not
exceeding 1.00 meters in height to prevent conning or segregation. Each layer shall cover the
entire area of the stock pile before succeeding layers are started. Aggregates that have become
segregated shall be rejected. Rejected materials after remixing may be accepted, if subsequent
tests demonstrate conformity with required gradation.

Specific Gravity:

Aggregates having a specific gravity below 2.6 (saturated surface dry basis) shall not be
used without special permission of the Engineer-in-charge.

Fine Aggregate:

Fine aggregate except as noted above, and for other than light weight concrete shall
consist of natural or crushed sand conforming to IS 383. The sand shall be clean, sharp, hard,
strong and durable and shall be free from dust, vegetable substances, adherent coating, clay,
loam, alkali, organic matter mica, salt or other deleterious substances which can be injurious
to the setting qualities / strength / durability of concrete.

Screening and Washing:

Sand shall be prepared for use by such screening or washing or both as necessary, to
remove all objectionable foreign matter while separating the sand grains to the required size
fractions. Sand with silt content more than 3 percent will not be permitted to be used unless
same is washed and silt content is brought within 3% by weight.

GRADATION: Unless otherwise directed or approved, the grading of sand shall be within
the limit indicated hereunder:-

Where the grading falls outside the limits of any particular grading zone of sieves, other than
600 micron (IS) sieve by not more than 5% it shall be regarded as falling within that grading
zone. This tolerance shall not be applied to percentage passing the 600 micron (IS)

sieve or to percentage passing any other sieve size on the coarser limit of grading zone I or the
finer limit of grading zone IV. Fine aggregates conforming to Grading zone IV shall not be
used unless mix designs and preliminary tests have shown its suitability for producing concrete
of specified strength and workability.

Fineness Modulus:

The sand shall have a fineness modulus of not less than 2.2 or more than 3.2 the
fineness modulus is determined by adding the cumulative. Percentages retained on the
following IS sieve sizes (4.75 mm, 2.36 mm, 1.18mm, 600 micron, 300 micron and 150
micron) and dividing the sum by 100.

Coarse Aggregate:

Coarse aggregate for concrete except as noted above and for other than light weight
concrete shall conform to IS 383. This shall consist of natural or crushed stone and gravel,
and shall be clean and free from elongated, flaky or laminated pieces, adhering coatings, clay
lumps, coal residue, clinkers, sag, alkali, mica, organic matter or other deleterious matter. The
coarse aggregate and fine aggregate shall be tested from time to time as required by the
Engineer-in-charge to ascertain its suitability for use in construction and the charges for
testing aggregate shall be born by the contractor as specified herein after.

Screening and Washing:

Crushed rock shall be screened and / or washed for the removal of dirt or dust coating, if
so demanded by Engineer-in-charge.

Grading:

Coarse aggregates shall be either in single or graded in both the cases. The grading
shall be within the following limits:

Foreign Material Limitations:

The percentages of deleterious substances in the coarse aggregate delivered to the mixer shall not
exceed the following.

Water:

Water used for both mixing and curing shall be free from injurious amount of deleterious
materials; potable waters are generally satisfactory for mixing and curing concrete. In case of
doubt, the suitability of water for making concrete shall be ascertained by the compressive
strength and initial setting time test specified in IS 456. The sample of water taken for testing
shall be typical of the water proposed to be used for concreting, due account being paid to
seasonal variation. The samples shall not receive any treatment before testing other than that
envisaged in the regular supply of water proposed for use in concrete. The sample shall be
stored in a clean container previously rinsed out with similar water. Average 28 days
compressive strength of at least three 150mm concrete cubes prepared with water proposed to
be used shall not be less than 90% of the average strength of three similar concrete cubes
prepared with distilled water. The initial setting time of test block made with the appropriate
test cement and the water proposed to be used shall not be less than 30 minutes and shall not
differ by more than (+) 30 minutes form the initial setting time of control test block prepared
with the appropriate test cement and distilled water. The test blocks shall be prepared and tested
in accordance it the requirements of IS 4031. Where water can be shown to contain an excess
of acid, alkali, sugar or salt, Engineer-in-charge may refuse to permit its use. As a guide, the
following concentrations represent the maximum permissible values.

Limits of acidity:

To neutralize 200ml sample of water, using phenolphthalein as an indicator, it should

not require more than 2ml of 0.1 normal NaOH. The details of test shall be as given in IS 3025.

Limits of alkalinity:

To neutralize 200ml sample of water, using methyl orange as an indicator, it should

not require more than 10ml of 0.1 normal HCL. The details of test shall be as given in IS
3025.

Design Mix Concrete:

All reinforced concrete in the works shall be "Design Mix Concrete" as defined in I.S.
456-2000. All "Design Mix Concrete" work to be carried out under these specifications shall

be in grades designated as per table below:

Grades of Concrete:
Mix Design:

This is to investigate the grading of aggregates, water cement ratio, workability and the
quantity of cement required to give works cubes of the characteristic strength specified. The
proportion of the mix shall be determined by weight. Adjustment of aggregate proportions due
to moisture present in the aggregate shall be made. Mix proportioning shall

be carried out according to the ACI standard designation ACI-613 or Design of

concrete mixes –

Road research Note No. 4, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research U.K.
or I.S. 10262-1982.

Selection of Water Cement Ratio:

Since different cements and aggregates of different maximum size, grading, surface
texture, shape and other characteristics may produce concretes of different compressive
strength for the same free water cement ratio, the relationship between strength and free water
cement ratio should preferably be established for the materials actually to be used. In the
absence of such data, the preliminary free water cement ration (by mass) corresponding to the
target strength of 28 days may be selected from the relationship shown in Fig. 1 of IS. 10262-
page 7. Alternately, the preliminary free water ratio (by mass) corresponding to the target
average strength may be selected from the relationship in Fig2-IS 10262-1982, Page 8 using
the curve corresponding to the 28 days cement strength to be used for the purpose. Other
relevant items to be used with design of mix should strictly conform to the relevant clauses
and appendices of IS 10262 – 1982.

Mode of Measurement for concrete work:

General:

Concrete as actually done shall be measured for payment, subject to the

following tolerances, unless otherwise stated hereinafter. Any work done extra over the
specified dimensions shall not be measured for payment.

a. Linear dimensions shall be measured in full centimeters except for the thickness of slab
which shall be measured tot eh nearest half centimeter.

b. Areas shall be worked out to the nearest 0.01 sqm.

c. Cubic contents shall be worked out the nearest 0.001 cum.

d. The concrete shall be measured for its length, breadth and height/depth limiting dimensions
to those specified on drawings or as directed by the Engineer-incharge.

Note: The sizes of RCC members as assumed in to estimate are based on preliminary
drawings and are likely to be changed. The contractor is not entitled to any extra claim due
to such changes.

Deductions:

No deduction shall be made for the following:

a. Ends of dissimilar materials e.g. joists, beams, posts, girders, rafters, purlins,
trusses, corbels, steps etc. up to 500 sq.cm in cross section.

b. Opening up to 0.1 sqm. (1000 sq.cm).

c. Volume occupied by reinforcement.

d. Volume occupied by pipes, conduits, sheathing etc. not exceeding 25sq.cm.

each in cross sectional area. Nothing extra shall be paid for leaving ad finishing
such cavities and holes.

Column Footing:

R.C.C. in foundation and footings shall be measured for its length, breadth and depths
limiting dimensions to those specified in drawing or as ordered in writing by the Engineer-
incharge. In case of tapering portions of column footings, the quantities shall be calculated by
Prismoidal Formula.
Column:

Column shall be measured from top footings to the plinth level and from plinth level
to the structural slab level ad to the subsequent structural slab levels. Measurements for
higher grade concrete in column at its junction with lower grade concrete beams shall be
restricted tot eh column section supporting the beam in question.

Wall:

All walls shall be measured from top of the wall footing to the plinth level ad from
plinth level to the top of structural first floor and to subsequent floors.

Beam and Lintel:

Beam shall be measured from face to face of the columns, walls, cross beams including
haunches if any. The depth of the beams shall be measured from the top of the slab tot eh
bottom of the beam except in the case of inverted beam where it shall be measured from top of
slab to top beams. The beams and lintels with narrow width even though acting as facia in
elevation in some cases will be measured as beams and lintels only.

I) Slab:

The length and breadth of slab laid to correct thickness as shown in the detailed
drawing for as ordered by the Engineer-in-charge shall be measured between beams, walls
ad columns.

II) Chajjas, Facias, Fins ad Mullions:

a. Chajjas shall be measured net from supporting faces upto the edges of chajjas without
any facia.

b. Facia shall be measured full excluding chajja thickness.

c. End fins shall be measured full.

d. Intermediate fins, mullions shall be measured between chajjs or

other supporting structural members.

e. Parapets shall be measured from top of slab / chajja.

III Staircase:

The concrete in all members of staircase like waist slabs, steps, cantilever steps, stringer
beams etc. shall be measured for their length, breadth ad depth, limiting dimensions to those
specified on drawings. No deductions shall be made for embedded plugs, pockets.

Rates:

The rate for PCC / RCC shall include the cost of all materials, labour, transport, tools
ad plants and all the operations mentioned hitherto, including or excluding the cost of form
work and / or reinforcement as mention din the schedule for quantities. The rates also shall
include the cost of testing material, mix design; cube test ad allied incidental expenses. The
reinforcement steel used in the works shall be measured and paid for separately under
relevant item.

FORM WORK

General:

The form work shall consist of shores, bracings, sides of beams and columns, bottom
of slabs etc, including ties, anchors, hangers, inserts etc. complete which shall be properly
designed and planned for the work. The false work shall be so constructed that up and down
vertical adjustment can be made smoothly. Wedges may be used at the top or bottom of timber
shores, but not at both ends, to facilitate vertical adjustment and dismantling of form work.

Design of Form Work

The design and engineering of form work as well as its construction shall be the
responsibility of Contractor. The drawings and calculations for the design of the form work
shall be submitted well in advance to the Engineer-in-charge for approval before proceeding
with work, at no extra cost to the Department. Engineer-in-charge's approval shall not
however, relieve Contractor of the full responsibility for the design and construction for the
form work. The design shall take into account all the loads vertical as well as lateral that the
forms will be carrying including live and vibration loadings.

Tolerances:
 Tolerances are specified permissible variation from lines, grade or dimensions given in
drawings. No tolerances specified for horizontal or vertical buildings lines or footings. Unless
otherwise specified, the following tolerances will be permitted.

Tolerances for R.C. Buildings:

I) Variation from the plumb:

a) In the line ad surfaces of columns, piers, walls and in buttresses: 5 mm per 2.5m, but not
more than 25 mm.

b) For exposed corner columns ad other conspicuous lines

In any bay or 5 m, maximum : (+) 5 mm In 10 m or more: (+) 10mm

ii) Variation from the level or from the grades indicated on the drawings.

a) In slab soffits, ceilings, beam soffits and in arises.

b) In 2.5m (+) 5mm

In any bay or 5m maximum (+)

8 mm In 10 or more (+) 15mm

c) For exposed lintels, sills, parapets, horizontal grooves and conspicuous lines

iii) Variation of the linear building lines from established position in plan and related position of
columns, walls and partitions. In any bay or 5m maximum (+) 10 mm In 10 or more (+)
20mm

iv) Variation in the sizes ad locations of sleeves, openings in walls and floors except in the case
of and for anchor bolts : (+) 5mm

v) Variation in cross sectional dimensions of columns and beams and in the thickness of slabs
and walls: (+) 10 mm/(-)5mm

vi) Footing :

a) Variation in dimensions in plan (+) 50mm/(-) 5mm.V- Page 55 of 197

b) Misplacement or eccentricity: 2% of footing within the direction of misplacement but

not more than 50mm.

c) Reduction in thickness (-) 5% of specified thickness subject to maximum of 50mm.

vii) Variation in steps:

a) In a flight of stairs Rise (+) 3.0 mm

Tread (+) 5.0 mm

b) Consecutive steps Rise

(+) 1.5 mm Tread
(+)3.0 mm

STEEL REINFORCEMENT

Steel reinforcement bars, if supplied or arranged by contractor, shall be either plain round
mild steel bars grade as per IS 432 (part-I) or medium tensile steel bars as per IS 452 (part-I) or
hot rolled mild steel ad medium tensile steel deformed bars as per IS 1139 or cold twisted steel
bars and hot weld strength deformed bars as per IS 1786, as shown and specified on the drawings.
Wire mesh or fabric shall be in accordance with IS 1566. Substitution of reinforcement will not
be permitted except upon written approval from Engineer-in-charge.

Storage :

The reinforcement steel shall not be kept in direct contact with ground but stacked on
top of an arrangement of timber sleepers or the like. Reinforcement steel shall be with cement
wash before stacking to prevent scale and rust. Fabricated reinforcement shall be carefully
stock to prevent damage, distortion, corrosion ad deteriorations.

Quality :

All steel shall be grade I quality unless specifically permitted by the Engineer-
incharge. No rolled material will e accepted. If demanded by the Engineer-in-charge.
Contractor shall submit the manufacturers test certificate for steel. Random tests on steel
supplied by contractor may be performed by Department as per relevant Indian Standards. All
costs incidental to such tests shall be at contractors expense. Steel not conforming to
specifications shall be rejected. All reinforcement shall be clean, free from grease, oil, paint,
dirt loose mill, scale dust, bituminous materials or any other substances that will destroy or
reduce the bond. All rods shall be thoroughly cleaned before being fabricated. Pitted and
defective rods shall not be used. All bars shall be rigidly held in position before concreting.
No welding of rods to obtain continuity shall be allowed unless approved by the Engineer-
incharge. If welding is approved, the work shall be carried as per 2751, according to best
modern practices ad as directed by the Engineer-in-charge in all cases of important
connections, tests shall be made to prove that the joints are of the full strength of bars welded.
Special specifications, as specified by the Engineer-in-charge, shall be adhered to in the
welding of cold worked reinforcing bars and bars other than mild steel.

Laps :

Laps ad splices for reinforcement shall be shown in the drawings. Splices, in adjacent
bars shall be staggered ad the locations of all splices, except those pecified on the drawing shall
be approved by the Engineer-in-charge. The bars shall not be lapped unless the length required
exceeds the maximum available length of bars at site.

Bending :

All bars shall be accurately bent according to the sizes ad shapes shown on the detailed
working drawings/ bar being schedules. They shall be bent gradually by machine or other
approved means. Reinforcing bars shall not be straightened and rebent in a manner that will
injure the materials. Bars containing cracks or splits shall be rejected. They shall be bent cold,
except bars of over 25mm in diameter which may be bent hot if specifically approved by the
Engineer-incharge. Bars bent hot shall not be heated beyond cherry red colour (not exceeding
645oC ) and after bending shall be allowed to cool slowly without quenching. Bars incorrectly
bent shall be used only of ht means used for straightening and rebinding be such as shall not,
in the opinion of the Engineer-in-charge injure the material. NO reinforcement bar shall be bent
when in position in the work without approval, whether or not it is partially embedded in
ardened concrete. Bars having links or bends other than those required by
design shall not be used.

Bending at Construction Joints :

Where reinforcement bars are bent aide at construction joints and afterwards bent back
into their original position, care should be taken to ensure that no time the radius of the bend is
less than 4 bar diameters for plain mild steel or 6 bar diameters for deformed bars. Care shall
also be taken when bending back bars to ensure that the concrete around the bar is not damaged.
Fixing / Placing ad Tolerance on Placing :

Reinforcement shall be accurately fixed by ay approved means maintain din the

correct position as shown in the drawings by the use of blocks, spacer and chairs as per IS
2502 to prevent displacement during placing ad compaction of concrete. Bar intended to be in
contact at crossing point shall be securely bound together at all such points with number

16 gauge annealed soft iron wire. The vertical distances required between successive layers of
bars in beams or similar members shall be maintained by the provision of mild steel spacer bars
at such intervals that the main bars do not perceptibly sag between adjacent spacer bars.

Tolerance on placing of reinforcement :

Unless otherwise specified by the Engineer-in-charge, reinforcement shall be

placed within the following tolerances:

Tolerance in spacing

a) For effective depth, 200 mm or less + 10 mm

b) For effective depth, more than 200 mm + 15 mm

Cover to Reinforcement :

The cover shall in no case be reduced by more than one third of specified cover or
5mm whichever is less. Unless indicated otherwise on the drawings, clear concrete cover for
reinforcement (exclusive of plaster or other decorative finish shall be as follows) :

a) At each end of reinforcing bar not less than 25 mm, nor less than twice the diameter
of such bar.

b) For a longitudinal reinforcing bar not less than 25 mm, nor more than 40 mm, nor less

than the diameter of such bar. In the case of column of maximum dimensions of 200mm
or under, whose reinforcing bars do not exceed 12mm, a cover of 25mm may be used.

c) For longitudinal reinforcing bar in a bar, not less than 25 mm nor less than the diameter of
such bar and.

d) For tensile, compressive, shear, or other reinforcement in a slab, not less than 25mm,
 nor less than the diameter of such bar and.

e) For any other reinforcement not less than 15mm, nor less than the diameter of such bar.

f) Increased cover thickness may be provided when surfaces of concrete members are exposed to the
action of harmful chemicals (as in the case of concrete in contact with earth faces contaminated with
such chemicals), acid, vapour, saline, railways) etc. and such

increase of cover may be between 15mm and 50 mm beyond the figures given in (a to e) above
as may be specified by the Engineer-in-charge.

g) For reinforced concrete members, totally immersed in sea water the cover shall
be 40mm, more than specified ( a to e) above.

h) For reinforced concrete members, periodically immersed in sea water or subject to sea spray, the cover
of concrete shall be 50 mm more than that specified (a to e) above.
i) For concrete of grade M25 and above, the additional thickness of cover specified in (f),

(g) and (h) above a my be reduced to half. In all such cases the cover should not exceed
75mm.

j) Protection to reinforcement in case of concrete exposed to harmful surroundings may

also be given by providing a dense impermeable concrete with approved protective coating as
specified on the drawings. In such case, the extra cover, mentioned in (h) and (i) above, may
be reduced by the Engineer-in-charge, to those shown on the drawing.

k) The correct cover shall be maintained by cement mortar briquettes or other approved means.
Reinforcement for footings, grade beams ad slabs on sub grade shall be supported on precise
concrete blocks as approved by the Engineer-in-charge. The use of pebbles or stones shall
be permitted.

l) The minimum clear distance between reinforcing bars shall be in accordance with IS 456 or
as shown in drawings.

STRUCTURAL STEEL

Scope of Work :

The work covered by this specification consists of furnishing ad erecting of structural steel
complete in strict accordance with this specifications ad the applicable drawings.
Materials :

All structural steel shall be of standard sections as marked on the drawings ad shall be
free of scale, blisters, laminations, cracked edges ad defects of any sort. If the structural steel
is not supplied by the Department and the Contractor is required to bring such steel, the
Contractor shall furnish duplicate copies of all mill orders and / or also the test report
received from the mills, to satisfy the Engineer-in-charge. All structural steel and electrodes
shall comply in all respects with relevant I.S.S. for structural steel.

Workmanship :

All workmanship shall be of first class quality in every respect to get greatest accuracy
to ensure that all parts will fit together properly on erection. All ends shall be cut true to planes.
They must fit the abutting surfaces closely. All stiffeners shall fit tightly at both ends. All holes
in plates and section between 12mm and 20 mm thick shall be punched to such diameter that
3mm of metal is left all around the hole to be cleaned out to correct size by reamer.

The base connection shall be provided as shown on drawings and the greatest accuracy of
workmanship shall be ensured to provide the best connections. Figured dimensions on the
drawings shall be taken.

Erection and Marking :

Erection ad fabrication shall be according to IS 800-1984 section –11. During erection,

the work shall be securely braced and fastened temporarily to provide safety for all erection
stresses etc. No permanent welding shall be done until proper alignment has been obtained.
Any part which do not fit accurately or which are not in accordance with the drawings and
specifications shall be liable to rejection and if rejected, shall be at once be made good.
Engineer-in-charge shall have full liberty at all reasonable times to enter the contractors
premises for the purpose of inspecting the work and no work shall be taken down, painted r
dispatched until it has been inspected and passed. The contractor shall supply free of charge all
labour ad tools required for testing of work.

Delivery at Site :
 The contractor shall deliver the component parts of the steel work in an undamaged
state at the site of the works and the Engineer-in-charge shall be entitled to refuse acceptance
of any portion which has been bent or otherwise damaged before actual delivery on work.

Shop Drawing :

The shop drawings of structural steel based on contract drawings hall be submitted to the
Engineer-in-charge. The necessary information for fabrication, erection, painting of structure
etc. must be furnished immediately after acceptance of the leader.

Painting :

Painting should be strictly according to IS. 1477-1971 (Part-I-Pretreatment) and IS

1477-1971 (part-II painting). Painting should be carried out on dry surfaces free from dust,
scale etc. The paint shall be approved by the Engineer-in-charge. Once coat of shop paint (red
lead) shall be applied on steel, except where it is to be encased in concrete or where surfaces
are to be field welded.

Welding :

Welding shall be in accordance with IS. 816-1969,IS819-1957, IS 1024-1979,

IS1261-1959, IS 1323-1982 and IS 9595-1980 as appropriate. For welding of any particular
type of joint, welders shall give evidence of having satisfactory completed appropriate test as
described in ay of IS 817-1966, IS 1393-1961, IS 7307 (part-I) –1974, IS 7310 (part-I) 1974
and IS 7318 (part-I) 1974 as relevant.

Welding Consumables:

Covered electrodes shall conform to IS 814 (part-I) – 1974 and IS814 (part-II)- 1974
or IS 1395-1982 as appropriate. Filler rods and wires for gas welding shall conform to IS
1278-1972. The bar wire electrodes for submerged are welding shall conform t IS 7280-
1974. The combination of are and flash shall satisfy the requirements of IS 3613-1974.

The filler rods ad bare electrodes for gas shielded metal, are welding shall conform
to IS 6419-1971 and IS 6560-1972 as appropriate .

Type of Welding :
 Are welding (direct or alternating current) or Oxyacetylene welding may used.
Field welding may be used. Field welding shall be by D.C.

DAMP PROOF COURSE

Scope of work:

The work covered under this specifications consists supplying and laying plain
cement concrete or cement plaster 1:3 as damp proof course with or without
waterproofing admixture with this specification and applicable drawings.

Workmanship :

Surface to receive damp proof course shall be cleaned and carefully wiped to remove
all dust, laitance etc. and shall be approved by the Engineer-in-charge Damp proof course
shown shall be cement concrete as per proportion indicated in the schedule or cement

plaster in the ratio CM 1:3. Approved water proofing compound @ 2% by weight of cement
or as directed by the manufacturer shall be mixed in cement mortar for this concrete or
plaster. The damp proof course shall be laid to the full width of the walls and the edges shall
be straight, even and truly vertical. Wooden forms shall be used to obtain good edges. No
masonry work shall be commenced on freshly laid damp proof course unless it is cured for
48hours of its laying by curing of damp proof course shall be continued along with the
masonry work. Specification for cement, sand, aggregate and water shall be as described
herein before for concrete works / cement plaster.

Mode of measurement :
The work shall be measured in sqm. area actually laid limited to sites as shown in drawing.
The rate shall include cost of all the materials, labour etc. and scaffolding (if any).

BRICK WORK

Scope of work:

The work covered under this specification pertains to procurement of best quality
locally available bricks and workmanship of building walls of various thickness. In strict
compliance with the specifications and applicable drawings.
Materials :

Brick shall be best quality locally available bricks and shall be got approved by the
Engineer-in-charge before incorporation in the work. The nominal size of bricks (F.P.S) shall
be 22.9 X 11.4 X7cm (9" X 4 1/2 X 2 3/4" ). Permissible tolerance on dimensions shall be +
3mm. in length and + 1.5 mm in width / thickness. The contractor shall get approved the
sample and source of bricks from Engineerin- charge before procurement on large scale and
shall maintain the same for the entire work. In case the size of bricks used in the work found
lesser than the specified one for the whole lot : Extra cement consumed due to more number
of joints and due to additional thickness of plaster than the specified in the tender to match
with adjoining columns and beams, shall be to contractor's account. If the plastering to be
done is more than the specified thickness to bring the plaster surface to perfect line, level ad
plumb with adjoining columns, beams walls etc., the contractor shall be responsible to
provide and fix chicken wire mesh to receive more thickness of plaster at his own cost and
nothing extra will be paid on this account.

In case the size of bricks used in the work, found more than the permissible, the contractor shall
chip out the exposed edges of bricks upto the required level of wall to receive specified
thickness of plaster at no extra cost. Bricks shall generally conform to IS 1077-1970. In any
case minimum crushing strength shall not be less than 35 kg/sq.cm and water absorption shall
not be more than 25% by weight. The Engineer-in-charge shall have the right to reject bricks
obtained from any field where the soil have an appreciable quantity of sulphates and chlorides.
The specifications for cement, sand and water shall be same as described herein before under
cement concrete. Bricks shall be thoroughly soaked in water before using till the bubles ceases.
No half or quarter brick shall be used except as closer. The closers shall be cut to required size
and used near the end of the walls. The walls shall be raised truly to plumb.

The type of bond to be adopted shall be decided by the Engineer-in-charge, but vertical joints shall
be laid staggered.

Workmanship :

Four courses of brick work with four joints should not exceed by more than 40mm the
same bricks piled one over the other without mortar. Brick work shall not be raised more than
10 courses a day unless otherwise approved by the Engineer-in-charge. The brick work shall
be kept wet for at least 7 days. Brick work shall be uniformly raised around and no part shall
be raised more than 1.0 metre above another at any time.
 All joints shall be thoroughly flushed with mortar of mix as specified in the schedule
of quantities, at every courses. Care shall be taken to see that the bricks are bedded
effectively and all joints completely filled to the full depth. The joints of brick work to be
plastered shall be raked out to a depth not less than 10mm as the work proceeds. The surface
of brick work shall be cleaned down and wiped properly before the mortar sets.

The adhesion between the brick masonry surface d the concrete surface of columns,
beams, chajjas, lintels etc. should be proper by ensuring that the concrete surface coming in
contact with brick masonry is backed / chipped / keyed, cleaned and cement slurry is applied
so that a proper bond is achieved between the two dissimilar materials. It is responsibility of
the contractors to ensure that there will not be any cracks / fissure anywhere in the brick
masonry. In case the cracks appear subsequently in those areas, they should be made good by
cement grouting or epoxy putty grouting/ poly sulphide compound grouting or as per standard
modern specifications/methods with the prior approval of the Engineer-in-charge, at the cost
of the contractor. All the courses shall be laid truly horizontal and all vertical joints shall be
truly vertical. Specified mortar of good and approved quality shall be used. Lime shall not be
used where reinforcement is provided in brick work. The mortar should completely cover the
bed and sides of the bricks. Proper care should be taken to obtain uniform mortar joint
thought out the construction. The walls should be raised uniformly in

proper, approved bond. In construction of the wall, first of all two end corners are carefully laid
to line and level ad then it between portion is built, with a cord stretching along the headers or
stretchers held in position at the ends. This helps in keeping the alignment of the courses and
marinating them in level. Similarly all other courses are built. Care shall be taken to keep the
perpends properly aligned within following maximum permissible tolerances :

Deviation from vertical within a storey shall not exceed 6mm per 3 m height Deviation
in verticality in total height of any wall for building more than one storey in height shall not
exceed 12.5 mm. Deviation from position shown on plan of any brick work shall not exceed
12.5 mm. Relative displacement between load bearing wall in adjacent storeys in the ended to
be vertical alignment shall not exceed 6mm. A set of tools comprising of wooden straight edge,
masonry spirit level, square, 1 meter rule line and plumb shall be kept on the site of work for
every 3 masons for proper check during the progress of work. No brick work shall be carried
on during frosty weather except with the written permission of the Engineerin-charge who will
give special directions as to the manner in which the work is to be performed. All brick work
laid during the day shall, in seasons liable to frost, be properly covered up at night as directed
by the Engineer-in-charge. Should any brick work be damaged by frost, the brick work shall,
at the discretion of the Engineer-incharge, be pulled down ad made good at the cost of the
contractor.

Concrete surfaces of columns, beams, lintels, chajjas etc. coming in contact with
masonry work shall be properly chipped, washed ad given a thick coat of cement slurry
before start of work. The rate quoted shall include wire brushing and cleaning brick work
covered with fungus or deleterious materials.

Brick work shall be well watered / cured throughout the day for atleast a week from
the date of building and the work shall be protected from sub and rain.

Materials ad workmanship for a half brick or brick on edge partition wall shall be a
specified above. The wall shall be stiffened by providing with 2 nos. 6mm diameter M.S. or
as specified in the schedule as bottom reinforcement (only the M.S. reinforcement will be
paid separately under relevant item).

The rates for brick work shall include the cost of the following :

Providing and fixing necessary single or double scaffolding and removing the same
after the work is completed. Watering, curing, lifting of material to any height.

Raking out of joints to receive plaster. Forming slab sittings, cutting or leaving holes for lugs
of windows, doors, sills, switch and plug boxes etc. Making good all holes, chases etc. to any
depth due to conduit pipes, holdfasts, bolts, switch and plug boxes etc.

Bedding and pointing precast lintels, sills etc. in or on walls. For the purpose of measurements,
the thickness of one brick wall ad over shall be taken in terms of multiples of half brick.
Mode of measurement :

For Brick work measured in Cubic Metres :

The contract rate shall be for a unit of one cubic metre of brick masonry as actually
done. For measurement purpose, thickness of single brick wall shall be taken as 215 mm.
irrespective of thickness used. Brick walls of more than one brick thickness shall be
measured as per actual thickness constructed. All opening in brick work for doors, windows
and ventilators shall be deducted to get the net quantity of actual brick work done. Opening
or chases required for P.H. or electrical inserts less than 0.1 sqm. And bearing of precast
concrete members shall not be deducted. No extra payment shall be made for any extra work
involved in making the above openings or placements.

For Brick work measured in square metre :

Half brick thick masonry walls shall be measured in sqm. All openings in brick work
for doors and windows and windows ad ventilators shall be deducted to get the net quantity
of actual work done. Openings of chases required for P.H. or Electric inserts less than 0.1
sqm. And bearing of precast concrete members shall not be deducted. No extra payment shall
be made for extra work involved in making the above openings or placements.

STONE MASONRYScope

of work:

The work covered under this specifications consists of supplying and erecting stone
masonry walls with available best quality of stone in strict compliance with this
specifications and applicable drawings.

Random Rubble Masonry :

Material :

The rubble shall be of the best quality trap / granite / ballast stones obtained from the
approved quarry. The same of the stone, to be used shall be got approved from the
Engineerincharge. All stones shall , generally be freshly quarried and shall be sound, dense, hard,
free from segregation, cracks, weathered portions and other structural defects to requisite sections
ad forms ad shall have fully dressed beds and joints. Atleast 50% of the stones shall be 0.015 cum.
in content when reckoned individually. The length of stones for stone masonry shall not

exceed three times the height not the breadth or base shall not be greater than thee fourth the
thickness of wall, or not less than 15cm. thee height of stone may be upto 30 cm. stones shall
be laid on the natural beds and shall run sufficiently inside the wall thickness. No hollow space
shall be left out and inter spaces of stones being filled with mortar ad stone chips, driven hard
ad not with mortar only.
 All mortar to be used shall be of the type and proportion mentioned in the item. Cement,
sand and water to be sued shall conform to their relevant specifications as described under
cement concrete.The masonry shall be laid plumb, lines levels, curves, shapes as shown in
drawings. All required holes for passage o water or pipes are to be embedded during
construction as specified. All stones shall be wetted before laying in masonry. Concrete
surfaces of columns, beams, lintels, chajjas etc. coming in contact with masonry shall be
properly chipped, washed and wetted before start of masonry work. The concrete slurry as the
masonry work progresses in height. Clean chips and spawls carefully selected to fit in the space
shall be wedded into the mortar. Joints and beds wherever necessary to avoid thick beds or
joints or mortar. However, proper shaping and dressing of stones shall be done prior to their
laying in masonry and hammering shall not be resorted to often after the stones are laid in
position. The bond stones shall be used in every square metre area of masonry wall ad shall
extend from front to back to thin walls having width of 600 mm. and shall overlap by at least
150 mm. in walls having thickness more than 600mm. when lid from both sides.

When the work has to be started on the old or the one competed a long while ago or in
the previous working seasons, care shall be taken to roughen and clean old surface satisfactorily
without disturbing the masonry before laying the new. It shall be wetted before laying the
bedding mortar. When practicable, the whole masonry in any structure shall be carried out upto
a uniform level throughout. But when breaks are unavoidable in carrying the work continuously
in uniform level, sufficiently long steps shall be left. All junction of walls shall be formed at
the time when walls are being built. Cross walls should be carefully bonded in to the main
walls. All masonry built in cement mortar shall be kept continuously wet for 14 days from the
date of laying. Should the mortar perish i.e., becomes dry, white or powder through neglect of
watering if the masonry shows hollow joints or non adherence of mortar to the stones or if the
work does not conform to drawings and specifications, the work shall be pulled down ad rebuilt
by the contractor at his own cost and risk. All masonry shall be thoroughly cleaned ad washed
down on completion and all stains, adhering mortar removed from the surface and raking of
joints carried out as the scaffolding is being lowered and removed. Holes left in masonry for
supporting scaffolding shall be filled and made good before pointing / plastering.

Mode of measurement :

All stone masonry shall be measured in cubic metres as actually done. All openings
for windows, doors, lintels etc. shall be deducted to get the net quantity of actual work done.
Openings or chases required for P.H. and electrical inserts less than 0.1 sqm. and bearings of
precast concrete members shall not be deducted. The ate shall also include cost of corner
stones, bond stone, scaffolding, labour, curing etc.

FLOORING Scope

of work:

The work covered under this specification consists of providing and laying at levels and
floors, flooring of different types, strictly in accordance with these specifications and relevant
drawings.

Cement Concrete Flooring (Indian Patent Stone) :

Materials :

The specifications for materials, grading, mixing and the quantity of water to be added
shall generally conform to their relevant specifications described under plain and reinforced
concrete. The maximum size of coarse aggregate shall be 10mm. The fine aggregate shall
consist of properly graded sand. Concrete shall be mixed preferably by machine, and hand
mixing shall be avoided as far as practicable.

Preparation of Base :

The base concrete surface shall be thoroughly chipped to remove laitance, caked mortar,
loose sand, dirt etc. cleaned with wire brush and washed clean and watered until no more water
is absorbed. Where the base concrete has hardened so much that roughening the surface by
wire brushes is not possible, the same shall be roughened by chipping or hacking at close
intervals. The surface shall be soaked with water for atleast 12 hours and surface water removed
and dried before laying the topping. Before laying the concrete, cement slurry at 2.75 kg/ sqm.
of surface shall be applied before laying the topping. Before laying the concrete, cement slurry
at 2.75 kg. / sqm. of surface shall be applied for better bond, / flush as per drawings. The edge
of each panel into which the floor is divided shall be supported by wooden or metal strips duly
oiled to prevent sticking. The panels shall be of uniform size and, unless otherwise specified,
no dimension of panel shall exceed 2 m. and the area of a panel shall not be more than 2 sqm.
However, the exact size of panel shall be decided by the Engineer-in-charge to suit the size of
the room. The joints in the floor finish shall extend through the borders a skirting/ dado. The
border shall have mitred joints at the corners of the room. Where aluminium dividing strips are
proposed to be provided, the same shall be fixed in cement mortar 1:2 @ 1200 mm. centers or
as specified in the schedule for full depth of the finished floor. The depth of dividing strips
shall be the thickness as proposed for the finished floor in the item. In the case of flush joints,
alternate panels only may be cast on same day.
Atleast 48 hours shall elapse before the concreting of adjacent bay is commenced.

Mixing :

The topping concrete shall be of mix of one part of cement, two parts of sand and 4
parts of well graded stone chips of 10mm maximum size. the ingredients shall be thoroughly
mixed with just sufficient water to the required plasticity, having water cement ratio not more
than 0.4

Laying :

The free water on the surface of the base shall be removed and a coat of cement slurry
to the consistency of thick cream shall be brushed on the surface. On this fresh grouted base,
the prepared cement concrete shall be laid immediately after mixing. The concrete shall be
spread and leveled carefully. The concrete shall be compacted and brought to the specified
levels by means of a heavy straight edge resting on the side forms and down ahead with a
sawing motion in combination with a series of lifts and drops alternatively with small lateral
shifts, either mechanically or manually as directed by the Engineer-in-charge. While
concreting the adjacent bays, care shall be taken to ensure that the edges of the previously
laid bays are not broken by carelessness or hand tamping. Immediately after laying the
concrete, the surface shall be inspected for high or low spots and correction needed shall be
made up by adding or removing the concrete and whole surface is again leveled. When the
layer is made even, the surface shall be completed by ramming or beating ad then screed to a
uniform line and level. Before the initial set commences, the surface shall be sprinkled
directly or empty gunny bags spread over the surface of the concrete to absorb excess water
coming on top due to floating.

Finishing the surface:

After the concrete has been fully compacted, it shall be finished by toweling or floating.
Finishing operations shall start shortly after the compaction of concrete an shall be spread over
a period of one to six hours depending upon the temperature ad atmospheric conditions. The
surface shall be trowelled intermittently at intervals for several times so as to produce a uniform
and hard surface. The satisfactory resistance of floor to wear depends largely upon the care
with which troweliing is carried out. The object of trowelling is to produce as hard and close
knit a surfaces possible. The time interval allowed between successive trowelling is very
important. Immediately after laying only just sufficient trowelling shall be done to give a level
surface. Excessive trowelling in the earlier stages shall be avoided as this tends to work a layer
rich in cement to the surface, some time. After the first trowelling, the duration depending upon
the temperature, atmospheric conditions d the rate of setting of cement used, the surface shall
be retrowelled many times at intervals to close any pores in the surface shall be retrowelled
many times at intervals to close any pres in the surface, and to bring to surface and scrap off
any excess water in concrete or laitance (it shall not be trowelled back into the topping). The
final trowelling shall be done well before the concrete has become too hard but at such a time
that considerable pressure is required to make any impression on the surface. Trowelling of
rich mix of dry cement. and fine aggregate on to the surface shall not be permitted. Trowel
marks should not be seen on the finished surface. Where broom finish is specified, after the
concrete has been thoroughly compacted, and when most of the surface water has disappeared,
the surface shall be given broom finish with an approved type of brass or M.S. Fiber. The
broom shall be pulled gently over the surface from edge to edge in such a manner that
corrugation shall be uniform in width and depth, the depth shall be not more than 1.5 mm.
Bromming shall be done when the concrete is in such ac condition that the surface will not be
torn or unduly roughened by the operation. Coarse or long bristles which cause irregularities
or deep corrugation shall be timed out. Brooms which are worn or other wise unsatisfactory
shall be discarded.

After the concrete in the bays has set, the joints of the panels should be filled with
cement cream and neatly floated smooth or jointed. Care should be taken that just the
minimum quantity of cream for joint is used a excess spilling over the already finished
surface shall be removed when the cream is still green. Incase of wide joints the same shall be
filled with pigmented cement concrete (1:2:4) using approved pigment ad the joint shall be
finished in perfectly straight line.

Steel Trowel Finish:

 Areas where marbles tiles are proposed to be used are required to have base
concrete finished smooth by steel trowel

Curing :

The completed flooring shall be protected from sun, wind and rain for the first two days
and movement of persons over the floor is prohibited during this period. The finished surface
shall be covered and cured continuously from the next day after finishing, at least for a period
for 7 days. Bunding with murrum for curing is prohibited as it will leave permanent stain on
the finished floor. Cure shall be done by spreading sand ad kept damp throughout the curing
period of seven days minimum. The surface shall be protected from any damage to its
whatsoever. The surface shall then be allowed to dry slowly. All corners, junctions of floor
with plastered wall surface shall be rounded off when required at no extra cost.

Mode of measurement :

The rate for flooring and skirting shall be in square metre of the area covered. The
length and width of the flooring shall be measured not between the faces of skiting or dado or
plastered faces of walls which is the proudest. All openings in flooring exceeding 0.1 sqm. in
areas where flooring is not done shall be deducted and net areas only shall be measured a paid
for. Flooring under dado, skirting or plaster shall not be measured for payment. Nothing extra
shall be paid for laying the floor at different levels in the same room. The dimensions shall be
measured upto places of decimals of a metre and area worked out upto two places of decimal
of a square meter.

CEMENT PLASTERING FOR WALLS AND CEILINGS & SAND FACE

PLASTERS

Scope of work:

The work covered under these specifications consists of supplying all material for
rendering all types of plaster / pointing finishes strictly in accordance with these specifications,
applicable drawings etc.

General :
 Cement, sand and water required for the work shall conform to specifications laid down
herein before under section cement concrete (plain and reinforced), except that sand for finishing
coat shall generally conform to IS 1542-1960. the plastering works shall generally conform to IS
1661-1987(pt.III) Code of practice for cement plaster finish on walls and ceilings). All general
precautions as specified in I.S. 1661-1987 (pt.III) clause 8, shall be taken and preparation of the
background shall be done as laid down in IS 1661 clause 12 and IS 2402- 2963 shall be generally
followed for sand faced plaster work. Scaffolding required for facility of working shall be provided
by the contractor at his own cost. This may be double or single according to the requirement and
shall be approved by the Engineer-incharge stage scaffolding shall be erected when ceiling
plastering is done. The contractor shall be responsible for accidents if any, take place. The
contractor shall co-operate with the other agencies for fixing switch boxes at specified locations
so that the boxes are fixed properly in line with finished plaster surface. All finishing in and around
these boxes as also around the conduit boxes in ceiling shall be done by plastering contractor
without any extra cost to the Department. The decision of the Engineer-incharge in this regard
shall be final and binding on the contractor.

Preparation of Surface :

The surface to be plastered shall first be thoroughly cleaned of all muck and cleaned
down. All joints shall be racked to in case of brick work / stone masonry and closely hacked
in case of concrete as the work proceeds. The surface to be plastered shall be well wetted for
a minimum period of 6 hours before commencing to work. The mortar for all plaster work
shall be cement mortar of mix as specified in the schedule of quantities. After erection of
scaffolding and before commencement of plastering work, top most junctions / joints / sides
with beam / column shall be thoroughly packed with cement mortar to prevent cracks. Before
commencement of plastering operation, the contractor shall ensure that all the service pipes,
electrical conduits, boxes, switch boxes etc. have been installed in position by other agencies
and the plastering surface is duly approved by the Engineer-in-charge. In order to enable
other service contractors to fix the electrical conduit boxes, EDB's, pipes, outlets etc. in
proper level and line with reference tot eh finished surface of the plaster. Thiyyas and
Tapanis i.e. finished plaster patches shall be given by the main civil contractor on walls,
ceiling at regular intervals well in advance of his plaster work at no extra cost to the
Department. The entire work of preparation of surface before plastering shall thus be
coordinated by the main civil contractor with all other agencies working at site. Just before
actual plastering work is taken up in hand, all the ceilings and walls etc. shall be marked with
plaster buttons indicating the thickness of plaster required and which shall be in true line,
level and plumb. The contractor shall get these marks approved by the Engineer-incharge
before starting the plastering work. The contractor shall also be responsible to render the final
surface true to line, level and plumb etc. All building operations like construction of walls,
concreting etc. shall have been completed before plastering is taken up. The plastering
operation should be taken up only after the service pipes etc. that are to embedded in the wall
or ceiling are completed and suitably protected against crossion by other agencies and okayed
by the Engineer-in-charge. Damage if caused to any of the existing fittings, fixtures,
including doors and windows etc. during the plastering operation shall be made good by the
contractor at his own cost. If the surface which is to be plastered either internally or
externally is out of plumb and not in lien and level and if the plastering to be done is more
than specified thickness to bring the plastered surface to perfect lien and levels in such
specific cases, chicken wire mesh is to be provided by the on contractor at his own cost and
the plaster should be done to required lien an level with no extra cost whatsoever. The
finished plastered surface shall be free from cracks, fissures, crevices, hair cracks, blistering,
local swellings and flaking. The finished surface shall be true to line, level, plumb and plain
and durable. The adhesion of the mortar with the background surface is of prime importance
as this affects durability of plaster. Preparation of surface which has to take plastering work
the surface should be got approved by the Engineer-in-charge. In order to avoid the formation
of deep and side cracks an for dispersion for cracks at the junctions between concrete surfaces
and brick masonry works, cautionary measures such as fastening and lapping of chicken
mesh over the junction areas should be carried out over which the plastering work has to be
taken up as required by the Engineer-in-charge. The minute gap between window / door
frames with cills and jambs should be filled up / caulked by plaster of Paris / epoxy putty /
silicon sealants, Rubber based sealants (brand name TECHMAT /TECHCOAT) by caulking
guns or by approved methods as instructed / approved by Engineer-in-charge.

Groves :

The grooves shall be of required dimensions. The same shall be made to turn
wherever necessary. The finish, inside, shall be of the same finish as that of the plaster. The
lines of the grooves shall be well defined and rounded. The grooves are to be provided in
plastering in internal and external surfaces shall be included in the rates wherever mentioned
in the schedule of quantities.

Mix Proportion :
 The mortar for plastering shall be of proportion as specified in the item schedule. The mixes
specified in the schedule are volumetric.

Mixing :

Cement and fine aggregates shall be mixed dry in the required proportions to obtain a
uniform colour. Water shall then be added tog et the required consistency for the plaster.
Mixing shall be done mechanically. However, manual mixing will be allowed only in
exceptional circumstances at the discretion of the Engineer-in-charge. Manual mixing, where
adopted, shall be carried out on a clean water tight platform. After water is added during
mixing, the mix shall be held back and forth for 10 to 15 minutes. In machine mixing, the mixer
shall run at least placing all the ingredients in the drum. Only so much quantity of mortar which
can be used within half an hour after the addition of water shall be prepared at a time. Any
mortar for plaster which is set or partially set shall be rejected and shall be removed from the
site.

10mm Plaster :

The plaster shall be laid with somewhat more than 10mm, thickness and pressed and
leveled with wooden ruler to a finished thickens of 10mm. Straight edges shall be freely used
to ensure a perfectly even surface. All exposed angles and junctions of walls, doors,
windows, beams, slabs etc. shall be carefully finished so as to furnish a neat and even surface.

15mm Plaster:

The proportions of sand and cement shall be as specified an shall cover all
irregularities, undulations, depressions due to chasing etc. in the surface o be plastered. The
mortar shall be applied slightly more than 15mm thick and pressed and leveled with wooden
ruler or straight edge to finished thickness of 15mm. Straight edges shall be freely used to
ensure a perfectly even surface. The finished surface shall be true and even and present
uniform texture throughout and all joining marks shall be eliminated. All corners, edges and
angles shall be made perfectly to line, place and plumb. All exposed angles and junction of
walls, doors, windows, beams, slabs etc. shall be carefully finished so as to furnish a neat and
even surface. Plastering items amongst all other things as described in various items also
include:
 1) Preparation of surface to receive the plaster, providing cement plaster of he
specified average thickness and proportions with specified number of coats.

2) All labour, materials, scaffolding, use of tools and equipment to complete the
plastering work as per specifications.

3) Curing for 10 days.

4) Cleaning the surface of doors, windows, floors or any other surfaces where
plastering might have splashed.

5) Finishing the portion of plaster left above the terrazzo, Plain cement tiles, ironite
or any type of skirting work to be finished rounded or as directed by the Engineer-in-charge, in a
separate operation after laying of floor tiles skirting.

Sand Faced Cement Plaster :

General :

Materials and preparation of surfaces and scaffolding etc. for sand faced plaster
wherever applicable shall conform to specification laid down herein before under section
cement plastering and the following specifications are also to be complied with.

Preparation of Surface :

The surface to be plastered shall first be thoroughly cleaned down. All joints shall
have been raked out in case of brick work/stone masonry as the work proceeds. Concrete
surface shall also be clearly hacked and wire brushed if not already done before plastering is
taken up. The surface to be plastered shall be well wetted for a minimum period of 6 hours
before commencing the work. The mortar for all plaster work shall be cement sand mortar of
mix as specified in the schedule of quantities. Double scaffoldings required for facility of
construction shall be provided by the construction at his own expenses wherever directed by
the Engineer-in-charge, Scaffolding shall be erected with pipes or bellies or bamboos of
adequate strength so as to be safe for all the dead, live and impact loads likely to sustain by it
during construction operations. The contractor shall take all measures to ensure the safety of
the work and workmen. Any instruction of the Engineer-in-charge in this respect shall also be
complied with. The contractor shall be entirely responsible for any damage to Government
property or injury to persons, resulting from faulty scaffolding, defective ladders and
materials or otherwise arising out of his default in this respect. Proper scaffolding shall be
provided to allow easy approach for workmen and supervisory staff to every part of the work
Ballies, Bamboos etc. for scaffolding shall not be tied to the windows, doors, mullions,
ventilators etc. Any damage done to the windows, doors, etc. shall be made good by the
contractor to the original conditions at his own cost. For better safety, steel pipe scaffolding is
preferred.
Workmanship :

The surface to be plastered shall first be dubbed out with cement mortar to cover all
irregularities and faces up to proudest part. The dubbing coat which shall be of proportion as
specified in schedule and a 12mm thick (1/2") layer shall then be applied/scored and keys
shall be formed on the surface by thoroughly combing it with heavy horizontal lines about
12mm (1/2") apart and about 3mm (1/8") deep when mortar has just set. The cement mortar
for sand faced plaster shall have washed and approved sand with slightly larger proportions
of coarse materials, but not exceeding 3mm. The proportion of cement to sand shall be as
specified in the schedule. The water is gradually added to make the mixture homogenous.
The thickness of finishing coat excluding key shall be 8mm (about 5/16"). After application
the surface should be finished with a wooden float lined with a wooden float lined with cork
closely pricked on with a wet sponge tapped gently to bring sand particles into prominence.

The chajjas and any other horizontal portions shall be cleaned and set mortar that might
have been fallen at the time of plastering at higher elevation, before plastering the same is taken
up. Vatas shall be done simultaneously with chajja plaster.

Mode of Measurement :

Area of plastering will be measured net and shall be paid for. The measurement of
length of wall plastering shall be taken between walls or partitions (dimensions before
plastering shall be taken) for the length and from top of the floor or skirting or dado as the
case may be to the under side of ceiling for the height. All openings more than 0.1 sqm. shall
be deducted and all jambs, so fits, sills of these openings if done, will be measured to arrive
to the net area for payment. No opening less than 0.1 sqm. shall be deducted and no jambs
etc. for such openings shall be measured for payment. The rate hall include the cot of finished
all the edges, corners, cost of all materials, labour, scaffolding, transport, curing etc. The rate
shall include the cost of finishing all the edges, corners, cost of all materials, labour,
transport, scaffolding, curing etc. and grooves if so specified in the item of schedule of
quantities. The rate for plastering should include the cost of work towards the following items
for co-ordination with electrical item:
 *Neatly plastering around DB's junction boxes, M.S. boxes etc. should be done and made
matching with the wall finish after installation of electrical equipment.

*All BD's service boxes, covers etc. should be covered by a plastic cloth of other suitable
covering material such that water or materials should not splash the same during brick

work and plastering work. This is to be done in such a way that electrical equipment as well
as painted surfaces are not spoiled.

*For fixing M.S. boxes, DB's etc. Thiya should be given such that the required face of the
M.S. box, DB covers etc. in line with final finished plastered surface.

*The rate for the item shall also include rounding up of corner and angles making sharp
corners and angles finishing around ceiling rose and electrical fittings etc. fixed by other
agencies, finishing of top of dado and skirting (zad finishing), junctions of roof and wall or
beam with the finish as specified in the item. Plastering of brick and concrete cornice and
copings and plastering in restricted areas if any shall not be measured separately.
Architectural bands and narrow widths of plaster over structural as well as non-structural and
the line when prepare dint eh same thickness of plaster shall not be measured separately and
shall be covered by respective plaster items.

PAINTING Scope

of work:

The work covered under these specifications consist of furnishing the various types of paints
and also the workmanship for these items, in strict compliance with these specifications, which
are given in detail hereinafter with the item of schedule of quantities.

Materials:

Paints, oils varnishes etc. of approved brand and manufacture shall be used. Ready
mixed paints as recovered from the manufacturer without any admixture shall be used. If for
any reason, thinning is necessary in case of ready mixed paint, the brand of thinner
recommended by the manufacturer or as instructed by the Engineer-in-charge shall be used.
Approved paints, oils or varnishes shall be brought to the site of work by the contractor in
their original containers in sealed condition. The materials shall be brought in at a time in
adequate quantities to suffice for the whole work or atleast a fortnights work. The materials
shall be kept in the joint custody of the contractor and the Engineer-in-charge. The empties
shall not be removed from the site for work, till the relevant item of work has been completed
and permission obtained from the Engineer-in-charge. The contractor shall associate the
chemist of paint manufacturers before commencement of work, during and after the
completion of work who shall certify the suitability of the surface to receive painting and the
paint before use etc.

Commencing Work :

Scaffolding :

Wherever scaffolding is necessary, it shall be erected on double supports ties together

by horizontal pieces, over which scaffolding planks shall be fixed. No bellies, bamboos or
planks shall rest on or touch the surface which is being painted. Were ladders are used, pieces
of old gunny bags shall be ties on their tops to avoid damage or scratches to walls. For painting
of the ceiling, proper stage scaffolding shall be erected. Painting shall not be started until and
unless the Engineer-in-charge has inspected the items of work to be painted, satisfied himself
about their proper quality and given his approval to commence the painting work. Painting,
except the priming coat, shall generally be taken in hand after all other builders work,
practically finished. The rooms should be thoroughly swept out entire building cleaned up
atleast one day in advance of the paint work being started.

Preparation of Surface :

The surface shall be thoroughly cleaned. All dirt, rust, scales, smoke and grease shall
be thoroughly removed before painting is started. Minor patches if any in plastered / form
finished surfaces shall be repaired and finished in line and level in C.M/ 1:1 and cracks and
crevices shall be filled with approved filler, by the contractor at no extra cost to the Department.
The prepared surface shall have received the approval of the Engineer-in-charge after
inspection, before painting is commenced.

Application :

Before pouring into smaller containers for use, the paint shall be stirred thoroughly in
its containers. When applying also, the paint shall be continuously stirred in the smaller
containers so that consistency is kept uniform. The external surfaces of the buildings under
reference including he R.C.C. Jalli, fins and the panels above and the panels above and below
the window etc. shall be finished in different colours of approved shade. The contractor will
make suitable samples at site for Departments approval before taking up the work in hand and
they will be allowed to proceed with the work only after getting Departments approval for the
same. The painting shall be laid on evenly and smoothly by means of crossing and laying off,
the later in the direction of the grain in case of wood. The crossing and laying off consists of
covering the area with paint, brushing the surface hard for the first time and then brushing
alternately in opposite directions two or three time and then finally brushing lightly in
direction at right angles to the same. In this process, no brush marks shall be left after the
laying off is finished. The full process of crossing and laying will constitute one coat. Where
so stipulated, the painting shall be done with spraying. Spray machine used may be

(a) a high pressure (small air aperture) type or

(b) a low pressure (large air gap) type,

depending on the nature and location of work to be carried out. Skilled and experienced
workmen shall be employed for this class of work. Paints used shall be brought to the
requisite consistency by adding a suitable thinner. Spraying should be done only when dry
condition prevails. Each coat shall be allowed to dry cut thoroughly and rubbed smooth
before the next coat is applied. This should be facilitated by thorough ventilation.

Each coat except he last coat, shall be tightly rubbed down with sand paper or fine
pumice stone and cleaned of dust before the next coat is laid. No left over paint shall be put
back into the stock tins. When not in use, containers shall be kept properly closed. The final
painted surface shall present a uniform appearance and no streaks, blisters, hair marks from
the brush or clogging of paint puddles in the corners of panels, angles of moldings etc. shall
be left on the work. In case of cement based paints / primers, the absorbent surfaces shall be
evenly damped so as to give even suction. In any weather, freshly painted surfaces shall be
kept damp for atleast two days. In painting doors and windows, the putty around the glass
panes must also be painted, but care must be taken to see that no paint stains etc. are left on
the glass. Tops of shutters and surfaces in similar hidden locations shall not be left out while
painting. Prospect covers of electrical switch boxes have to be painted from inside by
removing them. Care shall be taken while removing them in position after painting with
respective approved paints. In painting steel work, special care shall be taken while painting
over bolts, nuts, rivets, overlaps etc. The additional specifications for primer and other coats
of paints shall be as in accordance to the detailed specifications under the respective
headings. Any damage caused during painting work to the existing works / surfaces shall be
made good by the contractor at his own cost.

Brushes and Containers :

After work, the brushes shall be completely cleaned off paint and linseed oil by rinsing
with turpentine. A brush in which paint has dried up is ruined and shall be kept at a place free
from dust. When the paint has been used, the containers shall be washed with turpentine and
wiped dry with soft clean cloth, so that they are clean and can be used again.

Measurement :

Painting, unless otherwise stated shall be measured by area in square metre. Length
and breadth shall be measured correct upto two places of decimal of a meter. No deduction
shall be made for opening not exceeding 0.05 sqm. and no addition shall be made for painting
to the beading, moulding edges, jambs, soffits, sils, architraves etc. of such openings. In
measuring painting, varnishing, oiling etc. of joinery and steel work etc. the coefficient as in
the following table shall be used to obtain the areas payable. The co-efficient shall b applied to
the areas measured flat and not girthed in all cases. In case of painting of door shutter with
push plates in plastic laminate, deduction will be made for area of such laminations.

Precautions :

All furniture, lightings, fixture, sanitary, fittings, glazing, floors etc. shall be protected
by covering and stains, smears, splashing, if any shall be removed and any damage done shall
be made good by the contractor at his cost.

Rates :

Rates shall include cost of all labour and materials involved on all the operations described
above and in the particular specifications given under the several items.

Painting, Priming coat on Wood, Iron of Plastered Surfaces

Primer

The primer for wood work, iron work or plastered surface shall be as specified in the
description of the item. Primer for wood work / Iron & Steel / Plastered / Aluminium surfaces
shall be as specified below:
Surfaces Primer to be used

a) Wood work (hard and soft wood) Pink conforming to IS 3536 – 1966
b) Resinous wood and ply wood Aluminium Primer

c) Iron & Steel, aluminium and galvanized steel Work : Zinc chromate primer
conforming to IS 104-1962

d) d) Plastered surfaces, cement brick work, Asbestos surfaces for oil bound
distemper and paint Cement primer The primer shall be ready mixed primer of
approved band
and manufacture.
e)
f) Preparation of Surface
g)
h) Wood work :
i)
j) The wood work to be painted shall be dry and free from moisture. The surface shall be
thoroughly cleaned. All unevenness shall be rubbed down smooth with sand paper and
shall be well dusted. Knots, if any, shall be covered with preparation of red lead
 made by grinding red lead in water and mixing with strong glue sized and used hot.
Appropriate filler material with same shade as paint shall be used where so desired by
the Engineer-in-charge. The surface treated for knotting shall be dry before painting is
applied. After the priming coat is applied, the holes and indentation on the surface shall
be stopped with glaziers putty or wood putty (for specifications for glaziers putty and
wood putty – refer as mentioned herein before). Stopping shall not be done before the
priming coat is applied as the wood will absorb the oil in the stopping and the latter is
therefore liable to crack.
k)
l) Iron and Steel Work :
m)
n) All rust and scales shall be removed by scrapping or by brushing with steel wire brushes.
Hard skin of oxide formed on the surface of wrought iron during rolling which becomes
loose by rusting, shall be removed. All dust and dirt shall be thoroughly wiped away from
the surface. If the surface is wet, it shall be dried before o) priming coat is undertaken.

p) Plastered Surface :
q)
r) The surface shall ordinarily not be painted until it has dried completely. Trial
patches of primer shall be laid at intervals and where drying is satisfactory, painting
shall be taken in had. Before primer is applied, holes and undulations, shall be filled
up with

s) plaster of Paris / putty and rubbed smooth.

Application : The surface shall be cleaned and all unevenness removed as in para 32.10.2
(a). Knots if visible shall be covered with a preparation of red lead. Holes and indentations on
the surface shall be filled in with glaziers putty or wood putty and rubbed smooth before
painting is done. The surface should be thoroughly dry before painting.

Iron and Steel work :

The primer coat shall have dried up completely before painting is started. Rust and
scaling shall be carefully removed by scraping or by brushing with steel wire brushes. All
dust and dirt shall be carefully and thoroughly wiped away.

Plastered Surfaces :
 The priming coat shall have dried up completely before painting is started. All dust or
dirt that has settled on the priming coat shall be thoroughly wiped before painting is started.

Application :

The specifications mentioned herein before shall hold good as far as applicable. The
number of coats to be applied will be as stipulated in the item. The painted surface shall present
a uniform appearance and glossy / semiglossy finish, free from streaks, blisters etc.

Other Details:

The specifications for painting (general ) specified herein before shall hold good in
so far as they are applicable.

Painting with synthetic enamel / Semi glossy Paint on new work

Paint :

Synthetic enamel / semi glossy paint of approved brand and manufacture and required
shade shall be used for the top coat and an under coat of shade to match the top coat as
recommended by the manufacturer shall be used. The paint shall be conforming to IS :
19321964.

Preparation of Surface :

This shall be as per painting with superior quality ready mixed paint as mentioned
herein before.

Application :

The number of coats including the under coat shall be as stipulated in the item.

Under Coat :

The coat of the specified paint of shade suited to the shade of the top coat shall be
applied and allowed to dry over night. It shall be rubbed next day with the finest grade of

wet abrasive paper to ensure a smooth and even surface free from brush marks and all loose
particles shall be dusted off. All the cracks, crevices, roughness etc. will be filled with
approved putty as per manufacturers recommendations.

Top coat :
 Finishing coats of specified paint of the desired colour and shade shall be applied after
the under coat is thoroughly dried. Additional finishing coats shall be applied if found necessary
to ensure a proper and uniform semi glossy surface.

Other Details :

The specifications for "Painting (General)" mentioned herein before shall hold good
as far as they are applicable.

Painting with Acrylic Emulsion/Plastic Emulsion Paint

This shall be polyvinyl based Acrylic / plastic emulsion paint of approved manufacture
of the required shade conforming to IS 5411-1969.

Primer :

The primer to be sued for the painting with acrylic emulsion on cement concrete
surfaces, plastered surfaces, A.C. sheets, timber and metal surfaces, if necessary shall be
of approved base and as per recommendations of he manufacturers.

Putty :

Plaster filler to be used for filling up (putting) uneven surfaces, small cracks and holes
etc. shall be of approved compound and as per recommendations of the manufacturers. No oil
based putty shall be used. The putty should be made from a mixture of whiting and plastic
emulsion paint or as per manufacturers recommendations.

Finishing coats:

All the finishing coats shall be of matt finish or any other finish as required by the
Engineer-in-charge. The number of finishing coats shall be as specified in the item.

Mode of measurement:
All the measurements for payment shall be taken on net surface area actually painted,
unless otherwise specified. Deduction will be made form the areas for fixtures, frills,
ventilation, outlets, electrical boxes and such obstructions not painted, if they are individually
more than0.05 sqm. Acrylic emulsion paint is required to be provided on plastered and concrete
surfaces in portions of the building. The Department shall reserve the option to delete or
increase quantities in full or part from the scope of contract during progress of work. All wood
surfaces are to be pointed with semi glossy synthetic enamel paint with an approved primer.
All shades and colours of paints shall be subjected to review and prior approval of Engineer-
in-charge shall be taken before the application.

White Washing with lime

Preparation of surface:

Before new work is white washed, the surface shall be thoroughly brushed free from
mortar dropping and foreign matter. In the case of old work, all loose pieces and scales shall
be scrape off and holes in plaster as well as patches of less than o.5 sqm. area each shall be
filled up with mortar of the same mix. Where so specifically ordered by the Engineer-in-
charge, the entire surface of old white wash shall be thoroughly removed by scrapping and
this shall be paid for separately.

Preparation of lime wash:

The wash shall be prepared from fresh lime stone white lime. The lime shall be
thoroughly slaked on the spot, mixed and stirred with sufficient water to make a thin cream.
This shall be allowed to stand for a period of 24 hours and then shall be screened through a
clean coarse cloth. 40 gm. of gum dissolved in hot water or Fevicol DDL Binder which shall
be added to each 10 cubic decimeter of the cream. The approximate quantity of water to be
added in making the cream will be 5 litres of water to one kg. of lime. Indigo (Robin Blue)
upto 3 gm per kg. of lime dissolved in water, shall then be added and wash stirred well.
Water shall then be added at the rate of about 5 litres per kg. of lime to produce a milky
solution. The lime shall be tested in a chemical laboratory and test certificate submitted, to
conform the quality of lime with regard to its physical and chemical properties. The cost of
testing lime shall be borne by the contractor.

White washing:

The white wash shall be applied with brushes or by spray in the specified number of
coats. The operation for each coat in the case of brush application shall consist of a stroke of

the brush given from the top downwards, another from the bottom upwards over the first strike,
and similarly one stroke horizontally from the right and another from the left before it dries.
Each coat shall be allowed to dry before the next one is applied. Further reach coat shall be
inspected and approved by the Engineer-in-charge before the subsequent coat is applied. No
portion of the surface shall be left out initially to be patched up later on. For new work, three
or more coats shall be applied till the surface present a smooth and uniform finish through
which the plaster does not show. The finished dry surface shall not show any sign of cracking
and peeling nor shall it come off readily on the hand when rubbed. For old work, after the
surface has been prepared as described hereinbefore, a coat of white wash shall be applied over
the patches and repairs. Then a single coat or two or more coats of white wash as stipulated in
the description of the item shall be applied over the entire surface. The white washed surface
should present a uniform finish through which the plaster patched do not appear. The washing
on ceiling should be done prior to that on walls.

Protective measures:

Doors, windows, floors, articles of furniture etc. and such other parts of the building act
to be white washed shall be protected from being splashed upon. Splashing and droppings, if
any, shall be removed by the contractor at his own cot and the surfaces cleaned. Damages, if
any to painted surfaces, furniture or fittings and fixtures etc. shall be recoverable from the
contractor.

Unit 5 SCHEDULE OF RATES

Definition:

In order to determine the rate of a particular item, the factors affecting the rate of that
item are studied carefully and then finally a rate is decided for that item. This process of
determining the rates of an item is termed as analysis of rates or rate analysis.

The rate of particular item of work depends on the following.

1. Specifications of works and material about their quality, proportion and

constructional

Operation method.

2. Quantity of materials and their costs.

3. Cost of labours and their wages.

4. Location of site of work and the distances from source and conveyance
charges.
 5. Overhead and establishment charges

6. Profit

PROCEDURE OF RATE ANALYSIS

Cost of materials at source and at site of construction.

The costs of materials are taken as delivered at site inclusive of the transport local

taxes and other charges.

Purpose of Analysis of rates:

1. To work out the actual cost of per unit of the items.

2. To work out the economical use of materials and processes in completing the

particulars item.

3. To work out the cost of extra items which are not provided in the contract bond,
but are to be done as per the directions of the department.

4. To revise the schedule of rates due to increase in the cost of material and labour
or due to change in technique.

REQUIREMENT OF LABOUR AND MATERIALS Cost

of labour -types of labour, standard schedule of rates

The labour can be classified in to

1) Skilled 1st class

2) Skilled IInd Class

3) un skilled

The labour charges can be obtained from the standard schedule of rates 30% of the
skilled labour provided in the data may be taken as Ist class, remaining 70% as II class. The
rates of materials for Government works are fixed by the superintendent Engineer for his circle
every year and approved by the Board of Chief Engineers. These rates are incorporated in the
standard schedule of rates.

Lead statement:

The distance between the source of availability of material and construction site is
known as "Lead " and is expected in Km. The cost of convenayce of material depends on
lead. This statement will give the total cost of materials per unit item. It includes first cost,
convenayce loading, unloading stacking, charges etc. The rate shown in the lead statement
are for mettalled road and include loading and staking charges. The environment lead on the
metalled roads are arrived by multiplying by a factor

a) for metal tracks - lead x 1.0

b) For cartze tracks - Lead x 1.1

c) For Sandy tracks - lead x 1.4

Note: For 1m3 wet concrete = 1.52m3 dry concrete approximately

SP.Wt of concrete= 1440 kg/m3 (or) 1.44 t/m3

1 bag of cement = 50 Kg
 VALUATION
CONTENTS

TECHNICAL TERMS

OBJECTS OF VALUATION
DEFINITIONS
Market Value
Book Value
Capital cost
Sinking Fund Method
Direct comparison with the capital Value
Depreciation Method of Valuation
Methods for calculating depreciation

FIXATION OF RENT
CALCULAITON OF STANDARD REND OF
A GOVT. PROPERTY
TECHNICAL TERMS
1. EXPENDITURE
The whole amount can be spent during the financial year or not.
2. CAPITAL COST
Total cost including all the expenditure incurred from beginning to the
completion of a work.
3. PROVISIONAL SUM

Estimate of bill quantities for some special work to be done by a specialist firm whose
details are known at the time of preparation of estimate.

4. RATE OF COST

The cost per unit of subhead which is arrived at by dividing the up-todate final
charges on a sub-head by its up-to-date progress.

5. PREMIUM
The tendered percentage rate above the notified rates.
6. REBATE
The tendered percentage rate below the notified rates.
 7. PLINTH AREA

It is a covered area of a building measured at floor level. It is measured by

taking external dimensions excluding plinth offset if any.

8. RATES

Rates followed are of sanctioned schedule of rates or nonscheduled, this

fact is to be mentioned under this sub – head.
9. CONTINGENCIES
Incidental expenses of miscellaneous character which cannot be
classified approximately under any distinct sub-head, but is added in
the cost of construction necessarily.

10. VALUATION
Valuation is the technique of estimating or determining the fair price or value
of a property such as building, a factory, other engineering structure of
various types, land…etc.

11. SALVAGE VALUE

It is the value of end of utility period without being dismantled.
12. SINKING FUND

The fund is gradually accumulated by way of periodic on annual deposit for the
replacement of the building or structure at the end of its useful life.

13. DEPRECIATION
Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of a usefulness of a property.
Decrease or loss in the value of a property due to its structural deterioration
use, life wear and tear, decay and obsolescence.

14. SCRAP VALUE

Scrap value is the value of dismantled materials. For a building when the life is
over the end of utility period of dismantled materials as steel, bricks, timber.
Etc. will fetch certain amount which is scrap value of a building.

OBJECTS OF VALUATION
 It is the technique of estimating and determining the fair price or value of a property such
as a building, a factory or other engineering structures of various types, land etc.

Six important Purposes of Valuation:

The main purposes of valuation are as follows:
Buying or Selling Property
When it is required to buy or sell a property, its valuation is required.
Taxation
To assess the tax of a property, its valuation is required. Taxes may be municipal tax,
wealth tax, Property tax etc, and all the taxes are fixed on the valuation of the property.
Rent Function
In order to determine the rent of a property, valuation is required. Rent is usually fixed on
the certain percentage of the amount of valuation which is 6% to 10% of valuation.

Security of loans or Mortgage

When loans are taken against the security of the property, its valuation is required.
Compulsory acquisition
Whenever a property is acquired by law; compensation is paid to the owner. To
determine the amount of compensation, valuation of the property is required.
Valuation of a property is also required for Insurance, Betterment charges, speculations
etc.
Valuation of Building:
Valuation of a building depends on the type of the building, its structure and durability, on
the situation, size, shape, frontage, width of roadways, the quality of materials used in the
construction and present day prices of materials. Valuation also depends on the

height of the building, height of the plinth, thickness of the wall, nature of the floor, roof,
doors, windows etc.
The valuation of a building is determined on working out its cost of construction at
present day rate and allowing a suitable depreciation.
Six Methods of Valuation
1. Rental Method of Valuation
2. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
3. Valuation based on the profit
4. Valuation based on the cost
5. Development method of Valuation
6. Depreciation method of Valuation
DEFINITIONS
 Market Value
The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any
particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will
differ from time to time according to demand and supply.
The market value also changes from time to time for various miscellaneous reasons
such as changes in industry, changes in fashions, means of transport, cost of materials
and labour etc.

Book Value

Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary
depreciations. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus the
amount of depreciation allowed per year and will be gradually reduced year to year and at the end
of the utility period of the property, the book value will be only scrap value.
Capital cost

Capital cost is the total cost of construction including land, or the original total amount
required to possess a property. It is the original cost and does not change while the value of the
property is the present cost which may be calculated by methods of Valuation.

Capitalized Value of a Property

The capitalized value of a property is the amount of money whose annual interest at the
highest prevailing rate of interest will be equal to the net income from the property. To

determine the capitalized value of a property, it is required to know the net income from
the property and the highest prevailing rate of interest.

Therefore, Capitalized Value = Net income x year’s purchase

Year’s Purchase
 Year’s purchase is defined as the capital sum required to be invested in order to receive a net
receive a net annual income as an annuity of rupee one at a fixed rate of interest.

The capital sum should be 1×100/rate of interest.

Thus to gain an annual income of Rs x at a fixed rate of interest, the capital sum
should be x(100/rate of interest).

But (100/rate of interest) is termed as Year’s Purchase.

The multiplier of the net annual income to determine the capital value is known as the

Year’s Purchase (YP) and it is useful to obtain the capitalized value of the property.

Sinking Fund Method

In this method, the depreciation of a property is assumed to be equal to the annual sinking
fund plus the interest on the fund for that year, which is supposed to be invested on interest bearing
investment. If A is the annual sinking fund and b, c, d, etc. represent interest on the sinking fund
for subsequent years and C = total original cost, then –

Rental Method of Valuation

In this method, the net income by way of rent is found out by deducting all outgoing from
the gross rent. A suitable rate of interest as prevailing in the market is assumed and
Year’s purchase is calculated. This net income multiplied by Year’s Purchase gives the
capitalized value or valuation of the property. This method is applicable only when the rent
is known or probable rent is determined by enquiries.

Direct comparison with the capital Value

 This method may be adopted when the rental value is not available from the
property concerned, but there are evidences of sale price of properties as a whole. In such
cases, the capitalized value of the property is fixed by direct comparison with capitalized
value of similar property in the locality.

Valuation based on profit

This method of Valuation is suitable for buildings like hotels, cinemas, theatres etc for which
the capitalized value depends on the profit. In such cases, the net income is worked out

after deducting gross income; all possible working expense, outgoings, interest on the
capital invested etc. The net profit is multiplied by Year’s Purchase to get the capitalized
value. In such cases, the valuation may work out to be high in comparison with the cost of
construction.

Valuation based on cost

In this method, the actual cost incurred in constructing the building or in possessing the
property is taken as basis to determine the value of property. In such cases, necessary depreciation
should be allowed and the points of obsolescence should also be considered.

Development Method of Valuation

This method of Valuation is used for the properties which are in the underdeveloped stage
or partly developed and partly underdeveloped stage. If a large place of land is required to be
divided into plots after providing for roads, parks etc, this method of valuation is to be adopted. In
such cases, the probable selling price of the divided plots, the area required for roads, parks etc
and other expenditures for development should be known.

If a building is required to be renovated by making additional changes, alterations

or improvements, the development method of Valuation may be used.
 Depreciation Method of Valuation

According to this method of Valuation, the building should be divided into four parts:

1. Walls

2. Roofs

3. Floors

4. Doors and Windows

And the cost of each part should first be worked out on the present day rates by detailed
measurements.

The present value of land and water supply, electric and sanitary fittings etc should be
added to the valuation of the building to arrive at total valuation of the property.

Depreciation is the gradual exhaustion of the usefulness of a property. This may be

defined as the decrease or loss in the value of a property due to structural deterioration,
life wear and tear, decay and obsolescence.

Methods for calculating depreciation

1. Straight line Method

2. Constant percentage method

3. Sinking Fund Method

 4. Quantity Survey Method

Straight Line Method

In this method, it is assumed that the property losses its value by the same amount
every year. A fixed amount of the original cost is deducted every year, so that at the end
of the utility period, only the scrap value is left.

Annual Depreciation, D = (original cost of the asset – Scrap Value)/life in years

For example, a vehicle that depreciates over 5 years, is purchased at a cost of

US$17,000, and will have a salvage value of US$2000, will depreciate at US$3,000 per year:

($17,000? $2,000)/ 5 years = $3,000 annual straight-line depreciation expense. In other words, it is

the depreciable cost of the asset divided by the number of years of its useful life.

Constant Percentage Method or Declining balance Method

In this method, it is assumed that the property will lose its value by a constant
percentage of its value at the beginning of every year.

Annual Depreciation, D = 1-(scrap value/original value)1/life in year

Quantity Survey Method

In this method, the property is studied in detail and loss in value due to life, wear
and tear, decay, and obsolescence etc, worked out. Each and every step is based is based
on some logical grounds without any fixed percentage of the cost of the property. Only
experimental valuer can work out the amount of depreciation and present value of a
property by this method.

FIXATION OF RENT

Capitalized value of the property can be known by any of the methods discussed earlier
and suitable value of year’s purchase is adopted according to the admissible rate of
interest (8% or any other fair rate).

Then,

Net income = capitalized value / year’s purchase

All possible outgoings are added to this net income which will give gross income from the
property. Gross income or gross rent = Net rent + outgoings

The standard rent = (Gross Income / 12) per month.

CALCULAITON OF STANDARD REND OF A GOVT. PROPERTY

(In Punjab / Haryana), standard rent is calculated on the capital cost of the residence and
shall be either:

1. (a) A percentage equal to the rate of interest on the capital ( which includes the cost on
sanitary, water supply and electrical installation, fencing, boundary walls and service roads
etc. as fixed from time to time) value of a building. In addition, municipal and other taxes and
the expenditure for the maintenance of building are also realised, or

(b) 6%per annum of the capital value of a building constructed/ occupied after 1992
whichever is less.
 2. Municipal taxes etc. levied on the occupant will be payable to the occupant direct
to the authorities concerned in addition to the above rent calculations.

3. Generally the value of the land is excluded. If value of land to be considered a little
less percentage says 1 to 2 % on value of land be taken for calculation of standard
rent.

PROBLEM: A building costing Rs. 3, 50,000/- has recently been constructed in a big city. The
plot measuring 450 sq. m was purchased @ Rs. 150/- per square meter. Work out the rent of

the property. Assume 8% as net return on the cost of the construction and 4 1/2 % on
the land value. All expected outgoing are Rs. 10000/- per year.

Solution:

= Rs.
(1) Cost of construction 3,50,000/-

Value of land = 450 150

= Rs. 67500/-

Net return:

1. On cost of construction =
 = Rs. 28000/-

2. On value of land = = 3037.50

Net return = Rs.28000/- + 3037.50

= Rs. 31037.50

Outgoing = Rs. 10000/-

Gross income = Rs. 31037.50/12 = Rs. 4320/-

Rent / month = 41037.50 / 12 = Rs. 4320/- (approx.)

2 A govt. accommodation is built at the cost of Rs. 60,000/- . The water supply and

sanitary and electrical installation expenditure is Rs. 15000/-. Calculate the standard rend
of the building if the following rate of return are fixed:

i. 6% on construction cost.

ii. 1 1/2 % towards maintenance of building work,

iii. 4 1/2 % on installation expenditure.

iv. 4% on maintenance of installation.

v. Rs. 120/- as property tax per year.

vi. Cost of land is be neglected.

Solution:
(a) (i) Return on construction cost = = Rs. 3600/-

(ii) Return on installation cost = = Rs. 675/-

(iii) Cost of maintenance of building

= = Rs. 900/-

(iv) Cost of maintenance of installations

= = Rs. 600/-

(v) Property tax = Rs. 120/-

Gross return = Rs.5895/-

Standard rent = Gross rent / 12 =

= Rs. 491.25 P.M. (Per Month).

b) Standard rent is also equal to 6% of capital value

Capital value

(1) Construction cost = Rs. 60,000.00

(2) Installation cost = Rs. 15,000.00

Total = Rs. 75000.00 Standard rent =

= 4500/- per year

= Rs. 375/- P.M.

Because the standard rent by (b) method is less and, therefore, the standard rent shall
be Rs. 375/- P.M.

valuations
1. Types of valuations?
f. Rental Method of Valuation
g. Direct Comparisons of the capital value
h. Valuation based on the profit
i. Valuation based on the cost
j. Development method of Valuation

2. Devaluation and purpose of valuation.

To find out the exact cost of particular asset and know the present price of that asset. It is
generally carried out once the construction of the house has come to an end or during its
life. A valuation can help you to evaluate the current market value of your house.

Market capitalization/capitalization (often market cap) is a measurement of size of a business

enterprise (corporation) equal to the share price times the number of shares outstanding (shares
that have been authorized, issued, and purchased by investors) of a public company.

3. Detailed specifications of the following items of works.

(a) Colour washing
White wash shall be prepared from lime slaked on site and stirred with sufficient water to make
a thin cream. This shall be allowed to stand for 24 hours and shall be screened though clean cloth,
4 kg of gum dissolved in hot water shall be added to each cubic meter of the cream (115 gm per
cft) copper Sulphate not exceeding 3% shall be added to give required whiteness. The
approximate quantity of water to be added to make cream shall be five liters per kg. Of lime.
White wash shall be applied in specified coats by a dispersing agent; detergent up to a maximum
of 5% will be added to the mix before application using flat brushes or spray pumps. Each coat
shall be allowed to dry before the next coat is applied .If additional coat then what have been
specified are necessary to obtain uniform and smooth finish, it shall be given at no extra cost.

4. Sinking fund
A sinking fund is a fund established by an economic entity by setting aside revenue over a period
of time to fund a future capital expense, or repayment of a long-term debt.
In North America and elsewhere where it is common for public and private corporations to raise
funds through the issue of bonds, the term is normally used in this context. However, in the
United Kingdom and elsewhere where the issue of bonds (other than government bonds) is
unusual, and where long-term leasehold tenancies are common, the term is only normally used
in the context of replacement or renewal of capital assets, particularly the common parts of
buildings.