CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION:

Alcohol is an intoxicating liquid that humans have consumed for thousands of

years to achieve a unique body response, and it is profoundly ingrained in many
cultures worldwide. It is utilized in practically every country on the planet. Nonetheless,
its features and effects are classed as a drug. The ability of alcohol to induce happy
emotions and stress-relieving effects is most likely the fundamental reason for its
widespread acceptance. Adolescent alcohol consumption is still a major concern. The
most commonly used substance among adolescents is alcohol. Every 15-year-old or
older individual consumes around 6 litres of pure alcohol yearly. The global number of
young aged 11 to 15 who admitted consuming alcohol fell from 62 to 54 per cent, as
recorded in the range between 1988 and 2017 (Anderson et al., 2009). However, young
drinkers boosted their weekly intake from 6.4 units in 1997 to 12.7 units in 2017. In
addition, there was no gender disparity in this upward trend. Both boys and girls
consumed much more alcohol than before. Furthermore, one out of every four 14-year-
olds admitted to consuming over 10 litres of alcohol during their previous drinking
session, with one out of three just aged 15 (Babor et al., 2010). Considering the serious
consequences associated with adolescent alcohol use, this study on the influence of
alcohol abuse on pan-Indian youth has been planned and composed as an authentic
scholarly document to motivate health awareness and eradication of alcoholism. The
study sections of this research are organized to provide a global scenario on alcoholism,
its social and commercial value and the reasons for being chosen largely among the
adolescent groups indings on India's status on adolescent drinking habits. Lastly, the
paper presents the contextual discussion and inference as obtained from the finding.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF ALCOHOLISM:

Drinking alcohol is a kind of disorder caused because of different reasons. In this

disorder, the brain relies on alcohol to produce specific molecules over a long drinking
time. Due to this, it becomes quite tough for heavy drinkers to quit drinking and
sometimes, it creates unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Biological reasons,
environmental causes, social conditions, and psychological factors are some of the most

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common causes of alcoholism. According to the study, alcoholics and biological
variables are related, notably heredity and physiology. While some people can moderate
their drinking habits, everyone else has a powerful desire to drink more. Drinking
produces pleasurable sensations in certain people, stimulating the brain to continue the
action. This type of repetitious action can raise your chances of being addicted to
alcohol. Moreover ,specific neural mechanisms might increase your susceptibility to
alcohol use. According to research, drinking has indeed been linked to approximately
50 - 60 genes in different sites in the genome. Family members are substantially more
likely to acquire problems with alcohol if such traits are handed down through
generations. Many studies have investigated whether a patient's closeness to liquor
retail shops or pubs impacts their likelihood of becoming an alcoholic. Folks who reside
near bars and restaurants are thought to have a more favourable attitude toward alcohol
and will be more inclined to do so. Furthermore, alcohol firms market to the entire
population. Drinking is shown as socially acceptable, pleasurable, and soothing
behaviour in several of these advertisements. The amount of alcohol promoted in the
United States rose by more than 400% between 1971 and 2017. Another contextual
factor influencing how much liquor an individual consumes is income. Despite common
assumptions ,people in affluent areas consume more than those in impoverished areas.

Social conditions might have an impact on drinking habits. Culture, religion, family,
and employment affect many actions, including drinking. Family is the most crucial
element in determining whether a person would develop alcoholism. Z generation can
easily become victims of alcohol misuse and are more prone to developing a dangerous
drinking pattern. Starting college or a new job might greatly raise the chances of
developing alcohol addiction. During this period, willingly befriending someone and
building ties around the society, the desire for attachment and being acceptable prompts
to agree with something that would not normally be done. Attending every corporate
happy hour, drinking more than normal habits, and even seeking alcohol after a long
day at work before realizing it — are all indicators of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD).
Several psychological factors may make binge drinking more likely. Everyone reacts to
events in their unique way. On the other hand, how to cope with these feelings may
impact our personality. Alcoholism is more prone to develop in people with substantial
stress, anxiety, depression, or other mental health difficulties. Alcohol is widely used to
repress sensations and cure the symptoms of psychological diseases in certain

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conditions.
Over time, drinking might become habitual, resulting in AUD. Once the body becomes
tolerant of alcohol and dependent on its effects, it is more used to cope with pain and
adversity. Alcohol abuse and mental health issues like depression, bipolar disorder, and
schizophrenia can have many negative consequences. To be overcome, a medical
specialist should manage each of these concerns separately. The Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Problems (DSM-5) and the International Statistical
Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-10) both classify alcohol
dependence and addictive damage from alcohol as a promoter of brain
dysfunctionalities. Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is characterized by the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as comprised of primarily two of 11
conditions as observed in 12-month time, represented by a bunch of natural traits and
physical states organized into four groups: Impoverishment moderation, Social
Shortfall, Risky practices and harm acological habits (Carvajal & Lerma-Cabrera,
2015).People who start taking alcohol at a young age, especially binge drinking, are
very common to fall prey to alcohol abuse. Drinking excessively for a period longer
than normal or binge drinking frequently might result in alcohol-related issues or
alcohol use disorder (Alcohol Use Disorder | National Health Portal Of India, n.d.).
Having friends or a close partner who consumes alcohol daily may raise the chances of
an alcohol use disorder. The effect of parents, classmates and other role models on
young people can impact risk. People suffering from anxiety, depression,
schizophrenia, or bipolar defects are more likely to have alcohol or other substance
issues. People who have experienced behavioural or other forms of stress are more
likely to suffer from health problems from alcohol intake. People with an alcoholic
parent or other close relatives are more prone to alcohol-based problems. Genetic
factors may play a role in this.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ALCOHOL AS A DRUG FOR PUBLIC

CONSUMPTION:
Annually, financial reports find a bulk sum of money spent on alcohol. Over 100 billion
euros on strong drinks are expended annually in European countries. The larger per
capita intake of alcohol in the region reflects this: 15 litres of pure ethanol per year
(Carvajal & Lerma-Cabrera, 2015). Social learning theory suggests that people gather
perceptions relying on their perceptions and follow the behaviours that they keenly

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observe or are familiar with through other channels such as music, movies,
publications, television, digital networks, and commercials. It allows alcohol companies
to promote their products and provide a come-up with popular cultural options for
potential customers, especially young customers, to suggest drinking habits. A
Columbia University-backed National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse study
found that children of 14+ age groups who access multiple social media portals are
more likely to try toxic liquors, use sedatives, and have tobacco than those who do not
use social media portals or use it infrequently. In the survey of 2,000 young people
about substance use and social media habits where 70% agreed to have social media
experience daily. Researchers found that this group is five times higher to get addicted
to cigarettes than non-users or rare social media users. Double the chance of using
marijuana. Ads on social media can inspire teens to try drinking for fun and drug usage,
apart from their regular social and traditional leisure activities with family and known
ones. Tobacco, E-cigarettes (mainly those commercially distributed by Juul), and hard
drink businesses have all used social media channels in their advertising and marketing
efforts, making them reachable to teenagers. These sectors can promote kids through
social media advertising, notwithstanding the truth that direct advertising and
promotion open to minors are barred by law (The Influence of Social Media on Teen
Drug Use - Addiction Center, n.d.). According to a research project by Michigan State
University, those who saw Facebook ads for beer were more likely to consume toxic
liquors than those who saw ads for bottled water. The 121 test subjects were given the
option of getting a gift card to a coffee outlet or a bar as compensation for their
involvement in the study after seeing the Facebook advertising. Seventy-three per cent
of participants opted for gift cards permitted for a bar, with a much lower 55 per cent
choosing the same for a coffee outlet. According to research published by the American
Academy of Pediatrics, 'problematic drinking' is closely associated with people of
young age groups and the preference to watch alcohol commercials and other addictive
drugs, as shown in popular television shows. Researchers discovered ten famous
television shows deemed appropriate for youngsters to watch (Omoegun & Alli, 2020)
Each episode had an average of more than two alcohol campaigns; in some episodes,
they even featured as many as thirteen. Next, the researchers surveyed 2,600 teens and
young populace (under 15-20 years of age), collecting their responses on watching TV
and drinking habits. They found that those who watched more alcohol-based television
clips had higher chances of engaging in severe addictive drinking traits such as drinking

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for excitement and binge drinking From 2009 to 2011, a study by Boston University
and Johns Hopkins University looked at Billboard's charts of the most popular songs.
Seven hundred twenty musical numbers were found, of which 167 (23.2%) were related
to alcohol. Rap, R & B music and hip-hop had the most alcohol-related themes. These
themes made up 37.7% of the music pieces that mentioned alcohol, with vodka,
champagne, cognac and tequila being the most popular. Teenagers and adolescents are
particularly affected by these influences, as they are mostly fascinated by pop music.

ADOLESCENCE ALCOHOLISM – CAUSES, PATTERNS AND ITS EFFECTS ON

YOUTH:
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents as people under 10 to 19
years (Inchley et al., 2018). However, scientific literature uses multiple definitions to
define the term. Clinical specialists define human adolescence as the period between 9
and 18. Adolescents are especially susceptible to the afflictions of alcohol. Alcohol,
rather than tobacco or other illicit drugs, is the most well-known toxic item that
damages adolescence. Alcohol abuse among adolescents is a worldwide concern. Teen
drinking is classified as non-drinkers, low, binge, and heavy alcoholic, according to
SAMSHA (Underage Drinking | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
(NIAAA), n.d.).Non-drinkers: Those who haven't taken alcohol in the preceding 30
days.

Light drinkers: drank at least one but no more than five drinks in the past 30 days on
anygiven occasion. Binge drinkers: those who had five or more drinks minimum on one
occasion in the past 30days but no more than four times. Heavy drinkers: those who had
five or more drinks per occasion on five or more occasions in the past 30 days. Alcohol-
related causes of death of 320.000 young people aged b e t w e e n 15- 29 per year. It
accounts for 9% of all deaths in that age range (Inchley et al., 2018). Many factors
determine whether teens try addiction items. The availability of drugs in their
neighbourhoods, in a group, on academic campuses, and whether their teenage
acquaintance uses them are some such factors. It is also important to consider family
status. Adolescents are more likely to try toxic itemswhen exposed to violence, bodily
or mental torture, emotional challenges, or home drug use. Finally, a teenager's genetic
vulnerability, individual features such as poor impulse control ora high demand for
stimulation, degraded mental health such as low spirit, worry,

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and attitude. Such as that drugs are
"cool"or harmless and increase the likelihood of an adolescent using drugs. Boys are
usually more alcoholic than girls are; however, there is evidence of rising gender
convergence in teen groups. (Kuntsche et al., 2014) viewed this convergence as the
effect of a rise in the intoxication among adolescent girls in those countries where
gender provisions are much more transparent due to women's increased role in
livelihood making and the resulting changes in their life. Cultural and gender norms
influence the pace or volume of alcohol consumption and the sorts of alcoholic
beverages ingested (Inchley et al., 2018). A distinct selection of alcoholic drinks is
connected with different drinking behaviours, according to a growing corpus of
research on beverage-specific consumption among teenagers. Binge drinking is more
typically linked with beer and spirits than with winein theUnited States of America, for
example. According to studies, the temptation of teenagers to get intoxicated are more
likely to drink beer than other types of alcohol since beer is often cheaper. Still, wine is
less likely to be used excessively.
Acute health problems associated with reckless drinking practices are not as prevalent
in adolescence as among the groups of age more than 18 years. Still, young heavy
drinkers are mostly affected by severe health problems(Underage Drinking | National
Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), n.d.). Scientists are constantly
observing behavioural patterns of the developing human brain, but the endeavour is
challenging. Small brain movements are not easily detected, but they significantly
impact long-term mental reactions and memory retention. Given that theadolescent
brain is developing, the study of the effects of alcohol is very complicated.Studies show
that animals fed with alcohol during this important fetal period develop long-term
alcohol disorders with ageing. It is unclear how alcohol affects long-term memory and
learning for people who have started drinking since they were teenagers (Underage
Drinking | National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA)

Some adolescents who use alcohol have increased liver enzyme activities that turned
even worse. Even with moderate drinking, young drinkers' heavy body mass had
increased liver enzymes. Puberty is when most of the hormonal enhancements occur in
both teenage boys and girls, including increased sex hormones, testosterone and
estrogens. These hormones improve other hormonal functions and boost their growth
for proper organ development. Alcohol consumption during this age of rapid bodily

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development and stimulation (i.e., before or during adolescence) may
weaken the hormonal balance required for muscle growth and optimal organ and bone
development. Tests on animals also show that drinking alcohol during puberty could
deform the reproductive system (Underage Drinking | National Institute on Alcohol
Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), n.d.).

CORRECTIONAL MEASURES TO PREVENT ALCOHOLISM AMONG YOUTH:

There is a significant unmet demand worldwide in the medical system that manages
alcohol control treatments. In 2002, for example, about 1.4 million youth were recorded
suffering from drug dependence or the problems caused by alcohol abuse in the United
States of America. But, only 227,000 received treatment (Principles of Adolescent
Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based Guide: Introduction | NIDA,
n.d.). Only ten per cent of 12 to 17 years old who require substance misuse treatment
receive it. When kids receive treatment, it is frequently for reasons other than adults.
The juvenile justice system refers to, by far, the greatest number of teenagers who get
therapy. Furthermore, their treatment systems for alcohol control processes are not
efficientlyequipped to meet the unique needs of adolescents. In practice, young alcohol
addicts try to recover easily accessible treatment provisions with age- appropriate
tactics andtherapies that do not need them to leave their homes or schools. Traditional
treatments (e.g., alcoholism treatment programmes, Alcoholics Anonymous) are
perceived by youth as less effective than brief interventions customized to their specific
concerns. Adolescent alcohol problem remedial processes should be made convenient,
multiple-featured, and promoted as caring and welcoming for the desired young patient
groups (Principles of Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: A Research-Based
Guide: Introduction | NIDA, n.d.). Environmental interventions apply increased
penalties for violating the statutory drinking age (MLDA) and other alcohol- related
laws to reduce underage drinking. They promote a stricter community attitude that
prevents youth from drinking. Interventions at the individual level aim to change
attitudes, knowledge, expectations, motivations, intentions, and skills to help youth
cope better with alcohol use.

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE:

According to (Nees et al., 2012), reward-related brain activation may have a bigger role
in addiction than early drinking initiation, where personality factors and reward-related
behaviours were more crucial. To establish the same, they employed component
analysis and structural equation modelling to reward-related brain responses determined
by functional magnetic resonance imaging during a monetary incentive delay task. The
findings led them to conclude that reward-related behaviour,
personality, and brain responses all had a role in alcohol consumption, with personality
accounting for a greater variance than behaviour and brain responses.
(Benţea, 2014) believed that alcohol use may be learnt through social learning
inadolescence. Their family environment and peer group influenced adolescents'
alcohol usage. Adolescents who were regularly exposed to a person who was drinking,
such as peers and parents, were more likely to learn and replicate the habit. The author
also emphasized the importance of school counselling as an alcohol prevention method.
(Skrobanek & Kuglstatter, 2019) suggested that the substance preference for young
masses could be understood as a consequence of class-permitted capital provisions and
related socio-economic levels, based on Bourdieu's ideas on class, lifestyle, and
practice. The researcher found that, while cultural and economic capital had an impact,
the type of lifestyle more important in understanding and explaining youth substance
use. Alcohol use was consistently linked to psychosocial issues, according to (Pedersen
& Von Soest, 2015), but alcohol users reported higher levels of social acceptability and
social integration than non-users. There was no evidence of 'hardening,' which is
common among tobacco users.

(Sargent & Babor, 2020) reviewed the findings of narrative and systematic literature
reviews that looked at the association between alcohol marketing exposure and
underage drinking in the context of causality criteria. All nine of the Bradford Hill
criteria were determined to have proof of causality throughout the review papers
commissioned for the study. Multiple Bradford Hill criteria were found to be met in
some reviews. In their quantitative study, (Hendriks et al., 2018) discovered that alcohol
posts by youth typically represented alcohol in a favourable social setting (425/438,
97.0 per cent) and people carrying beverages (277/412, 67.2 per cent). Then, rather than

8
being posted by themselves (201/439, 45.8%), alcohol posts were more frequently
placed on their timelines by others (tagging; 238/439, 54.2 per cent). Furthermore, it
was found that suchsocial postings received more likes and comments (mean 35.50, SD
26.39) than non-social posts. As a result, they proposed that interventions aimed at
reducing alcohol posts be carried out in the broader social environment of individuals,
where posting about alcohol was common.

(Mayrhofer & Naderer, 2019) looked into the impact of media campaigns on positive
and negative alcohol expectations and attitudes about alcohol. In addition, the
participants' degree of alcohol consumption was examined as a moderator. They
discovered that this method's main effects were exclusively on negative alcohol
expectancies, confirming the distinction between alcohol expectancies and attitudes.

(Tripathi, 2019) seriously and fundamentally investigated psychosocial hypotheses to

explain the root cause of alcohol addiction in select persons. They also confirmed such
theories' behavioural implications in decreasing the harm caused by alcoholism.
(Hurley et al., 2019) assessed existing parent-based alcohol control initiative
programmes arranged to gather parental-specific outcomes such as alcohol-specific
laws, parental opinions, parent-child understanding, parental monitoring, study quality,
engagement of associates in programme design, and theory application. EBSCO,
Science Direct, PubMed, Emerald, Taylor and Francis, Ovid, ProQuest, and Web of
Science repositories were used to collect data. They discovered that ten of the 17
studies they looked at had good results in at least one parent-suggested solution
recommendation. Overall, ten programmes were classified as weak, three as moderate,
and none as strong, according to the EPHPP assessment.
(Steingrimsson et al., 2020) investigated personality identification aspects such as self-
directedness (SD) and cooperativeness (CO) in 6,917 people (58 per cent women)
aged18 who completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) and
Drug Use Disorder Identification Test (DUDIT), as well as the SD and CO, reports
from the Temperament and Character Inventory, a procedure under Sweden's Child and
Adolescent Twin study. Identified low SD and CO traits as the research outcome to
support their assumption that personality features might be utilized to identify those
who are at high risk of substance dependence.

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(Steingrimsson et al., 2020) made deep scrutiny of PsycINFO, Central Register
ofControlled trials, Medline, and Cochrane databases from where they collected 1654
screened papers. Of them, 22 study reports met their inclusion options to find and assess
existing combined student and parent-based interactions in the agenda of alcohol
prevention. In at least one test based on their study sample, they found significant
intervention effects associated with delayed or reduced use of alcohol and other drugs
in adolescence. Also, they could locate the key gaps in the literature regarding their
effectiveness and accordingly record the same in this study.
(Keyes et al., 2015) investigated the implementation and promptness of public policy
and prevention interventions as intervention measures for alcohol and marijuana
addiction in the United States (US). The researchers looked at cases of fatally wounded
drivers (N = 7,191) aged 16 to 25 who died within one hour of an incident in nine states
with high rates of toxicological testing, as recorded on the Fatality Analysis Reporting
System from 1999 to 2011. The findings revealed that after reaching the minimum legal
drinking age (MLDA), a trend of alcohol availability rose among adolescents and
young adults, with only a small effecton marijuana use.
(Berten et al., 2013) used a sample of 10,525 teenagers from four Western European
nations, namely Germany, Belgium, Austria, and the Netherlands, who were in the
seventh toninth grades of secondary school. They tried to find a link between students'
level of study and alcohol consumption patterns while adjusting for other socio-
economic factors.

(Healey et al., 2014) conducted an evidence synthesis to compare the UK's evolving
trends in underage drinking to those of other European countries and the United States.
They chose alcoholics based on their hospital admission. They used data from medical
databases todiscover a link between underage drinking and violent adolescent crime
between November 2002 and November 2012. These findings were used as the
foundation for advocating strategies for reducing alcohol abuse among the population
group of age under 18 years. The study found that girls aged 15 to 16 had a higher rate
of heavy drinking and intoxication than boys. It was more common for girls to be
hospitalized for alcohol-related damage than boys. Studies have shown a clear link
between temporary drinking and violent teen abuse. (Mak et al., 2019) investigated to
gather evidence that social connections in their local setting impact the experiences of
Hong Kong adolescents (from two districts) who smoke or use alcohol with their

10
 parents and other relevant persons in their lives, such as friends or teachers. They found
that children's awareness of self-adjustment in avoiding intoxicating behaviours such as
smoking, alcohol, and other drugs (ATOD) was enhanced by a strong attachment
between parents and children. On the other hand, insecure parent-child ties were more
likely to cause youngsters to rebel against social liabilities and break their parental
attachments.
(Nisanth & Vishwam, 2016) A survey-based study was conducted on 150 Kollam-based
teenagers aged 15 to 24 to analyze the influence of alcoholism on their personality and
socio-economic position. The researcher ensured the physical and psychological
patterns of the respondents to understand his findings in the light of the State's legal
theory Article 47, which guaranteed nutrition and livelihood benefits as well as the
prohibition of dangerous drinks for general consumption. (Prabhughate & Gafos, 2019)
looked into young people's drinking habits based on the presence of liquor stores
(within 500 metres of the respondent's location utilizing mapping technology and
participatory photovoice) and legal frameworks. They visited three different areas of
Mumbai and collected data by questioning local college students. According to data
from photo-dialogues, family influence, peer socialization, media platforms, and access
to alcohol were all major, linked elements that contributed to young people's
'normalizing' drinking.

2. Scope of Study:
This report aims to explore the social impact of alcohol and drug abuse
specifically among young people aged between 15 and 25 years. It will examine various
dimensions including but not limited to family dynamics, educational attainment,
employment prospects, criminal involvement, and mental health consequences. The
study will primarily focus on urban settings but will also consider rural contexts where
applicable.

3. Objectives:

 To analyze the prevalence of alcohol and drug abuse among young people.
 To understand the social consequences of substance abuse on individuals and their
immediate social circles.

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 To identify factors contributing to the initiation and perpetuation of substance abuse
among the youth.
 To assess existing intervention and prevention strategies and their effectiveness.
 To provide recommendations for policymakers, educators, healthcare professionals, and
community organizations.

4. Limitations:

 The study relies on self-reported data, which may be subject to biases and inaccuracies.
 The research is primarily quantitative, limiting in-depth exploration of individual
experiences and perceptions.
 The study focuses on urban populations, potentially overlooking unique challenges
faced by rural youth.
 Due to resource constraints, longitudinal analysis is not feasible, limiting the ability to
track long-term outcomes of substance abuse

RESEARCH PROBLEM:

Alcoholism is a severe social problem in India at different socio-economic

levels. Yet, due to legal laxity, environmental influence and availability of various
channels, the youth groups are coming close to experiencing regular drinking habits
that, as per several medical and social surveys, are found to grow into health-affecting
chronic disorders out of the uncontrolled intake. Currently, the rate of alcoholism is
dropping overall; still, it is considered in terms of binge drinking and weekly
boozing patterns. Studies indicate the growth of mental illness (depression, suicide,
short-tempered attitude, etc.) and physical drugs associated with drinking among young
people. Violence and other crimes/injuries (drink and drive, sexual harassment, etc.) are
also accounted for the same reason. Therefore, the issues of adolescent alcohol
addictions need greater attention to be deeply analyzed; hence, this study is planned and
developed as an authentic scholarly document to motivate awareness and elimination of
alcohol addiction.

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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE:
The research on the problem of alcoholism among youth is planned and developed to
present the current nationwide status of drinking habits among the youth, the sources
that develop the habit and remedial measures as recommendations to eradicate the
lifestyle problem.

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 CHAPTER II

DRUGS AND ALCOHOL USAGE

Millions of Indians are dependent on alcohol, cannabis, and opiates, and drug misuse is
a pervasive phenomenon in Indian society, says a new report, published jointly by the
UN Office on Drugs and Crime and India's Ministry of Social Justice.The report was
completed more than 18 months ago but was only recently published because its
findings were not acceptable to the government of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP),
which was in power until May this year.

“They [the previous government] did not want to admit the magnitude of the problem
indicated by the national household survey and that this too was happening within India
—something they considered antithetical to Indian culture and embarrassing,” said a
senior government official.In the national household survey more than 40 000 men and
boys (aged 12 to 60 years) were interviewed, while subsidiary studies looked at drug
misuse among women and prison inmates and in rural populations and border
areas.Alcohol, cannabis, opium, and heroin are the major drugs misused in India, says
the report. Buprenorphine, propoxyphene, and heroin are the most commonly injected
drugs.

Applying estimates of prevalence to population figures, the survey estimated that in

India, whose population is just over a billion, 62.5 million people use alcohol, 8.75
million use cannabis, two million use opiates, and 0.6 million use sedatives or
hypnotics. Seventeen per cent to 26% of these people can be classified as dependent
users who need urgent treatment, says the report. About 25% of users of opiates and
cannabis are likely to seek treatment, while about one in six people who drink alcohol
are likely to do so.“That drug abuse is an exclusively urban phenomenon is a myth,”
said Gary Lewis, the South Asia regional representative of the UN Office on Drugs and
Crime. Injecting drugs and high risk behaviours are seen in urban and rural areas, he
added. Injecting drugs is fairly widespread throughout the country and not restricted to
the northeastern states—the common perception. “It is interesting to note that the abuse
of heroin and IDUs [injecting drug users] were also reported from rural India,” says the

14
 report. Sharing of needles was common (needles were shared by three injecting drug
users, on average), as was unsafe sex.

Alcohol is the most commonly used substance in India, followed by cannabis and
opioids. Here's a breakdown:

 Prevalence: Around 14.6% of the population between 10 and 75 years consumes

alcohol, with a much higher rate among men (27.3%) compared to women (1.6%)
[National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre (NDDTC)].
 Types Consumed: Locally produced liquors ("desi sharab") and commercial brands
(Indian Made Foreign Liquor) are both popular [NDDTC].
 Problem Drinking: An estimated 2.7% of the population struggles with alcohol
dependence, requiring treatment [NDDTC].

Cannabis is another widely used substance:

 Estimates: Around 2.8% of the population uses cannabis, with some studies suggesting
over 30 million users nationwide [Byju's, DW].
 Dependence: An estimated 7.7 million people require help for cannabis dependence
[DW].

Opioids also pose a significant concern:

 Types: Heroin, pharmaceutical opioids, and opium are all misused in India [NCBI].
 Numbers: Surveys suggest 22.6 million people use opioids, with 7.7 million needing
help for related problems [DW].
 Injection Drug Use: Sharing needles while injecting drugs is a major concern, raising
the risk of HIV and other infections [NCBI].

Additional Points:

 A recent survey indicates a concerning number of youth addicted to substances [DW].

 There's a significant gap between those needing treatment and those receiving it [DW].
 Accessibility and social stigma surrounding addiction are challenges [DW].

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 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research methodology is a way to systematically solve the research problem.

The research methodology considers the logic behind the method we use in the context
of our research study.

DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH DESIGN

The study is descriptive in nature. Descriptive studies are more than just a
collection of data. They include measurements, classifications, analysis, comparisons
and interpretations. It tells about what exists at present by determining the nature and
degree of existing conditions.

SAMPLING DESIGN

The selection of samples from the given population is called sampling.

Sampling is the act, process, or technique of selecting a suitable sample, or a
representative part of a population for the purpose of determining parameters or
characteristics of the whole population.

Sample Size:

The sample size for the study is 100, whereas the total population of
Erode is around 10lakh, which includes all the category of the people.

Simple Random Sample

A simple random sample is a subset of individual (a sample) chosen from a

larger set (a population). Each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance,
such that each individual has the same probability of being chosen at any stage during
the sampling process.

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SOURCES OF DATA:

Primary Data:

The source of primary data is the public which includes school and college
students. With the help of the questionnaire distributed among the students and other
public, the researcher collected the needful information from the respondent which is
the primary data for the research.

Secondary Data:

The secondary data has been collected from the webpages, publications, and
other networks.

TOOLS USED FOR ANALYSIS:

Percentage Analysis:

Chi-Square Test:

The chi-square test is an important test amongst the several tests of significant'.

Chi-Square, symbolically written as χ 2 , is a statistical measure used in the context of

sampling analysis for comparing a variance to a theoretical variance.

It can also be used to make comparisons between theoretical populations and

actual data when categories are used. Thus, the chi-square test is applicable in large
number of problems.

The tests is, in fact, a technique through the use of which it is possible for all
researchers to (i) test the goodness of fit; (ii) test the significant of association between
two attributes, and (iii) test the homogeneity or the significance of population variance.

(Oij −Eij )2
χ2
∑ E
= ij

Where

17
 Oij = Observed frequency of the cell in ith row and jth column.

Eij = Expected frequency of the cell in ith row and jth column.

Weighted Average:

Weighted average method is done on the basis of allocation of points to the each
category and then finding the priority level.

Σ fx
Weighted Average = N

Where, Σ fx = Sum of Frequency

N = No of Samples

NEED OF THE STUDY:

The study of the social impact of drug usage is crucial for several reasons:

1. Public Health Concerns: Drug usage can have significant public health implications,
including addiction, overdose, and the spread of infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS
and hepatitis. Understanding the social impact of drug usage can help policymakers
develop effective prevention and treatment strategies to mitigate these health risks.
2. Social Costs: Drug abuse imposes substantial economic costs on society, including
healthcare expenses, lost productivity, and criminal justice expenditures. By examining
the social impact of drug usage, researchers can quantify these costs and inform
resource allocation decisions aimed at addressing drug-related problems.
3. Crime and Criminal Justice: Drug abuse is often linked to criminal activity, including
drug trafficking, property crimes, and violence. Investigating the social impact of drug
usage can shed light on the relationship between drug-related behaviors and criminality,
informing efforts to reduce crime rates and improve community safety.
4. Family and Community Dynamics: Drug abuse can disrupt family relationships,
contribute to domestic violence, and destabilize communities. Studying the social
impact of drug usage can help identify the specific challenges faced by families and
communities affected by drug abuse, guiding the development of support services and
interventions to address these issues.

18
5. Stigma and Discrimination: People who use drugs often face stigma and
discrimination, which can hinder their access to healthcare, employment, and social
support. Research on the social impact of drug usage can highlight the stigma
associated with drug addiction and advocate for policies and programs that promote
empathy, compassion, and equal treatment for individuals with substance use disorders.
6. Policy Development and Evaluation: Understanding the social impact of drug usage is
essential for developing evidence-based drug policies and evaluating their effectiveness.
By examining the consequences of different policy approaches, researchers can identify
strategies that minimize harm, promote public health, and reduce drug-related social
problems.

19
 CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS & INTERPRITATION

Analysis is the process of placing the data in the ordered form, combining them with
the existing information and extracting the meaning from them. The raw data become
information only when they are analysed and when put in a meaningful form.
Interpretation is the process of relating various bits of information to other existing
information. The data collected is analysed with the help of statistical tools.

TABLE 4.1

AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
AGE PERCENTAGE
18 - 19 Years 44 44%
20 - 21 years 26 26%
22 to 25 years 32 32%
Above 26 years 10 10%
TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.1, it came to know that 44% of respondents are 18
– 19 years old, 26% respondents are between 20 - 21 years old, 32%
respondents are between 22 to 23 years old and only 10% respondents
are above 26 years using drugs in any form respectively.

20
 GRAPH 4.1 AGE OF THE RESPONDENTS

40 38

35

30 28

25 24

20

15
10
10

0
18 - 19 Years 20 - 21 years 22 to 25 years Above 26 years

21
 TABLE 4.2

GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
GENDER PERCENTAGE
Male 82 82%
Female 8 8%
Transgender 10 10%
TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.2, it came to know that 82% of respondents are male, 8%
respondents are female and only 10% respondents are transgender
respectively.

GRAPH 4.2 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS

10

Male
Female
Transgender

82

22
 TABLE 4.3

HIGHEST EDUCATION LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
AGE PERCENTAGE
Middle school & below 26 26%

High School / Diploma 34 34%

UG 28 28%

PG 12 12%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.1, it came to know that 44% of respondents are 18 – 19 years
old, 26% respondents are between 20 - 21 years old, 32% respondents are between
22 to 23 years old and only 10% respondents are above 26 years using drugs in any
form respectively.

GRAPH 4.3 HIGHEST EDUCATION LEVEL OF THE RESPONDENTS

40

35 34

30 28
26
25

20

15
12
10

0
Middle school & be- High School / UG PG
low Diploma

23
 TABLE 4.4

CONSUMPTION OF DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

STATUS NO. OF RESPONDENTS

PERCENTAGE
YES 64 64%
NO 36 36%
TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.4, it came to know that 64% of respondents are said yes
by consuming drugs in any form, 36% respondents are not used
respectively.

GRAPH 4.4 CONSUMPTION OF DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

36

64

YES NO

24
 TABLE 4.5

FREQUENCY OF CONSUMPTION OF DRUGS/ALCHOHOL BY THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
Never 36 36%

Once in a month 21 21%

Twice in a month 31 31%

Weekly / Daily 12 12%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.5, it came to know that 36% of respondents are never used any
form of drugs, 21% of the respondents are using once in a month, 31% of the
respondents are using twice in a month, 12% of the respondents are using either
weekly or daily respectively.

GRAPH 4.5 FREQUENCY OF CONSUMPTION OF DRUGS/ALCHOHOL BY THE

RESPONDENTS

40
36
35
31
30

25
21
20

15
12
10

0
Never Once in a month Twice in a month Weekly / Daily

25
TABLE 4.6 USAGE OF ALCHOHOL/DRUGS IS A PREVALENT ISSUE TO COMMUNITY BY
THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
YES VERY PREVALENT 42 42%

SOEMWHAT PREVALENT 24 24%

NOT VERY PREVALENT 22 22%

NOT AT ALL PREVALENT 12 12%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.6, it came to know that 42% of respondents are said yes very
prevalent regarding usage, 24% of the respondents are said somewhat prevalent, 22%
of the respondents are said not very prevalent, 12% of the respondents are said not at
all prevalent.

GRAPH 4.6 USAGE OF ALCHOHOL/DRUGS IS A PREVALENT ISSUE TO COMMUNITY BY

THE RESPONDENTS
45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
YES VERY SOEMWHAT NOT VERY NOT AT ALL
PREVALENT PREVALENT PREVALENT PREVALENT

TABLE 4.7 EXPERIENCE OF INTERNAL DAMAGE DUE TO DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

26
 NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
FREQUENTLY 44 44%

OCCASIONALLY 28 28%

RERELY 18 18%

NEVER 10 10%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.7, it came to know that 44% of the respondents are said
frequently usage of experienced social exclusion or stigma due to alcohol or drug use,
28% of the respondents are said occasionally, 18% of the respondents are said rarely
and 10% of the respondents are said never experience of social exclusion due to
drugs.

GRAPH 4.7 EXPERIENCE OF INTERNAL DAMAGE DUE TO DRUGS BY THE

RESPONDENTS
50

45 44

40

35

30 28

25

20 18

15
10
10

0
FREQUENCTLY OCCASIONALLY RERELY NEVER

27
 TABLE 4.8 BELEIVENESS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
YES 48 48%

NO 22 22%

UNSURE 30 30%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.8, it came to know that 48% of respondents are said that the
alcohol consumption has a negative impact on your academic performance, 22% of
the respondents are said no, and 30% of the respondents are said unsure.

GRAPH 4.8 BELEIVENESS OF ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION BY THE RESPONDENTS

YES NO UNSURE

30

48

22

28
TABLE 4.9 PRIMARY CAUSE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USAGE BY THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
PEER PRESSURE 26 26%

STRESS 28 28%

CURIOSITY 30 30%

BOREDOM 16 16%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.9, it came to know that 26% of respondents are said that the
peer pressure is the primary cause of alcohol and drug use among young people, 28%
of the respondents are said due to stress, 30% of the respondents are said due to
curiosity and only 16% of the respondents said due to boredom.

GRAPH 4.9 PRIMARY CAUSE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG USAGE BY THE RESPONDENTS
35

30
30 28
26
25

20
16
15

10

0
PEER PRESSURE STRESS CURIOSITY BOREDOM

29
 TABLE 4.9 USAGE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG IMPACT MENTAL HEALTH BY THE
RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
POSITIVELY 12 12%

NEUTRAL 26 26%

NEGATIVELY 41 41%

DEPENDS ON THE 21 21%

INDIVIDUAL
TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.9, it came to know that 12% of the respondents are said
positively regarding the usage of alcohol and drug impact mental health, 26% of the
respondents are said neutral, 41% of the respondents are said negatively and 21% of
the respondents are said that it depends on the individual.

GRAPH 4.9 USAGE OF ALCOHOL AND DRUG IMPACT MENTAL HEALTH BY THE
RESPONDENTS

45
41
40

35

30
26
25
21
20

15
12
10

0
POSITIVELY NEUTRAL NEGATIVELY DEPENDS ON THE
INDIVIDUAL

30
 TABLE 4.10 EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION DUE TO DRUGS BY THE
RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
FREQUENTLY 44 44%

OCCASIONALLY 28 28%

RERELY 18 18%

NEVER 10 10%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.10, it came to know that 44% of the respondents are said
frequently usage of experienced social exclusion or stigma due to alcohol or drug use,
28% of the respondents are said occasionally, 18% of the respondents are said rarely
and 10% of the respondents are said never experience of social exclusion due to
drugs.

GRAPH 4.10 EXPERIENCE OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION DUE TO DRUGS BY THE

RESPONDENTS
50

45 44

40

35

30 28

25

20 18

15
10
10

0
FREQUENCTLY OCCASIONALLY RERELY NEVER

31
 TABLE 4.11 ADDRESS OF SOCIAL IMPACT DUE TO DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
Increase education and 10 10%
awareness programs
Enhance access to
14 14%
rehabilitation and support
services
Implement stricter regulations 11 11%
on alcohol and drug sales
All of the above 65 65%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.11, it came to know that 10% of the respondents are said that
the increase in education and awareness programs can be done to address the social
impact of alcohol and drug use among young people in your community, 14% of the
respondents are said Enhance access to rehabilitation and support services, 11% of the
respondents are said Implement stricter regulations on alcohol and drug sales and 65%
of the respondents are said all the answers to address the social impact of alcohol and
drug use among young people in your community.

32
GRAPH 4.11 ADDRESS OF SOCIAL IMPACT DUE TO DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

70 65
60
50
40
30
20 10 14 11
10
0

33
TABLE 4.12 USAGE OF DRUGS WILL IMPACT THE FAMILY LIFE BY THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
OPTIONS PERCENTAGE
YES 68 68%

NO 14 14%

UNSURE 18 18%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.12, it came to know that 68% of respondents are said that the
alcohol consumption has a negative impact on our family, 14% of the respondents are
said no, and 18% of the respondents are said unsure.

GRAPH 4.12 ADDRESS OF SOCIAL IMPACT DUE TO DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

18

14

68

YES NO UNSURE

34
 TABLE 4.13 INFORMATION REGARDING DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

NO. OF RESPONDENTS
SOURCE PERCENTAGE
FRIENDS 62 62%

SOCIAL MEDIA 11 11%

OTHER 27 27%

TOTAL 100 100%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.13, it came to know that 62% of respondents are said that the
information regarding the drugs is got through friends, 11% of the respondents are
said that the information through social media, and 27% of the respondents are said
other source.

GRAPH 4.13 ADDRESS OF SOCIAL IMPACT DUE TO DRUGS BY THE RESPONDENTS

27

62
11

FRIENDS SOCIAL MEDIA OTHER

35
 TABLE 4.14 REDUCTION OF DRUGS WILL HAVE POSITIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETY BY
THE RESPONDENTS

Opinions No. of people Percentage

Yes 39 39%
No 17 17%
Positive impact on society 37 37%

Reduce crime, but will not 07 07%

have any positive impact on
society

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.14, it came to know that 39% of respondents are said yes that
the reduction of drugs will have positive impact on society, 17% of the respondents
are said no, 37% of the respondents are said unsure and 07% of the respondents are
said reduce crime rate.

GRAPH 4.14 REDUCTION O F DRUGS WILL HAVE POSITIVE IMPACT ON SOCIETY BY

THE RESPONDENTS

7%

Yes

39%
No

37%
Positive impact on society, but
will not reduce crime

Reduce crime, but will not have

any positive impact on society

17%

36
TABLE 4.15 RESOURCES TO ADDRESS THE ABUSE PROBLEMS DUE TO DRUGS BY THE
RESPONDENTS

Opinions No. of people Percentage

Educational programs 29 29%

Support groups 17 17%

Online resources 7 7%

counselling
47 47%

INFERENCE:

From the Table 4.15, it came to know that 29% of respondents are said through
educational programs we can address the abuse problems due to drugs, 17% of the
respondents are said through support groups, 7% of the respondents are said through
online resources and 47% of the respondents are said through counselling sessions we
can reduce and address the abuse problems due to drugs.

GRAPH 4.15 RESOURCES TO ADDRESS THE ABUSE PROBLEMS DUE TO DRUGS BY THE
RESPONDENTS
50 47
45

40

35

30 29

25

20 17
15

10 7
5

0
Educational Support groups Online resources counselling
programs

37
 CHAPTER V

FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1 FINDINGS

 44% of respondents are 18 – 19 years old, 26% respondents are between 20 - 21

years old, 32% respondents are between 22 to 23 years old and only 10%
respondents are above 26 years using drugs
 82% of respondents are male, 8% respondents are female and only 10%
respondents are transgender
 44% of respondents are 18 – 19 years old, 26% respondents are between 20 - 21
years old, 32% respondents are between 22 to 23 years old and only 10%
respondents are above 26 years using drugs in any form
 64% of respondents are said yes by consuming drugs in any form, 36%
respondents are not used
 36% of respondents are never used any form of drugs, 21% of the respondents
are using once in a month, 31% of the respondents are using twice in a month,
12% of the respondents are using either weekly or daily
 48% of respondents are said that the alcohol consumption has a negative impact
on your academic performance, 22% of the respondents are said no, and 30% of
the respondents are said unsure
 26% of respondents are said that the peer pressure is the primary cause of
alcohol and drug use among young people, 28% of the respondents are said due
to stress, 30% of the respondents are said due to curiosity and only 16% of the
respondents said due to boredom
 12% of the respondents are said positively regarding the usage of alcohol and
drug impact mental health, 26% of the respondents are said neutral, 41% of the
respondents are said negatively and 21% of the respondents are said that it
depends on the individual
 44% of the respondents are said frequently usage of experienced social
exclusion or stigma due to alcohol or drug use, 28% of the respondents are said
occasionally, 18% of the respondents are said rarely and 10% of the respondents

38
 are said never experience of social exclusion due to drugs
 10% of the respondents are said that the increase in education and awareness
programs can be done to address the social impact of alcohol and drug use
among young people in your community, 14% of the respondents are said
Enhance access to rehabilitation and support services, 11% of the respondents
are said Implement stricter regulations on alcohol and drug sales and 65% of the
respondents are said all the answers to address the social impact of alcohol and
drug use among young people in your community
 68% of respondents are said that the alcohol consumption has a negative impact
on our family, 14% of the respondents are said no, and 18% of the respondents
are said unsure
 62% of respondents are said that the information regarding the drugs is got
through friends, 11% of the respondents are said that the information through
social media, and 27% of the respondents are said other source
 39% of respondents are said yes that the reduction of drugs will have positive
impact on society, 17% of the respondents are said no, 37% of the respondents
are said unsure and 07% of the respondents are said reduce crime rate
 29% of respondents are said through educational programs we can address the
abuse problems due to drugs, 17% of the respondents are said through support
groups, 7% of the respondents are said through online resources and 47% of the
respondents are said through counselling sessions we can reduce and address the
abuse problems due to drugs

39
 5.2 SUGESSTIONS

Promoting Responsible Consumption:

 Shift the focus to quality over quantity: Encourage enjoying flavorful drinks in
moderation rather than excessive consumption.
 Support designated driver programs: Promote safe transportation options to prevent
drunk driving.
 Raise awareness of standard drink sizes: Educate people on how much alcohol is
actually in a drink to avoid unintentional overconsumption.

Regulation and Availability:

 Consider regulating alcohol marketing: Limiting how alcohol companies target

specific demographics, especially young people, can curb excessive drinking.
 Review alcohol licensing: Responsible practices like ID checks and refusing service to
intoxicated patrons can be enforced through stricter licensing procedures.
 Control alcohol pricing: Implementing minimum pricing can deter excessive
consumption, particularly among young people.

Education and Awareness:

 Implement responsible drinking programs: Educate people on the health risks and
social consequences of alcohol misuse.
 Challenge glorification of alcohol in media: Promote responsible portrayals of
alcohol use that don't romanticize excessive consumption.
 Increase public health campaigns: Raise awareness about resources available for
those struggling with alcohol dependence.

Community Support:

 Support alternative social activities: Promote events and gatherings that don't revolve
around alcohol consumption.
 Strengthen community support systems: Offer resources and support groups for
those struggling with alcohol abuse and their families.

40
 Increase access to treatment: Make it easier for people with alcohol dependence to
access affordable and effective treatment programs.

CONCLUSION

Alcohol is a double-edged sword. It can be a social lubricant, fostering connection and

enjoyment. However, its misuse has significant negative consequences, impacting
individuals, families, and society as a whole. To create a more positive social impact,
we need a multi-pronged approach. This includes promoting responsible consumption,
regulating availability and marketing, educating the public about risks, and
strengthening community support systems for those struggling with alcohol
dependence. By working together to shift the cultural narrative around alcohol and
prioritizing responsible use, we can create a society where people can enjoy its benefits
without succumbing to its dangers.

41
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43
 ANNEXURE

QUESTIONNARIES

1. Age:

a. 18-19
b. 20-21
c. 22-23
d. 24-25

2. Gender:

a. Male
b. Female
c. Non-binary/Prefer not to say

3. Highest level of education completed:

a. High school diploma/GED

b. Some college
c. College degree
d. Postgraduate degree

Substance Use

4. Have you ever consumed alcohol?

a. Yes
b. No

5. In the past year, how often have you consumed alcohol?

a. Never
b. Less than once a month
c. 1-2 times a month
d. 3-4 times a month

44
 e. Weekly

6. Do you believe alcohol and drug use is a prevalent issue among young people in your
community?

a) Yes, very prevalent b) Somewhat prevalent c) Not very prevalent d) Not at all
prevalent

7. What do you think is the primary cause of alcohol and drug use among young people?

a) Peer pressure b) Stress c) Curiosity d) Boredom

8. How do you think alcohol and drug use impact mental health among young people?

a) Positively b) Neutral c) Negatively d) Depends on the individual

9. How often do you feel pressure from friends or peers to consume alcohol?

a. Never
b. Rarely
c. Sometimes
d. Often
e. Always

10. Do you believe that alcohol consumption has a negative impact on your academic
performance?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Unsure

11. Have you ever experienced social exclusion or stigma due to your alcohol or drug use?

a) Frequently b) Occasionally c) Rarely d) Never

45
12. What do you think can be done to address the social impact of alcohol and drug use
among young people in your community?

a) Increase education and awareness programs b) Enhance access to rehabilitation and

support services c) Implement stricter regulations on alcohol and drug sales d) All of
the above

13. Do you believe that illegal drug use has a negative impact on your relationships with
friends and family?

a. Yes
b. No
c. Unsure

Where do you get most of your information about alcohol and drugs? (Select all that
apply)

a. Friends/family
b. Social media
c. other

14. Do you think that to reduce the drugs will have positive impact on society and decrease
crime rates?
15. a.Yes
16. b. No
17. c. Positive impact on society

18. d. Reduce crime, but will not have any positive impact on
19. society

15. What type of resources would you find most helpful for addressing substance abuse
problems among young people? (Select all that apply)

a. Educational programs
b. Support groups
c. Online resources
d. Counseling services

46