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State the definition of entropy (S).

Explain how a change in state of reactants and

products changes the entropy of the system.
Explain the differences between an open, closed
and isolated system.
Outline how chemists manage finite resources in a
chemical reaction.
Apply the rules for balancing chemical equations.

Solve by constructing balanced chemical equations

from word equations.
Interpret experimental data to identify the cations
present in selected salts (Laboratory skills).
Explain what a chemical equilibrium is by using the
terms forward and reverse reactions and
equilibrium position.
Outline the impact the Haber process has had on
the global community.
Explain using Le Chatelier’s principle how changes
in reaction conditions, namely concentration,
pressure and temperature, can affect the
equilibrium of a chemical reaction.
State examples of chemical reactions to explain Le
Chatelier’s principle.
Draw and label energy profile diagrams for
endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Analyze graphs and discuss how a change in
reaction conditions changes the yield of ammonia
in the Haber process.
Explain how an equilibrium system is controlled in
industrial processes such as the Ostwald process.

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 Student checklist

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Outline the steps of the scientific method.

Explain, with examples, the difference between a

qualitative and quantitative observation.
Discuss the difference between inductive and
deductive reasoning. (ATL)
Outline the basic structure of the modern Periodic
Table.
State the physical properties of a metal.

State the physical properties of a non-metal.

State the physical and chemical properties of a

transition metal.
Explain why the colour of a transition metal complex
can be useful in identifying its composition.
Describe why a Noble gas is inert and important in
our understanding of the reactivity of elements.
Outline the types of fossil fuels used by the global
community and explain their origins.
Explain the process of fractional distillation, focusing
on differences in the boiling points of the fractions of
crude oil.
Explain how the length of the carbon chain in crude
oil fractions is related to the boiling point of the
fraction.
Apply nomenclature rules in the naming of
homologous series of alkanes, alkenes and alcohols.
Explain the difference between an alkane and an
alkene and describe the test used to distinguish
between the two substances.
State the composition of the Earth's atmosphere,
listing the name, formula and percent composition.

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 Student checklist

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Outline the most common gases involved in acid deposition
and state the principal sources of these gases.
Discuss why rising sea levels are a consequence of global
warming and climate change.
State some common examples of acids and bases.

Describe the pH scale making the distinction between acidic,

neutral and alkaline solutions.
Define an Arrhenius acid and base.
Explain the difference between strong and weak acids and
bases in terms of the dissociation of these compounds.
State examples, including chemical formulae, for strong and
weak acids and bases.
Outline the difference between a concentrated and dilute
solution.
Construct word and chemical equations for the neutralization
reaction between an acid and a base.
Predict the name and chemical formula of a salt produced by
the reaction between different acids and a base.
Construct word and chemical equations for the reaction
between a metal carbonate and an acid.
Solve simple problems involving the calculation of the pH of a
solution.
State the definition of an indicator.
Explain how an indicator is used in an acid base titration.
Analyze the reactivity series to predict the products of the
reaction of different metals with an acid.
Construct word and chemical equation for the reaction between
a metal and an acid.
Construct word and chemical equations for the combustion
reaction of different hydrocarbons.
Discuss the effect acid deposition has on the global
environment. Use examples to illustrate your discussion.
Recall the name and formula of the gas, its source and the acid
produced during the process of acid deposition.

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 Student checklist

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Recall energy transformations that occur in your
everyday life.
Explain the difference between an exothermic and
endothermic reaction in terms of the transfer of
heat energy between a system and the
surroundings.
Outline common exothermic reactions using word
and chemical equations.
Interpret observations made during experiments to
determine which chemical reactions are
endothermic or exothermic reactions.
Draw and label energy profile diagrams for
endothermic and exothermic reactions.
Explain the energy needs of bond breaking and
bond making during a chemical reaction.
Explain, in terms of energy and the ordering of
particles, the changes in state of a substance from
solids to liquids to gases.
State and explain the difference between heat and
temperature.
Solve problems using the equation q = mcΔT.

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 Student checklist

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how confident you are in the topic.

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Explain the differences between an open, closed and
isolated system.
Reflect and revise current understanding of concepts
having developed new understanding of a concept.
(ATL)
Outline what a chemical reaction is and describe the
features of a chemical reaction.
Explain what a chemical reaction is in terms of electron
movement and bond breaking and making.
Apply reflective questions that enable you to consider
your approaches to learning. (ATL)
Describe the collision theory and how it applies to
chemical reactions.
State the three pre-conditions of the collision theory
model required for a chemical reaction to occur.
Define activation energy.
Describe the conditions and phenomena occurring
during a chemical reaction that provides important
information about a reaction that is occurring.
Draw graphs and calculate the initial rate of a reaction
from experimental data.
Outline different methods which can be used to
monitor the rate of a chemical reaction.
Explain how changing the temperature of a reaction
mixture affects the rate of a chemical reaction.
Draw energy profiles and sketch graphs that describe
the action of a change in temperature on the activation
energy and the proportion of reacting particles that can
be transformed into products.
Analyse experimental raw data collected from a
chemical kinetics experiment examining the effect of a
change in temperature of the reaction mixture.
Analyse experimental raw data collected from a
chemical kinetics experiment examining the effect of a
change in the concentration of reactants.

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 Student checklist

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Outline the effect a change in the surface area of a
chemical reaction has on the rate of a chemical reaction.
Analyse experimental raw data collected from a
chemical kinetics experiment examining the effect of a
change in surface area of reactants.
Define a chemical catalyst.
Draw energy profile diagrams to demonstrate the
action of a catalyst on the activation energy of a
reaction.
Explain the differences between an open, closed and
isolated system.
Reflect and revise current understanding of concepts
having developed new understanding of a concept.
(ATL)
Outline what a chemical reaction is and describe the
features of a chemical reaction.

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 Student checklist

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how confident you are in the topic.

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Evaluate observations and experimental evidence
to build knowledge and understanding of the
concepts studied.
Interpret data collected and draw conclusions on
experimental reactions.
Outline the properties of matter in the three states:
solids, liquids and gases.
Describe the transfer of energy between a system
and the surroundings during the process of
melting, solidification, evaporation, condensation,
sublimation and deposition.
Explain the role of intermolecular forces in the
melting of a solid.
Explain the role of intermolecular forces as
temperature approaches the boiling point of water
and evaporation occurs.
Outline the relationship between vaporization and
condensation.
Define sublimation.

Explain the differences between a homogeneous

and heterogeneous mixture, using examples.
Outline the different sized particles present in a
heterogeneous solution and state their properties.
Outline difference separation techniques, stating
the physical properties utilized by specific
techniques.
Formulate experimental methods to separate and
recover mixtures of substances using a variety of
separation techniques.

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 Student checklist

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Discuss the concept of finite resources and the
need for the global community to minimize the use
of resources and the production of waste.
Apply the solubility rules for the identification of
anions and cations.
Construct word and balanced chemical equations
for double replacement reactions identifying the
presence of soluble and insoluble salts.
Explain the concept of solubility and draw diagrams
to illustrate solubility of a salt.
Perform a wide variety of experiments testing for
the presence of anions and cations and the
separation of insoluble salts. (Skills)
Explain the concept of miscible and immiscible
liquids.
Perform chromatography experiments and apply
knowledge and techniques to identify individual
pigments of a mixture.
Define the mole in terms of the number of
particles, molar mass and the volume of a gas.
State Avogadro's number.

Deduce the relative atomic mass and the relative

formula mass for a wide range of elements and
compounds.
Deduce the number of moles, the mass (in grams),
the number of particles or the volume of a gas by
performing calculations.

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 Student checklist

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how confident you are in the topic.

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Discuss the increasing interconnectedness of
systems and communities resulting in an
increasingly integrated global economy.
Define the processes of oxidation and reduction,
using examples and chemical equations.
Describe how the combustion of hydrocarbons is
an oxidation reaction and state the energy transfer
that occurs.
Explain the difference between complete and
incomplete combustion of alkanes. Write balanced
chemical equations to illustrate these concepts.
Construct word and chemical equations for the
reaction between a metal and an acid.
Analyse the reactivity series of metals and discuss
its relevance in the use of different types of metals
in our community.
Analyse redox reactions and explain the movement
of electrons during the process of oxidation and
reduction.

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9
 Student checklist

Here are the learning objectives for this chapter. Tick the box next to each objective to show
how confident you are in the topic.

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Outline how the use of models enables the
scientific community to better understand
microscopic and macroscopic properties.
Apply an understanding of the organization of the
periodic table to predict the charge on anions and
cations.
Explain the main features of the three-dimensional
model of an ionic compound.
Explain why ionic compounds have high melting
and boiling points.
Through use of a diagram, explain why ionic
compounds are brittle.
Apply knowledge and understanding to construct
the formulae of a wide variety of ionic compounds,
including polyatomic ions and transition metals.
Apply nomenclature rules to name and construct
chemical formulae for covalently bonded
compounds.
Explain metallic bonding.

Outline the differences between ionic, covalent and

metallic bonding.
Explain why metals are malleable and ductile.

Define an alloy and use diagrams to explain the

change in physical properties of an alloy when
compared to the parent metal.

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 Student checklist

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how confident you are in the topic.

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Outline the movement of electrons and ions during a
redox reaction.
Analyze and apply knowledge of the reactivity series to
predict the spontaneity of chemical reactions.
Define electrochemistry and summarize the
interconversions between chemical and electrical energy
in the different electrochemical cells.
Draw and label a diagram of a simple voltaic cell.

Construct half-equations and the overall equation for a

redox reaction occurring in a voltaic cell.
Analyse the diagram of a hydrogen fuel cell and state
the species being oxidized and reduced in the redox half
equations.
Apply information found in the electrochemical series to
construct overall balanced equations for a voltaic cell
from half-cells.
Define the process of electrolysis, in terms of energy
conversion and spontaneity.
Perform the electrolysis of a molten salt in the laboratory
and construct half-equations and an overall balanced
equation for the reaction.
Outline the application of electrolysis in the commercial
production of sodium metal and chlorine gas. Construct
half-equations at the anode and cathode for this
process.
Construct half-equations that describe the reactions
occurring at the anode and cathode in the purification of
copper metal.
Explain electroplating, which is a common application of
the electrochemical process of electrolysis. (ATL)
Construct half-equations to describe the extraction of
aluminium from alumina by electrolysis.
Define diffusion and outline where this process takes
place during chemical reactions.

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 Student checklist

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Recognize patterns in the arrangement of elements
in the periodic table and apply this information to
explain chemical concepts.
Interpret the relative position of elements within
the periodic table and state the number of valence
electrons.
State the electron configuration of an element
based on its position within the periodic table using
the Bohr method, for example, sodium 2,8,1.
Determine the full electron configuration for atoms
and ions using the quantum mechanical model, for
example, carbon 1s2 2s2 2p2.
Define the periodic property of ionization energy
and write equations to describe the first and
second ionization energy of an element.
Analyse then outline the pattern of first ionization
energy within a group and across a period on the
periodic table.
Outline the trends in chemical properties for group
1 (alkali metals) and group 17 (halogens).
Explain the acid–base properties of elements across
a period, using chemical equations to support your
answer.

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12
 Student checklist

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how confident you are in the topic.

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Observe and analyse systems around us then comment
on the transfer of matter and energy that is occurring.
Define the concentration of a solution and apply the
rule in a wide variety of situations to calculate the
concentration.
Explain the difference between accuracy and precision.

Analyse the validity of experimental data and the level

of uncertainty assigned to a measurement to describe
its precision.
Evaluate the precision measurement by analyzing the
number of significant figures.
Outline the major features of the analytical technique
of titration.
Explain the role of an indicator during an acid-base
titration.
Determine the concentration of a solution by analyzing
and applying raw data collected during a titration
experiment.
Analyse a titration curve and comment on the main
features of an acid-base titration between a strong acid
and a strong base.
Apply nomenclature rules for the naming of a
carboxylic acid.
Draw structural formulae and deduce the name of the
products of the oxidation of a primary alcohol.
Apply nomenclature rules for the naming of an ester.

Explain the use of the term condensation during the

esterification reaction.
Perform simple experiments to produce a range of
esters. State the name and draw the structural formula
of the esters that are formed.

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