Practical Research 1

Quarter 3 – Module 10:

Selecting and Synthesizing
Information from Relevant
Literature
Practical Research 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 – Module 10: Selecting and Synthesizing Information from Relevant
Literature First Edition, 2020

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Practical Research 1
Quarter 3 – Module 10:
Selecting and Synthesizing
Information from Relevant
Literature
Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests.
And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.
 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written to help you on selecting and synthesizing
information from relevant literature.

At the end of the module, you are expected to:

1. select relevant literature; and
2. synthesize information from relevant literature.
 What I Know

Write True if the given statement is correct and False if not. Write your answers
on your notebook.

1. Literature review refers to a comprehensive summary and evaluation of scholarly

works.
2. Literature review leads to a vagueness of a study.
3. A good literature is out-to-date.
4. Doing a literature review requires a systematic procedure.
5. Articles and books to be reviewed must be relevant to the variable of the study.
6. Elementary reading employs a skimming strategy.
7. Comparative reading deals with the analysis of viewpoints of different authors.
8. Annotation uses words, phrases, and sentences to mark some observations of the
researcher towards the article being read.
9. Synthesis matrix is used to organize important ideas found from different
literature.
10. If an idea or claim from a certain literature is used in a current study, the
researcher must cite its author.

2
 Lesson Selecting and Synthesizing
1 Information from Relevant
Literature
Have you imagined a human body without bones? What do you think might
happen if there is an absence of them? Do you think you can stand firm and be able
to perform all the activities that you can do now? As you observed, these
innumerable activities that you do on a daily basis become possible because of
their system as a whole – the skeleton. This goes similar in the conduct of
research. A study is not enough that it has its heart – a research purpose that
prompts a researcher to pursue a study. You must remember that a study with a
heart however without a bone would make it as weak and insubstantial.

Your previous lessons focused on how you would create the heart of your study.
Thus, you carefully craft your problem and its background. This time, you will form
a firm foundation like a skeleton that will support your study to stand and be
successful. The skeleton that is made up of bones would be represented by theories,
framework, and studies which can all be gathered through reviewing relevant
literature.

Therefore, in this part of the module, you will continue your research journey by
building the foundation of your study. This will begin by knowing how you will
select information from available sources and how you will synthesize them in
order to serve as a support in substantiating your own study.

What’s In

Enumerate four (4) essential parts of Research Chapter I (The Problem and Its
Background) using the spider web diagram below. Copy and answer the diagram on
your notebook.

The Problem
and Its
Background
 Notes to the Teacher
This module prepares the students to their qualitative research
undertaking. Here, they will learn how to select and synthesize
information from relevant literature.

What’s New

Use these four (4) pictures to guess the word being asked. Additional clue is given
below. Write your answer on your notebook.

It provides light. It conveys information. It gives It supplies vitamin.

income.

Clue: The answer is a word which has six (6) letters and begins with the letter “S.”
Answer: S

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 What is It

How did you manage to guess the word from the 4pics 1word activity? Aside from
the given clue, you probably guessed the word by observing what is common from
the different pictures presented. Such activity requires you to carefully observe
and analyze the suggested idea. To reveal, all the pictures are related to the word
“source” – sun as a source of light, newspaper as a source of information, job as a
source of income, and vegetable as a source of vitamins.

In conducting a study, such a situation goes similar especially in dealing with the
development of Research Chapter II. All ideas should be related to your study so
that these will allow your readers to picture out and understand the depth of the
study you will investigate. If your study, let’s say, is concerned with the study
habits of the students, you will definitely select relevant literature and studies that
will support your own work.

Hence, in this module, you will know how to conduct a literature review as a
systematic process – starting from selecting potential sources, then applying various
strategies in getting important ideas, and ending with a synthesis of all the relevant
ideas gathered which will be presented in your own research work.

Definition of the Literature Review

Other previous researches related to the study currently conducted by a

researcher should be put into consideration. When they are summarized
comprehensively, this makes the process of literature review. As cited from
Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania (2020), literature review requires for a
survey of scholarly articles, books, and other sources which will later be
enumerated, summarized, and evaluated in order to form a concrete basis and
support for the current study. When it is done, the selected literature may appear
on various sections of the study such as in the introduction, related literature
section, and the discussion of results.

Purposes of Reviewing a Literature

The following are the purposes of literature review (University of South Carolina
Library, 2020):

1. It provides the researcher a clear understanding of the study to be investigated.

Through literature review, the researcher can boost his/her confidence by clearly
understanding the phenomenon and be able to clarify essential variables of the
study.
2. It justifies the need for conducting the study. Review of literature allows the
researcher to identify the existing gaps in knowledge. Thus, further investigation
to be conducted by the researcher will be justified.

3. It serves as the basis for establishing concepts presented in the study. Reviewing
literature relevant to the current study of the researcher enables him/her to
substantiate his/her work. Concepts presented from the study which are
supported by literature can make the work of the researcher more credible.

Selecting the Literature for a Study

Once the researcher has a clear problem as well as a rationale for conducting a
study, he/she may now begin selecting literature such as theories, conceptual
framework, and related studies that will serve as the foundation of the work.

In selecting the literature for a study, the following questions should be considered:

1. Can this literature help me clearly present the delimitation of my study?

2. Can this literature give me insights to present properly essential variables of my
study?
3. Is this literature up-to-date?
4. Does this literature provide perceptive and accurate results and conclusions?
5. Does this literature present contrasting ideas which can be used in identifying
research gaps?

Conducting a Review of Literature

When the researcher is about to engage himself/herself in doing literature review,

he/she must do it in a systematic procedure so as to arrive with a comprehensive
output which can later be used in substantiating the work. Boza (2015) of University
of California presents six steps in conducting a literature review. These steps are as
follows:

1. Decide on the area of research. The first step always begins with the clear
problem in mind of the researcher. He/she must clearly know the topic as well
as the rationale of the study to be conducted. This will allow the researcher to
focus on articles and books that are relevant and can help him/her substantiate
the work.

2. Search for the literature. In searching for the literature which can be used for a
study, the researcher may utilize printed materials and references which can
normally be found in the libraries. On the other hand, online sources, which also

6
 offer scholarly articles and books, must likewise be considered for these can make
the researcher saves more time.

3. Find relevant excerpts in books and articles. Reading the abstract of a scholarly
work will help the researcher determine whether it is relevant or not to the
study under investigation. Meanwhile, other sections of a scholarly source as in
articles and books can also be skimmed in order to get the excerpts of
important data which can be used as bases of the study. Definition of terms,
prevalent claims, findings, and conclusions are some of those which the
researcher should observe and read carefully. Further, employing different
levels and types of reading can help the researcher to scrutinize efficiently the
data and information presented from a reference. Wilson (1990) identified four
types of reading. These are as follows:

o Elementary reading. This type of reading pertains to word-recognition type of

reading wherein sentences are literally comprehended.

o Systematic reading. This type of reading employs skimming strategy wherein

the researcher-reader may focus on the highlighted terms in the sample
source manuscript. Similarly, he/she may also look into the title of the sample
and will try to see if similar variables of the current study are presented. If
yes, he/she may consider the sample as relevant to his/her own work.

o Analytic reading. This type of reading requires the researcher-reader to break

the whole scholarly work into parts for better understanding. In addition, it
may also observe here that the researcher-reader establishes connection with
the author by asking the 5Ws and 1H questions through annotation. Use of a
dictionary for concept clarification is also often considered in this type of
reading. The notes made from the analysis are then synthesized and will serve
as an output.

o Comparative reading. This type of reading considers two or more scholarly

works which will be analyzed for comparing-contrasting purposes. Here, the
various viewpoints of the authors regarding the particular concepts and
principles will be carefully observed. The generalized summary of the analysis
from this type of reading then serves as an output.

4. Code the literature. Categorizing the themes of the concepts found in different
literature must be done for better analysis and evaluation. Themes can be
categorized from the similarities to the differences found among those relevant
works. Meanwhile, tools for reading and reviewing should also be considered by
the researcher in order to save more time since these allow him/her to easily
revisit the concepts that may be a help in the process of literature review. Two of
the commonly used tools for reading and review purposes are as follows:

o Highlighting. This tool uses marks and symbols that will help the researcher
to easily revisit the important ideas found in a scholarly work. This can also
aid
 the researcher to easily distinguish the similarities and differences found in
various sources.

o Annotation. This tool uses words, phrases, and sentences which serve as
written remarks of the researcher reflecting his/her understanding and
questions regarding the scholarly work.

5. Create conceptual schema. After coding the concepts perceived to be important by

the researcher in the conduct of the study, he/she may then organize them in
order to see in a wider perspective the relevance, including their similarities and
differences, to the current work. The researcher may utilize a literature review
synthesis matrix to better see how the gathered data from literature review will
be presented in the study. As cited from Ashford University (2020), synthesis
matrix refers to a table used for organizing important ideas found in the literature.
This matrix further allows the researcher to see overlapping ideas among the
authors. Here below is an example of a synthesis matrix:

Instrument
Problem or

Findings
Methods
purpose
Source

Sample
Design

Study 1

Study 2

Study 3

Study 4

8
Example of literature review presented through synthesis matrix:

Instrument
Problem or

Findings
Methods
purpose
Source

Sample
Design
1. It revealed
Study to study the Quantitative 200 Survey Questionnaire that the emoji
1 influence of students with tears of
emojis on joy is the
communica- most used
tion emoji among
language the
respondents
with the
percentage of
43.5%.
2. It is also
observed that
very less
number of
respondents
used the sad
smiley.
1. It revealed
Study to provide Quantitative 82 Survey Questionnaire that the most
2 an overview people frequent
of the emojis on
functions of Twitter since
emojis in December
everyday 2019 from
written the frequency
communica- distribution
tion of emoji per
country are
the “face with
tears of joy”
accounted for
6.7%,
“smiling face
with heart-
shaped eyes”
with 3.72%,
and “face
throwing a
kiss” with
2.1%.

6. Begin writing literature review. With a complete vision of necessary data that came
from reading and reviewing literature, the researcher may now begin the draft
of the manuscript for review of the related literature section. He/she must not
forget to cite the author of any data that will be used for the study. The use of
transitional words will also be helpful in order to arrange ideas accordingly
(e.g., the use of “similarly” to present that ideas have in common).
Example of literature review presented in a research manuscript entitled, Emojiology:
A Study of Functions of Emojis in the Virtual Community (Tabernero, 2020):

The Frequently Used Type of Emoji in Computer Mediated

Communication. The widespread use of emojis as a form of supplement in
messages across computer mediated communication has been highly observed.
These icons are almost always present in different social media platforms since
easy access to them has been made possible by smartphone devices. Hence, social
media users can easily use them during their online communication. With this,
many scholars have become interested of determining what specific type of emoji
dominates the virtual world.

Based on the study of Suresh (n.d.) entitled “The Influence of Emojis on

Communication Using Social Media: A Quantitative Study among College
Students of Myusuru,” it revealed that the tears of joy-type of emoji is the
frequently utilized icon among the respondents with the percentage of 43.5%. This
is followed by emoji thumbs up sign which is used by 12% of the respondents.
It is also observed that very a smaller number of respondents uses the sad
smiley.

Similarly, in terms of a specific social media platform – Twitter, it was also

found that the tears of joy-type of emoji is the frequently utilized one. This is in
accordance with the study of Ljubešic & Fišer (2016) entitled “A Global Analysis
of Emoji Usage.” Here, they revealed that the “face with tears of joy” emoji is the
most used emoji on Twitter since December 2015. Based on the frequency
distribution of emoji used from each country, 6.7% was accounted to “face with
tears of joy,” 3.72% to “smiling face with heart-shaped eyes,” 2.1% to “smiling face
with smiling eyes,” and another 2.1% to “face throwing a kiss.”

Now that you have already known the considerations in selecting and synthesizing
information from relevant literature, there is no doubt that you may begin to build
the foundation of your own study. You may now start by carefully selecting and
analyzing all the sources that you will perceive relevant to your research
undertaking.

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 What’s More

Read each statement carefully. Choose the letter that corresponds to the correct
answer. Write the letter of your answer on your notebook.

1. Which of the following can be a source for a literature review?

a. book
b. article
c. dissertation
d. all of the above

2. Which of the following is not a characteristic of a research literature to be used for

own study?
a. It is outdated.
b. It has clear scope.
c. It shows accurate results.
d. It identifies a research gap.

3. What type of reading employs skimming strategy?

a. analytic reading
b. systematic reading
c. elementary reading
d. comparative reading

4. What coding strategy uses marks and symbols?

a. reading
b. annotation
c. highlighting
d. synthesis matrix

5. What is a table that can be used to organize ideas from groups of reviewed
literature?
a. reading
b. annotation
c. highlighting
d. synthesis matrix
 What I Have Learned

Summarize your learnings using the cloud chart below. Copy and answer the
illustration on your notebook.

After engaging with the lesson, I have learned that

the roles of literature review in the conduct of a
research study are…

12
 What I Can Do

Write a paragraph of literature review presenting the essential ideas you extracted
from the sample abstracts of research papers below. Your work will be graded based
on the rubric provided on the following page. Write your answer on your notebook.

1. Lived Experiences of On-Campus Working Students (Frigillano et al., 2015)

Using a mixed qualitative and quantitative method, this study explored the lived
experiences and struggles of 22 on-campus working students of ISAT U-Miagao
Campus. This study utilized a researcher-constructed questionnaire and
interview in gathering information about their experiences and related variables.
Frequency count, percentage, mean, and chi-square were used as statistical
tools. Results revealed that financial problem was the main factor that motivated
the students to work on-campus. They experienced varied feelings as happiness,
sadness, annoyance, and worry. Despite work pressure, working students had
good time management both for studies and work, with high self-esteem and
good academic performance. The study concluded that participants’ dual roles
in the college as full time student and worker, do not seem to affect their self-
esteem and academic performance, however, there is a need to consider helping
these students, especially on their financial needs for them to finish their
studies.

2. Working Scholars: Life as a Worker and an Academic Performer (Villahermosa et

al., 2015)

This article discusses the likely reasons for the poor academic performance of
student assistants (SAs). It is typical nowadays for students to work while
studying to pursue their dreams in life. Expenses for college education are
never cheaper as generation passes by. Some families can afford tuition fees;
however, most of the families cannot afford to send their children to pursue a
college degree. Hence, one of the best ways to earn a degree and to fulfill
dreams is to work while studying. Some of the working students are employed in
the fast food chain as service crew. Some, especially those with capital, invest
in small businesses. Some serve as student assistants in colleges and
universities, and this is a common strategy.
3. The Impact of Working while Studying on Educational and Labor Market Outcomes
(Jewell, 2014)

As a result of the expansion of higher education and changes to student funding

in the UK, students are increasingly taking up opportunities to work while
studying. Employment during term-time may provide needed funds but takes
time away from studying. It may also constitute an investment in ‘informal’
human capital, making graduates more attractive to potential employers. Given
the ambiguous effect of working while studying, we investigate whether term-
time employment has a detrimental impact on educational attainment and
examine whether this is compensated by wage gains arising from transferable
skills and work experience. Using survey data from a UK university, we find that
students work more for financial than investment reasons and identify a negative
effect of term-time employment for students working out of financial necessity
or those working with a greater intensity. We find some evidence that individuals
who have undertaken term-time employment have higher salaries upon
graduation.

3 2 1
Strong Fair Needs
Improvement
Explanation Clearly explains Attempts to explain Contains little to no
and analyzes the and analyze the explanation or
information information, but analysis of the
presented the explanation is information
unclear presented.
Evidence Supports the Attempts to Central claim is not
central claim and support the central supported by any
reason with facts claim and reason evidences
with facts, but
information is
unclear
Conclusion Ends with a Ends with a No concluding
concluding concluding statement
statement about statement that
the central claim does not clearly
relate to the
central
claim
Organization Organizes the ideas Attempts to Little to no attempt
in a logical way organize ideas, but at organization
transitional
language is needed
Mechanics A little to no errors Mechanical errors Distracting
(spelling and present, and they distract at times mechanical errors
Grammar) do not distract throughout

https://catlintucker.com/2018/08/middle-school-writing-rubrics/

14
 Assessment

Write Yes if the given statement is correct and No if not. Write your answers on
your notebook.

1. Literature review includes collecting and synthesizing ideas from different

scholarly sources.

2. Literature review is used to design the conceptual framework of one’s study.

3. Relevant literature is used to identify research gaps in a particular field.

4. Literature review leads to a misconception of a study.

5. A literature review should only focus on one reference.

6. Articles and books to be reviewed must come from a scholarly source.

7. Comparative reading employs a skimming strategy.

8. Elementary reading requires the researcher to ask Ws and H questions towards

the article being read.

9. Systematic reading deals with the analysis of viewpoints of different authors.

10. Highlighting utilizes a table in order to organize important ideas found from
different literature.
 Additional Activities

Select two (2) relevant literature from either an academic printed reference or an
academic online source which can be used for your study of interest. Use the
literature review synthesis matrix to present important data. Copy the table and
supply the corresponding/needed information. Write your answers on your
notebook.

Instrument
Problem or

Findings
Methods
purpose
Source

Sample
Design

Title:

Author:

Title:

Author:

16
9. 4.
8.
7. 3. 3.
6.
5. 2. 1.
4.
3.
2.
1.

9.
8.
7.
6.
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
18
References
Ashford University. “Synthesis Matrix.” Accessed June 24, 2020.
https://writingcenter.ashford.edu/synthesis-matrix

Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. “Literature Review.” Last modified April 06,

2020. Accessed June 24, 2020. https://guides.library.bloomu.edu/litreview

Boza, Tanya G. “Writing a Literature Review: Six Steps to Get You from Start to
Finish.” Last modified July 02, 2015. Accessed June 24, 2020.
https://www.wiley.com/network/researchers/preparing-your-
article/writing-a-literature-review-six-steps-to-get-you-from-start-to-finish

Cristobal, Amadeo P., and Cristobal, Maura D. Practical Research 1 for Senior High
School. Quezon City: C&E Publishing, Inc., 2017.

Frigillano, Shirley D., et al. “Lived Experiences of On-Campus Working Students.”

Published October 23, 2015. Accessed June 24, 2020.
https://www.academia.edu/34118361/Lived_Experiences_of_On-
Campus_Working_Students

Jewell, Sarah. “The Impact of Working while Studying on Educational and Labor
Market Outcomes.” Published October 10, 2014. Accessed June 24, 2020.
https://www.hilarispublisher.com/open-access/business-and-economics-
journal-2151-6219.1000110.pdf

Tabernero, Karl Angelo R. “Emojiology: A Study of Functions of Emojis in the

Virtual Community.” MA thesis, Bataan Peninsula State University, 2020.

University of South Carolina Library. “Purpose of a Literature Review.” Last modified

June 02, 2020. Accessed June 24, 2020.
https://uscupstate.libguides.com/c.php?g=627058&p=4389968#:~:text=The
%20purpose%20of%20a%20literature,questions%20left%20from%20other%
20research

Villahermosa, Melody E., et al. “Working Scholars: Life as a Worker and an

Academic Performer.” Accessed June 24,
2020.
https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=11767

19
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