CAL-OWAN AGRICULTURAL VOCATIONAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

Ammacian, Pinukpuk, Kalinga

SUBJECT: Understanding Culture, Society and Politics

NAME: ___________________________________________________ SECTION: _________________

LESSON 3: Nature, Goals and Perspectives in Anthropology, Sociology and Political Science

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

Anthropology Sociology
Answers the What does it mean to be human? Who are How do we study society? What are the things
question. you? Where do you come from? that you think influence your life? What is life
to people living in places with different
culture and behavior?
Where did it Anthropology started as a science during the Sociology emerged as an academic field right
start? time of exploration when European at the height of the Industrial Revolution in
countries started to colonize what they Europe which mobilized the entire population
considered as primitive societies where in a way that had never been before in human
people were believed to be savages and history. These era had brought great changes
barbaric. in the way people live in a society.

Let it be clear that anthropology started as Sociology started as the study of European
the study of nonEuropean people by society by European people (inward).
European people (outward).
During that time, emerging institutions arose
During their colonial encounter with these and replaced the old ones such as how
people, Europeans started to make a written science was taking over religion, when the
records about non-Europeans. They focus on reign of kings and queens fell down, and
kinship, language, race, religion, cultural when the era of feudalism had ended. People
perceptions, and others. saw the importance of studying these
emerging institutions and how they started
and what impact they could make to an
individual and the new society in general
Who started Franz Boas –considered as the father of Auguste Comte – French philosopher and
this field? modern American anthropology. His study mathematician. He coined the term sociology.
led to the doctrine of “historical He saw the need for a systematic science of
particularism,” where he stated that each studying society and in dealing with the
society is considered as having a unique form solution of its basic problems.
of culture that cannot be understood under
an overall definition of general culture.
Concept Anthropology is the study of people and Sociology is the study of society, patterns of
their culture. It uses a special research social interactions, and culture of everyday
method known as ethnography in which life. Unlike anthropology, the knowledge
anthropologists are required to live with created by sociology is used to understand
their subject of study for a long period of one’s own society. Sociologists use qualitative
time in order to make their writings more research methods in doing their studies.
reliable and credible.
Subjects of Biological anthropology refers to the study Anything in a society that influences people’s
Inquiry of human origins (genetics, race, evolutions, lives can be subjects of inquiry, like different
fossils, primates). social phenomena, issues, and problems.
Cultural anthropology is the study of living
people (religion, social system, language, Sociologists can also look into things that
clothing, foods, beliefs, traditions, etc). influence life like family background,
Linguistics is the study of language, its socioeconomic status, ethnicity, social classes,
evolution, its connection to other languages, religion, gender, beliefs, traditions, norms,
and others. among others. Some fields are social
 Archeology refers to the study of dead organization, social psychology, applied
culture (religion, social system, language, sociology, and human ecology.
how they dress, foods, beliefs, traditions,
etc).
Goals The goals of anthropology are the following: The goals of Sociology are the following:
- See the commonalities among people - Obtain possible theories and principles about
(tradition, language, kinship, etc). society as well as various aspects of social life.
- Look at what makes us the same to - Study the nature of humanity to further
understand more about human nature. examine our roles within a society.
- Discover what makes people different from - Appreciate that all things in society are
each other in order to understand and interdependent.
preserve diversity. - Expose our minds to different perspectives
- Produce new knowledge and new theories in attaining truth.
about mankind and behavior.
- Look at one’s own culture more objectively.

Politics impacts our lives directly or indirectly, whether we are aware of its effects or not. If there is a crime that
took place, we call the police, and this scheme is part of the government. If there was a fire that occurred, we
call the fire department, and that’s also a part of the government. Military is government as well, let alone our
civil liberty and our rights which have influences on us daily. In school, you were asked to read by heart the
Constitution. When you are apprehended by an authority, you asked your violation and insisted on your legal
rights. Even inside your house, there are still set of rules that are being enforced and followed. All these things
are related to a field called Political Science.

Archaeology is a branch of anthropology that studies the culture of dead people. Archaeologists rely on the
pieces of evidence that they exhumed from discovered old cities and civilizations. We learn many things about
our past based on their findings.

LESSON 3 - ACTIVITY (1): Sociology vs Anthropology

Sociology and anthropology are social science disciplines that focus on studying the behavior of humans within
their societies. The main difference between the two concepts is that sociology concentrates on society (social
institutions/structures) while anthropology focuses on culture. With this, identify the following statements
below if it is a scenario related to sociology or anthropology. The words in bold letters serve as your clue.

Write the word “SOCIO” if it deals with sociology and write “ANTHRO” if it deals with anthropology.
1. A Family is usually consisted of a mother, father and their children.
2. Dela Cruz family was guided by the religious belief that “A family that prays together, stays together.”
3. The parents, together with their children, loved to go out and dine in together, eating their favorite foods like
adobo, kare-kare, sinigang, and sinampalukan.
4. Ana, a member of the family, meanwhile learned how to cook these foods through a culinary school.
5. During summer vacations, the family goes to the province to visit their grandparents and other relatives.
6. They learned from their grandparents that fiestas are celebrated to give thanks to bountiful blessings and to
give honor to the patron saint of the town.
7. The leaders of their local church prepared activities during the celebration.
8. Government officials contributed some help to make the event successful.
9. Dela Cruz family really enjoyed the activities especially the part when native Filipino games were played.
10. Peace and order were maintained through the enforcement of certain written rules and regulations.

LESSON 3 - ACTIVITY (2): Photo Analysis of Social Issues

Based on the picture below, identify the major social issue or problem that affects our society today. Discuss
how the disciplines of anthropology, sociology, and political science help us in addressing this issue.

LESSON 4: EARLY CIVILIZATION and RISE of the STATE

Ancient State and Civilization One of the earliest states and civilizations was found in the Fertile Crescent
which is known as the Mesopotamian civilization. The word Mesopotamia is a Greek word for “Land
between two rivers” which is often referred to as the cradle of civilization. It is the region of the Western
Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It is known as the Fertile Crescent where the first
evidence of agriculture was also found.

Here the first human civilizations were taking the earliest steps from hunter-gatherer society into settled
community.

Moreover, it is in Mesopotamia that the history writing appeared as early as over 5,000 years ago. This
invention was so important that it marks the end of the Prehistory, and the beginning of history. One of
the first writing systems, the Cuneiform, is one of the most important civilizations in the history of
Mesopotamian culture.

Every city in Mesopotamia had its own government, rulers, warriors, patron god, and functioned like an
independent country. Mesopotamian cities were Ur, Uruk, Kish, Lagesh. There is a temple at the center
of each city called a ziggurat (a massive, tiered, pyramid-shaped structure).

There was also what we called Mesopotamian warrior-gods(2.400-2.500 B.C.)who govern and protect
the people under its government. Military commanders eventually became monarch creating a new
structure of government called a Dynasty. It is a series of rulers descending from a single-family line. The
Akkadian Empire lasted about 200 years. In the year 2350–2150 B.C, Babylonian Empire overtook
Sumerians around 2000 B.C., and they built capital, the Babylon, on Euphrates River.

Another ancient states and civilizations was the Egyptian civilization. It emerged more than 5,000 years
ago along the River Nile in the north-east of Africa. The Ancient Egyptians lived near the River Nile
because of its fertile land suitable for growing crops and domestication of animals. Each year, water from
the Nile rose and flooded the area. When the water went back, it left mud that made the fields fertile.

Egyptians called their king a pharaoh. The pharaoh was all- powerful: He passed laws, He ruled the
country, He owned most of the land, and He controlled trade and led the armies. Egyptians believed that
the pharaohs were gods.

Modern State and Civilization

In the European continent, several states and civilization grew tremendously over centuries. In England,
around 1500s, most of the people lived in small villages. They paid tithes to their feudal landlords. Henry
VII won the War of the Roses in England, which led into what is known as the Tudor dynasty, and begun
the development of the English nation-state.

In Spain in the year 1492, Spanish monarchs Ferdinand and Isabella took Spain back from the Muslim. It
became the era of Spain as a global power.
 In France, Louis XIV of France created an absolute monarchy. France became the dominant power in
Europe. When The French Revolution broke out, it created the modern French nation-state, which
sparked nationalism around Europe.

In 1914, when various nation-states started to claim their power and superiority over all the nations in the
world, the World War I begununtil1918.

In 1919, Treaty of Versailles ended the World War I. It divided several multinational empires that led to the
creation of several new nation-states.

In 1939, the World War II started until 1945. The end of World War II led to the formation of United
Nations in 1945.

The State of the People: Democratic State

In the recent decade after the two World Wars, people are becoming more active in their government
and state affairs, in which people become the source of political power and government rules. This
evolution in the government is known as the process of democratization, or simply democracy – the rule
of the people.

Democratization is the transition to a more democratic political regime, including substantive political
changes moving in a democratic direction. It may be the transition from an authoritarian regime to a full
democracy, a transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a
semiauthoritarian political system to a democratic political system. What is a democracy? Moreover, a
democracy is a form of government where the citizens of the nation have the power to vote.

TYPES OF DEMOCRACY

(1) Representative democracy is a system where citizens choose government representatives among
their citizens,
(2) Direct democracy is when the citizens form a governing body and vote directly on issues,
(3) Constitutional democracy limits the powers of government through the nation’s constitution.

LESSON 4 - ACTIVITY (1): Answer the following questions (5 pts. each).

Guide Questions: As a student….

1. What are the things that a democracy must
provide?
2. Why is democracy a better form of
government?
3. What can you expect from the government
practicing democracy?

LESSON 5: SOCIALIZATION

Socialization simply means the process of learning one’s society and its culture. It is moreover the same
as interacting, mingling and being with other people or groups within/ outside of your society.

Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their roles in life, and what is expected from
them. Without socialization, a person will develop different physical and mental disabilities. It is sad to
know that individuals with no successful socialization develop mental illness, abnormal or odd behavior
and self - isolation. Do you know that there are different groups of people that influence your
orientations and perspectives to life? These groups are called agents of socialization. These agents play a
crucial role in developing yourself as a person and a member of the society.

Family is the first agent of socialization. Most of the habits, manners, beliefs and the way we think are
develop in the family. A huge part of your personality is molded by your family because this is where you
 spent your childhood. Your family influences you on the way you behave and act as a person. This is
when socialization process is crucial and intense.

School is another agent of socialization. Here, you interact or socialize with other people- your
classmates, teachers, administrators, and others which are outside your family within a society. Your
socialization with them has made a lot of experiences in you. It is in the school that your behavior and
attitude are shape to become a better member of society.

Your circle of friends is also an agent of socialization. It is called peer group. Your peers usually have
similar ages, social status and share interests. Your peer group influences you on the way you can accept
yourself. It is with your peer group that you find yourself belonged.

Social media as agent of socialization plays a crucial role in shaping your personality as well. Majority of
us, young and old, are connected through social media. Much of our waking time is spent on using social
media.

ENCULTURATION

As an individual grows up in a social group, he/she learns to understand his/her identity. This is where
enculturation comes in. Enculturation is the process by which people learn the requirements of their
surrounding culture and acquire values and behaviours appropriate or necessary in that culture

According to Stephen A. Grunland and Marvin K. Mayers (1988) (as cited from Hoebel, 1982),
enculturation is both a conscious and an unconscious conditioning process whereby man, as child and
adult, achieves competence in his culture, internalizes his culture and becomes thoroughly enculturated.
Socializing with people plays a great part in achieving it. He/she deals with. An individual also learns from
observing the surrounding he/she is in.

TIPS ON HOW TO MAKE YOUR SOCIALIZATION PRODUCTIVE AND MEANINGFUL:

1. Bullying is not healthy in socialization.

2. Make your group activities productive.
3. Learn to socialize more often with professional people.
4. Be critical on information you encounter from social media.
5. Prioritize more important activities.

LESSON 5 - ACTIVITY (1) (to be recorded under PERFORMANCE/OUTPUT)

DIRECTION: Compose a “motto” or tag line about socialization enculturation then make a slogan of it.
Materials: pencil, ruler, coloring materials and A4 Bond paper

Criteria: Relevance to the topic-10 pts; Creativity-5 pts; Originality-5 pts; Grammar & Mechanics-5 pts; Neatness-5
pts; TOTAL-30 points

SAMPLE SLOGAN