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Manuscript 1 1
A Research Paper
By:
LUELYN L. DAÑO
JANSEN O. MAYOL
May 2023
ii
RESEARCH ABSTRACT
(Researchers)
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus
UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
PROGRAM RESEARCH OFFICE
APPROVAL SHEET
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
researchers:
conduct their study and for offering useful advice all through the research.
us to do well
The researchers owe their family a debt of appreciation for their love,
And finally, gratitude and praise to God, the Almighty, for enabling
those who helped them with their research, whether through direct or
indirect assistance.
v
DEDICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES PAGE
CHAPTER
Introduction …………………………………… 1
Rationale…............................................... 1
Conceptual Framework of
the Study........................................ 5
Related Theory………………………… 6
of the Study............................... 18
Equipment................................... 22
Summary.......................................................... 39
Findings............................................................ 40
Conclusions...................................................... 41
Recommendations............................................ 42
REFERENCES............................................................................. 41
APPENDIX………………………………………………..……. 47
CURRICULUM VITAE............................................................... 64
ix
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH PAGE
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE
of the Study………………………………………. 5
Cebu………………………………………………. 21
1
CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Rationale
aesthetic results including tooth cleaning and stain removal. Today, owing to
have a healthy and beautiful smile. Most of the credit for the whitening
a natural bleach in changing the teeth' colours. One of the most important
illness. Salt has a lot of benefits such as the dominant part of the salt is a
mineral that helps keep teeth healthy and strong and due to its mild
plaque and other traces of food from your teeth. The antibacterial qualities of
study found that coffee staining caused significant changes in the color and
determining how well toothpaste cleans teeth of extrinsic stainsIn the world
which may test toothpaste products using food coloring to enhance oral
candy stains from teeth. High sugar content in candy can adhere to the
level in your mouth.With the aid of activated charcoal and its whitening
power, you can prevent tooth decay by lowering the mouth's acidic content
and restoring the pH level to balance when you brush your teeth with salt,
such as sea salt. While activated charcoal is also a great natural whitening
Consequently, they are a very popular choice among the general public.
4
for charcoal toothpaste are the treatment of foul breath and the elimination
tooth decay; this is where the salt comes in. Some countries use salt as a
vehicle of fluoride and one of them is the Philippines, where consumers with
limited resources are known to substitute salt for toothpaste and regular bath
This experimental study has a goal to find out the efficacy of using
activated charcoal powder with salt in removing stains on the teeth. This
Conceptual Framework
reduces stains, acidic plaque, and fresh breath. These concepts relate to our
Related Theory
This section contains two selected concepts that can be utilised as the
thematic basis for this experimental study. These two concepts are related
with the use of activated charcoal powder and salt and the effects of these
Theoretically, in line with Thakur et al. (2020), the health and beauty
industry have eagerly embraced charcoal. Charcoal, which has been part of
health care of individuals. This treatment helps maintain good oral health by
enhances oral hygiene and decreases risks even after 3 months of using salt
7
for oral care. The authors of this study claimed that natural salt is an efficient
strategy to preserve oral health and prevent dental decay. Additionally, this
Related Literature
advantages of using study subjects and how it affects one's oral health either
encounter and how salt and activated charcoal powder can help.
who do not have easy access to a clinical dentist. Those who reside in
remote locations where products are not readily available may turn to home
37.3% of individuals were unsatisfied with their dental care; around 90% of
them were motivated by appearance, with tooth color being the most
order to make a diagnosis and choose the best treatment option appropriate
their own oral issues with salt (Aldeeri et al., 2018). The majority of people
are struggling to find a solution for their dental health issues. In most
industrialised nations, oral illnesses ranked fourth among the diseases that
cost the most money (Zhou et al., 2018). This problem may cause people to
seek alternative at-home products that include activated charcoal powder and
salt or buy ingredients on their own for their own oral problems. Activated
charcoal powder and salt are one of the common home remedies for oral
toothpastes and powders that are used for brushing, removing external
people consult their dental team members for advice on the use and
have hit the market, and they are being promoted by instafamous celebrity
Activated charcoal can help you modify the pH of your water making
the mouth uninhabitable for disease-causing germs and bacteria. The charred
wood adjusts the pH of the mouth and inhibits the growth of germs and
bacteria reproducing in the mouth, making it safe and clean. This helps to
protect teeth from decay bacterial and other organism-caused illnesses; this
is why a large number of people use activated charcoal as part of their tooth
as you continue to use the product and take adequate care of your teeth. With
the use of charcoal toothpaste on a regular basis and following the directions
fluoride is direct on the tooth surface (a topical effect), via its interaction
with the tooth enamel surface. Iodisation is also compatible with fluoride in
dental caries (salt fluoridation may be done more cheaply than water
salt, depending on dietary habits. Table (domestic) salt used at the table and
Related Studies
This section presents the studies that are important to the experiment
into the effects of using activated charcoal powder with salt on one's teeth.
that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in
fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease
specifically in removing plaque and whitening the teeth. For the elimination
whitening strips, and bleaching gels mouthwashes, chewing gum, and brush-
on cosmetics such as activated charcoal and salt. However, due to their low
counter remedies (Elaziz et al., 2022). It has been claimed that in charcoal-
are brushed away and leave the tooth surface clean and that efficacy of
salt powder was found to be effective in both tooth whitening and increasing
to their dental health. After studying peers with good oral health and no
dental caries, it was discovered that a youngster with poor oral hygiene and
dental caries was more likely to be absent in school (Moore, 2021). People
who have extrinsic stains on their teeth may benefit from a variety of
and enhances general health. Future oral diseases can be avoided by taking
13
care of teeth and practising good oral hygiene (Hofmaier, 2019). Charcoal
later. We find that using activated charcoal is the best technique for
essential for effective caries prevention. They are also useful as therapeutic
rather than systemic. This effect may be enhanced when accompanied with
salt could be used in community health programs to target people with high
THE PROBLEM
charcoal powder mixed with salt in removing stains. This study was
conducted in Serenis North Yati, Liloan, and Cebu City in the year 2022–
2023.
questions:
d. water?
16
sdfollowing stains:
a. Coffee
b. Candy
c. Food colouring
d. water?
a. Coffee
17
b. Candy
c. Food colouring
objective was to compare and contrast the two products. In order to compare
terms of stain removal as well as how they influenced the surface roughness
of stains.
toothpastes would abrasively whiten teeth. With this, the result of this study,
Teachers. The results would help the teachers boost their confidence
in teaching especially now that face to face classes are resuming. The results
the activated charcoal powder with salt in removing stains from the teeth.
and mixing spoons. While the subjects of this study are coffee, candy, and
food colouring stains. This delimitation was set by the researchers according
The limitations of this study were the limited research related theories,
time in this study. This challenged the researchers’ time management and
collaborative work.
stains from teeth since this can be done by "doing it yourself" and can
address problems with teeth on their own. Moreover, this established the
potency of activated charcoal powder with salt to eliminate stains from teeth.
20
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design
producing results. Our selected research design is appropriate for our study.
two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to
that the alteration of the constant variable is the only factor responsible for
the change in a variable. The research should establish a notable cause and
effect.
21
Research Locale
gathering of data took place inside the premises of the Serenis North
is a suitable location for it is much safer, inexpensive and convenient for the
Research Subject
22
the tooth surface. Activated charcoal can remove stains from the enamel, the
outermost layer of teeth, due to its abrasive nature. Activated charcoal can
Salt fluoride is created when sodium ions in salt interact with fluoride
fluoride. This helped prevent cavities and tooth decay. Thus, salt fluoride
can also help improve your oral health. Salt fluoridation is useful in this
is used to check the responses of the participants to ensure that the data
The tools that the researchers used are the most appropriate for this
study to be able to learn about the power of activated charcoal with salt in
eliminating stains on the teeth. On the other hand, the other tool that is used
Research Procedure
The researchers had prepared the materials needed for the study that
Collection of Materials
delivered to one of the researchers. While the eggshells were purchased from
the local neighborhood store of one of the researchers, the salt was easily
accessible from the researcher's home. The three stains that were used came
mixed with salt: ½ gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt
Testing
The eggshells were then soaked with bleach. The eggshells were conducted
and withdrawn on different kinds of stain, such as coffee, candy, and food
comprehend the results of the data. For this research problem, a t-test was
utilised.
where:
27
t = computed t-test
DEFINITION OF TERMS
28
Abrasive
teeth's surfaces
Aesthetic
written “esthetics”.
Dentifrice
Efficacy
whiteness.
Salt
This pertains to the one of the main ingredients of the study that
Stains
29
on people’s teeth.
Whiteness
respondents.
CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
30
research, theories, and practices related to the topic under investigation and
to identify gaps in the literature that the current study seeks to address. The
chapter begins by introducing the key concepts and terms used throughout
the study and providing a brief historical background on the topic. Next, a
research problem. The chapter then synthesizes the findings from the
summary of the key themes and gaps in the literature that will be addressed
in the current study. The literature review presented in this chapter serves as
The first problem that is included in the scope of the study was the
concentration needed to remove the stains from the teeth namely: coffee,
different stains.
has an equal amount of activated charcoal and salt resulted in the highest
32
¾ gram of activated charcoal powder and ¼ gram of salt which holds 2.38 of
activated charcoal and ¾ gram of salt which has an average of 2.34; (4) the
Specifics Mean SD N
Water 3 3.85
Coffee 3 8.08
3
Candy 3 7.01
Food colouring 3
7.15
s= significant at alpha level of 0.05
(Bet. 0.03906
Columns)
activated charcoal powder with salt (ACS) with different concentrations and
the water applied to different kinds of stains . Table 1 shows that there was a
remove the stains from the teeth (namely coffee, candy, and food colouring).
Taken together, these results suggest that ACS really does have an effect
when applied to stains. In implication, the results suggest that when humans
use ACS paste, the stains on their teeth will be removed rather than applied
only with water. The ACS paste has a clear advantage over water in
removing stains.
34
(2016), which stated that activated charcoal can be used as a natural bleach
for teeth and for brightening their color. Additionally, according to Jordan et
to water after 10 minutes of soaking in the mixture. The stains were more
In application, the food colouring is the stain that ACS paste with the
highest difference that is used in the study. The paste works effectively when
The next problem emphasized in the scope of this study was the
of stains of the most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt
stains of the most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt as
Specifics Mean SD N
stains of the most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt as
kinds of stains. Table 3 shows that there was no significant effect of ACS
eliminate the food coloring from the teeth. In implication, the findings
propose that the ½ gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt
concentration was effective for removing stains, specifically those from food
coloring.
and Niazy (2020), in which salt was found to be effective at both teeth
0.5547001, p-value = 2.31 is greater than α (alpha) which is 0.05, with n-2
degree of freedom. This was not significant so, Ho3, was not rejected.
not rejected. Furthermore, the data in accordance with Table 5 indicated that
in removing stains from the teeth in terms of whiteness. With that being
said, it has been corroborated that the effects of ACS and Commercialized
Product have similar effects on whitening the teeth. Modern oral hygiene
that are used for brushing, removing external stains, and purportedly
based toothpastes have reportedly been manufactured, the demand for them
dental team members for advice on the use and advantages of charcoal
that lasted as long as continuing to use the product and took adequate care of
teeth. With the regular use of charcoal toothpaste and following the
2017).
39
40
CHAPTER 3
of the study.
Summary
activated charcoal powder mixed with salt in removing stains. This study
was conducted in Serenis North Yati, Liloan, and Cebu City in the year
2022–2023.
d. Water
following stains:
41
a. Coffee
b. Candy
c. Food coloring
stains.
effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt among all the stains.
Conclusions
Based on the findings of the study, activated charcoal with salt paste
can indeed be an alternative to whitening our teeth and adding fluoride to it.
and it was shown that ½ activated charcoal and ½ salt have been the most
effective among the different mixtures in removing the stains, and it worked
Furthermore, the results did not affirm the Ijbabn (2018) concept on
concept, which removes stains and acidic plaque as well as fresh breath and
Recommendations
2. that anyone should remove stains in the traditional manner with ACS
paste;
3. that everyone should use activated charcoal powder and salt, which
subject areas.
44
REFERENCES
Journal Articles
Agrawal, P., Panda, S., & Mishra, S. (2018). A review on activated charcoal
tooth paste. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 7, 478.
https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr20189-12132
Aldeeri, A., Alzaid, H., Alshunaiber, R., Meaigel, S., Shaheen, N., & Adlan,
A. (2018). Patterns of self-medication behavior for oral health
problems among adults living in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Pharmacy,
6(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6010015
Chapter).https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320346875_Quanti
tative_Re search_Methods_A_Synopsis_Approach
Chauhan, A., Walton, M., Manias, E., Walpola, R. L., Seale, H., Latanik,
M., Leone, D., Mears, S., & Harrison, R. (2020). The safety of health care
for ethnic minority patients: A systematic review. International
Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 1–25.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-020-01223-2
Dobaria, N., Aapaliya, P., Choudhary, G., Sanadhya, S., Jain, S., & Sharma,
N. (2015). Assessment and comparison of clinical dental status
and its impact on oral health-related quality of life among rural and
urban adults of Udaipur, India: A cross-sectional study. Journal of Basic
and Clinical Pharmacy, 6(2), 50. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-
0105.152091
Gillespie, G., Marinho, V. C., Marthaler, T. M., Holt, R., Poulsen, S.,
Stephen, K., & Baez, R. (2007). Salt fluoridation for preventing dental
caries. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd006846
Jordan, R. A., Schulte, A., Bockelbrink, A. C., Puetz, S., Naumova, E.,
Wärn, L. G., & Zimmer, S. (2017). Caries-Preventive Effect of Salt
Fluoridation in Preschool Children in The Gambia: A Prospective,
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Leles, C. R., Leles, J. L. R., Souza, C. de P., Martins, R. R., & Mendonça, E.
F. (2010). Implant-Supported obturator overdenture for extensive
maxillary resection patient: A clinical report. Journal of
Prosthodontics, 19(3), 240–244.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-
849x.2009.00545.
Mani, A., Mani, S., & Saini, R. (2018). Effects of sea salt based oral rinse on
streptococcus mutans level and oral ecology in gingivitis subjects with
high caries susceptibility: A randomized clinical study. Scholar
Science Journals.
Seminario, A. L., DeRouen, T., Cholera, M., Liu, J., Phantumvanit, P.,
Kemoli, A., Castillo, J., & Pitiphat, W. (2020). Mitigating global oral
health inequalities: Research training programs in low- and middle-
income countries. Annals of Global Health, 86(1).
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Toumba, K. J., Twetman, S., Splieth, C., Parnell, C., van Loveren, C., &
Lygidakis, N. Α. (2019). Guidelines on the use of fluoride for caries
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Turgut, S., Kılınç, H., Ulusoy, K. U., & Bagis, B. (2018). The Effect of
Desensitizing Toothpastes and Coffee Staining on the Optical
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Urquhart, O., Tampi, M. P., Pilcher, L., Slayton, R. L., Araujo, M. W. B.,
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0006-6
49
Webpage
Appendix A
Research Instrument
Images Questions
1 2 3 4 5
Appendix B
Problem # 1.1
½ AC & ½ T1 2.54
S T2 3.23
T3 2.31
T1
T2 3.08
¼ AC & T3 1.62
¾S 2.31
T1
T2 1.92
T3 2.54
¾ AC & ¼ 2.69
S T1
T2 1.31
T3 1.54
Negative 1
Control
Legend: S- Salt
AC- Activated Charcoal
T1- Trial 1
T2- Trial 2
T3- Trial 3
Problem # 2
1 2 2 3
59
2 2 2 3
3 3 2 3
4 1 2 3
5 2 3 4
6 3 2 3
7 2 1 2
8 3 2 3
9 3 2 3
10 3 4 4
11 4 2 4
12 4 3 3
13 1 3 4
Average: 2.54 2.31 3.23
Problem # 3
Respondents ACS CP
1 3 4
2 3 3
3 3 3
4 3 3
60
5 4 4
6 3 3
7 2 3
8 3 4
9 3 2
10 4 4
Legend:
ACS- Activated Charcoal with Salt
CP- Commercialised Product
Appendix C
Shade of Color
1 2 3 4 5
61
Appendix D
Documentation
Undertaken Method/ Process Pictures
Bleaching/Balancing color
62
Drying
Staining/Soaking
Testing of product
63
Resulting eggshells
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
SKILLS
65
● Drawing
● Gaming
● Volleyball
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PERSONAL DATA
SKILLS
● Responsible
● Does well in dancing
LUELYN L. DAÑO
Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu
[email protected]
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
2011 – 2017
PERSONAL DATA
● Salutatorian (Elementary)
● Best in Science
SKILLS
● Responsible
● Punctual
69
● Singing
JANSEN O. MAYOL
Consolacion, Cebu
[email protected]
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PERSONAL DATA
● With Honors
● Conduct Award
● Most Punctual
SKILLS
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
PERSONAL DATA
SKILLS
● Responsible
● Does well in Basketball
● Singing
73