POWER OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL WITH SALT: IN

ELIMINATING STAINS ON THE TEETH

A Research Paper

Presented to the Faculty of Senior High School Department

University of Cebu – Banilad

Cebu City, Philippines

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for

SH-3Is and SH – Work Immersion / STEM

By:

CARL JUSTINE G. GABUNADA

LUELYN L. DAÑO

JANSEN O. MAYOL

JHON PHILIP ARAZA

YVONNE SOPHIA ERIKA S. VIADOR

May 2023
 ii

RESEARCH ABSTRACT

POWER OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL WITH SALT: IN

ELIMINATING STAINS ON THE TEETH

CARL JUSTINE G. GABUNADA

LUELYN L. DAÑO
JANSEN O. MAYOL
JHON PHILIP ARAZA
YVONNE SOPHIA ERIKA S. VIADOR

(Researchers)
University of Cebu – Banilad Campus

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Adviser, University of Cebu

Keywords: Activated charcoal powder; salt

There is an increasing interest among individuals in having a healthy and beautiful
smile.Whitening dentifrices are used to achieve aesthetic results, such as tooth cleaning and stain
removal. Activated charcoal powder is an example of dentifrices that can be used as a natural
bleach in changing the teeth' colours. Salt has a lot of benefits, such as its mild abrasiveness and
antibacterial qualities. This experimental study mainly focused on the effectiveness of activated
charcoal powder mixed with salt in removing stains in terms of the cleanliness of the teeth,
timeline, and mixture, which were variables considered. The mixtures were produced
manually.The study is conducted by taking mixtures of ½ tsp. of activated charcoal powder and
½ tsp. of salt with 30 mL of water , ¾ tsp. of activated charcoal powder and ¼ tsp. of salt with 30
mL of water, and ¼ tsp. of activated charcoal powder and ¾ tsp. of salt with 30 mL of water. The
eggshells will then be soaked with bleach. The eggshells were submerged in different kinds of
stains, such as coffee, candy, and colouring for a specific time of minutes. Findings suggest the
paste with an equal amount of activated charcoal powder with salt showed the highest average on
the difference [F(5, 20) = 4.520743302, p-value = 0.03906902263 < 0.05. On the other hand, the
concentration was better efficacy on the food colouring stain with the greatest average of 3.23
[F(5, 22) = 4.84137931, p=value 0.01373735831 < 0.05. However, there were still insufficient
studies and claims that the quantity of stains on teeth could be reduced by using salt and activated
charcoal powder. Interestingly, all concentrations with activated charcoal powder with salt
excelled in whitening different kinds of stains, and with similar results when compared to
commercialised toothpaste. These findings brought another perspective on the potential of
activated charcoal powder mixed with salt as a tooth stain remover.

Department : Senior High School

Program : Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics
Research Started : September 2022
Research Completed : May 9, 2023
 iii

UNIVERSITY OF CEBU
PROGRAM RESEARCH OFFICE

APPROVAL SHEET

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT of the requirements for SH-3I and SH

OJT/STEM, this research paper entitled POWER OF ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
WITH SALT: IN ELIMINATING STAINS ON THE TEETH submitted by Luelyn
L. Daño, Jansen O. Mayol, Jhon Philip Araza, Carl Justine G. Gabunada, Yvonne
Sophia Erika S. Viador has been duly examined, accepted and approved for ORAL
DEFENSE EXAMINATION.

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Adviser

ACCEPTED AS Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for the SH-3I and

OJT/STEM

RICHARD D. ARDEÑIO, LPT, MST(c) MALEEN GRAFILO-ORDIZ, LPT, MAT

Program Research Coordinator Principal, Senior High School Department

APPROVED by the tribunal at the ORAL DEFENSE EXAMINATION with the

grade of _____________.

MALEEN GRAFILO-ORDIZ, LPT, MAT

Chairman

ENGR. GEORGINA FE ORTEGA ROSANNA M. BONGO, LPT,

MST(c)
Member Member

JUNREL A. CAPUNO, LPT, M.Ed.

Statistician

Date of Oral Defense: 9 MAY 2023

 iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The following people deserves the sincere gratitude from the

researchers:

Junrel A. Capuno, research adviser, for allowing the researchers to

conduct their study and for offering useful advice all through the research.

His passion, vision, genuineness, and inspiration have profoundly inspired

us to do well

The researchers owe their family a debt of appreciation for their love,

encouragement, aspirations, care, and sacrifices made in assisting to educate

and equip me for the future.

And finally, gratitude and praise to God, the Almighty, for enabling

the researchers to successfully complete their research by bestowing His

blessings on them along their endeavour.

In general, the researchers would like to express their gratitude to all

those who helped them with their research, whether through direct or

indirect assistance.
 v

DEDICATION

To our cherished family, who have been our source of

courage and inspiration and who never ceased providing us
with their moral, spiritual, emotional, and financial support;
To our brothers and sisters, relatives, friends, and co-
students who provided their words of wisdom and inspired
us to finish our study;
Moreover, to our instructor, Mr. Junrel A. Capuno, who
constantly advises and teaches us to make this study even
better;
As well as our groupmates, who participated wholeheartedly
and helped as much as they could for the sake of our grades,
Last but not least, we offered our gratitude to the Almighty
Father for providing us with guidance, strength, mental
power, abilities, and a healthy life.

All of these, we offer for your glory.

 vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PRELIMINARIES PAGE

Title Page ................................................................................. i

Research Abstract .................................................................... ii
Approval Sheet ........................................................................ iii
Acknowledgement ................................................................... iv
Dedication …………………………………………………… v
List of Tables............................................................................ ix
List of Graphs………………………………………………... x
List of Figures.......................................................................... xi

CHAPTER

1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction …………………………………… 1
Rationale…............................................... 1
Conceptual Framework of
the Study........................................ 5

Related Theory………………………… 6

Related Literature .................................... 7

Related Studies ........................................ 11

The Problem ...................................................... 15

Statement of the Problem ........................
15
 vii

Statement of the Null Hypotheses ….......... 16

Significance of the Study....................... 17

Scope and Delimitations

of the Study............................... 18

Research Methodology .......................... 20

Research Design .................................. 20

Research Locale ................................... 21

Research Subject …………………….. 22

Research Materials and

Equipment................................... 22

Research Procedure .............................. 25

Statistical Treatments ........................... 26

Definition of Terms ....................................... ...

28

2 PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION

OF DATA

Difference among concentration

needed to remove the stains
from the teeth in terms of
whiteness ……………………………… 31
 viii

Difference in the removal of stain

of the most effective mixture
of activated charcoal powder and
salt on the selected stains ……………… 34

Difference between ACS and commercialized

product in removing stain from
the teeth in terms of whiteness …………… 37

3 SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary.......................................................... 39

Findings............................................................ 40

Conclusions...................................................... 41

Recommendations............................................ 42

REFERENCES............................................................................. 41

APPENDIX………………………………………………..……. 47

A Research Instrument ……………………….. 49

B Summary of Raw Data …………………........ 58

C Shade of Color ……...………………............. 61

D Documentation ……………. ……………… 62

CURRICULUM VITAE............................................................... 64
 ix

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE

1 Difference among concentration needed to remove stains

from the teeth in terms whiteness …………….….. 32

2 Variance analysis in the concentration needed to remove the

stains from the teeth in terms of whiteness …… 33

3 Difference in the removal of stain of the most effective

mixture of activated charcoal powder and
salt on the selected stains…………………………. 35

4 Variance analysis in the difference in the removal of

stain of the most effective mixture
of activated charcoal powder and
salt on the selected stains………………………….. 35

5 Difference between ACS and commercialized product in

removing stain from the teeth in t
terms of whiteness……………………………………. 37
 x

LIST OF GRAPHS
GRAPH PAGE

1 Difference among concentration needed to remove stains

from the teeth in terms whiteness …………….….. 31
 xi

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE

1 Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework

of the Study………………………………………. 5

2 Liloan, R. Montecillo St, Liloan,

Cebu………………………………………………. 21
 1

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Rationale

In dental operations, whitening dentifrices are used to achieve

aesthetic results including tooth cleaning and stain removal. Today, owing to

the effect of the media, there is an increasing interest among individuals to

have a healthy and beautiful smile. Most of the credit for the whitening

effect of whitening dentifrices goes to its constituent abrasives or ingredients

that are chemical, optical, or enzymatic. In a study conducted by Zakaria

(2016), one example of dentifrices is Active Charcoal; it can also be used as

a natural bleach in changing the teeth' colours. One of the most important

active charcoal as a specialist in cleaning the mouth is utilising carbon

elements therein to brighten the colour of teeth. According to the World

Health Organization (2014), the majority of participants in a study ponder

using salt to clean your teeth as an effective means of preventing gum

illness. Salt has a lot of benefits such as the dominant part of the salt is a

mineral that helps keep teeth healthy and strong and due to its mild

abrasiveness, salt, when used as a cleaning powder, can quickly remove

plaque and other traces of food from your teeth. The antibacterial qualities of

salt make it one of the greatest additions in many toothpaste formulations.

 2

Due to more people being conscious of perfectionism and self-care,

aesthetics is now a crucial component in today's society. This study

determined the effectiveness of activated charcoal with salt on the teeth in

terms of whitening and cavity protection.

Coffee is a widely consumed beverage that has been linked to staining

of teeth. Several studies have investigated the effects of coffee consumption

on dental staining, as well as the efficacy of toothpaste formulations in

removing coffee stains, as stated by Turgut et al. (2018). A study by

Camacho-Alonso et al. (2017) evaluated the effects of coffee staining on the

color and translucency of natural teeth and microhybrid resin composites,

and the efficacy of desensitizing toothpastes in reducing this effect. The

study found that coffee staining caused significant changes in the color and

translucency of teeth and resin composites, and that desensitizing

toothpastes containing potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride were effective

in reducing the staining effect

In the world of dentistry, it is routine practice to evaluate toothpaste

brands using food coloring. It is a reputable and effective method of

determining how well toothpaste cleans teeth of extrinsic stainsIn the world

of dentistry, it is routine practice to evaluate toothpaste brands using

candies. The relevance of oral health education and promotion initiatives,

 3

which may test toothpaste products using food coloring to enhance oral

health outcomes, is highlighted in a study by Yusuke (2021). As stated by

WHO (2017), the consumption of sugars is a significant contributor to dental

caries, making it essential to develop toothpaste formulations that can

effectively remove the stains caused on by sugar consumption. This provides

a way to evaluate the effectiveness of toothpaste in removing sugar and

candy stains from teeth. High sugar content in candy can adhere to the

surface of teeth, causing discolouration and deterioration. Candy is used to

test toothpaste products, enabling producers to assess how well their

formulations remove these stains and prevent tooth decay.

Internationally, according to Dobaria et al. (2015), tooth decay is a

serious dental issue that has an impact on many people. It is caused by

consuming a lot of sugar, developing plaque, and having an abnormal pH

level in your mouth.With the aid of activated charcoal and its whitening

power, you can prevent tooth decay by lowering the mouth's acidic content

and restoring the pH level to balance when you brush your teeth with salt,

such as sea salt. While activated charcoal is also a great natural whitening

agent that has a positive outcome, some alternatives, like whitening

toothpaste, promise whitening results in a short amount of time.

Consequently, they are a very popular choice among the general public.
 4

Locally, according to Plata (2020), the only recognized applications

for charcoal toothpaste are the treatment of foul breath and the elimination

of surface stains on teeth. Additionally, toothpaste with activated charcoal

typically lacks fluoride, a crucial component for preventing cavities and

tooth decay; this is where the salt comes in. Some countries use salt as a

vehicle of fluoride and one of them is the Philippines, where consumers with

limited resources are known to substitute salt for toothpaste and regular bath

soap for shampoo. 84 distinct minerals, including calcium fluoride, a

fluoride that occurs naturally on Earth, are found in salt.

This experimental study has a goal to find out the efficacy of using

activated charcoal powder with salt in removing stains on the teeth. This

also is helpful in dental hygiene of an individual. Thus, overall it helps the

appearance and dental health of a person.

 5

Conceptual Framework

Conceptual framework displays the concepts involved in the study.

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Conceptual Framework of the Study

 6

This conceptual framework focuses on Ijbabn (2018), a salt-based oral

care product that is effective in treating mild to moderate gingivitis and

inflammation in the population. It also emphasises Thakur (2020), which

reduces stains, acidic plaque, and fresh breath. These concepts relate to our

study's data analysis, conclusion, and recommendations.

Related Theory

This section contains two selected concepts that can be utilised as the

thematic basis for this experimental study. These two concepts are related

with the use of activated charcoal powder and salt and the effects of these

two on an individual’s teeth.

Theoretically, in line with Thakur et al. (2020), the health and beauty

industry have eagerly embraced charcoal. Charcoal, which has been part of

ancient medicine techniques, is promoted and in rebirth in terms of oral

health care of individuals. This treatment helps maintain good oral health by

removing stains, acidic plaque, and bad breath. In microbiological tests

using charcoal, it showed that the mouth is less contaminated by bacteria.

As stated by Mani et al. (2018), individuals’ dental health greatly

enhances oral hygiene and decreases risks even after 3 months of using salt
 7

for oral care. The authors of this study claimed that natural salt is an efficient

strategy to preserve oral health and prevent dental decay. Additionally, this

study assesses the need to use salt on a daily basis.

Related Literature

This section presents several literary studies that discuss the

advantages of using study subjects and how it affects one's oral health either

positively or negatively. This also covers dental problems that people

encounter and how salt and activated charcoal powder can help.

The majority of alternative dental care therapy is done for individuals

who do not have easy access to a clinical dentist. Those who reside in

remote locations where products are not readily available may turn to home

remedies. The low income of the country of residency determines access to

care (Seminario et al., 2020). According to the Samorodnitsky-Naveh study,

37.3% of individuals were unsatisfied with their dental care; around 90% of

them were motivated by appearance, with tooth color being the most

important consideration. As a result, It is critical for dental practitioners to

understand the etiology and clinical presentation of tooth discoloration in

order to make a diagnosis and choose the best treatment option appropriate

treatment for each individual case (Mortazavi et al., 2014).

 8

The practice of treating dental issues on one's own is widespread. It

has been determined that a large number of people—at most 52.57%—treat

their own oral issues with salt (Aldeeri et al., 2018). The majority of people

are struggling to find a solution for their dental health issues. In most

industrialised nations, oral illnesses ranked fourth among the diseases that

cost the most money (Zhou et al., 2018). This problem may cause people to

seek alternative at-home products that include activated charcoal powder and

salt or buy ingredients on their own for their own oral problems. Activated

charcoal powder and salt are one of the common home remedies for oral

diseases (Selvam et al., 2018).

Modern oral hygiene products with charcoal in them include

toothpastes and powders that are used for brushing, removing external

stains, and purportedly "whitening" teeth. In several nations throughout the

world where charcoal-based toothpastes have reportedly been manufactured,

the demand for them is reportedly rising. It is acknowledged that a lot of

people consult their dental team members for advice on the use and

advantages of charcoal toothpastes and powders, and that this advice is

frequently empirical (Greenwall et al., 2019). The health and beauty

industries have embraced charcoal. Other applications include cooking fuel,

syngas generation, automotive fuel, metallurgical fuel, industrial fuel,

 9

pyrotechnics, carbon source for chemical reactions, art, horticulture,

purification and filtration, and so on. Recently, a slew of charcoal dentifrices

have hit the market, and they are being promoted by instafamous celebrity

endorsements. These preparations eliminate stains, acidic plaque, and

provide fresh breath, all of which contribute to optimum oral health.

Microbiological experiments with charcoal-infused toothbrushes claim

fewer oral bacterial contamination as well. Charcoal is undeniably a trendy

health component that represents a revival of ancient healing approaches

(Chauhan et al., 2020).

Activated charcoal can help you modify the pH of your water making

the mouth uninhabitable for disease-causing germs and bacteria. The charred

wood adjusts the pH of the mouth and inhibits the growth of germs and

bacteria reproducing in the mouth, making it safe and clean. This helps to

protect teeth from decay bacterial and other organism-caused illnesses; this

is why a large number of people use activated charcoal as part of their tooth

remineralization protocol. The activated charcoal can assist to balance the

pH levels in the mouth; it eliminates foul breath while naturally whitening

your teeth. Charcoal toothpaste is a cavity-blocker and germ killer, with

immediate and long-lasting results, making it more popular (Agrawal et al.,

2018). Charcoal toothpaste produced immediate results that stayed as long

 10

as you continue to use the product and take adequate care of your teeth. With

the use of charcoal toothpaste on a regular basis and following the directions

on the package, it changed the appearance of the teeth (Lewis, 2017).

Dental caries (tooth decay) is a disease of the tooth's hard tissues

caused by the interactions of certain microorganisms found in dental plaque

(cariogenic bacteria) and dietary fermentable carbohydrates over time

(principally sugars, such as sucrose). According to a research on the

processes by which fluoride prevents dental cavities, the primary effect of

fluoride is direct on the tooth surface (a topical effect), via its interaction

with the tooth enamel surface. Iodisation is also compatible with fluoride in

salt. In agreement with the community based caries prevention programs,

salt is a somewhat cost effective vehicle for fluoride in the prevention of

dental caries (salt fluoridation may be done more cheaply than water

fluoridation). Salt is typically fluoridated at 250 parts per million (ppm)

(range 200 to 250 ppm), which translates to 250 mg of fluoride per kg of

salt, depending on dietary habits. Table (domestic) salt used at the table and

in the kitchen is predicted to contribute 1 to 4 g of the daily salt consumption

(Gillespie et al., 2016).

 11

Related Studies

This section presents the studies that are important to the experiment

into the effects of using activated charcoal powder with salt on one's teeth.

The results of related studies and the effectiveness of the subjects in

enhancing one's teeth are discussed in the related studies.

The toothpaste theory states that it is a paste or dentifrice used with a

toothbrush as an accessory to clean and maintain the aesthetics and health of

teeth. To promote oral hygiene, toothpaste is used: it serves as an abrasive

that aids in removing the dental plaque and food from the teeth, assists in

suppressing halitosis, and delivers active ingredients (most commonly

fluoride) to help prevent tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease

(gingivitis). Toothpaste is not intended to be swallowed due to the fluoride

content, but is generally not harmful if accidentally swallowed in small

amounts; however, one should seek medical attention after swallowing

abnormally large amounts.

This theory is relevant to the study in which the researchers’ product

is activated charcoal with salt. The dentifrice is expected to give results

specifically in removing plaque and whitening the teeth. For the elimination

of extrinsic stains, teeth whitening procedures achieved either with materials

used professionally or at home things include whitening toothpastes,

 12

whitening strips, and bleaching gels mouthwashes, chewing gum, and brush-

on cosmetics such as activated charcoal and salt. However, due to their low

price, whitening toothpastes appear to be one of the most popular over-the-

counter remedies (Elaziz et al., 2022). It has been claimed that in charcoal-

containing toothpastes, deposits on tooth surfaces are absorbed by activated

charcoal. By brushing, charcoal and deposits stuck in charcoal irregularities

are brushed away and leave the tooth surface clean and that efficacy of

charcoal-containing toothpastes depends on several factors, including the

size, form, and abrasiveness of charcoal particles (Mehrgan, 2021). Marine

salt powder was found to be effective in both tooth whitening and increasing

enamel microhardness in comparison to fluoridated toothpaste the rise time

affects whitening efficacy and microhardness (Sultan & Niazy, 2020).

Everyone, especially children, should make an effort to pay attention

to their dental health. After studying peers with good oral health and no

dental caries, it was discovered that a youngster with poor oral hygiene and

dental caries was more likely to be absent in school (Moore, 2021). People

who have extrinsic stains on their teeth may benefit from a variety of

treatment options, including whitening toothpaste and other at-home

remedies (Evans, 2020). Oral health is significant as it affects people's life

and enhances general health. Future oral diseases can be avoided by taking
 13

care of teeth and practising good oral hygiene (Hofmaier, 2019). Charcoal

also significantly reduced amlodipine absorption when given 2 hours after

amlodipine; in amlodipine overdose, charcoal delivery may be useful even

later. We find that using activated charcoal is the best technique for

preventing amlodipine absorption in amlodipine overdose. Fluorides are

essential for effective caries prevention. They are also useful as therapeutic

agents in non-restorative caries treatment (NRCT) for the inactivation or

stoppage of caries lesions (Slayton et al., 2018), however the current

European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry EAPD guidelines focus solely on

their preventive effect.

Evidence suggests that fluoride's cariostatic action is primarily topical

rather than systemic. This effect may be enhanced when accompanied with

appropriate dental hygiene, such as thorough teeth brushing with fluoride

toothpaste. Historically, salt fluoridation was thought to be an effective way

for lowering caries, particularly in locations where water fluoridation could

not be adopted (Urquhart et al., 2019). Two systematic reviews on the

clinical effectiveness of salt fluoridation have been published. It was

discovered that using fluoridated salt in a community feeding program in an

environment with minimal fluoride availability from other sources resulted

in a significant caries-preventive impact (Jordan et al., 2017). Fluoridated

 14

salt could be used in community health programs to target people with high

caries prevalence and low compliance with fluoridated toothpaste tooth

brushing in places without water fluoridation (Toumba et al., 2019).

 15

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem

This experimental study focused on the effectiveness of activated

charcoal powder mixed with salt in removing stains. This study was

conducted in Serenis North Yati, Liloan, and Cebu City in the year 2022–

2023.

Moreover, this study intended to find the answers to the following

questions:

1. Is there a significant difference of concentration needed to remove

the the stains from teeth:

a. ½ gram of activated charcoal powder; ½ gram of salt,

b. ¼ gram of activated charcoal powder; ¾ gram of salt,

c. ¾ gram of activated charcoal powder; ¼ gram of salt, and

d. water?
 16

2. Is there a significant difference of the removal of stain of the most

sdeffective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt on the

sdfollowing stains:

a. Coffee

b. Candy

c. Food colouring

3. Is there a significant difference between ACS and commercialized

Hhproduct in removing stain from the teeth in terms of whiteness?

Hypotheses of the Study

Ho1: There is no significant difference of concentration needed to

s remove the stains from the teeth:

a. ½ gram of activated charcoal powder; ½ gram of salt,

b. ¼ gram of activated charcoal powder; ¾ gram of salt,

c. ¾ gram of activated charcoal powder; ¼ gram of salt, and

d. water?

Ho2: There is no significant difference of the removal of stain of the

c most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt on

d the following stains:

a. Coffee
 17

b. Candy

c. Food colouring

Ho3: There is no significant difference between ACS and.

Hshshwhe hcommercialisedhproduct in removing stain from the teeth in

hehe terms of whiteness

Significance of the Study

The result of this study greatly benefits the following:

Students. The results were significant because the study's original

objective was to compare and contrast the two products. In order to compare

the effectiveness of activated charcoal powder and whitening toothpaste in

terms of stain removal as well as how they influenced the surface roughness

of stains.

Parents. Undoubtedly, being a parent is wonderful and charcoal

toothpastes would abrasively whiten teeth. With this, the result of this study,

charcoal toothpastes' ability to whiten and abrade permanent teeth was

assessed. Parents who are specifically whitening their children's teeth

through improved surface cleaning efficiency brought on by the paste's

abrasive qualities or certain chemical components.

 18

Teachers. The results would help the teachers boost their confidence

in teaching especially now that face to face classes are resuming. The results

would spread awareness of dental hygiene throughout the classroom and to

their future students.

Future researchers. The findings of this study would provide future

researchers with a broader view on the topic of tooth whitening.

Additionally, this study would serve as a foundation for solid research by

providing a local perspective.

Scope and Delimitation of the Study

In this study, the researchers focused mainly on the effectiveness of

the activated charcoal powder with salt in removing stains from the teeth.

The efficiency of activated charcoal powder with salt when applied to

common forms of stains has been studied in this study.

The delimitation of this study involved the subjects and variables,

which included activated charcoal powder, salt, water, eggshells, containers,

and mixing spoons. While the subjects of this study are coffee, candy, and

food colouring stains. This delimitation was set by the researchers according

to what was easily accessible or convenient.

 19

The limitations of this study were the limited research related theories,

literatures, and studies. The researchers needed a more sufficient amount of

time in this study. This challenged the researchers’ time management and

collaborative work.

This research is designed to find an alternative solution for removing

stains from teeth since this can be done by "doing it yourself" and can

address problems with teeth on their own. Moreover, this established the

potency of activated charcoal powder with salt to eliminate stains from teeth.
 20

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

This research study employed a quantitative experimental research

design to conduct experiments in an effort to validate our hypothesis. This is

used to collect data that involves numbers because it observes occurrences

that have an impact on people. According to Apuke (2017), quantitative

research focuses on evaluating and measuring factors with the aim of

producing results. Our selected research design is appropriate for our study.

Experimental research is research conducted in a scientific manner using

two sets of variables. The first set acts as a constant, which you use to

measure the differences in the second set.

Additionally, using this method, any research conducted under

scientifically acceptable conditions uses experimental methods. The

effectiveness of experimental studies depends on researchers establishing

that the alteration of the constant variable is the only factor responsible for

the change in a variable. The research should establish a notable cause and

effect.
 21

Research Locale

The researchers conducted their study at the Serenis North

Subdivision which is located Liloan, R. Montecillo St, Liloan, Cebu. The

gathering of data took place inside the premises of the Serenis North

Subdivision at Liloan, R. Montecillo St, Liloan, Cebu. This chosen setting

is a suitable location for it is much safer, inexpensive and convenient for the

researchers to conduct their study.

Figure 2. Map of Liloan, R. Montecillo St, Liloan, Cebu

Coordinate of the Location

Latitude 10°25′N 123°58′E

Longitude 10.42°N 123.97°E

Research Subject
 22

Activated charcoal powder is used for removing specific stains from

the tooth surface. Activated charcoal can remove stains from the enamel, the

outermost layer of teeth, due to its abrasive nature. Activated charcoal can

be applied as toothpaste or mixed directly with regular toothpaste.

Salt fluoride is created when sodium ions in salt interact with fluoride

ions. Dental products like toothpaste and mouthwash frequently contain

fluoride. This helped prevent cavities and tooth decay. Thus, salt fluoride

can also help improve your oral health. Salt fluoridation is useful in this

research because this is one of the main ingredients of our experiment.

Research Materials and Equipment

Quantity Materials Image Description/Usage

200 grams Activated One of the main

Charcoal ingredients used to
Powder make mixtures
 23

200 grams Salt Also one of the main

ingredients to make
the mixture

12 pieces Plastic Where the mixtures

container are put and mixed

21 pieces eggshells Stains were applied

with these

1 Mixing Was used to scoop

spoons ingredients such
charcoal powder and
salt
 24

200 mL Bleach It was used to whiten

the eggshells

In this study, the researchers utilized a survey to collect data. These

interview questions were created expressly by the researchers to act as a

manual for them to better understand the differences in the respondents

perceptions of the research variables. The researchers conducted a

questionnaire in consultation with the respondents. Furthermore, observation

is used to check the responses of the participants to ensure that the data

gathered from them is accurate.

The tools that the researchers used are the most appropriate for this

study to be able to learn about the power of activated charcoal with salt in

eliminating stains on the teeth. On the other hand, the other tool that is used

in this research study is activated charcoal powder, salt, and water.

 25

Research Procedure

The researchers had prepared the materials needed for the study that

they were going to conduct: Activated charcoal, salt, eggshells, bleach,

water, coffee, food coloring, and candies.

Collection of Materials

The researchers initialized the experimentation by collecting 200

grams of activated charcoal powder from an online store, which was

delivered to one of the researchers. While the eggshells were purchased from

the local neighborhood store of one of the researchers, the salt was easily

accessible from the researcher's home. The three stains that were used came

from one of the researchers' residence.

Steps on Making the Product

The researchers prepared different amounts of activated charcoal

mixed with salt: ½ gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt

with 30 mL of water; ¾ gram of activated charcoal powder and ¼ gram of

salt with 30 mL of water; and ¼ gram of activated charcoal powder and ¾

gram of salt with 30 mL of water.

 26

Testing

The study was conducted by taking mixtures of ½ gram of activated

charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt with 30 mL of water; ¾ gram of

activated charcoal powder and ¼ gram of salt with 30 mL of water; and ¼

gram of activated charcoal powder and ¾ gram of salt with 30 mL of water.

The eggshells were then soaked with bleach. The eggshells were conducted

and withdrawn on different kinds of stain, such as coffee, candy, and food

coloring, simultaneously to see which of the following activated charcoal

mixed salt worked best.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical treatment used by the researchers to properly

comprehend the results of the data. For this research problem, a t-test was

utilised.

where:
 27

t = computed t-test

x 1 = mean of the first group

x 2 = mean of the second group

S1 = standard deviation of the first group

S2 = standard deviation of the second group

n1 = set size of the first group

n2 = set size of the second group

This study made use of a t-test statistical treatment. The difference

between two groups can be identified using a t-test. Moreover, it helped

researchers arrive at the correct conclusions and calculations while analysing

the data from two samples.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
 28

To clarify important terms used in this study, these are defined

conceptually. The significant terms are the following:

Abrasive

Pertains to the rough surface that can be utilised to clean the

teeth's surfaces

Activated charcoal powder

Pertains to the researchers’ one of the main ingredients of the

study to remove stains

Aesthetic

Pertains to the philosophical study of taste and beauty, often

written “esthetics”.

Dentifrice

This pertains to a kind of paste that cleans the teeth.

Efficacy

This pertains to the desired result of the tested eggshells, the

whiteness.

Salt

This pertains to the one of the main ingredients of the study that

consist of fluoride to whiten teeth and remove stains.

Stains
 29

This pertains to the extrinsic and common kinds of stains found

on people’s teeth.

Whiteness

This pertains to the tested eggshells perceived by the

respondents.

CHAPTER 2
PRESENTATION, ANALYSES AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
 30

The aim of this chapter is to provide a critical analysis of existing

research, theories, and practices related to the topic under investigation and

to identify gaps in the literature that the current study seeks to address. The

chapter begins by introducing the key concepts and terms used throughout

the study and providing a brief historical background on the topic. Next, a

systematic review of the literature is presented, which includes an overview

of the most relevant studies, theories, and methodologies related to the

research problem. The chapter then synthesizes the findings from the

literature review and provides a critical analysis of the strengths and

weaknesses of the existing research. Finally, the chapter concludes with a

summary of the key themes and gaps in the literature that will be addressed

in the current study. The literature review presented in this chapter serves as

a foundation for the development of the conceptual framework and research

questions presented in Chapter 3.

Difference Among Concentration Needed to Remove the Stains from the

Teeth in Terms of Whiteness
 31

The first problem that is included in the scope of the study was the

determination as to whether or not there is a significant difference between

concentration needed to remove the stains from the teeth namely: coffee,

candy, and food colouring.

Graph 1 presents the difference between water and different

concentrations of activated charcoal powder with salt as stain removers for

different stains.

Graph 1. Graph of the Difference Among Concentration Needed to

Remove the Stains from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness

Graph 1 presented the following results: (1) The concentration which

has an equal amount of activated charcoal and salt resulted in the highest
 32

average of difference, which is 2.70; (2) followed by the concentration with

¾ gram of activated charcoal powder and ¼ gram of salt which holds 2.38 of

average difference; (3) followed by the concentration which has ¼ gram of

activated charcoal and ¾ gram of salt which has an average of 2.34; (4) the

water has the least difference of average which is 1.28.

Table 1 shows the difference between concentration needed to remove

the stains from the teeth in terms of whiteness.

Table 1. Difference Among Concentration Needed to Remove the Stains

from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness

Specifics Mean SD N
Water 3 3.85
Coffee 3 8.08
3

Candy 3 7.01

Food colouring 3
7.15
s= significant at alpha level of 0.05

Table 2 shows the variance analysis between concentration needed to

remove the stains from the teeth in terms of whiteness.

Table 2. Variance analysis in the Concentration Needed to Remove the

Stains from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness
Source of Degrees Sum of Mean Computed p–
 33

Variation of Squares Squares F value

Freedom

Treatment 3 3.399825 1.133275 4.520743

(Bet. 0.03906
Columns)

Expt’l Error 8 2.005466 0.250683

(Within
Columns)

s = significant at alpha level of 0.05

A one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the effects of

activated charcoal powder with salt (ACS) with different concentrations and

the water applied to different kinds of stains . Table 1 shows that there was a

significant effect of ACS concentration on stains [F(5, 20) = 4.52074330], p-

value = 0.03906 is less than a = 0.05.

This was significant; hence, Ho1 was rejected, for it is decisively

valid to state that there is a significant difference in concentration of ACS to

remove the stains from the teeth (namely coffee, candy, and food colouring).

Taken together, these results suggest that ACS really does have an effect

when applied to stains. In implication, the results suggest that when humans

use ACS paste, the stains on their teeth will be removed rather than applied

only with water. The ACS paste has a clear advantage over water in

removing stains.
 34

These recently obtained findings are supported by a study by Zakaria

(2016), which stated that activated charcoal can be used as a natural bleach

for teeth and for brightening their color. Additionally, according to Jordan et

al. (2017), salt resulted in a significant caries-preventive impact. The ACS

concentration showed more difference in terms of whiteness when compared

to water after 10 minutes of soaking in the mixture. The stains were more

visible after 10 minutes of being soaked with water.

In application, the food colouring is the stain that ACS paste with the

highest difference that is used in the study. The paste works effectively when

used as an alternative to whiten and brighten teeth. Additionally, the

ingredients used were more accessible to the average household.

Difference in the Removal of Stain of the Most Effective Mixture of

Activated Charcoal Powder and Salt on the Selected Stains

The next problem emphasized in the scope of this study was the

preemption if whether or not there is a significant difference in the removal

of stains of the most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt

as it is tested on different kinds of selected stains the following are: Coffee,

Candy, Food Coloring.

 35

Table 3 shows the variance analysis difference in the removal of

stains of the most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt as

it is tested on different kinds of selected stains.

Table 3. Difference in the Removal of Stain of the Most Effective

Mixture of Activated Charcoal Powder and Salt on the
Selected SDSSD Stains

Specifics Mean SD N

Coffee 2.54 0.93

13
Candy 2.31 0.72
Food Coloring 3.23 0.57
s= significant at alpha level of 0.05

Table 4 shows the variance analysis difference in the removal of

stains of the most effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt as

it is tested on different kinds of selected stains.

Table 4. Variance analysis in the Difference in the Removal of Stain of

the Most Effective Mixture of Activated Charcoal Powder and
Salt on the Selected Stains

Source of Degrees Sum of Mean Computed p–

Variation of Squares Squares F value
Freedom
Treatment
(Bet.
Columns) 2 6 3
4.841379 0.01374
Expt’l Error
(Within 36 22.3076 0.619658
Columns)
 36

s= significant at alpha level of 0.05

A one-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the effects of

Activated Charcoal Powder with Salt (ACS) with the concentration of ½

gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt applied to different

kinds of stains. Table 3 shows that there was no significant effect of ACS

with a concentration of ½ gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of

salt on food coloring; a p-value of 0.01 is less than a = 0.05.

As the difference was deemed significant, Ho2 was rejected since it

can be claimed with absolute certainty that there is significant variation in ½

gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt concentration to

eliminate the food coloring from the teeth. In implication, the findings

propose that the ½ gram of activated charcoal powder and ½ gram of salt

concentration was effective for removing stains, specifically those from food

coloring.

These recently obtained findings are supported by a study by Sultan

and Niazy (2020), in which salt was found to be effective at both teeth

whitening and improving enamel microhardness. The rising time has an

impact on both the effectiveness of whitening and microhardness. The

activated charcoal can assist in balancing the pH levels in the mouth; it

eliminates foul breath while naturally whitening your teeth. Charcoal

 37

toothpaste is a cavity-blocker and germ killer with immediate and long-

lasting results, making it more popular (Agrawal et al., 2018).

Difference between ACS and Commercialized Product in Removing Stain

from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness
The third problem the researchers have experimented throughout the

study was the identification of whether or not there is a significant difference

in the Activated Charcoal with Salt and Commercialised Product as it is

applied to the teeth.

Table 5 presents the difference between ACS and Commercialized

Product in removing stain from the teeth in terms of whiteness.

Table 5. Difference between ACS and Commercialized Product in

fdf Removing Stain from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness

Variable N SD Mean Mean Difference Computed p-value

t
ACS 10 0.67 3.11
-0.11 -0.5547001 2.31
CP 10 0.57 3.22
s= significant at alpha level of 0.05

A t – test of two independent samples was utilized to compare the

effect of ACS and Commercialized Product to a certain stain. Table 5 shows

that there was no significant difference between the ACS (M = 3.11, SD =

0.67) and Commercialized Product (M = 3.22, SD = 0.57, t(10) = -

 38

0.5547001, p-value = 2.31 is greater than α (alpha) which is 0.05, with n-2

degree of freedom. This was not significant so, Ho3, was not rejected.

As the difference proposed was deemed to be not significant, Ho3 was

not rejected. Furthermore, the data in accordance with Table 5 indicated that

there is no significant difference between ACS and Commercialized Product

in removing stains from the teeth in terms of whiteness. With that being

said, it has been corroborated that the effects of ACS and Commercialized

Product have similar effects on whitening the teeth. Modern oral hygiene

products with activated charcoal in them include toothpastes and powders

that are used for brushing, removing external stains, and purportedly

"whitening" teeth. In several nations throughout the world where charcoal-

based toothpastes have reportedly been manufactured, the demand for them

is reportedly rising. It is acknowledged that a lot of people consult their

dental team members for advice on the use and advantages of charcoal

toothpastes and powders, and that this advice is frequently empirical

(Greenwall et al., 2019). Charcoal toothpaste produced immediate results

that lasted as long as continuing to use the product and took adequate care of

teeth. With the regular use of charcoal toothpaste and following the

directions on the package, it changed the appearance of the teeth (Lewis,

2017).
39
 40

CHAPTER 3

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations

of the study.

Summary

This experimental study mainly focuses on the effectiveness of

activated charcoal powder mixed with salt in removing stains. This study

was conducted in Serenis North Yati, Liloan, and Cebu City in the year

2022–2023.

Specifically this answers the following questions.

1. Is there a significant difference of concentration needed to remove

the stains from the teeth:

a. ½ gram of activated charcoal powder; ½ gram of salt

b. ¼ gram of activated charcoal powder; ¾ gram of salt

c. ¾ gram of activated charcoal powder; ¼ gram of salt

d. Water

2. Is there a significant difference of the removal of stain of the most

effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt on the

following stains:
 41

a. Coffee

b. Candy

c. Food coloring

3. Is there a significant difference between ACS and commercialized

product in removing stain from the teeth in terms of whiteness?

Findings of the Study

After thorough analysis, the following findings were arrived at:

1. Is there a significant difference of concentration needed to remove the

stains from the teeth.

There is a significant difference of concentration needed to remove

the stains from the teeth.

2. Is there a significant difference of the removal of stain of the most

effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt on the following

stains.

There is a significant difference of the removal of stains of the most

effective mixture of activated charcoal powder and salt among all the stains.

3. Is there a significant Difference between ACS and Commercialized

Product in Removing Stain from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness

 42

There is no significant Difference between ACS and Commercialized

Product in Removing Stain from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness

Conclusions

Activated charcoal powder with salt can be an alternative in whitening

and strengthening teeth for all ages.

Based on the findings of the study, activated charcoal with salt paste

can indeed be an alternative to whitening our teeth and adding fluoride to it.

Activated charcoal with salt paste can be an alternative to whitening

our teeth, different concentrations have different effects on different stains,

and it was shown that ½ activated charcoal and ½ salt have been the most

effective among the different mixtures in removing the stains, and it worked

very well on the stain of food coloring.

Furthermore, the results did not affirm the Ijbabn (2018) concept on

salt-based products for oral care, which is effective in treating inflammation

and the mild to moderate gingivitis population, or the Thakur (2020)

concept, which removes stains and acidic plaque as well as fresh breath and

achieves a positive result.

 43

Recommendations

In light of the research's findings, these are the recommendations:

1. that everyone of all ages should use ACS paste as an alternative to

remove stains from teeth;

2. that anyone should remove stains in the traditional manner with ACS

paste;

3. that everyone should use activated charcoal powder and salt, which

has fluoride, as whitening products.

4. that further studies on the following be conducted:

a. replication of this study should include testing other kinds of

oral problems, testing the efficacy of the flouride; and

b. replication of this study should be conducted using other

subject areas.
 44

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 50

Appendix A

Research Instrument

Images Questions

1 2 3 4 5

The eggshell has the same color as ___(before)

51
52
53
54
55
56
 57

Appendix B

Summary of Raw Data

Problem # 1.1

Difference Between Concentration Needed to Remove the Stains from

the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness
 58

½ AC & ½ T1 2.54
S T2 3.23
T3 2.31
T1
T2 3.08
¼ AC & T3 1.62
¾S 2.31
T1
T2 1.92
T3 2.54
¾ AC & ¼ 2.69
S T1
T2 1.31
T3 1.54
Negative 1
Control

Legend: S- Salt
AC- Activated Charcoal
T1- Trial 1
T2- Trial 2
T3- Trial 3

Problem # 2

Difference in the Removal of Stain of the Most Effective Mixture of

Activated Charcoal Powder and Salt on the Selected Stains

Respondents Coffee Candy Food Colouring

1 2 2 3
 59

2 2 2 3
3 3 2 3
4 1 2 3
5 2 3 4
6 3 2 3
7 2 1 2
8 3 2 3
9 3 2 3
10 3 4 4
11 4 2 4
12 4 3 3
13 1 3 4
Average: 2.54 2.31 3.23

Problem # 3

Difference between ACS and Commercialised Product in

RemovingStain from the Teeth in Terms of Whiteness

Respondents ACS CP

1 3 4
2 3 3
3 3 3
4 3 3
 60

5 4 4
6 3 3
7 2 3
8 3 4
9 3 2
10 4 4
Legend:
ACS- Activated Charcoal with Salt
CP- Commercialised Product

Appendix C

Shade of Color

1 2 3 4 5
 61

Appendix D
Documentation
Undertaken Method/ Process Pictures

Bleaching/Balancing color
 62

Drying

Staining/Soaking

Drying of stained eggshells

Testing of product
 63

Resulting eggshells

JHON PHILIP ARAZA

Yati Liloan, Cebu City

[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

● Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus

Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Visayan Nazarene Bible College
Montebello Site Saint's Mary's Drive, Apas, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2017 – 2021
 64

● Primary Education: Pabanog Elementary School

P3P7+CPW, Pan-Philippine Hwy, Paranas, Samar
2011 – 2013
Camp Lapu-lapu Elementary School
28 Omega San Miguel, Apas, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2013- 2017
PERSONAL DATA

● Age: 17 years old

● Sex: Male
● Degree: Senior High School Student
● Civil Status: Single
● Religion: Roman Catholic
● Citizenship: Filipino
● Date of Birth: September 05, 2005
● Place of Birth: Minglanilla District Hospital
● Desired Job: Surgeon

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

● with Honors (Elementary)

● with Honors (Junior High)
● School Dama 3rd Runner up (2021 – 2022)
● SSG Vice-President (2019-2020)
● Young Leader (2020-2021)

SKILLS
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● Drawing
● Gaming
● Volleyball

YVONNE SOPHIA ERIKA S. VIADOR

Brgy. San Jose Talamban, Cebu City
[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

● Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus

Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Mandaue Christian School
097 P.J. Burgos, Mandaue City, Cebu
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Mandaue Christian School
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097 P.J. Burgos, Mandaue City, Cebu

2016 – 2017
University of Southern Philippines Foundation-Mabini Campus
Mabini, Cebu City, 6000
2015 – 2016
University of Southern Philippines Foundation
Salinas Dr, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2014 – 2015
Lapu-Lapu City Central School
Lapu-Lapu City (Opon)
2012 – 2013
Binabag Elementary School
Bogo City, Cebu, 6010
2011– 2012

PERSONAL DATA

● Age: 18 years old

● Sex: Female
● Degree: Senior High School Student
● Civil Status: Single
● Religion: Roman Catholic
● Citizenship: Filipino
● Date of Birth: December 2, 2004
● Place of Birth: Cebu City
● Desired Job: Civil Engineer

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

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● With High Honors(Junior High)

● With High Honors (Elementary)
● Best in Math (Elementary)
● Best in Science (Elementary)

SKILLS

● Responsible
● Does well in dancing

LUELYN L. DAÑO
Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu
[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

● Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus

Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Logon National High School
Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu, 6013
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Logon Elementary School
Logon, Daanbantayan, Cebu, 6013
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2011 – 2017

PERSONAL DATA

● Age: 18 years old

● Sex: Female
● Degree: Senior High School Student
● Civil Status: Single
● Religion: Roman Catholic
● Citizenship: Filipino
● Date of Birth: February 15, 2005
● Place of Birth: Daanbantayan, Cebu
● Desired Job: Registered Nurse

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

● With Honors(Junior High)

● With Honors (Elementary)

● Salutatorian (Elementary)

● First Placer in Science Fair

● Best in Science

SKILLS

● Responsible

● Punctual
 69

● Does well in Volleyball

● Does well in Guitar

● Singing

JANSEN O. MAYOL
Consolacion, Cebu
[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

● Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus

Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Jagobiao National High School
Jagobiao, Mandaue City, 6014
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Consolacion Central School
Consolacion, Cebu, 6000
2011 – 2017
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PERSONAL DATA

● Age: 17 years old

● Sex: Female
● Degree: Senior High School Student
● Civil Status: Single
● Religion: Roman Catholic
● Citizenship: Filipino
● Date of Birth: August 25, 2005
● Place of Birth: Cebu City
● Desired Job: Registered Nurse

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

● With Honors

● Conduct Award

● Most Punctual

SKILLS

● Does well in photography

● Does well in Volleyball
● Does well in Guitar
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CARL JUSTINE G. GABUNADA

Sirao, Cebu City
[email protected]

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

● Present Education: University of Cebu- Banilad Campus

Senior High School STEM Student
6000, Gov. M. Cuenco Ave, Cebu City, 6000 Cebu
2022 – 2023
● Secondary Education: Sirao Integrated School
Tawagan, Sirao Cebu City, 6000
2017 – 2021
● Primary Education: Sirao Integrated School
Tawagan, Sirao Cebu City, 6000
2011 – 2017
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PERSONAL DATA

● Age: 17 years old

● Sex: Male
● Degree: Senior High School Student
● Civil Status: Single
● Religion: Roman Catholic
● Citizenship: Filipino
● Date of Birth: July 2, 2005
● Place of Birth: Guba, Cebu City
● Desired Job: Marine Engineer

ACHIEVEMENTS AND AWARDS

● With Honors (Elementary)

SKILLS

● Responsible
● Does well in Basketball
● Singing
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