Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Prevalence and Pattern of Substance Abuse Among 18 To 60 Years Male in A Rural Area of District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
Prevalence and Pattern of Substance Abuse Among 18 To 60 Years Male in A Rural Area of District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Prevalence and Pattern of Substance Abuse among 18 to 60 years Male in a Rural Area
of District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh
Jyoti Mehra1, Kripashankar Nayak2, Pradip Kharya3, Kiran Krishnappa4, Pankaj Kumar Jain5, Abhinav Gangwar6
1
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Mau, Atariya, Sitapur, Uttar
Pradesh; 2Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Government Medical College Jalaun, Uttar Pradesh;
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur ,
Uttar Pradesh; 4Medical Consultant World Health Organization; 5Professor & Head, Department of Community Medicine,
Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh; 6Senior Resident, Department of Community,
Medicine, Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh.
Abstract Introduction Methodology Results Conclusion References Citation Tables / Figures
Corresponding Author
Dr Pradip Kharya, Assistant Professor, Department of Community and Family Medicine, All India institute of
Medical Sciences Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273008
E Mail ID: [email protected]
Citation
Mehra J, Nayak K, Kharya P, Krishnappa K, Jain PK, Gangwar A. Prevalence and Pattern of Substance Abuse among 18 to
60 years Male in a Rural Area of District Etawah, Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Comm Health. 2022;34(3):357-361.
https://doi.org/10.47203/IJCH.2022.v34i03.007
Source of Funding: Nil Conflict of Interest: None declared
Article Cycle
Received: 25/04/2022; Revision: 08/07/2022; Accepted: 20/08/2022; Published: 30/09/2022
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. ©The Author(s). 2022 Open Access
Abstract
Abstract: Adolescent and young people’s behavior is of major concern due to Substance abuse. According to WHO, Substance
abuse is consistently or sporadic drug use inconsistent with or unrelated to acceptable medical practice. Globally, alcohol and
tobacco as a risk factors cause 4.0% and 4.1% of the overall burden of disability respectively. Objective: To determine the
prevalence of substance abuse among 18 to 60 years’ male in rural Etawah and to identify type and pattern of substance
abuse. Material and Methods: It was a community based cross sectional study carried out in five block of district Etawah for
a period of one and half year. 1500 participants were interviewed using pre designed pre-tested questionnaire and data
regarding socio demographic profile and pattern of abuse were collected. Data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and
analyzed by SPSS version 24 using appropriate statistical test. Result: Among 1500 participants, majority were below 30 years
of age (i.e. 42.8%). In this study prevalence of Substance use among was 47% [707/1500]. Among all the other substance use,
smokeless tobacco showed highest prevalence. Conclusion: Substance use is common in both urban as well as in rural area.
So there is a need to educate and aware people regarding bad effects of drug abuse.
Keywords
Substance Abuse; Tobacco Use; Alcohol Use
Introduction 0.8% of the total burden of disability.(2) Globally, alcohol
Adolescent and young people’s behaviour is of major and tobacco as risk factors cause 4.0% and 4.1% of the
concern due to Substance abuse. According to WHO, total burden of disability respectively.(3) In India tobacco
Substance abuse is consistently or sporadic drug use attributable mortality is estimated to increase from 1% of
inconsistent with or unrelated to acceptable medical total mortality in 1990 to 13% by 2020.(4) The vulnerable
practice.(1) It is seen that drug abuse and drug groups like child labourers, street children, those with
dependence is showing an increasing trend which is an family history of substance use and those with emotional
important health problem throughout the world including and behavioural problems are at particularly higher
India. As per WHO report 2002, Tobacco and Alcohol use risk.(5) Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis and heroin are most
were among the 10 leading risk factors for the global frequently use substance in India. According to Global
burden of disease measured in DALYs. 4.2% of the global Adults Tobacco survey (GATS) India (2016-2017), current
population aged 15 and over used illicit drugs, causing tobacco user in any form are 28.6%, current users of
smokeless tobacco are 21.4% and current tobacco
357
INDIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH / VOL 34 / ISSUE NO 03 / JUL– SEP 2022 [Prevalence and Pattern] | Mehra J et al
smokers are 10.7% in adult’s male.(6) In 2004, United A Predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to
Nations office on Drug and Crime (UNODC) conducted a elicit information regarding Age, gender, education,
survey titled “Extent, Pattern and Trends of Drug Abuse in occupation, family details, and types and pattern of
India-National Survey “in which they reported that India substance abuse. A pilot study was conducted among 50
has two million opiate-users, 8.7 million cannabis- and participants and preliminary analysis has been done,
62.5 million alcohol users among whom 17 to 20% were necessary modifications required have been done in the
dependent users.(7) Prevalence rate of substance abuse schedule before starting the actual study. Data were
in India is reported in different states such as in slum entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analysed by SPSS
population of Madhya Pradesh is 560 per 1000 version 23 using appropriate statistical test (chi-square
populations (56%).(8) According to national survey (2015) test).
on drug use and health: trends in prevalence of alcohol for In this study those persons deliberately using drug for
ages 12 to 17, ages 18 to 25 and ages 26 or older, was non-medical purposes, as well as the arbitrary use without
28.40%, 82.40%, 87.10% respectively.(9) In a rural medical prescription.were drug abusers. For the purpose
population of Uttar Pradesh alcohol is found to be the of the study, they included smokeless tobacco, smoked
commonest substance of abuse.(10) tobacco, alcohol, Cannabis, cocaine, heroin, and others
Socio-economic status is also a determinants of the types (like pethidine, barbiturates, glue, ecstasy, valium,
of substance abused with lower classes showed a amphetamine and other common drugs in the locality).
preference for alcohol and tobacco, as these are cheap Use and abuse has been used synonymously in this study.
and easily available while opium are favoured by the Results
higher class.(11) Parents have a tremendous influence on
Out of the 1500 study participants, 707 (47%) were
their children and the children of smoker parents are
twice likely to become smokers.(12) Parental disapproval indulged in any form of substance abuse (Table 1). Among
1500 participants, the majority were between 18-30 years
of smoking makes an adolescent less likely to initiate
of age (42.9%). In this study mean age to initiate substance
smoking.(13) The children are also more likely to smoke
whose elder siblings are smokers.(14) So it can be said that use was 21.2 ± 6.3 years (mean ± SD). The majority of
many cultural, behavioural and psychological variables substance abusers belonged to 31 to 40 years of age
(29.1%). There were significant relations between
interact in the development of substance abuse
substance abuse with age group (p=0.0001). The
disorder.(15)
Substance abuse is a common problem and it has a major maximum numbers of substance users (92.2%) were
impact at individual, as well as family. So it is important to Hindu by religion, 74.2% were married and 24.0% were
unmarried but It was observed that participants who were
assess the magnitude of Substance abuse and its effect.
married (74.2%), indulged more in substance abuse i.e.
There seems to be little work in this region of Uttar
Pradesh. So the present study was chosen. 83.9% than unmarried persons (13.4%) and this difference
was statistically significant(p=0.0001).
Aims & Objectives Out of 707cases, majority were living in joint family
1. To determine the prevalence of substance, abuse i.e.52.7%, followed by nuclear family i.e. 44.4% but this
among 18 to 60 years-’ males in rural Etawah relation was found to be non-significant (p=0.269).
2. To identify the type and pattern of substance abuse. Similarly, majority (41.7%) of cases were from lower
Material & Methods middle class of socioeconomic status, followed by lower
class i.e. 39.9% and here relation between substance
It was a community based cross sectional study carried out
abuse and socioeconomic status of participants were
in district Etawah from January 2017 to June 2018. The statistically significant (p=<0.05) (Table.1). Among all
necessary ethical approval was sought from the university
substances abuser, smokeless tobacco (29.7%) showed
(letter number 241, Uttar Pradesh university of medical
highest prevalence followed by smoking tobacco (20.4%),
sciences Saifai, Etawah) ethical committee. Out of the alcohol (15.2%) and cannabis (1.2%). In our study,
eight community development blocks of district Etawah, majority of smokeless tobacco users were in an age group
five blocks were selected randomly selected. A list of all
31-40 year of age group (i.e. 33.2%), followed by 18-30
the villages was made and then again three villages from
year of age group. So the overall prevalence of smoking
each block were randomly selected. Thus a total of fifteen tobacco was 20.4% and for smokeless tobacco, it was
villages were selected randomly. For the present study by
29.7%. Similarly, for alcohol it was 15.2% and for cannabis
considering the prevalence of 18.86 3 and 2% absolute
(charas, bhang, ganja), it was 1.5%. So the most common
error, the total sample size came out to be 1469. So for substance abuse by rural population of my study area was
the study purpose, a total of 1500 subjects were smokeless tobacco (Table 2)
interviewed from the rural population of district Etawah.
Similarly, 75% of the participants used smokeless tobacco
Therefore, we have recruited 100 participants from one
on daily bases, 20.0% used it weekly, 4% used on monthly
village. If the person is not doing any Substance abuse no basis and 1.0% used it occasionally (Table 3). Among
further question was asked from him regarding the study.
358
INDIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH / VOL 34 / ISSUE NO 03 / JUL– SEP 2022 [Prevalence and Pattern] | Mehra J et al
substance abusers’ the majority were takeing substances tobacco, alcohol and cannabis etc. The present study
in a group (46%), followed by individually (36%), and along shows increased prevalence of substance abuse among
with family (18%) (Figure 1). In this study, majority of rural population in Etawah district (47.1%). Our study
participant’s initiate tobacco smoking at the age of 15 to finding showing that most of the substance abuse have
20 year of age (44.0%). Majority of participant’s initiate used smokeless tobacco.Majority of substance abusers
smokeless tobacco at the age of 15 to 20 year of age were from age group 31 to 40 year and overall mean age
(52.0%). Similarly, majority of participant’s initiate alcohol to was 21.2 ± 6.3 year (mean ± SD). Majority initiate the
at the age of 20 to 30 year of age (45.4%). Most of the use of alcohol at 20 to 30 years of age, whereas both
participant’s initiate cannabis at the age of <15 year. smoking and smokeless tobacco initiate at 15 to 20 year
(75.0%). (Table 4) In this study mean age of substance use of age, and cannabis initiate at less than 15 year of age.
was 21.2 ± 6.3 year (mean ± SD). Recommendation
Discussion Despite the warning note, usage of gutka, bidi, alcohol and
In present study, the overall prevalence of substance other substances are common in India. Awareness and
abuse was found to be 47 %, which was lower than the campaign activities need to be strengthen to stop the
study conducted by Ghulam R et al. (16) (56%) and higher consumption. Adolescent should be specially targeted,
than the studies conducted by Niranjan et al. (17) (39%), who may be the future substance abusers. Prevention
meena et al. (18) (19.86%) and dadwani et al.(3) (18.86%). programs can help control substance abuse in rural
Smokeless Tobacco consumption was the most common populations, particularly when focused on young
substance abuse observed in our study i.e. 29.7%. populations. Counsellors, healthcare professionals,
followed by tobacco smoking (20.4 %), alcohol (15.2%), teachers, parents should work together to identify
and cannabis (1.5%). Compared to present study, NHS problems and develop prevention strategies to control
reported high prevalence for tobacco (55.8%). In present drug abuse in rural population. Routine screening, holding
study we found that among other substances, cannabis meetings to raise awareness of this issue, law
(2%) are least abused substance. Similarly, Kumar et al enforcement regarding license compliance, and detection
(19) also reported 1.2% for cannabis, 30.2% prevalence for of impaired drivers. There is a need to counsel and
smokeless tobacco, 9.1% for tobacco smoking and 4.2% educate people about harmful effects of Substance use.
for alcohol. Dadwani et al. (3) was reported higher Limitation of the study
prevalence of tobacco (38.34%) and alcohol (34.0%) abuse
Present study is based on interview of the participants, so
but for cannabis abusers approximate similar pattern
(1.0%) seen as shown in our study (1.5%). misreporting due to recall bias could not be ruled out.
In our study, majority of smokers were from 41-50 year of Relevance of the study
age group (29.4%), followed by 31-40 year of age group Substance abuse are also major public health problem in
(28.8%) and Minimum number of smokers were from 51- emerging cities like Etawah
60 year of age group (17.3%). Similarly, majority of
Authors Contribution
smokeless tobacco users were from 31-40 year of age
group (33.2%) followed by 18-30 year of age group JM, KN, PK, KK, PKJ: contributed in planning and writing
(31.2%) and minimum number of smokeless tobacco users manuscript, JM: Data collection. KN: Literature search. JM,
were from 51-60 year of age group (11.2%). Among KK: Analysis of data. PK, PKJ, AG: Supervised and reviewed
alcohol users’ majority were from 31-40 year of age group study.
(33. 8%).Similarly, among cannabis users’ majority were Acknowledgement
from age group 31-40 year of age group (27.3). The authors are grateful to all participants of the study.
In this study mean age to initiate substance use was 21.2 The authors also wish to thank all the faculty of
± 6.3 year (mean ± SD). Similar finding was also reported community medicine department, UPUMS Saifai, Etawah
by Dadwani et al. (3) i.e. mean age of initiate for drugs use for their helpful comments and encouragement
was 26.9±13.4 years.
In our study among smoking tobacco, smokeless tobacco References
and alcohol users majority were abuse on daily basis i.e. 1. WHO. Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms. Geneva: World Health
Organization; 1994.
86%, 75%, and 43% respectively. But among cannabis 2. WHO (2002c). The world health report 2002: Reducing risks, promoting
users, majority were abuse occasionally (50%). A study healthy life style. Geneva, World Health Organization https:
conducted by Birega et al.(20) demonstrates that majority http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/whr02en.pdf?ua=1
3. Dadwani RS, Thomas T. Prevalence of substance abuse: a community
of participants abuse substance 3 to 4 times a week. based study. International Journal of Community Medicine and Public
Conclusion Health. 2017; 1;3(3):647-50.
4. Tobacco or health: A global status report. Geneva: WHO; 1997. World
This study revealed that in spite of having strict legislation Health Organization (WHO).Available from
https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/41922.
for prohibition of substance and various awareness
activities by various organization, people are still abusing
359
INDIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH / VOL 34 / ISSUE NO 03 / JUL– SEP 2022 [Prevalence and Pattern] | Mehra J et al
5. Agarwal M, Nischal A, Agrawal A, Verma J, Dhanasekaran S. Substance 14. Nehra DK, Sharma V, Mushtaq H et al. Emotional Intelligence and self
Abuse in Children and Adolescents in India J. Indian Assoc. Child esteem in Cannabis abusers Indian Acad Appl Psychol 2012; 38(2): 397-
Adolesc. Ment.Health, 2013; 9(3):62-79 405
6. Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS), Mumbai and Ministry of Health 15. Ranjan DP, Chaturvedi RM. A study of socio-demographic factors
and Family Welfare, Government of India. Global Adult Tobacco Survey contributing to the habit of drug abuse in the urban slum community of
GATS 2 India 2016-17. United Nations office on Drugs and Crime. Project Mumbai. Biomedical Research. 2010;21(3):277-284
title: National Survey on extent and trends of drug abuse in India; 2004- 16. Ghulam R, Verma K, Sharma P, Razdan M, Razdan RA. Drug abuse in
A Report. Available from https://www.tiss.edu/view/11/research- slum population. Indian journal of psychiatry. 2016;58(1):83-86.
projects/global-adult-tobacco-survey-round-2-for-india-2016/ 17. Niranjjan R, Sarkar S, Balajee K, Srinivasan M. Psychological distress,
7. Ghulam R, Verma K, Sharma P, Razdan RA. Drug abuse in slum hopelessness and health service needs of late adolescents in rural
population. Indian J Psychiatry 2016; 58:83-6 Pondicherry, South India. International Journal of Community Medicine
8. National institute on drug abuse. NIDA. Alcohol. Retrieved December and Public Health. 2018; 24;5(3):1109-15.
31, 2016, from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/alcohol 18. Meena PK, Vohra AK, Rajput R. Prevalence and pattern of alcohol and
9. Nadeem A, Rubeena B, Agarwal VK, Piyush K. Substance abuse in India. substance abuse in urban areas of Rohtak city. Indian J Psychiatry.
Pravara Med Rev. 2009;1(4):4-6. 2002;44(4):348-352.
10. Mahi RK, Sharma A, Sharma KC, Sidhu BS. An Epidemiological survey of 19. Kumar V, Nehra DK, Kumar P, Sunila GR. Prevalence and Pattern of
alcohol and drug dependence in a village of district Sangrur, Punjab, Substance Abuse: A study from de-addiction center. Delhi Psychiatry
Delhi psychiatry journal, 2011; 14 :(20):314 Journal. 2013;16(1):110-114.
11. Conrad KM, Flay BR, Hill D. Why Children start smoking cigarettes: 20. Birega MG, Addis B, Agmasu M and Tadele M (2017) Descriptive
Predictors of onset. Br J Addiction 1992; 87:1711-1724 Study on Magnitude of Substance Abuse among Students of Aman
12. Eiser JR, Morgan M, Gammage P, Gray E. Adolescent Smoking: Attitude, Poly Technique College Students, Bench Maji Zone South West
norms and parental influence. Br J Soc Psychol 1989; 28: 193-202. Ethiopia. J Addict Res Ther.2017; 8(3): 320.
13. Elkind AK. The Social Definition of Women’s Smoking Behavior. Soc Sci 21. Geremew Birega M, Addis B, Agmasu M, Tadele M, Descriptive study on
Med 1985; 20: 1269-1278. magnitude of Substance abuse among students of Aman poly technique
college students, Bench Maji Zone south West Ethiopia. Journal of
Addiction Research and therapy.2017;08(02):1-5.
Tables
TABLE 1 ASSOCIATION OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE WITH DIFF ERENT SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
S. No Socio-demographic indices Current use of Substance P value
Yes No Total
1 Age 18-30 207(29.3) 436(55.0) 643(42.9)
31-40 206(29.1) 129(16.3) 335(22.3)
41-50 174(24.6) 141(17.8) 315(21.0) p-value =0.0001
51-60 120(17.0) 87(11.0) 207(13.8)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
2 Religion Hindu 652(92.2) 700(88.3) 1352(90.1)
Muslim & Others 55(7.8) 93(11.7) 148(9.9) p-value =0.010
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
3 Marital Status Unmarried 95(13.4) 265(33.4) 360(24.0)
Married 593(83.9) 520(65.6) 1113(74.2) p-value =0.0001
Others(Widower/separated/divorce) 19(2.7) 8(1.0) 27(1.8)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
4 Type of family Nuclear 314(44.4) 380(47.9) 694(46.2)
Joint 373(52.7) 386(48.6) 759(50.6)
p-value =0.269
Three Generation 20(2.8) 27(3.4) 47(3.1)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
5 Family members 1-4 181(25.6) 193(24.3) 374(24.9)
5-8 365(51.6) 474(59.8) 839(55.9)
9-12 120(17.0) 84(10.6) 204(13.6) P-value =0.001
>12 41(5.8) 42(5.3) 83(5.5)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
6 Socioeconomic status Upper 16(2.3) 33(4.2) 49(3.3) p-value=0.001
upper-middle 37(5.2) 44(5.5) 81(5.4)
Middle 77(10.9) 93(11.7) 170(11.3)
Lower middle 295(41.7) 383(48.3) 678(45.2)
Lower 282(39.9) 240(30.3) 522(34.8)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
7 Education Illiterate 106(15.0) 81(10.2) 187(12.5)
just literate 55(7.8) 45(5.7) 100(6.7)
Less than primary education 298(42.1) 203(25.6) 501(33.4)
Primary education completed 91(12.9) 151(19.0) 242(16.1) *p value=0.0001
Secondary education completed 97(13.7) 90(11.3) 187(12.5)
High school completed 46(6.5) 34(4.3) 80(5.3)
Intermediate completed 8(1.1) 156(19.7) 164(10.9)
360
INDIAN JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY HEALTH / VOL 34 / ISSUE NO 03 / JUL– SEP 2022 [Prevalence and Pattern] | Mehra J et al
S. No Socio-demographic indices Current use of Substance P value
Yes No Total
Graduate/postgraduate/professional 6(0.8) 33(4.2) 39(2.6)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
8 Occupation Unemployed 88(12.4) 187(23.6) 275(18.3)
Unskilled 250(35.4) 228(28.8) 478(31.9)
Skilled 59(8.3) 96(12.1) 155(10.3)
Clerk/Shopkeeper/Businessperson 92(13.0) 108(13.6) 200(13.3)
*p value=0.0001
Farmer 188(26.6) 144(18.2) 332(22.1)
Semiprofessional /Professional 14(2.0) 25(3.2) 39(2.6)
Others(retired/pension) 16(2.3) 5(0.6) 21(1.4)
Total 707(100) 793(100) 1500(100)
TABLE 2 DIFFERENT TYPES OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE WITH AGE GROUP (N=707, MU LTIPLE RESPONSES)
S. Age Substance Users
N groups Smoking Tobacco Smokeless tobacco Alcohol Cannabis
o. (years) Yes N(%) No N(%) Yes N(%) No N(%) Yes N(%) No N(%) Yes N(%) No N(%)
1. 18-30 75(24.5) 568(47.5) 139(31.2) 504(47.8) 56(24.5) 587(14.7) 5(22.7) 638(43)
2. 31-40 88(28.8) 247(20.6) 148(33.2) 187(17.7) 77(33.8) 258(20.3) 6(27.3) 329(22)
3. 41-50 90(29.4) 225(18.8) 109(24.4) 206(19.5) 44(19.3) 271(21.3) 4(18.2) 311(21)
4. 51-60 53(17.3) 154(12.8) 50(11.2) 157(14.8) 51(22.4) 156(12.3) 7(31.8) 200(13.5)
Total 306(100) 1194(100) 446(100) 1054(100) 228(100) 1272(100) 22(100) 1478(100)
ᵡ2 P Value ᵡ2=53.7 P value=<0.00001 ᵡ2=60.5 P Value=<0.00001 ᵡ2=51.4 P Value=<0.00001 ᵡ2=7.7 P Value=0.052
TABLE 3 DIFFERENT TYPE OF SUBSTANCE ABUSE BY STU DY PARTICIPANTS (N=7 07, MULTIPLE RESPONS ES,)
S. No. Frequency Smoking Tobacco Smokeless tobacco Alcohol Cannabis
N=306 N=446 N=228 N=22
1 Daily Yes 264(86) 335(75) 98(42.9) 1(4.5)
No 42(13.7) 111(24.8 130(57) 21(95.4)
2 Weekly Yes 32(10.4) 90(20) 47(20.6) 3(13.6)
No 274(89.5) 356(79.8) 181(79.4) 19(86.4)
3 Monthly Yes 6(1.9) 19(4.3) 45(19.7) 7(36)
No 300(98) 427(95.7) 183(80.2) 15(68)
4 Occasionally Yes 4(1.3) 2(0.45) 38(16.6) 11(50)
No 302(98.7) 444(99.5) 190(83.3) 11(50)
ᵡ2PValue ᵡ2=825.5 ᵡ2=848.5 ᵡ2=53.5 ᵡ2=14.3
P Value<0.00001 P Value<0.00001 P Value<0.00001 P Value=0.00252
TABLE 4 MEAN AGE TO INITIATE SUBSTANCE USE (N=70 7)
Substance Age (year)
<15 15-20 20-30 30-40 >40 Total
N(%) N(%) N(%) N(%) N(%) N(%)
Smoking tobacco 58( 25.2) 101(44.0 ) 67(29.1 ) 3( 1.3) 1(0.4 ) 230(100)
Smokeless tobacco 58( 18.2) 167(52.0 ) 75(23.3 ) 17(5.3 ) 4(1.2 ) 321(100)
Alcohol 20(13.1 ) 50(32.9) 69( 45.4) 13(8.6 ) 0(0.0 ) 152(100)
Cannabis 3(75.0 ) 1( 25.0) 0(0.0 ) 0( 0.0 ) 0(0.0 ) 4(100)
Total 139(19.6) 319(45.0) 211(29.8) 33(4.6) 5(1.0) 707(100)
Figures
FIGURE 1 SUBSTANCE TAKEN IN A GROUP, INDIVIDUALL Y, OR ALONG WITH FAM ILY (MLTIPLE RESPONS ES)
361