DIP183HI - FEEE-Hindi Medium-22-02-2022

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ISBN: 978-93-5538-002-9
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Book Code: DIP183HI
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Fundamentals of Electrical and
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Electronics Engineering by
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Susan S. Mathew, Saji T. Chacko
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[Hindi Edition]
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प्राक्कथन
इजं ीनियरिंग ने सदियों से समाज की प्रगति और विस्तार में बहुत महत्वपरू ्ण भमि ू का निभाई है। भारतीय
उपमहाद्वीप में उपजे इजं ीनियरिंग विचारों ने संपरू ्ण विश्व के चितन
ं को प्रभावित किया है।
अखिल भारतीय तकनीकी शिक्षा परिषद (अभातशिप) ने वर्ष 1987 में अपने स्थापना से ही तकनीकी
विद्यार्थियों को सर्व सभं व सहायता देने में अग्रणी भमि ू का का निर्वहन किया है। अभातशिप का लक्ष्य
गणव
ु त्तापरू ्ण तकनीकी शिक्षा को प्रोत्साहन देते हुए इसके माध्यम से उद्योग जगत को नवीन उत्कर्ष पर पहुचँ ाना
एवं अततं ः मातृभमिू भारत को एक आधनु िक विकसित राष्ट्र के रूप में स्थापित करना है | यहां यह उल्लेख
करना अनचित ु नहीं होगा कि इजं ीनियर आधनु िक समाज की रीढ़ हैं - बेहतर इजं ीनियर अर्थात बेहतर उद्योग
और उद्योग जितने बेहतर होंगे राष्ट्र उतना ही विकास करे गा।
राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 की परिकल्पना है कि सभी के लिए क्षेत्रीय भाषा में शिक्षा उपलब्ध हो, जो सनु िश्चित
करती है कि प्रत्येक विद्यार्थी समग्र रूप से सक्षम एवं दक्ष हो ताकि राष्ट्रीय विकास में सकल योगदान दे सके ।
अभातशिप का विगत कुछ वर्षों से यह अथक प्रयास रहा है कि, इजं ीनियरिंग के सभी विद्यार्थियों को
उच्च गणवु त्ता वाली अतरर ं ाष्ट्रीय स्तर की पसु ्तकें क्षेत्रीय भाषाओ ं में तैयार कर, उचित मलू ्य पर उपलब्ध
कराई जाएँ। ये पसु ्तकें न के वल सरल भाषा में व्यावहारिक जीवन के उदाहरणों तथा समृद्ध विषय सामग्री
को ध्यान में रखकर तैयार की गई हैं, अपितु इनमें दिन प्रति दिन बदलते वैश्विक परिदृश्य तथा उद्योग जगत
की आवश्यकताओ ं का भी ध्यान रखा गया है । क्षेत्रीय भाषाओँ में तैयार की गई ये पसु ्तकें , अभातशिप के
इजं ीनियरिंग एवं प्रौद्योगिकी के मॉडल पाठ्यक्रम - 2018 के अनरू ु प हैं।
संपरू ्ण भारत के अनभु वी एवं विषय के निष्णात प्रख्यात प्राध्यापकों द्वारा इन पसु ्तकों को अकादमिक समदु ाय
के लाभ के लिए लिखा गया है। अभातशिप को परू ्ण विश्वास है कि, विषय सामग्री की दृष्टि से समृद्ध, ये पसु ्तकें
तकनीकी शिक्षा के विद्यार्थियों को अधिक सगु मता और गणव ु त्ता के साथ विषयों में दक्षता प्राप्त करने में
सहायक होंगी |
अभातशिप इन पसु ्तकों और इजं ीनियरिंग विषयों को अधिक ससु ्पष्ट एवं प्रभावी बनाने के लिए सभी मल
ू
लेखकों, समन्वयकों तथा अनवु ादकों के अथक प्रयास और परिश्रम की प्रशसं ा करता है।
vkHkkj
bathfu;fjax ,oa çkS|ksfxdh osQ fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, rduhdh iqLrdksa osQ çdk'ku gsrq oqQ'ky fu;kstu] la;kstu ,oa
fØ;kUo;u gsrq vf•y Hkkjrh; rduhdh f'k{kk ifj"kn~ osQ çfr ys•d ßn; ls ÑrK gSaA
iqLrd dks fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ vuqowQy jkspd ,oa dykRed :i nsus esa iqLrd osQ leh{kd çks- vdksys fd'kksj
çgykn osQ cgqewY; ;ksxnku osQ çfr Hkh ys•d ßn; ls vkHkkjh gSA
ys•d osQ fy, vR;ar xkSjo dk fo"k; gS fd] ;g iqLrd ,vkbZlhVhbZ osQ ekWMy ikBÔØe ,oa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk
uhfr (NEP)&2020 osQ fn'kkfunZs'kksa osQ vuq:i rS;kj dh xbZ gSA lkFk gh {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa f'k{kk dks c<+kok nsus osQ
fy, bl iqLrd dk vuqlwfpr Hkkjrh; {ks=kh; Hkk"kkvksa esa Hkh vuqokn fd;k tk jgk gSA
ge bl iqLrd osQ fganh Hkk"kk esa vuqokn osQ fy, MkW- lqjs'k oqQekj lksuh vkSj MkW- mes'k oqQekj lksuh ,oa leh{kk
osQ fy, MkW- lqjs'k oqQekj xkojs osQ çfr vkHkkj O;Dr djrs gSaA
ge Jh cq¼k paæ'ks•j] eq[; leUo; vf/dkjh (CCO)] NEAT] ,vkbZlhVhbZ osQ çfr gkfnZd lEeku O;Dr
djrs gSa ftuosQ }kjk fodflr vkfVZfiQf'k;y baVsfytsal (AI) vk/kfjr Vªkalys'ku Vwy dk mi;ksx vuqokn osQ fy,
fd;k x;kA
var esa] ys•d] •Uuk cqd ifCyf'kax daiuh çkbosV fyfeVsM] ubZ fnYyh] osQ lHkh lnL;ksa ftUgksaus çdk'ku
osQ nkSjku rRijrk ls lg;ksx çnku fd;k ,oa bls ,d Lej.kh; vuqHko cuk;k] osQ çfr Hkh gkfnZd /U;okn Kkfir
djrs gSaA
µlwlu ,l- eSF;w vkSj lkth Vh- pkdks
(v)
izLrkouk
^fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar* uked iqLrd ewyHkwr bysfDVªdy vkSj bysDVªkWfuDl
bathfu;fjax ikBÔØeksa osQ gekjs f'k{k.k osQ le`¼ vuqHko dk ifj.kke gSA bl iqLrd dks fy•us dh 'kq#vkr
ikWyhVsfDud osQ fo|kfFkZ;ks] bysfDVªdy vkSj bysDVªkWfuDl bathfu;fjax osQ ewy fl¼karksa dks mtkxj djus osQ lkFk&lkFk
mUgsa ikBÔØe dh varnZ`f"V çkIr djus vkSj lacaf/r O;kogkfjd ifj.kkeksa dks fodflr djus esa l{ke cukuk gSA
O;kid dojst osQ mís'; osQ lkFk&lkFk vko';d iwjd tkudkjh çnku djus osQ mís'; dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] geus
iwjh fdrkc esa AICTE }kjk vuq'kaflr fo"k;ksa dks cgqr O;ofLFkr vkSj Øec¼ rjhosQ ls 'kkfey fd;k gSA ikBÔØe
dh ewyHkwr vo/kj.kkvksa dks ljyre rjhosQ ls le>kus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gSA
ikaMqfyfi dh rS;kjh dh çfØ;k osQ nkSjku] geus fofHkUu ekud ikBÔ iqLrdksa ij fopkj fd;k gS vkSj rnuqlkj
geus egRoiw.kZ ç'u] gy vkSj iwjd leL;k vkfn tSls •aM fodflr fd, gSaA fofHkUu •aMksa dks rS;kj djrs le;
ifjHkk"kkvksa ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;k gS vkSj cqfu;knh vo/kj.kkvksa] fu;e vkSj dke djus osQ fl¼karksa dh O;k[;k osQ
O;kid Li"Vhdj.k ij Hkh tksj fn;k x;k gSA iqLrd esa fofHkUu Lrj dh leL;kvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk xfrfof/;ksa dks Hkh
'kkfey fd;k x;k gS vkSj bUgsa cgqr gh rkfdZd vkSj O;ofLFkr rjhosQ ls çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA Nk=kksa dh ,d foLr`r
fofo/rk dks dbZ o"kks± osQ i<+kus osQ nkSjku mu leL;kvksa osQ mUu;u dk ijh{k.k fd;k x;k gSA
vko';d n`"Vkarksa vkSj mnkgj.kksa osQ vykok] geus lacaf/r fo"k;ksa dh mfpr le> osQ fy, çR;sd ;wfuV esa
dbZ gy dh xbZ leL;kvksa osQ lkFk iqLrd dks le`¼ fd;k gSA ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd iqLrd esa] geus
lacaf/r ;wfuV esa çklafxd ç;ksx'kkyk çSfDVdYl dks 'kkfey fd;k gSA ,d ¶vf/d tkfu,¸ •aM esa eq[; :i
ls lw{e ifj;kstuk,a] vfrfjÙkQ xfrfof/;ka] ohfM;ks vkSj lh•us osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa ifj.kke fodflr djus osQ fy,
ICT fyad 'kkfey gSaA bls blfy, 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS rkfd bl Hkkx osQ ekè;e ls çnku dh xbZ iwjd tkudkjh
iqLrd osQ mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ fy, iQk;nsean gksA ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd #fp osQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vf/d
tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ fy,] ohfM;ks vkSj osclkbVksa osQ QR dksM çnku fd, x, gSa ftUgsa LdSu fd;k tk ldrk
gS vkSj çklafxd lgk;d Kku osQ lkFk&lkFk ¶vf/d tkfu,¸ vuqHkkx esa ns•k tk ldrk gSA blosQ vykok] geus
ifjf'k"V vuqHkkx esa oqQN vko';d cqfu;knh tkudkjh dks Li"V fd;k gSA
tgka rd orZeku iqLrd dk laca/ gS] ^fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar* dk mís';
fo|kfFkZ;ks dks pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus osQ fy, Kku dks mi;ksx djus osQ fy, rS;kj djuk gS vkSj lacaf/r mRiUu ç'uksa dk
lek/ku djuk gS tks fo|kfFkZ;ks vkSj fMIyksek /kjdksa dks vkxs lkeuk djuk iM+sxkA ikBÔØe lkexzh dks ç;ksx'kkyk
ç;ksxksa osQ lkFk jpukRed rjhosQ ls çLrqr fd;k x;k gS rkfd ,d bathfu;fjax fMIyksek fo|kfFkZ;ks dks fofHkUu {ks=kksa
esa dke djus osQ fy, rS;kj dj losQA
gesa iwjh mEehn gS fd iqLrd fo|kfFkZ;ks dks vo/kj.kkvksa dks le>us osQ fy, çsfjr djsxh vkSj fuf'pr :i
ls ikBÔØe dh ,d Bksl uhao osQ fodkl esa ;ksxnku nsxhA ;|fi bl ikBÔ iqLrd esa =kqfV;ksa vkSj v'kqf¼;ksa dh
tk¡p djus osQ fy, lHkh lko/kuh cjrh xbZ gS] fiQj Hkh iw.kZrk dk nkok djuk vlaHko gS] fo'ks"k :i ls D;ksafd
;g igyk laLdj.k gSA ,slh fdlh Hkh =kqfV] xyrh] pwd] lq/kj osQ lq>koksa dk cgqr Lokxr gS vkSj bls gekjs è;ku
esa yk;k tk ldrk gS] tks iqLrd osQ Hkfo"; osQ laLdj.kksa osQ lq/kj esa ;ksxnku nsxkA
bl iqLrd osQ :i esa ifj.kr gksus okys fofHkUu igyqvksa ij dke djuk okLro esa ,d cM+h •q'kh Fkh vkSj gesa
mEehn gS fd ;g fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkfW udh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ fo'kky vkSj fnypLi {ks=k dh cqfu;knh vo/kj.kkvksa dks
le>us esa ennxkj gksxk vkSj visf{kr lh•us osQ ifj.kkeksa dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ,d mi;ksxh f'k{k.k lgk;rk gksxhA
µlwlu ,l- eSF;w vkSj lkth Vh- pkdks
(vii)
ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk
ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk (vkmVde csLM ,tqosQ'ku) osQ fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, çFke vko';drk gS] ifj.kke vkèkkfjr
ikBÔØe fodflr djuk ,oa f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa ifj.kke vk/kfjr ewY;kadu dk lekos'k djukA ifj.kke vkèkkfjr
vkdyu osQ ekè;e ls ewY;kadudrkZ ;g ewY;kadu djus esa l{ke gks losQaxs fd D;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa us mYysf•r ekud]
fof'k"V vkSj ekius ;ksX; y{;ksa (ifj.kkeksa) dks çkIr dj fy;k gSA ifj.kke&vk/kfjr f'k{kk osQ mfpr lekos'k ls
lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa] çksxzke chp esa NksM+s fcuk] U;wure ekud vftZr djus osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr çfrc¼rk gksxhA
ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk ;qÙkQ çksxzke osQ var esa] fo|kFkhZ fuEufyf•r y{;ksa (ifj.kkeksa) rd igqapus esa l{ke gksxs%
PO1 : ewyHkwr ,oa vè;;u ladk; fof'k"V Kku% xf.kr] foKku] bathfu;fjax osQ vk/kjHkwr Kku vkSj
bathfu;fjax fo'ks"kKrk dksa bathfu;fjax leL;kvksa osQ lek/ku osQ fy, mi;ksx djukA
PO2 : leL;k fo'ys"k.k% lafgrkc¼ ekud fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx djosQ lqifjHkkf"kr bathfu;fjax leL;kvksa dks
igpkuuk ,oa mudk fo'ys"k.k djukA
PO3 : lek/kuksa dh lek/kuksa dh :ijs•k @ foLrkj% lqifjHkkf"kr rduhdh leL;kvksa osQ fy, lek/kuksa
dh :ijs•k (fMtkbZu) rS;kj djuk vkSj fufnZ"V vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ç.kkyh osQ ?kVdksa
;k çfØ;kvksa osQ fMtkbu esa lgk;rk djukA
PO4 : bathfu;fjax midj.k] ç;ksx vkSj ijh{k.k% ekud ijh{k.k vkSj eki djus osQ fy, vk/qfud
bathfu;fjax midj.k vkSj mi;qÙkQ rduhd dk mi;ksx djukA
PO5 : lekt ,oa i;kZoj.kh; LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, bathfu;fjax dk;Zç.kkyh% lekt] fLFkjrk] i;kZoj.k vkSj
uSfrd dk;Zç.kkfy;ksa osQ lanHkZ esa mi;qÙkQ çkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx djukA
PO6 : ifj;kstuk çca/u% bathfu;fjax vkSj çca/u osQ fl¼karksa dk mi;ksx O;fÙkQxr ,oa lewg osQ lnL;
vFkok çeq• osQ :i esa ifj;kstuk çca/u djuk ,oa lqifjHkkf"kr bathfu;fjax xfrfof/;ksa osQ fo"k; esa
çHkkoh <ax ls laçsf"kr djukA
PO7 : thou&i;ZUr lh•uk% O;fÙkQxr vko';drkvksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus dh {kerk vkSj rduhdh ifjorZuksa
osQ O;kid lanHkZ esa thou&i;ZUr lh•ukA
(ix)
dkslZ vkmVdEl
ikBÔØe osQ iwjk gksus osQ ckn fo|kFkhZ fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs%
CO-1 : fn, x, bathfu;fjax vuqç;ksx osQ fy, fo|qr@bysDVªkWfud ?kVd lq>kus esaA
CO-2 : ewyHkwr ,ukykWx ifjiFk ftlesa OP&AMP gS] dk ijh{k.k djus esaA
CO-3 : fMftVy ifjiFk osQ dk;Zç.kkyh dh O;k[;k djus esaA
CO-4 : bathfu;fjax vuqç;ksxksa esa fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ fl¼karksa dk ç;ksx djus esaA
CO-5 : A-C- ifjiFk osQ dk;Zç.kkyh dh O;k[;k djus esaA
CO-6 : fof'k"V vko';drkvksa osQ fy, ifj.kkfe=k vkSj fo|qr eksVj dks lqjf{kr :i ls lapkfyr djus esaA
dkslZ çksxzke vkmVdEl (POs) osQ lkFk visf{kr laca/

vkmVdEl (1- detksj lglEcU/_ 2- eè;e lglEcU/_ 3- etcwr lglEcU/)
(COs) PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7
CO-1 3 2 2 3 1 1 1
CO-2 3 1 1 2 1 1 1
CO-3 3 1 1 - 1 1 1
CO-4 3 2 1 1 1 1 1
CO-5 3 2 1 2 1 1 1
CO-6 3 2 1 2 1 1 1
(x)
la{ksi.k vkSj çrhd
la{ksi.k lwph
la{ksi.k iw.kZ :i la{ksi.k iw.kZ :i
Acm dkWeu eksM xsu JFET taD'ku iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVjlZ
Ad fMiQjsaf'k;y (vodfy=k) eksM xsu KCL fdjpkWiQ djaV ykW
AC vYVjusfVax djaV (çR;korhZ /kjk) KVL fdjpkWiQ oksYVst ykW
eSXusfVd ÝyDl MsaflVh (pqacdh; ÝyDl dk ykbV ,fefVax Mk;ksM (çdk'k mRltZd
B LED
?kuRo) Mk;ksM)
LSB yhLV flXuhfiQosQaV fcV (de ls de
BJT ckbiksyj taD'ku VªkaflLVj
egRoiw.kZ fcV)
BW cSaM foM~Fk LV yks oksYVst
C owQyac M E;wpqvy baMD'ku (ikjLifjd çsj.k)
CMOS daIyhesaVjh esVy vkWDlkbM lsehdaMDVj MOSFET esVy vkWDlkbM iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj
MSB eksLV flXuhfiQosQaV fcV (vf/dre
CB dkWeu csl
egRoiw.kZ fcV)
CC dkWeu dysDVj OL vksiu ywi
CE dkWeu ,feVj OP-Amp vkWijs'kuy ,EiyhiQk;j
CL DyksTM ywi P ikoj ('kfÙkQ)
CMRR dkWeu eksM fjtsD'ku jsf'k;ks PIV ihd buolZ oksYVst
CO dkslZ vkmVde (ikBÔØe ifj.kke) PO çksxzke vkmVde (dk;ZØe ifj.kke)
DC/ D.C./dc Mk;jsDV djaV PSRR ikoj lIykbZ fjtsD'ku jsf'k;ks
AC/ A.C./ac vYVjusfVax djaV (çR;korhZ /kjk) PVC ikWyh foukby DyksjkbM
emf bysDVªks eksfVo iQkslZ (fo|qr okgd cy) Q DokfyVh iQSDVj
FB iQkWjoMZ ck;LM R, L, C jsflLVj] baMDVj] dSisflVj
FF fÝyi ÝykWi RF Mhlh ;k LVSfVd jsftLVsal
G daMDVsal (pkydrk) RMS :V ehu LDok;j oSY;w
(xi)
la{ksi.k iw.kZ :i la{ksi.k iw.kZ :i
Ge teZsfu;e S, R lsV] jhlsV
H eSXusfVd iQhYM baVfas lVh (pqca dh; {ks=k dh rhozrk) Si flfydkWu
HV gkbZ oksYVst T Vkbe ihfj;M
Hz gV~tZ t Vkbe
I djaV TTL VªkaftLVj VªkaftLVj ykWftd
baLVsaVsfu;l oSY;w vkWiQ djsaV (/kjk dk UO ;wfuV vkmVde
i
rkRdkfyd eku)
IB csl djsaV V oksYVst
IC baVhxzsVsM lfdZV VA oksYV ,Eih;j
IC dysDVj djsaV VAR fj,fDVo ikoj
IE ,feVj djsaV W okV
If iQkWjoMZ djsaV Wb oscj
IM baMD'ku eksVj Y ,MfeVsal
J djsaV MsaflVh Z bEihMsal (çfrck/k)
çrhd lwph
çrhd fooj.k çrhd fooj.k
Ω ,lvkbZ ;wfuV vkWiQ jsflLVSal] vkse αdc djaV xsu bu lhch daiQhxzs'ku vkWiQ , VªkaftLVj
mo ,ClksY;wV ifeZfcfyVh (ikjxE;rk) βdc djaV xsu bu lhbZ daiQhxzs'ku vkWiQ , VªkaftLVj
mr fjysfVo ifeZfcfyVh m ifeZfcfyVh vkWiQ , eSVhfj;y
Cf iQhMcSd dSisflVj Α Vsaijspj dkWfiQfl,uV vkWiQ jsftLVsal
RC fjysDVsal vkWiQ eSXusfVd dksj Θ iQst ,axy
Rag ,;j xSi fjysDVsal Λ ÝyDl fyaosQt
Rf iQhMcSd jsflLVj Ρ LisflfiQd jsftLVsal vkWj jsflLVhfoVh
fr jstksusaV ÚhDosalh (vuqukn vko`fÙk) Σ LisflfiQd daMDVsal vkWj daMfDVfoVh
K VªkaliQkeZj VuZ jsf'k;ks Φ E;qpqvy ÝyDl
Ø Mhlh eksVj ÝyDl Ω ,axqyj osyksflVh (dks.kh; osx)
(xii)
fp=k lwph
fp=k ozQekad 'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k
;wfuV 1% bysDVªkWfud midj.k ,oa laosQr dk laf{kIr fooj.k

fp=k 1-1 ,d cqfu;knh ifjiFk 3
fp=k 1-2 çfrjks/dksa dk çrhd 5
fp=k 1-3 çfrjks/d dk jax dksfMax 5
fp=k 1-4 çfrjks/ksa dk oxhZdj.k 5
fp=k 1-5 çsjd osQ fofHkUu Hkkx 7
fp=k 1-6 çsjd osQ fofHkUu çrhd 7
fp=k 1-7 la/kfj=k dk çrhd 8
fp=k 1-8 Js.kh ifjiFk 9
fp=k 1-9 lekukarj ifjiFk 9
fp=k 1-10 P&N laf/ 12
fp=k 1-11 P&N laf/ Mk;ksM dk çrhd 12
fp=k 1-12 Mk;ksM&vxz i{k 12
fp=k 1-13 Mk;ksM&i'porhZ i{k 13
fp=k 1-14 Mk;ksM V&I vfHky{k.k 13
fp=k 1-15 NPN BJT dk lajpukRed vkjs• 16
fp=k 1-16 NPN vkSj PNP BJT dk ;kstukc¼ çrhd 16
fp=k 1-17 FET çrhd 18
fp=k 1-18 fMIyh'ku çdkj dk MOSFET 20
fp=k 1-19 ,UgkalesaV çdkj osQ MOSFET 20
fp=k 1-20 C&MOS midj.k 21
fp=k 1-21 lrr le; laosQr 23
fp=k 1-22 vlrr le; laosQr 23
fp=k 1-23 fu/kZjd laosQr 24
fp=k 1-24 xSj&fu/kZjd laosQr 24
fp=k 1-25 çR;korhZ /kjk laosQr 25
fp=k 1-26 fn"V /kjk laosQr 25
(xiii)
fp=k 1-27 AC foHko T;k rjax 26
fp=k 1-28 vkn'kZ oksYVst Ïksr dk ifjiFk çfrfuf/Ro 27
fp=k 1-29 vkn'kZ oksYVst Ïksr dh V&I vfHky{k.k 27
fp=k 1-30 vkn'kZ /kjk Ïksr dk lfdZV çfrfuf/Ro 27
fp=k 1-31 vkn'kZ /kjk Ïksr dh V&I vfHky{k.k 27
fp=k 1-32 O;kogkfjd oksYVst Ïksr dk lfdZV çfrfuf/Ro 28
fp=k 1-33 O;kogkfjd oksYVst Ïksr dh V&I vfHky{k.k 28
fp=k 1-34 /kjk Ïksr osQ ifjiFk dk çfrfuf/Ro 28
fp=k 1-35 /kjk Ïksr dk V&I vfHky{k.k 28
fp=k 1-36 fuHkZj foHko Ïksr dk çrhd 29
fp=k 1-37 fuHkZj /kjk Ïksr dk çrhd 29
;wfuV 2% ,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk voyksdu

fp=k 2-1 Op Amp dk çrhd 88
fp=k 2-2 ICμmA741 dk fiu vkmV vkjs• 88
fp=k 2-3 741 Op Amp osQ fofHkUu IC iSosQt 89
fp=k 2-4 IB1 vkSj IB2 buiqV ck;l /kjk,a rFkk Vio vkWiQlsV foHko 89
fp=k 2-5 vkn'kZ Op&Amp 91
fp=k 2-6 Op Amp can&ywi dkWfUiQxjs'ku 93
fp=k 2-7 iQhMcSd osQ lkFk Op&Amp dk •aM vkjs• 94
fp=k 2-8 buofV±x ço/Zd 95
fp=k 2-9 ½.kkRed iQhMcSd osQ lkFk Op Amp 95
fp=k 2-10 ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd 97
fp=k 2-11 Op Amp ,d ;kstd osQ :i esa 100
fp=k 2-12 Op&Amp vodfy=k ifjiFk 101
fp=k 2-13 oxZ vkSj lkbu rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djosQ vkn'kZ vkmViqV rjaxsa 101
fp=k 2-14 Op&Amp lekdyd ifjiFk 102
fp=k 2-15 oxZ vkSj f=kdks.kh; rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djosQ vkn'kZ vkmViqV rjax 102
;wfuV 3% vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu

fp=k 3-1 ykWftd laosQr 120
fp=k 3-2 AND xsV 121
fp=k 3-3 OR xsV 121
fp=k 3-4 NOT xsV 121
(xiv)
fp=k 3-5 NOR vkSj NAND xsV 122
fp=k 3-6 NAND xsV dk mi;ksx djrs gq, S&R ySp 124
fp=k 3-7 DykWDM S&R fÝyi&ÝykWi 125
fp=k 3-8 D&fÝyi ÝykWi 125
fp=k 3-9 J K fÝyi ÝykWi 126
fp=k 3-10 T&fÝyi ÝykWi 126
fp=k 3-11 LVsV Mk;xzke 127
fp=k 3-12 2&fcV UP ,flaØksul x.kd 127
fp=k 3-13 2&fcV DOWN ,flaØksul x.kd 128
fp=k 3-14 4&fcV fMosQM x.kd 128
fp=k 3-15 nks buiqV TTL ykWftd NAND xsV 130
;wfuV 4% fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk

fp=k 4-1 (a) foHko varj dk çfrfuf/Ro (b) foHko varj dk oSdfYid çfrfuf/Ro 139
fp=k 4-2 (a) fuf"Ø; fpÉ dUosa'ku osQ vuqlkj 'kfÙkQ dks vo'kksf"kr djuk
(b) fuf"Ø; fpÉ dUosa'ku osQ vuqlkj 'kfÙkQ dks çnku djuk 140
fp=k 4-3 uksM 140
fp=k 4-4 es'k 141
fp=k 4-5 KCL dk çn'kZu 141
fp=k 4-6 lanHkZ uksM dk çn'kZu 142
fp=k 4-7 ,dy pkyd }kjk fufeZr ÝyDl js•k,¡ 143
fp=k 4-8 fofHkUu çdkj osQ pqacdh; inkFkks± dk B&H oØ 144
fp=k 4-9 ÝyDl 144
fp=k 4-10 mÙksftr (excited) oqaQMyh osQ lkFk iQsjkseSXusfVd inkFkZ dh fjax 144
fp=k 4-11 Lo&çsjdRo 147
fp=k 4-12 ikjLifjd çsj.k 147
fp=k 4-13 (a) gok osQ varjky osQ lkFk pqacdh; dksj
(b) pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo|qr ifjiFk ls lekurk 149
fp=k 4-14 (a) rhu vaxksa osQ lkFk pqacdh; lajpuk (b) pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo|qr lekurk 150
;wfuV 5% çR;korhZ /kjk ifjiFk

fp=k 5-1 pqacdh; {ks=k esa ?kwers gq, ,d oqQ.Myh esa mRiUu fo-ok-c- 161
fp=k 5-2 lkbukslkWbMy rjax 161
(xv)
fp=k 5-3 çR;korhZ oksYVst vkSj /kjk 164
fp=k 5-4 DC oksYVst 165
fp=k 5-5 rhu&iQst T;k rjax 165
fp=k 5-6 iQst dks.k osQ lkFk T;k rjax 166
fp=k 5-7 ?kwf.kZr oqaQMyh dk iQst 166
fp=k 5-8 iQst varj 166
fp=k 5-9 AC Ïksr osQ lkFk 'kq¼ çfrjks/d ifjiFk 168
fp=k 5-10 AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, ,d 'kq¼ çfrjks/d ifjiFk dh çfrfØ;k 168
fp=k 5-11 'kq¼ çfrjks/d ifjiFk dk iQst vkjs• 168
fp=k 5-12 AC buiqV osQ lkFk 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk 168
fp=k 5-13 AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk dh çfrfØ;k 168
fp=k 5-14 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk dk dyk vkjs• 169
fp=k 5-15 AC buiqV osQ lkFk 'kq¼ la/kfj=k ifjiFk 169
fp=k 5-16 AC buiqV osQ fy, 'kq¼ la/kfj=k ifjiFk dh çfrfØ;k 169
fp=k 5-17 'kq¼ la/kfj=k ifjiFk dk dyk vkjs• 169
fp=k 5-18 R&L Js.kh ifjiFk 170
fp=k 5-19 AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, R&L Js.kh lfdZV dh çfrfØ;k 171
fp=k 5-20 R&C Js.kh ifjiFk 172
fp=k 5-21 AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, R&C Js.kh lfdZV dh çfrfØ;k 172
fp=k 5-22 R&L&C Js.kh lfdZV 172
fp=k 5-23 çfrck/k f=kHkqt 173
fp=k 5-24 lekukarj R&L&C ifjiFk 173
fp=k 5-25 lekukarj R&L&C ifjiFk dk dyk vkjs• 174
fp=k 5-26 LVkj la;kstu 178
fp=k 5-27 MsYVk la;kstu 178
fp=k 5-28 oksYVst vkSj /kjk osQ lkFk LVkj la;kstu 179
fp=k 5-29 oksYVst vkSj /kjk osQ lkFk MsYVk la;kstu 179
fp=k 5-30 'kfÙkQ f=kHkqt 180
;wfuV 6% ifj.kkfe=k ,oa e'khusa

fp=k 6-1 ifj.kkfe=k dk lkeus dk n`'; 195
fp=k 6-2 ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk vuqHkkxh; n`'; 196
fp=k 6-3 (a) dksj çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k (b) 'kSy çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k 198
(xvi)
fp=k 6-4 çkjafHkd ifj.kkfe=k 198
fp=k 6-5 fcuk Hkkj osQ dyk vkjs• 200
fp=k 6-6 Lo&ifj.kkfe=k 201
fp=k 6-7 DC e'khu dk vuqHkkxh; n`'; 204
fp=k 6-8 DC Js.kh eksVj 205
fp=k 6-9 DC 'kaV eksVj 205
fp=k 6-10 DC Js.kh eksVj dh xfr & cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a 206
fp=k 6-11 DC 'kaV eksVj dh xfr & cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a 207
fp=k 6-12 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj (a) fxygjh fiatjk jksVj (b) oqQ.Myh jksVj 209
fp=k 6-13 xksy jksVj e'khu esa cyk?kw.kZ 210
fp=k 6-14 cyk?kw.kZ & xfr fo'ks"krk,a (a) 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj
(b) 3&dyk rqY;dkfyd eksVj 211
fp=k 6-15 1&dyk la/kfj=k foHkkftr (fLIyV) dyk eksVj
(a) la;kstu vkjs• (b) dyk vkjs• 212
(xvii)
rkfydk lwph
rkfydk la[;k 'kh"kZd i`"B la[;k
rkfydk 1-1 % rRoksa osQ lekukarj vkSj Js.kh la;kstu osQ fy, lw=k 9
rkfydk 1-2 % Mk;ksM osQ çdkj 14
rkfydk 1-3 % VªkaftLVj osQ foU;klksa dh rqyuk 16
rkfydk 1-4 % vkWijsfVax LVsV vkSj taD'ku ck;flax 17
rkfydk 1-5 % BJT vkSj FET osQ chp rqyuk 19
rkfydk 1-6 % fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ chp rqyuk 21
rkfydk 2-1 % IC 741 osQ fy, milxZ o.kZ vkSj fuekZrk osQ uke 87
rkfydk 2-2 % IC 741 osQ fiu dk;Z 88
rkfydk 2-3 % IC 741 osQ ekinaM 92
rkfydk 3-1 % cwfy;u fu;e 118
rkfydk 3-2 % flaØksul vkSj ,flaØksul Øec¼ ifjiFk osQ chp rqyuk 123
rkfydk 3-3 % TTL lc iQSfeyh dh rqyuk 131
rkfydk 3-4 % yksdfç; vadh; TTL IC*s 131
rkfydk 4-1 % fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFkksa osQ chp lekurk 149
rkfydk 6-1 % 3&dyk AC eksVj dk jksVj fuekZ.k fooj.k 209
(xviii)
f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fn'kkfunsZ'k
ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk (OBE) dh #ijs•k osQ fØ;kUo;u vkSj Cywe dh VSDlksukWeh osQ mi;ksx ij vf/d è;ku
nsus osQ fy, vko';d gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ Kku ,oa O;kolkf;d dkS'ky dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A blosQ mfpr
fØ;kUo;u osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,d cM+h ftEesnkjh ysuh pkfg,A ifj.kke vkèkkfjr f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa f'k{kdksa osQ
vlhfer mÙkjnkf;Roksa esa ls oqQN fuEu çdkj osQ gks ldrs gS%
 ;Fkksfpr çfrca/ks osQ varxZr] lHkh fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lokZsÙke ykHk osQ fy, mUgsa ;qfDriw.kZ rjhosQ ls le; dk
çca/u djuk pkfg,A
 mUgsa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk vkdyu fdlh HksnHkko ;k vU; laHkkfor vik=krk ij fopkj fd, fcuk osQoy oqQN
fuf'pr ekunaMksa osQ vk/kj ij gh djuk pkfg,A
 mUgsa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ laLFkku dks NksM+us osQ iwoZ mudh lh•us dh {kerk dks ,d fuf'pr Lrj rd c<+kus
dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
 mUgsa ;g lqfuf'pr djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg, fd f'k{kk iw.kZ djus rd lHkh fo|kFkhZ xq.koÙkk iw.kZ Kku
,oa ;ksX;rk xzg.k dj pqosQ gksaA
 mUgsa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mudh Js"B çn'kZu djus dh {kerkvksa dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ges'kk çksRlkfgr
djuk pkfg,A
 mUgsa u, n`f"Vdks.k dks lqæ<+ djus osQ fy, lkewfgd ,oa nyxr :i esa dk;Z djus osQ fy, lqfo/k ,oa
çksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A
 mUgsa vkdyu osQ fy, çR;sd pj.k esa CywEl VSDlksukWeh dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
CywEl VSDlksukWeh
Lrj f'k{kd dks tk¡puk fo|kFkhZ dks l{ke gksuk vkdyu dk laHkkfor
pkfg, pkfg, rjhdk
l`tu
Creating
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh l`tu {kerk fMtkbu ;k l`tu y?kq ifj;kstuk
ewY;kadu fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh roZQ ,oa roZQ ;k izfrj{kk fufnZ"V dk;Z
Evaluating ewY;kadu dh {kerk
fo'ys"k.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh fo'ys"k.k i`Fkd djuk ;k Hksn djuk ifj;kstuk ,oa iz;ksx'kkyk
Analyzing {kerk i¼fr
vuqiz;ksx fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa tkudkjh osQ izpkyu@izn'kZu rduhdh izLrqfr@izn'kZu
Applying mi;ksx dh {kerk
le> fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fopkjksa dh O;k[;k ;k oxhZdj.k izLrqfr@laxks"Bh
Understanding O;k[;k djus dh {kerk
Lej.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ;kn djus ifjHkkf"kr ;k ;kn djuk iz'uksÙkjh
Remembering dh {kerk (;k ;kn j[kuk)
(xix)
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fn'kkfunsZ'k
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk (OBE) dks ykxw djus osQ fy, leku ftEesnkjh ysuh pkfg,A ifj.kke vkèkkfjr
f'k{kk ç.kkyh esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, vlhfer ftEesnkfj;ksa esa ls oqQN bl çdkj gSa%
 çR;sd ikBÔØe esa ;wfuV 'kq: gksus ls igys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks çR;sd UO osQ ckjs esa vPNh rjg ls voxr
gksuk pkfg,A
 ikBÔØe 'kq: gksus ls igys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks çR;sd CO osQ ckjs esa vPNh rjg ls voxr gksuk pkfg,A
 ikBÔØe 'kq: gksus ls igys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks çR;sd PO osQ ckjs esa vPNh rjg ls voxr gksuk pkfg,A
 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mfpr fparu vkSj fØ;k osQ lkFk vkykspukRed vkSj roZQlaxr :i ls lkspuk pkfg,A
 fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lh•us dks O;kogkfjd vkSj nSfud thou osQ ifj.kkeksa osQ lkFk lEc¼ vkSj ,dhÑr fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A
 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk osQ çR;sd Lrj ij viuh ;ksX;rk osQ ckjs esa vPNh rjg ls voxr
gksuk pkfg,A
(xx)
fo"k;&lwph
çkDdFku iii
vkHkkj v
izLrkouk vii
ifj.kke vk/kfjr f'k{kk ix
dkslZ vkmVdEl x
la{ksi.k vkSj çrhd xi
fp=k lwph xiii
rkfydk lwph xviii
f'k{kdksa osQ fy, fn'kkfunZs'k xix
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, fn'kkfunZs'k xx
;wfuV 1% bysDVªkWfud midj.k vkSj ladsr dk laf{kIr fooj.k .................................................... 1–84

;wfuV fof'k"V 1
Hkwfedk 1
iwoZ visf{kr Kku 2
;wfuV vkmVdEl (UOs) 2
1-1 fuf"Ø; ?kVd 3
1-1-1 çLrkouk 3
1-1-2 ifjiFk osQ rRoksa osQ çdkj 3
1-1-3 çfrjksèk 4
1-1-4 izsjd 6
1-1-5 laèkkfj=k 8
1-1-6 Js.kh vkSj lekukarj ifjiFk 9
1-2 lfØ; ?kVd 11
1-2-1 çLrkouk 11
1-2-2 ih,u lafèk Mk;ksM 11
1-2-3 VªkaftLVj 15
(xxi)
1-2-4 FET 18
1-2-5 MOS midj.k 20
1-2-6 C-MOS 21
1-2-7 fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ chp rqyuk 21
1-3 laosQr vkSj lfØ; Ïksr 23
1-3-1 çLrkouk 23
1-3-2 laosQrksa dk oxhZdj.k 23
1-3-3 fuèkkZjd vkSj xSj&fuèkkZjd laosQr 23
1-3-4 vkofèkd vkSj xSj&vkofèkd laosQr 24
1-3-5 fo|qr laosQr 24
1-3-6 oksYVst vkSj èkkjk Ïksr 26
1-3-7 vkn'kZ@xSj&vkn'kZ Ïksr 26
1-3-8 fuHkZj foHko vkSj èkkjk Ïksr 29
gy fd;s x, iz'u 29
;wfuV lkjka'k 30
vH;kl 31
izk;ksfxd 33
vf/d tkfu, 82
lUnHkZ ,oa vè;;u gsrq lq>ko 84
;wfuV 2% ,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk voyksdu ............................................................................... 85–112

bdkbZ fof'k"V 85
Hkwfedk 85
iwoZ visf{kr Kku 86
2-1 Op-Amp osQ ewy fl¼kar 87
2-1-1 çLrkouk 87
2-1-2 Op-Amp dh ewy ckrsa 87
2-1-3 vkn'kZ Op-Amp 91
2-1-4 Op-Amp foU;kl 92
2-1-5 Op-Amp ifjpkyu osQ eksM 94
(xxii)
2-1-5-1 Op-Amp buofV±x eksM çoèkZd 95
2-1-5-2 Op-Amp ukWu&buofV±x eksM çoèkZd 97
2-2 Op-Amp osQ ç;ksx 99
2-2-1 Op-Amp ,d ;kstd osQ :i esa 99
2-2-2 Op-Amp ,d vodfy=k osQ :i esa 101
2-2-3 Op-Amp ,d lekdyd osQ :i esa 102
gy fd;s x, iz'u 104
;wfuV lkjka'k 105
vH;kl 105
izk;ksfxd 106
vf/d tkfu, 111
;wfuV 3% vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu ......................................................................... 113–135

;wfuV fof'k"V 113
Hkwfedk 113
iwoZ visf{kr Kku 113
3-1 cwfy;u vkijs'ku vkSj cwfy;u chtxf.kr 114
3-1-1 çLrkouk 114
3-1-2 la[;k ç.kkyh vkSj :ikarj.k 115
3-1-2-1 n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh 115
3-1-2-2 ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh 115
3-1-2-3 vkWDVy vkSj gsDlkMsfley la[;k ç.kkyh 116
3-1-3 la[;k :ikarj.k 116
3-1-3-1 ckbujh ls n'keyo :ikarj.k 116
3-1-3-2 n'keyo ls ckbujh :ikarj.k 116
3-1-4 ckbujh vadxf.kr 117
3-1-4-1 ckbujh tksM+ 117
3-1-4-2 ckbujh ?kVko 117
(xxiii)
3-1-5 cwfy;u osQ fu;e vkSj çes; 117
3-1-5-1 cwfy;u chtxf.kr 117
3-2 ykWftd xsV~l 119
3-2-1 èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed rkfoZQd 120
3-2-2 ykWftd xsV~l osQ çdkj 120
3-2-2-1 AND xsV 120
3-2-2-2 OR xsV 121
3-2-2-3 NOT xsV~l 121
3-2-2-4 ;wfuolZy xsV~l 122
3-3 fÝyi ÝykWi vkSj dkmaVlZ 123
3-3-1 fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ çdkj 123
3-3-1-1 csfld fÝyi&ÝykWi (S-R ySp) 124
3-3-1-2 DykWDM S-R fÝyi ÝykWi 124
3-3-1-2 D fÝyi ÝykWi 125
3-3-1-4 J-K fÝyi&ÝykWi 125
3-3-1-5 T fÝyi&ÝykWi 126
3-3-2 dkmaVj 126
3-3-2-1 ,flaØksul x.kd 127
3-3-2-2 ekWM&10 ,flaØksul x.kd 128
3-4 vadh; ,dhÑr ifjiFk 129
3-4-1 ,dhÑr ifjiFk dk ifjp; 129
3-4-2 vadh; IC fof'k"Vrk 'kCnkoyh 129
3-4-3 VªkaftLVj VªkaftLVj ykWftd 130
3-4-4 TTL lc iQSfeyh 131
3-4-5 vadh; IC osQ vuqç;ksx 131
gy fd;s x, iz'u 132
;wfuV lkjka'k 132
vH;kl 133
vf/d tkfu, 134
(xxiv)
;wfuV 4% fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk ..................................................................................... 137–158
;wfuV fof'k"V 137
Hkwfedk 137
4-1 ,d fo|qr ifjiFk osQ ekinaM 138
4-1-1 çLrkouk 138
4-1-2 flXuy iSjkehVlZ 139
4-1-3 fo|qr ifjiFk 'kCnkoyh 140
4-1-4 ifjiFk fo'ys"k.k 141
4-2 pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ ekinaM 143
4-2-1 fo|qr èkkjk dk pqacdh; çHkko 143
4-2-2 pqacdh; ifjiFk 144
4-3 fo|qr pqacdh; çsj.k 146
4-3-1 iSQjkMs dk fu;e 146
4-3-2 Loçsj.k vkSj ikjLifjd çsj.k 147
4-4 fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFkksa osQ chp lekurk 148
gy fd;s x, iz'u 150
;wfuV lkjka'k 151
vH;kl 152
izk;ksfxd 154
vf/d tkfu, 157
;wfuV 5% çR;korhZ èkkjk ifjiFk .............................................................................................. 159–192

;wfuV fof'k"V 159
Hkwfedk 159
(xxv)
5-1 çR;korhZ èkkjk osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar 161
5-1-1 çLrkouk 161
5-1-2 çR;korhZ ek=kk 161
5-1-3 ,d çR;korhZ ek=kk ls lacafèkr egRoiw.kZ 'kCn 162
5-1-4 dyk] dyk varj vkSj 'kfDr xq.kkad 165
5-1-5 dyk vkjs• 167
5-1-6 'kq¼ çfrjksèkksa] çsjdksa vkSj laèkkfj=kksa esa AC 168
5-1-6-1 'kq¼ çfrjksèkd ifjiFk 168
5-1-6-2 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk 168
5-1-6-3 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k ifjiFk 169
5-2 AC Js.kh vkSj lekukarj ifjiFk 170
5-2-1 çLrkouk 170
5-2-2 çfrjksèk & çsjd (R-L) ifjiFk 170
5-2-3 çfrjksèk & laèkkfj=k (R-C) ifjiFk 172
5-2-4 çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k ifjiFk (R.L.C. ifjiFk) 172
5-3 AC 'kfDr vkSj rhu dyk ifjiFk 177
5-3-1 çLrkouk 177
5-3-2 rhu dyk ç.kkyh osQ ykHk 177
5-3-3 LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu 178
5-3-4 foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ ykbu vkSj dyk osQ eku osQ chp lacaèk 178
5-3-4-1 LVkj la;kstu 179
5-3-5 fo|qr 'kfDr 179
5-3-6 'kfDr f=kHkqt 180
5-3-7 rhu dyk la;kstu esa 'kfDr 181
gy fd;s x, iz'u 181
;wfuV lkjka'k 182
vH;kl 183
izk;ksfxd 184
vf/d tkfu, 194
(xxvi)
;wfuV 6% ifj.kkfe=k ,oa e'khusa ............................................................................................... 193–226
;wfuV fof'k"V 193
Hkwfedk 193
6-1 ifj.kkfe=k 195
6-1-1 çLrkouk 195
6-1-2 ifj.kkfe=k osQ Hkkx 195
6-1-3 ifj.kkfe=k osQ çdkj 197
6-1-4 dk;Z djus osQ fl¼kar 198
6-1-4-1 ifj.kkfe=k osQ fo|qr okgd cy dk lehdj.k 199
6-1-4-2 foHko ifjorZu vuqikr 200
6-1-4-3 fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr esa ifj.kkfe=k 200
6-1-5 Lo&ifj.kkfe=k 201
6-1-5-1 Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ vuqç;ksx 202
6-2 fo|qr eksVj 203
6-2-1 çLrkouk 203
6-2-2 DC eksVj 203
6-2-2-1 DC eksVj dk fuekZ.k 203
6-2-2-2 DC eksVj dk dk;Z fl¼kar 204
6-2-3-3 DC eksVj dh dk;Zç.kkyh 204
6-2-2-4 DC eksVj osQ çdkj 205
6-2-2-5 DC eksVj dh fo'ks"krk,¡ 206
6-2-2-6 DC eksVj osQ vuqç;ksx 208
6-2-3 AC eksVj 208
6-2-3-1 eksVj dh lajpuk 208
6-2-3-2 rhu dyk AC eksVj 210
6-2-3-3 3&dyk eksVj osQ vuqç;ksx 211
6-2-4 ,dy dyk AC eksVj 212
(xxvii)
6-2-4-1 laèkkfj=k dyk foHkkftr AC eksVj 212
gy fd;s x, iz'u 213
;wfuV lkjka'k 214
vH;kl 214
izk;ksfxd 215
vf/d tkfu, 226
iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke djrs le; funsZ'k 229
lewg esa ç;ksx@lw{e ifj;kstukvksa@xfrfof/;ksa osQ fy, lkaosQfrd ewY;kadu fn'kkfunZs'k 230
oLrqfu"V iz'uksa osQ mÙkj 231
vkxkeh vè;;u gsrq lUnHkZ 232

CO vkSj PO vVSuesaV rkfydk 233
vuqØef.kdk 234&237
'kCndks"k 238&240
(xxviii)
bysDVªkWfudh midj.k ,oa laosQr dk laf{kIr fooj.k | 1
1 bysDVªkWfudh midj.k ,oa

laosQr dk laf{kIr fooj.k
;wfuV fof'k"V
bl ;wfuV esa fuEufyf•r fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gS%
 fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVd
 çfrjksèk] laèkkfj=k vkSj çsjd
 Mk;ksM vkSj muosQ vuqç;ksx
 f}èkzqoh; lafèk VªkaftLVj vkSj muosQ vuqç;ksx
 FET, MOS ,oa CMOS vkSj muosQ vuqç;ksx
 laosQr% DC/AC] oksYVst@èkkjk] vkofèkd@xSj&vkofèkd laosQr
 vkSlr] rms] laosQrksa osQ f'k•j eku
 fofHkUu çdkj osQ laosQr rjax
 oksYVst vkSj èkkjk lzksr
vkxs ftKklk iSnk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;k lekèkku {kerk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, fo"k;ksa osQ O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksxksa
ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA Cywe VDlkWukseh osQ fupys vkSj mPp Øe osQ ckn fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa ls lacafèkr dbZ cgqfodYih;
ç'uksa osQ lkFk&lkFk y?kq vkSj nh?kZ mÙkj çdkj osQ ç'u nsus osQ vykok] vH;kl osQ fy, dbZ la[;kRed ç'u çnku
fd, x, gSA
lacafèkr çk;ksfxd dh lwph ;wfuV 1 osQ fo"k; osQ vkèkkj ij çnku dh xbZ gS] blosQ ckn ^vfèkd tkfu,*
•aM fn;k x;k gSA bl •aM esa eq[; :i ls ^lw{e ifj;kstuk vkSj xfrfofèk;k¡* 'kkfey gSa tks O;kogkfjd xfrfofèk
ij çdk'k Mkyrh gSa] oqQN fnypLi vuqç;ksxksa osQ mnkgj.k tks lh•us osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa Lo&f'k{k.k] jpukRedrk
vkSj fodkl'khy ifj.kkeksa ij è;ku osaQfær djrs gSaA bls blfy, 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS rkfd bl Hkkx osQ ekè;e ls
çnku dh xbZ iwjd tkudkjh iqLrd osQ mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ fy, iQk;nsean gksA ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd #fp
osQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vfèkd tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ fy,] ohfM;ks vkSj osclkbVksa osQ QR dksM çnku fd, x,
gSa ftUgsa LoSQu fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj çklafxd lgk;d Kku osQ lkFk&lkFk ^vfèkd tkusa* •aM esa ns•k tk ldrk
gSA var esa] lanHkks± dh lwph vkSj lq>k, x, ikBÔka'kksa dks ;wfuV esa fn;k x;k gS rkfd vkxs i<+us vkSj vH;kl djus
osQ fy, dksbZ muosQ ekè;e ls tk losQA
Hkwfedk
dbZ xfrfofèk;ksa dks djus osQ fy,] rkj ;qDr lalkj vkSj euq";] nksuks fctyh ij fuHkZj gSaA cgqr ls vuqç;ksxksa dks
fo|qr vkSj bysDVªkfudh ifjiFk }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSa] y?kq ,dhÑr ifjiFk ls eksckby iQksu vkSj E;wftd
2 | fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar
Iys;j esa] daI;wVj vkSj Vhoh lsV rd] cM+s lfoZQV ls ?kjksa rd fctyh dks igqapk;k tkrk gSaA ;g vè;k;] fo|qr vkSj
bysDVªkfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ cqfu;knh ewy fl¼karksa osQ vè;;u ls lEcafèkr gSA bl vè;k; esa] çfrjksèk] laèkkfj=k]
çsjd] Mk;ksM] BJT] ,iQbZVh tSls vo;o dh dk;Zç.kkyh] tks fdlh ifjiFk osQ ewy ?kVd gksrs gS] dk o.kZu fd;k
x;k gSA bl vè;k; esa] laosQr tks fo'ys"k.k] çlaLdj.k vkSj lR;kiu esa lgk;rk djrs gSa] ifjiFk vkSj lfØ; lzksrksa
dk voyksdu tks yxkrkj ÅtkZ çnku ;k vo'kksf"kr dj ldrs gSa] dks le>k;k x;k gSA
iwoZ visf{kr Kku

1- foKku% èkkjk] jklk;fud inkFkks± osQ çHkko&çÑfr vkSj O;ogkj (d{kk X)
2- vuqç;qDr jlk;u foKku% ijek.kq lajpuk] bathfu;fjax lkexzh (lsesLVj&I)
3- vuqç;qDr HkkSfrd 'kkL=k&I% HkkSfrd nqfu;k] bdkb;k¡ vkSj eki (lsesLVj&I)
4- xf.kr&1% f=kdks.kfefr (fVªxukWesVªh)] chtxf.kr (lsesLVj&I)
;wfuV vkmVdEl
bl ;wfuV osQ iw.kZ vè;;u djus osQ ckn] fo|kFkhZ fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs%
U1-01: fo|qr vkSj bysDVªkfudh ?kVdksa dks oxhZÑr djus esaA
U1-02: fdlh fn, x, vuqç;ksx osQ fy, mi;qDr vlrr ?kVdksa dk lq>ko nsus esaA
U1-03: fdlh fn, x, vèkZpkyd midj.kksa osQ fuekZ.k vkSj dk;Z fl¼kar osQ o.kZu djus esaA
U1-04: lrr fo|qr laosQrksa osQ ekinaMksa dh vkadyu djus esaA
U1-05: vkn'kZ vkSj O;kogkfjd lfØ; lzksrksa dh rqyuk djus esaA
dkslZ vkmVdEl (COs) osQ lkFk vkisf{kr lacaèk
;wfuV&1 (1- detksj lglacaèk_ 2- eè;e lglacaèk_ 3- etcwr lglacaèk)
vkmVdEl
CO-1 CO-2 CO-3 CO-4 CO-5 CO-6
U1-01 3 - - - - -
U1-02 3 - - - - -
U1-03 3 - - - - -
U1-04 3 - - - - -
U1-05 3 - - - - -
tkWtZ lkbe vkse (1789&1854)

brkyoh oSKkfud ,yslsaMªks oksYVk }kjk vkfo"dkj fd, x, bysDVªksosQfedy lsy osQ
lkFk viuk 'kksèk 'kq: fd;kA muosQ O;kogkfjd ç;ksxksa us xf.krh; fyad fn•k, vkSj
mUgksaus ik;k fd ,d daMDVj ij ykxw foHkokUrj (oksYVst) vkSj ifj.kkeh fo|qr èkkjk
osQ eè; lekuqikr gS] c'krZs rkieku esa cnyko u gksA bl lacaèk dks vkse osQ fu;e
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj vc ;g fo|qr ifjiFk fMtkbu dh vkèkkjf'kyk gSA
1.1 fuf"Ø; ?kVd
1.1.1 çLrkouk
fd'kksjksa osQ lkFk&lkFk cPpksa dks ftx lkW ity •syuk cgqr ilan gksrk gSA igsyh dh iwjh rLohj fodflr djus
osQ fy,] fofHkUu vlrr Hkkxksa dks Bhd ls ,d lkFk j•k tkuk pkfg,A fodflr rLohj esa çR;sd Hkkx dh ,d
fof'k"V Hkwfedk gksrh gSA blh rjg fdlh Hkh bysfDVªdy ;k bysDVªkWfuDl vuqç;ksx osQ fy,] ifjiFk ;k ç.kkyh
fodflr fd, tkrs gSa] ftlesa çR;sd ?kVd dh] ifjiFk dks dk;Z'khy gksus osQ fy,] ,d fof'k"V lkFkZd Hkwfedk
gksrh gSA okLro esa] ,d ifjiFk osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks] fcuk le>s bdêòk djuk laHko gSA ?kVdksa dks ,d lkFk] ,d
bysDVªkWfud ;kstukc¼ rjhosQ ls feyku gqvk tksM+ ldrs gSa] tSls fd ftXl igsyhA ekStwnk ifjiFk dks =kqfrjfgr djus
gsrq ;k fdlh ,d dks fMtkbu djus osQ fy,] okLro esa ;g le>uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd çR;sd fof'k"V fo|qr ?kVd
dSls dke djrs gSa vkSj mUgsa ,d lkFk dSls mi;ksx djsaA bl fo"k; esa] fdlh Hkh ifjiFk osQ ewy ?kVd tSls fd
çfrjksèk (jsflLVj)] laèkkfj=k (dSisflVj)] çsjd (baMDVj) osQ dk;Z dk o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA
1.1.2 ifjiFk osQ rRoksa osQ çdkj

bysDVªkWfud rRoksa dks ?kVdksa osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] rFkk Passive
mUgsa pkydksa }kjk ,d lkFk tksM+dj ,d iwjk ifjiFk dks cuk;k component
tkrk gSA mUgsa nks eq[; Js.kh esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS]
Jsf.k;ka bl ij fuHkZj djrh gSa fd os ifjiFk ls] ÅtkZ çnku djrs Active
component
gSa ;k vo'kksf"kr djrs gSa%
(a) fuf"Ø; ?kVd
(b) lfØ; ?kVd
,d fuf"Ø; ?kVd osQoy ÅtkZ çkIr dj ldrk gS] tks bls
vo'kksf"kr dj ldrs gSaA ,d lfØ; ?kVd] ,d fo|qr ifjiFk esa
ÅtkZ vkiwfrZ djrk gS] vkSj fo|qr vkos'k osQ çokg dks fu;af=kr fp=k 1-1% ,d cqfu;knh ifjiFk
djus osQ fy, l{ke gksrk gSaA ftldk ,d cqfu;knh mnkgj.k gS]
nks bysDVªkWfud rRoksa] ,d lsy vkSj ,d cYc ls cuk ifjiFk]
fp=k 1-1 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
vlrr ?kVd
?kVd] tks vlrr çÑfr osQ gksrs gSa ;kuh osQoy ,d ifjiFk] vlrr ?kVd dgykrs gSaA ;s ?kVd]
lfØ; ;k fuf"Ø; çÑfr osQ gks ldrs gSaA os O;kid :i ls fo|qr vkSj bysDVªkWfud lfoZQV esa
mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA oqQN vlrr ?kVd gSa & çfrjksèk] laèkkfj=k] çsjd] vèkZpkyd (lsehoaQMDVj)
Mk;ksM] VªkaftLVjA vlrr ?kVd dks mlh çdkj le>k tkuk pkfg,] tks varj vlrr ?kVdksa vkSj
,dhÑr ifjiFkksa (baVhxzsVsM lfoZQV ;k IC) esa gS] D;ksafd ,dhÑr ifjiFkksa esa dbZ fofHkUu lfoZQV izfrjks/d
rRo yxs gksrs gSaA
,d fuf"Ø; ?kVd dh ifjHkk"kk
,d fuf"Ø; ?kVd] ,d bysDVªkWfud ?kVd gS] tc ,d lfoZQV esa tqM+k gksrk gS rks osQoy ÅtkZ çkIr dj ldrk
gS] ftls og ;k rks folftZr dj ldrk gS] vo'kksf"kr dj ldrk gS ;k fo|qr {ks=k ;k pqacdh; {ks=k esa laxzghr dj
ldrk gSA fuf"Ø; ?kVd dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, fdlh Hkh çdkj dh fo|qr 'kfDr dh vko';drk ugha gksrh
gSA tSlk fd ^fuf"Ø;* uke ls irk pyrk gS & fuf"Ø; midj.k dksbZ Hkh çoèkZu ;k o`f¼ çnku ugha djrk gSA
fuf"Ø; ?kVdksa osQ lkekU; mnkgj.k gS & çfrjksèk] laèkkfj=k] çsjdA
1.1.3 çfrjksèk
çfrjksèk] fo|qr ifjiFk esa èkkjk çokg dk fojksèk djrk gSA bls bl çdkj ls of.kZr fd;k tk ldrk gS fd ;g
fdlh inkFkZ dk og xq.k ftlosQ dkj.k og mlesa çokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk dk fojksèk djrk gSA çfrjksèk dk eku]
lHkh inkFkkZs osQ fy,] ,d leku ugha gksrk gSA dkWij] ,Y;qfefu;e vkfn tSls pkyd de çfrjksèk çnku djrs gSa
tcfd cSdykbV] dkap] jcj] vHkzd] lw•h ydM+h] ih-oh-lh- (ikWyhfoukby DyksjkbM)] vkfn mPp çfrjksèk çnku
djrs gSaA fdlh inkFkZ dk çfrjksèk ftruk vfèkd gksrk gS] bysDVªkWuksa dk çokg] inkFkZ osQ ekè;e ls mruk gh de
gksrk gSA çfrjksèk osQ xq.kèkeZ dk mi;ksx fofHkUu çdkj osQ vuqç;ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gS tSls daI;wVj enj cksMZ]
Vhoh vkSj míhIr ySai midj.kA çfrjksèk dh ,lvkbZ (SI) bdkbZ vkse gS] tks xzhd v{kj vksesxk (Ω) dk çrhd
gS vkSj v{kj ^R* }kjk Hkh n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA fdlh inkFkZ dk çfrjksèk ,d vkse gksrk gS tc ,d ,Eih;j dh
èkkjk fdlh inkFkZ ls gksdj xqtjrh gS vkSj oksYVst dk eku ,d oksYV gksrk gSA fo|qr èkkjk dk eku Nksj (VfeZuy)
osQ fljksa ij foHkokUrj osQ eku osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gSA ;g èkkjk vkSj foHko dk vuqikr] vkse osQ fu;e }kjk n'kkZ;k
x;k gS%
V
R a I ...(1.1)
,d pkyd }kjk çLrqr çfrjksèk R] fuEufyf•r pkj dkjdksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS%
(a) ;g çR;{k :i ls bldh yackbZ 'L' osQ eku osQ vuq:i cnyrk gSA
(b) ;g oaQMDVj osQ vuqçLFk dkV (ØkWl&lsD'ku) {ks=k 'A' osQ eku osQ foijhr :i ls cnyrk gSA
(c) ;g inkFkZ dh çÑfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
(d) ;g pkyd osQ rkieku ij Hkh fuHkZj djrk gSA
orZeku esa vafre dkjd (rkieku) dh mis{kk djus ij]
l l
R a A or R = t A ...(1.2)
tgka ρ ,d fLFkjkad gS] inkFkZ dh çÑfr ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj bls blosQ fof'k"V çfrjksèk ;k çfrjksèkdrk
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fof'k"V çfrjksèk dh bdkbZ vkse&ehVj gSA
çfrjksèkd
çfrjksèkd ,d fo|qr ?kVd gS] ftlesa nks VfeZuy gksrs gSaA ;g ifjiFk osQ lcls egRoiw.kZ ?kVdksa esa ls ,d ?kVd
gS] ;g mi;ksxdrkZ dks ifjiFk esa fo|qr èkkjk rFkk oksYVst osQ eku dks Bhd ls fu;a=k.k djus esa enn çnku djrk
gSA çfrjksèk dks dks lajpuk osQ vkèkkj osQ lkFk&lkFk çfrjksèkd lkexzh osQ vkèkkj ij Hkh oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk
gSA ,d cgqr NksVk lk çfrjksèkd Hkh rkacs osQ rkjksa ls cuk gksrk gS tks ,d fljsfed jkWM osQ pkjksa vksj ls oqaQMfyr
gksrk gS vkSj ftldh ckgjh ijr ij oqQpkyd dk ysi gksrk gSA bls rkjksa ls yisVk gqvk çfrjksèkd (ok;j&okmaM
jsflLVj) dgk tkrk gS] rFkk rkj osQ eksM+ dh la[;k vkSj vkdkj] çfrjksèkd osQ lVhd eku dks fuèkkZfjr djrs
gSA NksVs çfrjksèkd] ftUgsa y?kq 'kfDr ifjiFk osQ fy, cuk;k vkSj mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] os vDlj dkcZu fiQYe
ls cus gksrs gSa] tks rkacs osQ yiVs gq, rkj dks çfrLFkkfir dj nsrk gS] tks Hkkjh gksrk gSA fp=k 1-3 dkcZu fiQYe
çfrjksèkksa dh dyj dksfMax dks n'kkZrk gS tks iz;ksx uacj 13 esa of.kZr gSA vU; çdkj ls çfrjksèk dk oxhZdj.k gksrk
gS & fLFkj çfrjksèkd vkSj pj çfrjksèkd] tSls fd foHko ekih (iksVsaf'k;ksehVj)] fjvksLVsV] fVªe ikWVA fp=k 1-2 bl
çdkj osQ oqQN çfrjksèkdksa osQ çrhd dks n'kkZrk gSA çfrjksèk dks dk ,d foLr`r oxhZdj.k dks fp=k 1-4 esa fn•k;k
x;k gSA
Fixed Value Fixed Value Variable Fixed Value

Resistor Resistor Resistor Resistor
(ICE Symbol) (IEEE Symbol) (IEC Symbol) (IEC Symbol)
fp=k 1-2% izfrjksèkdksa dk izrhd fp=k 1-3% izfrjksèkd dk jax dksfMax
fp=k 1-4% çfrjksèkksa dk oxhZdj.k
'kfDr lhekad
•• çfrjksèkd dks fcuk uqdlku igq¡pk,] vfèkdre fufnZ"V rkieku ij] ,d çfrjksèk }kjk mRlftZr m"ek dh
vfèkdre ek=kk] fdlh çfrjksèkd dh 'kfDr lhekad dgykrh gSA
•• fufnZ"V rkieku ij] 'kfDr lhekad (jsfVax) dks watt (W) esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• çfrjksèkd dks tc mPp rkieku ij mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks 'kfDr lhekad de gks tk,xhA
•• lkekU; miyCèk çfrjksèkdksa dh 'kfDr lhekad 1@8 watt] 1@4 watt] 1@2 watt] 1 watt] 2 watt gksrh gSA
•• ,d çfrjksèkd dk vkdkj mldh 'kfDr dks laHkkyus dh {kerk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA de 'kfDr dks laHkkyus
osQ fy, NksVs çfrjksèkdksa dks fMtkbu fd;k tkrk gS] tSls&tSls çfrjksèk dk vkdkj c<+rk gS] 'kfDr laHkkyus
dh {kerk Hkh c<+rh tkrh gSA
pkydrk vkSj fof'k"V pkydrk
çfrjksèk osQ O;qRØe dks pkydrk dgk tkrk gS] ftls 'G' v{kj }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA tcfd çfrjksèk] pkyd osQ
èkkjk çokg osQ fojksèk dks ekirk gS] vkSj pkydrk] èkkjk çokg osQ mRçsj.kk dk ekiu djrk gS tks og pkyd esa ls
èkkjk dks cgus nsrk gSA leh- 1-2 osQ vuqlkj]
L A
R = = A qr G = L
A
G= ρ L ...(1.3)
tgka σ dks pkyd dh fof'k"V pkydrk dgk tkrk gSA pkydrk dh bdkbZ lhesal (S) gSA fof'k"V pkydrk
dh bdkbZ lhesal@ehVj (S/m) gSA
çfrjksèk ij rkieku dk çHkko

fdlh Hkh inkFkZ osQ çfrjksèk dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjdksa esa ls ,d rkieku gSA rkieku esa o`f¼ dk çHkko gS%
(a) 'kq¼ èkkrqvksa osQ çfrjksèk dks c<+kus osQ fy,A
(b) dkcZu] bysDVªksykbV~l vkSj fo|qrjksèkd (balqysVj) osQ çfrjksèk dks de djus osQ fy,A
(c) feJ èkkrqvksa osQ çfrjksèk dks c<+kus osQ fy,] gkykafd muosQ ekeys esa] o`f¼ vis{kkÑr de gSA
çfrjksèk dk rkieku xq.kkad

eku yhft, 0° C ij R° çfrjksèk okys èkkrq osQ pkyd dks t° C ij xeZ fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bl rkieku ij çfrjksèk
dk eku Rt gSA fiQj] rkieku dh lkekU; Jsf.k;ksa ij fopkj djrs gq,] ;g ik;k tkrk gS fd çfrjksèk esa o`f¼ Rt − R0,
fuEufyf•r fcanqvksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS%
(a) çR;{k :i ls blosQ çkjafHkd çfrjksèk ij
(b) çR;{k :i ls rkieku esa o`f¼ ij
(c) pkyd osQ inkFkZ dh çÑfr ijA
;k Rt − R0 ∝ R0 × t
;k Rt − R0 = aR0t…(1.4)
tgka a(vYiQk) ,d fLFkjkad gS vkSj bls pkyd osQ çfrjksèk osQ rkieku xq.kkad osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
leh- (1-4) dks iquO;ZofLFkr djus ij] gesa çkIr gksrk gS%
Rt = R0 + aR0t = R0(1 + at)....(1.5)
1-1-4 izsjd
çsjd] ,d nks&VfeZuy okyk ?kVd gksrk gS tks vLFkk;h :i ls ÅtkZ dks pqacdh; {ks=k osQ :i esa laxzghr
djrk gSA bls vkerkSj ij oqQ.Myh dgk tkrk gSA ,d çsjd dk eq[; xq.k ;g gksrk gS fd ;g fo|qr èkkjk esa]
fdlh Hkh ifjorZu dk fojksèk djrk gSA ,d çsjd dks ifjiFk dk fuf"Ø; rRo Hkh ekuk tkrk gS] D;ksafd ;g
ÅtkZ dks pqacdh; {ks=k osQ :i esa LVksj dj ldrk gS] vkSj ml ÅtkZ dks ifjiFk rd igqapk ldrk gS] ysfdu
fujarj ughaA ,d çsjd dh ÅtkZ vo'kksf"kr vkSj forfjr djus dh {kerk lhfer gksrh gSA iQSjkMs osQ fo|qr
pqEcdh; çsj.k (bysDVªks eSXusfVd baMD'ku) osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj] tc çsjd esa èkkjk çokg esa ifjorZu gksrk gS]
rks le;&ifjorZuh; pqacdh; {ks=k] pkyd esa oksYVst (fo|qrokgd cy) dks çsfjr djrk gSA vuqlkj] tc çsjd
esa èkkjk çokg esa ifjorZu gksrk gS] rks le;&ifjorZuh; pqacdh; {ks=k] pkyd esa oksYVst dks çsfjr djrk gSA
ysUt osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj] çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy (fo-ok-c-) dh fn'kk] fo|qr èkkjk esa ifjorZu dk fojksèk
djrh gS ftl dkj.k ls ;g (çsfjr fo-ok-c-) mRiUu gqvk gSA blfy,] çsfjr fo-ok-c- dh fn'kk] oqQ.Myh
osQ lekukarj yxk, x, oksYVst osQ fn'kk osQ foijhr gksrh gSA ;g ,d çsjd dk xq.k gksrk gS] fd ,d çsjd
DC laosQr esa ekStwn fdlh Hkh AC ?kVd osQ çokg dks vo#¼ djrk gSA çsjd dks dHkh&dHkh ,d dksj ij
yisVk tkrk gS] mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d iQsjkbV dksjA fp=k 1-5 esa ,d çsjd osQ fofHkUu Hkkxksa dks yscy osQ
lkFk n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
çrhd vkSj bdkb;k¡

fofHkUu çdkj osQ çsjdksa osQ çrhd fp=k 1-6 esa fn, x, gSa%

fp=k 1-5% izsjd osQ fofHkUu Hkkx fp=k 1-6% izsjd osQ fofHkUu izrhd
çsjdRo dh bdkbZ gsujh (H) gksrh gSA okLrfod O;ogkj esa] gsujh ,d cgqr cM+h bdkbZ gSA blfy,] feyh
gsujh (mH) ;k ekbØksgsujh (μH) tSlh cgqr NksVh bdkb;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA 1 mH = 1 × 10–3 H
vkSj 1 μH = 1 × 10–6 H
çsjdRo dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd

,d oqQ.Myh dk çsj.k (baMD'ku) fuEufyf•r ekinaMksa ij fuHkZj djrk gS%
1- VuZ dh la[;k (N)] 2- dksj inkFkZ] 3- oqQ.Myh (okbafMax) dh yackbZ] 4- dkWby osQ <kapk dk ifjeki
çsjd esa ÅtkZ dk HkaMkj.k

fo|qr pqacdRo osQ ewy xq.kksa esa ls ,d ;g gS fd tc èkkjk çsjd ls çokfgr gksrh gS rks ,d pqacdh;
{ks=k] fo|qr èkkjk osQ çokg osQ yacor cu tkrk gSA ;g pqacdh; {ks=k dk fuekZ.k tkjh jgrk gSA
;g fdlh fcanq ij fLFkj gks tkrk gS] rks bldk vFkZ gS fd çsjdRo blosQ ckn esa ugha cusxkA tc
èkkjk çokfgr gksuk can gks tkrh gS] rks pqacdh; {ks=k de gks tkrk gSA ;g pqacdh; ÅtkZ fo|qr oqQ.Myh
ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA vr% blesa ÅtkZ] vLFkk;h :i ls pqacdh; {ks=k osQ :i esa lafpr VÔwVksfj;y
gks tkrh gSA
çsjd dk Q dkjd
•• ÅtkZ osQ viO;; dh rqyuk esa çsjd osQ vanj ÅtkZ dks HkaMkj djus dh {kerk dks çsjd dh xq.koÙkk
(;k Q) dkjd dgk tkrk gSA bls vkdM+ksa dh ;ksX;rk osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA
D;w (Q) dkjd dks fuEukuqlkj fy•k tkrk gS]
D;w (Q) = ÅtkZ laxzfgr @ ÅtkZ mRltZu ----(1-6)
•• mPp D;w (Q) dkjd dk vFkZ gS] ÅtkZ laxzg.k osQ rqyuk esa de ÅtkZ mRltZu] tcfd fuEu D;w dkjd
dk vFkZ gS] ÅtkZ laxzg.k osQ rqyuk esa vfèkd ÅtkZ viO;;A
•• oqaQMfy;ksa osQ fy, D;w (Q) dkjd dk eku 5 ls 100 osQ chp gks ldrk gSA
•• ;g è;ku fn;k tk ldrk gS fd fdlh oqQ.Myh osQ DC çfrjksèk dk eku ftruk de gksxk] D;w (Q)
dkjd dk eku mruk gh vfèkd gksxkA VÔwfuax lfoZQV esa] mPp D;w (Q) oqaQMfy;ksa dks çkFkfedrk nh
tkrh gS] D;ksafd ;g ifjiFk dks vfèkd p;ukRed vkSj laosnu'khy cukrk gSA
1.1.5 laèkkfj=k
laèkkfj=k ,d fuf"Ø; ?kVd gS tks ÅtkZ dks] bldh iÙkjks (IysVksa) osQ chp osQ foHkokarj osQ :i esa] laxzghr djus
dh {kerk j•rk gSA ;g oksYVst esa vpkud cnyko dk fojksèk djrk gSA vkos'k dks laxzghr djrk gS] nks IysVksa osQ
chp foHkokarj osQ :i esa] tks fd ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed] vkos'k osQ laxzg.k dh fn'kk osQ vkèkkj ij fuèkkZfjr
gksrk gSA bu nksuksa IysVksa osQ chp ,d vpkyd {ks=k ekStwn gksrk gS ftls ijkoS|qr (MkbbysfDVªd) dgrs gSaA ;g
ijkoS|qr gks ldrk gSµ fuokZr (oSD;we)] ok;q] vHkzd] dkxt] fljsfed] ,Y;wehfu;e vkfnA laèkkfj=k dk uke] ç;qDr
ijkoS|qr inkFkZ osQ vuqlkj fn;k tkrk gSA
çrhd vkSj bdkb;k¡

laèkkfj=k osQ fy, ekud bdkbZ iQSjkM gSaA vkerkSj ij] ekbØks&iQSjkM] fidks&iQSjkM
vkSj uSuks&iQSjkM eku osQ vuqlkj] laèkkfj=k miyCèk gksrs gSA ,d laèkkfj=k dk çrhd]
laèkkfj=k dh èkkfjrk IysVksa osQ chp dh nwjh osQ lekuqikrh vkSj IysVksa osQ
{ks=kiQy osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gksrh gSA blosQ vykok] ,d inkFkZ dh mPp ijkoS|qrkad
osQ fy,] èkkfjrk mPp gksxhA ,d ekè;e dk ijkoS|qrkad crkrk gS fd ml ekè;e
esa çfr bdkbZ vkos'k esa fdruh fo|qrh; ÝyDl mRiUu gks jgh gSA fp=k 1-7% laèkkfj=k dk çrhd
laèkkfj=k esa ç;qDr gksus okys ijkoS|qr inkFkZ

laèkkfj=k osQ fuekZ.k esa ç;qDr gksus okys ijkoS|qr inkFkZ bl çdkj gSa%
1- ok;q 2- vHkzd 3- dkap 4- fljsfed 5- phuh feêðh osQ cjru 6- ikslZsfyu 7- rarq (iQkbcj) 8- cSosQykbV
9- ekse yxk gqvk dkxt (oSDlM isij) 10- bysDVªksykbV
,d laèkkfj=k osQ dk;Z

fo|qr ifjiFk esa laèkkfj=k osQ egRoiw.kZ dk;Z uhps fn, x, gSa%
1- ;g vius vanj ls fn"Vèkkjk (DC) osQ çokg dk fojksèk djrk gSA
2- ;g çR;korhZ èkkjk (AC) dks cgqr vklkuh ls ckgjhiFk (ck;ikl) çnku djrk gSA
3- ;g fo|qr ÅtkZ dks lafpr djrk gSA
4- ;g DC fctyh dh lIykbZ ls NksVh rjaxks dks gVk nsrk gSA la/kfj=k osQ
5- ;g ifjiFk esa oksYVst osQ fdlh Hkh ifjorZu dk fojksèk djrk gSA çdkj
1.1.6 Js.kh vkSj lekukarj ifjiFk

tc çfrjksèkksa dks bl çdkj ls Øe esa tksM+k tkrk gS fd ,d gh èkkjk] ,d ls fudy dj nwljs esa ls Hkh çokfgr
gksrh gS] rks bls Js.khØe la;kstu dgk tkrk gSA nks çfrjksèkksa dk Js.kh la;kstu tSlk fd fp=k 1-8 esa fn•k;k x;k
gS] tgka rd oksYVst lzksr dk lacaèk gS] ,d ,dy çfrjksèkd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gS] ftldk eku nks çfrjksèkksa
osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
fp=k 1-8% Js.kh ifjiFk fp=k 1-9% lekukarj ifjiFk
Js.kh çfrjksèkksa osQ fy, oksYVst foHkÙkQ osQ leku] lekukarj esa tqM+s çfrjksèk okys ifjiFk osQ fy,] fp=k 1-9
esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj èkkjk foHkkftr gks tkrh gSA çfrjksèk osQ leku] tc laèkkfj=k vkSj çsjd] ifjiFk esa Js.kh vkSj
lekukarj esa tqM+s gksrs gSa] rks buosQ lerqY; eku osQ lw=k dks rkfydk 1-1 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 1-1% rRoksa osQ lekukarj vkSj Js.kh la;kstu osQ fy, lw=k
la;kstu dk çdkj çfrjksèk çsjd laèkkfj=k
Js.kh R = R1 + R2 L = L1 + L2 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2
lekukarj 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 1/L = 1/L1 + 1/L2 C = C1 + C2
okLrfod thou esa fuf"Ø; ?kVdksa osQ vuqç;ksx

dbZ midj.kksa esa fuf"Ø; ?kVdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA oqQN mi;ksxksa dks ckn osQ vè;k;ksa esa le>k;k tk,xkA
çfrjksèkksa osQ vuqç;ksx

çfrjksèkksa osQ vuqç;ksx fuEufyf•r gSa%
1- foHko foHkktd] 2- èkkjk fu;a=k.k] 3- DC fo|qr 'kfDr dh vkiwfrZ] 4- fiQYVj ifjiFk usVooZQ]
5- ,EiyhiQk;j ifjiFk] 6- rki rRo
oqQN vU; vuqç;ksxksa esa 'kkfey gS%
•• lqj{kk mís';ksa osQ fy,] mnk- Ý;wftcy jsflLVlZA
•• yiVs rkj;qDr çfrjksèk osQ vuqç;ksx gSa] tgka larqfyr èkkjk fu;a=k.k] mPp laosnu'khyrk] vkSj lVhd eki
dh vko';drk gksrh gS tSls ,Eih;j ehVj osQ lkFk lekukarj ('kaV) esaA
•• iQksVks çfrjksèk & ykS fMVsDVjksa] cxZyj vykeZ] iQksVksxzkfiQd midj.kksa vkfn esa mi;ksx esa fy, tkrs gSaA
laèkkfj=k osQ vuqç;ksx
bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk esa laèkkfj=k osQ egRoiw.kZ vuqç;ksx uhps fn, x, gSa%
1- bldk mi;ksx ÅtkZ osQ laxzg osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
2- bldk mi;ksx fiQYVj ifjiFk esa y?kq rjax oksYVst dks de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
3- bldk mi;ksx VÔwfuax ifjiFk esa vko`fÙk osQ p;u osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
5- bldk mi;ksx eksVj pkyw djus osQ fy,] eksVj fujarj pykus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS
6- bldk mi;ksx SMPS] eksMe tSls midj.kksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
çsjd osQ vuqç;ksx
çsjd osQegRoiw.kZ vuqç;ksx uhps fn, x, gSa%
1- bldk mi;ksx ifjiFk esa çR;korhZ èkkjk osQ y?kq rjaxksa (fjiy) dks de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
2- bldk mi;ksx fn"V èkkjk dks çokfgr gksus nsus gsrq fd;k tkrk gSA
3- bldk mi;ksx fiQYVj ifjiFk esa fjiy oksYVst ;k fjiy iQSDVj dks de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
4- vko`fÙk dk p;u djus osQ fy, bldk mi;ksx] jsfM;ks VªkalehVj vkSj fjlhoj osQ VÔwfuax ifjiFk esa fd;k
tkrk gSA
5- bldk mi;ksx fo|qr fjys] fctyh dh eksVj] ifj.kkfe=k] laosnd (lsalj) tSls midj.kksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 1-1-1% 2-2 esxkvkse (MW)] 470 fdyksvkse (kW)] 220 kW] 55 kW osQ çfrjksèk okys ikap
çfrjksèkd] vkSj 1.6 MW Js.kh esa la;ksftr gSaA bl Js.kh osQ oqQy ;k lerqY; çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
gy% çfrjksèkksa osQ Js.kh la;kstu osQ fy, lehdj.k gS]
R lerqY; = R1 $ R2 $ R3 $ R4 $ R5
gkykafd] lkoèkkuh cjrus dh ckr gS fd lHkh çfrjksèkksa dks mlh osQ lanHkZ bdkbZ esa O;Dr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
kW bdkbZ esa gekjs ikl gS]
R lerqY; = 2200 $ 470 $ 220 $ 55 $ 1600
R lerqY; = 4545 kΩ]
R lerqY; = 4-545 MΩ]
mnkgj.k 1-1-2% 1 kΩ] 2 kΩ] 4 kΩ vkSj 8 kΩ osQ çfrjksèk okys pkj çfrjksèk lekukarj esa tqM+s gq, gSaA
bl la;kstu osQ lerqY; çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
gy% çfrjksèkksa osQ lekukarj la;kstu osQ fy, lehdj.k gS]
1 = 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
Req R1 R 2 R 3 R 4
1 =1 +1 +1 +1
Req 1 2 4 8
= 1.000 + 0.500 + 0.250 + 0.125 = 1.875
rc] R lerqY; = 1@1-875 = 0-53 kΩ
1.2 lfØ; ?kVd

1.2.1 çLrkouk
Lopkyu] fMftVkbts'ku vkSj LekVZ flLVe osQ fy, lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ mi;ksx dh vko';drk gksrh gSA lfØ;
?kVd lHkh vfHk;kaf=kdh fo"k;ksa vkSj vfHk;kaf=kdh vuqç;ksxksa esa ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrs gSa] ?kjsyw ls ysdj
vkS|ksfxd varfj{k] j{kk] Ñf"k] fpfdRlk] ifjogu] f'k{kk vkSj euksjatu rdA lHkh bysDVªkWfud mRikn] lfØ; ?kVdksa
dh dk;Zç.kkyh ij vkèkkfjr gSaA os ?kVd tks ckgjh ÅtkZ osQ vuqlkj lapkyu esa ifjorZu djrs gSa] lfØ; ?kVd
dgykrs gSaA lfØ; ?kVdksa dk çn'kZu ckgjh ÅtkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA lfØ; ?kVd n`"Vdkjh] çoèkZd] fLofpax
vuqç;ksxksa fy, mi;qDr gksrsa gSaA nks eq[; çdkj osQ lfØ; ?kVd gksrsa gSa% 1) VÔwc midj.k] 2) vèkZpkyd
midj.kA
vktdy VÔwc midj.kksa dk vkerkSj ij mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gS D;ksafd os dbZ dfe;ka çnf'kZr djrs gSa] tSls
lapkyu dh de xfr] cM+k vkdkj] vlsacy djus esa dfBu vkSj vèkZpkyd ?kVdksa dh rqyuk esa egaxkA vèkZpkyd
lfØ; ?kVdksa dks Bksl voLFkk ?kVd Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;s vèkZpkyd inkFkZ ls cus gksrs gSaA lfØ; vèkZpkyd
?kVdksa osQ dbZ iQk;ns gSa tSls% mPp xfr lapkyu] l?kurk] leèkku (vlsacy) djus esa vklku vkSj VÔwc midj.kksa
dh rqyuk esa lLrkA vkerkSj ij bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk lfØ; ?kVd Mk;ksM] BJT (f}èkzqoh taD'ku VªkaftLVj)]
FET (iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj)] eksliQsV (esVy vkWDlkbM lsehdaMDVj iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj)] SCR (flfydkWu
fu;af=kr jsDVhiQk;j)] DIAC] UJT (;wuh taD'ku VªkaftLVj)] TRIAC] IGBT] PUT vkSj IC (baVhxzsVsM lfoZQV) gSaA
vèkZpkyd lkexzh esa fo|qr pkydrk daMDVj ls de vkSj bUlqysVj ls vfèkd gksrh gSA ckgjh ÅtkZ osQ vuqç;ksx
osQ vuqlkj bldh pkydrk esa ifjorZu gksrk gSA 'kq¼ vèkZpkyd inkFkZ] 'kq¼ (bufVªafld) vèkZpkyd dgykrs gSaA
vkerkSj ij bLrseky fd, tkus okys 'kq¼ vèkZpkyd inkFkZ flfydkWu (Si) vkSj teZsfu;e (Ge) gSaA pkydrk
esa o`f¼ djus osQ fy, ;kuh Úh pktZ dSfj;lZ] v'kq¼rk dks 'kq¼ vèkZpkyd esa tksM+k tkrk gSA 'kq¼ vèkZpkyd esa
v'kq¼rk feykus dh çfØ;k dks Mksfiax dgk tkrk gSA Mksfiax çfØ;k osQ dkj.k 'kq¼ vèkZpkyd] v'kq¼ vèkZpkyd esa
ifjofrZr gks tkrh gSA ;g v'kq¼ vèkZpkyd inkFkZ dks cká vèkZpkyd dgrs gSaA 'kq¼ vèkZpkyd esa tksM+h xbZ v'kq¼
inkFkZ osQ çdkj ij] nks çdkj osQ cká vèkZpkyd çkIr gksrs gSa tSls fd P çdkj vkSj N çdkj osQ vèkZpkydA bu
nks cká vèkZpkydksa dk mi;ksx djosQ] lfØ; ?kVdksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA P çdkj (Vkbi) osQ cká vèkZpkyd
çkIr djus osQ fy, f=kla;kstd inkFkZ vkSj N çdkj (Vkbi) osQ cká vèkZpkyd çkIr djus osQ fy, iapla;kstd
v'kq¼ inkFkZ feyk;k tkrk gSA P çdkj osQ inkFkZ esa] èkukRed vkos'k vFkkZr cgqla[;d fNæ] okgd gksrs gSa] tcfd
N çdkj osQ inkFkZ esa] ½.kkRed vkos'k vFkkZr cgqla[;d bysDVªkWu] okgd gksrs gSaA
1.2.2 ih,u lafèk Mk;ksM

P vkSj N çdkj osQ vèkZpkydksa dks tksM+dj ,d P & N lafèk (taD'ku) Mk;ksM curk gSA tSls gh P & N lafèk
curk gS] blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i fuEufyf•r çfØ;k,a gksrh gSa%
1- lafèk osQ ikl P {ks=k ls fNæ (gksYl)] N {ks=k esa iQSyrs gSa vkSj eqDr bysDVªkWuksa osQ lkFk tqM+rs gSaA blh
rjg] N {ks=k ls vkSj taD'ku osQ ikl ls eqDr bysDVªkWu] fNæksa osQ lkFk iqulZa;kstu osQ fy, P {ks=k esa ços'k
djrs gSaA
2- lafèk osQ fudV ;s iqulZa;kstu vfèkd le; rd ugha pyrs gSa D;ksafd bysDVªkWu tks] P {ks=k esa folfjr gksus
dk ç;kl dj jgs gksrs gSa vc ½.kkRed xfrghu vk;uksa osQ }kjk çfrdf"kZr fd;s tkrs gS vkSj P {ks=k ls
N {ks=k esa vkus osQ fy, dksf'k'k dj jgs fNæksa dks] N {ks=k esa èkukRed xfrghu vk;uksa }kjk çfrdf"kZr
fd;k tkrk gSA rks fNæ vkSj bysDVªkWu dk laiw.kZ iqulZa;kstu P N
ugha gks ikrk gSA
3- lafèk osQ ikl oqQN iqulZa;kstuksa osQ dkj.k] nksuksa rjiQ ,d
{ks=k curk gS] ftlesa vkos'k] okgd ugha jgrk gSA blesa
osQoy ½.kkRed vkSj èkukRed fLFkj vk;u gksrs gSaA bl
{ks=k dks dgk tkrk gS fjDrhdj.k {ks=k ;k vo{k; {ks=k ;k
•kyh LFkku&vkos'k {ks=kA fjDrhdj.k {ks=k osQ lkFk P & N Depletion region
lafèk dks fp=k 1-10 esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA fp=k 1-10% P & N lafèk
LohdrkZ vkSj nkrk vk;uksa osQ chp fo|qr {ks=k dks cSfj;j dgk
tkrk gSA P & N lafèk esa] ukdk (cSfj;j) osQ nksuksa fdukjksa osQ chp foHkokUrj] ;kuh cSfj;j foHko] flfydkWu (Si)
osQ fy, yxHkx 0-7 oksYV vkSj teZsfu;e (Ge) osQ fy, 0-3 oksYV
gksrk gSA P & N lafèk Mk;ksM] nks VfeZuy ;qfDr (fMokbl) gSA P A K
ih {ks=k ls tqM+s VfeZuy dks ,uksM dgk tkrk gSA ,u {ks=k ls tqM+s
VfeZuy dks dSFkksM dgk tkrk gSA nks bysDVªksM gSa] blfy, uke Mk;ksM fp=k 1-11% P & N lafèk Mk;ksM dk çrhd
(MhvkbZ $ bysDVªksM) gSA P & N lafèk Mk;ksM dk çrhd fp=k 1-11
esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
1-2-2-1 P–N lafèk Mk;ksM dk lapkyu

P&N lafèk Mk;ksM dks nks voLFkk ;k 'krks± esa lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gS] vFkkZr~ vxz i{k (iQkWjoMZ ck;l) voLFkk
vkSj i'porhZ i{k (fjolZ ck;l) voLFkkA tc dSFkksM osQ rqyuk esa ,uksM mPp foHko ij gksrk gS] rks Mk;ksM
dks vxzi{k dgk tkrk gS] vFkkZr ckgjh cSVjh osQ ikWftfVo Holes Electrons
VfeZuy dks ,uksM vkSj usxsfVo VfeZuy dks dSFkksM ls tksM+ukA P N
fp=k 1-12 esa Mk;ksM osQ vxzi{k dusD'ku dks fn•k;k
x;k gSA P {ks=k osQ fNæksa dks cSVjh osQ èkukRed VfeZuy A K
}kjk taD'ku dh vksj •nsM+ fn;k tkrk gSA blh çdkj N {ks=k
ls bysDVªkWu taD'ku dh vksj c<+rk gSA vr% vo{k; {ks=k dh
pkSM+kbZ de gks tkrh gSA
ikjaifjd èkkjk dh fn'kk] gksYl dh xfr dh fn'kk gksrh
gS] vFkkZr ,uksM ls dSFkksMA ;fn cSVjh oksYVst c<+k fn;k tkrk + –
V
gS] rks èkkjk Hkh c<+ tkrk gSA foijhr fn'kk esa vYila[;d
okgdksa osQ dkj.k cgqr de èkkjk çokfgr gksrh gSA fp=k 1-12% Mk;ksM&vxzi{k
tc dSFkksM osQ rqyuk esa ,uksM de foHko (½.kkRed w.r.t. dSFkksM) ij gksrk gS] rks P&N lafèk Mk;ksM dks
fjolZ ck;LM dgk tkrkgS] vFkkZr ckgjh cSVjh osQ èkukRed VfeZuy dks dSFkksM vkSj ½.kkRed VfeZuy dks ,uksM ls
tksM+ukA P {ks=k ls gksYl] udkjkRed VfeZuy dh vksj vkdf"kZr gksrs gSa vkSj N {ks=k ls bysDVªkWu] cSVjh osQ èkukRed
VfeZuy dh vksj c<+rs gSaA pwafd okgd] taD'ku ls nwj pys tkrs gSa] blfy, fjDrhdj.k {ks=k dh pkSM+kbZ c<+ tkrh
gSA bl çdkj cgqla[;d okgdksa osQ dkj.k dksbZ èkkjk çokfgr ugha gksrh gSA ysfdu vYila[;d okgdksa osQ dkj.k]
dSFkksM ls ,uksM rd cgqr de èkkjk çokfgr gksrh gSA pwafd ;s la[;k esa cgqr de gksrs gSa blfy, èkkjk Hkh cgqr
de çokfgr gksrh gSA
Holes Electrons
P N
A K
+ –
VR
fp=k 1-13% Mk;ksM&i'porhZi{k
1-2-2-2 Mk;ksM osQ vfHky{k.k

V&I vfHky{k.k] ;qfDr osQ fofHkUu vkxr (buiqV) oksYVst osQ fy, ;qfDr osQ çpkyu (vkWijs'ku) dks n'kkZrk gSA
Mk;ksM osQ iQkWjoMZ vkSj fjolZ vfHky{k.k fp=k 1-14 esa n'kkZ, x, gSaA
fp=k 1-14% Mk;ksM V&I vfHky{k.k

DC esa tqM+k Mk;ksM ifjiFk ,d fuf'pr çfrjksèk çnku djrk gS ftls DC çfrjksèk ;k fLFkj çfrjksèk dgk tkrk
gSA ;g] Mk;ksM osQ lekukUrj DC oksYVst vkSj Mk;ksM esa çokfgr osQ èkkjk osQ eè; dk vuqikr gksrk gS (leh- 1-7)A
RF = V/I ....(1.7)
tSlk fd iQkWjoMZ ck;l vfHky{k.k dh çÑfr ls ns•k x;k gS] fd iQkWjoMZ ck;l dh fLFkfr esa fLFkj çfrjksèk
dk eku de] oqQN vkse esa gh gksrk gSA lkFk gh fjolZ vfHky{k.k ls ;g Li"V :i ls ns•k tkrk gS fd èkkjk dk
eku cgqr de gksrk gS blfy, LFkSfrd çfrjksèk dk eku] vfèkd esxk vkse esa gksrk gSA
1-2-2-3 Mk;ksM ekinaM
fuekZrkvksa }kjk fuEufyf•r ekinaM fufnZ"V fd, x, gSa%
(a) vfèkdre iQkWjoMZ èkkjk (IF vfèkdre)% iQkWjoMZ ck;l voLFkk esa vfèkdre èkkjk og
gksrh gS ftldk Mk;ksM lqjf{kr :i ls lkeuk dj ldrk gSA blosQ vfèkd esa] Mk;ksM
{kfrxzLr gks tk,xkA taD'ku Mk;ksM
(b) fjolZ oksYVst ;k 'kh"kZ O;qrØe foHko (PIV)% vfèkdre fjolZ oksYVst og gksrk gS ftls dh V-I
Mk;ksM dks lqjf{kr :i ls çnku fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfHky{k.k
(c) fLFkj vkSj pfyr çfrjksèk osQ eku dks c<+kuk ;k ?kVkukA
(d) taD'ku èkkfjrkA
1-2-2-4 Mk;ksM osQ vuqç;ksx

P&N lafèk Mk;ksM ,d cqfu;knh vèkZpkyd ?kVd gS ftldk mi;ksx fofHkUu çdkj osQ bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk esa fd;k
tkrk gSA bu bysDVªkfudh ifjiFk dk fofHkUu vfHk;kaf=kd vuqç;ksxksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA P&N lafèk Mk;ksM
osQ çeq• vuqç;ksx gSa%
1- Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx AC laosQr dks DC laosQr esa cnyus osQ fy,] fn"Vdkjh (jsfDViQk;j) ifjiFk osQ
fuekZ.k osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
2- ygj (oso) dks vkdkj nsus okys ifjiFk esa Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx buiqV ifjiFk dks fDyi ;k nckus osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
3- Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx fMftVy ifjiFk esa fLofpax (fLop }kjk can pkyw djuk) rRo osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
4- lHkh çdkj dh DC fctyh vkiwfrZ] cSVjh pktZj] oksYVst xq.kd vkSj ,fyfeusVj dk fuekZ.k djus osQ fy,
Mk;ksM egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
5- lapkj ç.kkfy;ksa esa] flXuy fMekWMÔwys'ku osQ fy, vFkkZr lwpuk laosQr dk irk yxkuk vkSj daI;wVj esa
jhlsV ifjiFk osQ fy,] Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
6- baMfDVo fjys ;k eksVj dh DC lar`fIr ls cpus osQ fy,] Mk;ksM dks blosQ lekukUrj tksM+k tkrk gSA
1-2-2-5 Mk;ksM osQ çdkj

P&N lafèk Mk;ksM dk vkWijs'ku] V-I vfHky{k.k vkSj vuqç;ksx] mi;ksx dh tkus okyh lkexzh] Mksfiax lajpuk vkSj
HkkSfrd vk;ke ij fuHkZj djrs gSAa rkfydk 1-2 ewy rhu çdkj osQ Mk;ksM osQ fo'ks"krk,a vkSj vuqç;ksx dks n'kkZrh gSA
rkfydk 1-2% Mk;ksM osQ çdkj
Øekad Mk;ksM] çrhd osQ lkFk fo'ks"krk,a vuqç;ksx

1- tsuj Mk;ksM 1- Mksfiax lkaæ.k lkekU; P-N tsuj Mk;ksM dk ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS%
lafèkMk;ksM dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd 1- fofu;fer DC fctyh vkiwfrZ esa
A K gSA oksYVst fofu;euA
2- vke rkSj ij fjolZ ck;l voLFkk esa 2- ehVj lqj{kk ifjiFkA
lapkfyr gksrk gSA 3- Likbd xkMZ ifjiFkA
3- ;g fjolZ ck;l fLFkfr esa tsuj
czsdMkmu çnf'kZr djrk gSA
4- ;g flfydkWu dk cuk gksrk gSA
Øekad Mk;ksM] çrhd osQ lkFk fo'ks"krk,a vuqç;ksx

2- çdk'k mRlftZr Mk;ksM 1- fo'ks"k vèkZpkyd lkexzh dk mi;ksx LED dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS%
(LED) fd;k tkrk gS tSls GaAs, GaAsP, GaP, 1- fofHkUu fo|qr vkSj bysDVªkfudh midj.kksa
SiC. osQ fy, 'kfDr lwpd(bafMosQVj)A
Anode Cathode 2- tc ;g Mk;ksM iQkWjoMZ ck;l voLFkk 2- bysDVªkfW ud midj.kksa esa çn'kZu ;qfDr
esa gksrk gS rks ;g çdk'k mRlftZr djrk osQ :i esAa
gSA rjaxnS?;Z ;kfu mRlftZr çdk'k dk jax 3- lIr •aM vkSj eSfVªDl çn'kZd iV osQ
Mksfiax inkFkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fuekZ.k esAa
3- pktZ dSfj;j osQ batsD'ku osQ dkj.k 4- vkWIVks diyj] fjeksV daVkª y
s nwjh eki
çdk'k ÅtkZ dk mRltZu LED dk ,d vkSj vU; leku midj.kksa osQ fy,A
cqfu;knh dk;Z fl¼kar gSA 5- çdk'k lzkrs esAa
4- ;g fofHkUu vkdkjksa esa miyCèk gSA 6- vkWfIVdy fLofpax vkSj lapkj ç.kkyh
5- mRlftZr çdk'k dh rhozrk blosQ esAa
ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk osQ lekuqikrh
gksrh gSA
3- iQksVks Mk;ksM 1- fo'ks"k vèkZpkyd lkexzh dk mi;ksx iQksVks Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx fuEu osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA fd;k tkrk gS%
Anode Cathode 2- ;g çdk'k dh rhozrk dks èkkjk esa 1- çdk'k laosnuA
cny nsrk gSA 2- cxZyj vykeZA
3- ;g lkekU; :i ls fjolZ ck;LM esa 3- vkWIVks diyjA
lapkfyr gksrk gSA 4- vkWVks ÝyS'k dSejkA
1-2-3 VªkaftLVj
,d f}èkzqoh taD'ku VªkaftLVj (BJT) ewy :i ls ,d flfydkWu ;k teZsfu;e fØLVy gksrk gS ftlesa nks P&N lafèk
xfBr gksrs gSa] foijhr çdkj dh ,d tksM+h osQ chp esa P&Vkbi ;k N&Vkbi vèkZpkyd dks chp esa j• (lSaMfop)
djosQ cuk;k tkrk gSA BJT dks vkerkSj ij VªkaftLVj dgk tkrk gSA ;g detksj laosQrksa dks c<+kus esa l{ke gksrk
gSA bl çdkj VªkaftLVj (;k BJT) esa èkkjk] èkukRed rFkk ½.kkRed èkzqork vkos'k okgd osQ dkj.k çokfgr gksrh
gSA blfy,] ,d VªkaftLVj (BJT) dks f}èkzqoh; (ckbiksyj) ;qfDr dgk tkrk gSA
1-2-3-1 VªkaftLVj dk fuekZ.k
VªkaftLVj ,d Bksl voLFkk okyk vèkZpkyd ;qfDr gS] ftles nks taD'ku] rhu {ks=k vkSj rhu VfeZuy gksrs gSA
rhu VfeZuy gSa µ mRltZd (,feVj)] vkèkkj (csl) vkSj lekgrkZ (dysDVj)A fuekZ.k osQ vuqlkj] VªkaftLVj nks
çdkj osQ gksrs gSa & PNP VªkaftLVj vkSj NPN VªkaftLVjA tc P&Vkbi vèkZpkyd dh ,d iryh ijr dks N&Vkbi
vèkZpkyd dh nks ijrksa osQ chp (lSaMfop) esa j•k tkrk gS rks bls NPN VªkaftLVj osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
fp=k 1-16 esa NPN VªkaftLVj osQ fuekZ.k lacaèkh fooj.k dks fn•k;k x;k gSA BJT esa ,feVj {ks=k dks dysDVj {ks=k
dh rqyuk esa Hkkjh ek=kk esa Mksi fd;k tkrk gSA dysDVj {ks=k dk HkkSfrd {ks=k cM+k gksrk gS] vkSj csl {ks=k esa Mksfiax
laosQaæ.k] dysDVj {ks=k dh rqyuk esa de gksrh gSA vr% lnSo ,feVj èkkjk] BJT esa lcls cM+h gksrh gSA NPN BJT
esa ,feVj djaV] csl ls ,feVj (ckgj dh fn'kk dh vksj) dh rjiQ çokfgr gksrh gS rFkk ,feVj èkkjk dk eku]
dysDVj vkSj csl èkkjkvksa osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
vFkkZr IE = IB $ IC -----(1-8)
fp=k 1-15% NPN BJT dk lajpukRed vkjs•

fp=k 1-16 NPN BJT vkSj PNP BJT osQ ;kstukc¼ çrhd dks n'kkZrk gSA
fp=k 1-16% NPN vkSj PNP BJT dk ;kstukc¼ çrhd
1-2-3-2 VªkaftLVj dk foU;kl

BJT dks rhu foU;klksa esa ls fdlh ,d esa lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA BJT osQ fy, rhu foU;kl gSa (1) dkWeu
csl (CB) foU;kl (2) dkWeu ,feVj (CE) foU;kl (3) dkWeu dysDVj (CC) foU;kl
rkfydk 1-3 rhuks foU;klksa dh rqyuk n'kkZrh gSA fdlh Hkh foU;kl osQ fy,] buiqV] dysDVj VfeZuy ij ugha
fn;k gksrk gS vkSj fdlh Hkh foU;kl esa] csl VfeZuy ls vkmViqV fy;k tkrk gSA
rkfydk 1-3% VªkaftLVj osQ foU;klksa dh rqyuk
Øekad ekinaM dkWeu csl dkWeu ,feVj dkWeu dysDVj

1 buiqV VfeZuy ,feVj csl csl
2 vkmViqV VfeZuy dysDVj dysDVj ,feVj
3 buiqV çfrckèkk de eè;e mPp
4 vkmViqV çfrckèkk cgqr mPp eè;e de
5 èkkjk xsu yxHkx ,d mPp cgqr mPp
6 oksYVst xsu mPp CB ls vfèkd yxHkx ,d
7 'kfDr xsu eè;e mPp de
8 rkih; fLFkjrk mPp de mPp
9 vuqç;ksx de uksbl iwoZ ,EiyhiQk;j (okbM cSaM) AF oksYVst çfrckèkk feyku] mHk;
,EiyhiQk;j vojksèk (ciQj)
BJT ,d èkkjk lapkfyr lfØ; ?kVd gSA dbZ vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, VªkaftLVj CE foU;kl esa lapkfyr gksrk gSA
VªkaftLVj dk p;u djrs le;] bldh fof'k"Vrkvksa ij fopkj djus dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
èkkjk xsu vYiQk (α)% dysDVj ls csl fLFkj oksYVst VCB osQ fy,] CB foU;kl esa] dysDVj èkkjk IC rFkk
,feVj èkkjk IE osQ vuqikr dks] èkkjk xsu vYiQk (α) dgk tkrk gSA bls leh- 1-9 }kjk fn•k;k x;k gSA vYiQk
(α) dk eku 0-95 ls 0-998 rd gksrk gSA
αdc = IC / IE -----(1-9)
èkkjk xsu chVk (β)% dysDVj ls ,feVj fLFkj oksYVst VCE osQ fy,] CE foU;kl esa] dysDVj èkkjk IC rFkk
csl èkkjk IB osQ vuqikr dks] èkkjk xsu chVk (β) dgk tkrk gSA bls leh- 1-10 }kjk fn•k;k x;k gSA chVk (β)
dk eku 20 ls 250 osQ chp gksrk gSA
βdc = IC/IB ----(1-10)
lehdj.k 1-8] 1-9 vkSj 1-10 ls α vkSj β osQ chp lacaèk bl çdkj ls çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
α = β/(1 + β ) ---(1-11)
β = α / (1 – α ) ---(1-12)
VªkaftLVj osQ fy, fof'k"Vrk;sa ;k fo'ks"k fooj.k%
1- vfèkdre dysDVj&ls&,feVj foHko] VCE (vfèkdre)
2- vfèkdre dysDVj èkkjk] IC (vfèkdre)
3- dysDVj&ls&,feVj dV&vkWiQ foHko] VCEO
4- dysDVj dV&vkWiQ èkkjk] ICEO
5- dysDVj&ls&,feVj czsd Mkmu foHko] BVCBO
6- vfèkdre dysDVj folj.k] PD
7- dysDVj lar`fIr foHko] VCE (lSV)
8- DC èkkjk o`f¼ (hFE)
1-2-3-3 VªkaftLVj osQ vuqç;ksx

VªkaftLVj dks] lapkyu osQ rhu rjhosQ esa ls fdlh ,d esa lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA BJT osQ fy,] lapkyu osQ
rhu rjhosQ gSa] (1) dV vkWiQ voLFkk (2) lfØ; voLFkk (3) lar`fIr voLFkkA rkfydk 1-4 taD'ku ck;flax dks
lkjkaf'kr djrh gS] rhu vkWijsfVax LVsV esa ls ,d VªkaftLVj dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, vko';d gSA
rkfydk 1-4% vkWijsfVax LVsV vkSj taD'ku ck;flax
Øekad lapkyu dh voLFkk csl ,feVj lafèk csl dysDVj lafèk mi;ksx
1 dV vkWiQ dh voLFkk fjolZ ck;l fjolZ ck;l µ
2 lfØ; voLFkk iQkWjoMZ ck;l fjolZ ck;l ,EiyhiQk;j
3 lar`fIr voLFkk iQkWjoMZ ck;l iQkWjoMZ ck;l fLop }kjk can pkyw djuk (fLofpax)
bysDVªkWfuDl osQ lHkh {ks=kksa esa VªkaftLVj osQ O;kid vuqç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bldk lcls vfèkd mi;ksx
,EiyhiQk;j ifjiFk osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ,EiyhiQk;j] buiqV laosQr osQ ifjek.k dks c<+krk gSA
1- ,EiyhiQk;j 2- Vkbej (dky leatd) vkSj le; foyac ifjiFk 3- fLofpax ifjiFk 4- nksyd (vkWlhysVj)
5- cgqdaid (eYVhok;czsVj) 6- bysDVªkWfud fLop 7- fDyfiax ifjiFk esa ygj 'ksfiax 8- vfèkfeJd (ekWMÔwysVj)
9- fMVsDVj (fMekWMÔwysVj) 10- ykWftd ifjiFk
1.2.4 FET
{ks=k çHkko VªkaftLVj (iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj) ,d vèkZpkyd] Bksl voLFkk esa lfØ; midj.k gSA iQhYM biQsDV
VªkaftLVj ,d&èkzqoh; VªkaftLVj dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA FET osQ fuxZr esa èkkjk ;krks fo|qn.kq (bysDVªkWuksa) osQ dkj.k
;k gksYl osQ dkj.k çokfgr gksrh gSA pwafd buiqV fo|qr {ks=k (buiqV ,IykbM bysfDVªdy iQhYM vFkkZr oksYVst)]
vkmViqV èkkjk dks fu;af=kr djrk gS blfy, bls iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj dgk tkrk gSA
1-2-4-1 FET dh lajpuk

eq[; :i ls nks çdkj osQ iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj gksrs gSa] taD'ku iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj (JFET) vkSj esVy
vkWDlkbM lsehdaMDVj iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj (MOSFET)A JFET dks ;krks ,d N pSuy ;k P pSuy osQ lkFk
cuk;k tk ldrk gSA N&pSuy FET osQ fuekZ.k esa] xsV P Vkbi vèkZpkyd dk cuk gksrk gS vkSj P pSuy FET osQ
fy,] N Vkbi vèkZpkyd inkFkZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 1-17 esa FET osQ ;kstukc¼ çrhd dks fn•k;k
x;k gSA FET osQ rhu VfeZuy% 1) Ïksr 2) Mªsu 3) xsV gksrs gSaA lzksr vkSj Mªsu VfeZuy] pSuy ls tqM+s gq;s gksrs
gSaA pSuy vleku :i ls nw"k.k (Mksi) fd;k tkrk gSA ,d pSuy lzksr {ks=k esa rqyuk esa Mªsu {ks=k osQ mPp Mksfiax
fd;k tkrk gSA
fp=k 1-17% FET çrhd

FET dh egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd bls cukuk vDlj vklku gksrk gS vkSj BJT dh rqyuk esa fpi ij]
de txg ?ksjrk gSA xsV ij yxk;k x;k oksYVst VGS pkSuy èkkjk dks fu;af=kr djrk gSA bl ç;kstu osQ fy, xsV
lzksr dks fjolZ ck;l fd;k tkrk gSA rks vo{k; {ks=k dh pkSM+kbZ pSuy {ks=k esa iQSy tkrh gSA Ïksr osQ lacaèk esa] Mªsu
fjolZ ck;l gksrk gSA pktZ okgd] lzksr {ks=k ls èkosQys tkrs gSa vkSj Mªsu dh vksj c<+rs gSaA ;g pSuy èkkjk cukrk gSA
ftl VGS ij pSuy djaV 'kwU; gks tkrk gS mls fiap vkWiQ oksYVst dgk tkrk gSA tc VGS dk eku 'kwU; gksrk gS rks
pSuy osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk dk eku vfèkdre gksrk gSA bls larÌr voLFkk (LVsV) Mªsu djaV IDSS dgrs gSaA
1-2-4-2 BJT vkSj FET osQ chp rqyuk

BJT vkSj ,d&èkzqoh; VªkaftLVj (FET) dh rqyuk rkfydk 1-5 esa fn, x, lapkyu] fuekZ.k] fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj muosQ
ykHk osQ vkèkkj ij dh tk ldrh gSA
rkfydk 1-5% BJT vkSj FET osQ chp rqyuk
Øekad f}&èkzqoh; lafèk VªkaftLVj (BJT) {ks=k çHkko VªkaftLVj (FET)

1- ;g ,d vèkZpkyd midj.k gS] ftlesa rhu VfeZuy gksrs gSa FET Hkh ,d vèkZpkyd midj.k gS ftlesa xsV]
ftUgsa csl] ,feVj vkSj dysDVj osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA lkslZ vkSj Mªsu osQ :i esa rhu VfeZuy gksrs gSaA
2- pkyu gksYl vkSj bysDVªkWuksa osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA blfy,] ;g pkyu ;k rks gksYl ;k bysDVªkWuksa osQ dkj.k gksrk gSA
,d f}èkzqoh; midj.k gSA vr% FET ,d èkzqoh; VªkaftLVj gSA
3- BJT ,d èkkjk fu;af=kr midj.k gSA FET ,d foHko fu;af=kr midj.k gSA
4- bldk lapkyu cgqla[;d vkSj vYila[;d okgdksa osQ çokg bldk lapkyu osQoy cgqla[;d okgdksa osQ çokg
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
5- BJT dh buiqV çfrckèkk de gSA FET dk buiqV çfrckèkk vfèkd gSA
6- midj.k uksbl djrk gSA ;g ckbiksyj VªkaftLVj dh rqyuk esa de uksbl okyk
gksrk gSA
7 BJT nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa% NPN vkSj PNPA FET nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa% N&pSuy vkSj P&pSuyA
8 BJT dk fuekZ.k djuk dfBu gS vkSj vfèkd LFkku ?ksjrk gSA FET cukuk vklku gS vkSj de txg ?ksjrk gSA
9 BJT lfoZQV mPp xsu cSaM foM~Fk mRikn nsrs gSaA vis{kkÑr de xsu cSaM foM~Fk mRikn nsrk gSA
10 ,feVj&csl taD'ku iQkWjoMZ ck;LM gksrk gS vkSj dysDVj&csl xsV ls lkslZ vkSj Mªsu ls lkslZ nksuksa fjolZ ck;LM gksrs
fjolZ ck;LM gksrk gSA gSaA çHkkoh :i ls Ïksr {ks=k] iQkWjoMZ ck;LM gksrk gSA
11 blesa •jkc rkih; fLFkjrk gSA blesa rkih; fLFkjrk gSA
12 BJT dk mi;ksx oksYVst ifjorZuh; çfrjksèk osQ :i esa ugha FET dks vklkuh ls oksYVst ifjorZuh; çfrjksèk osQ
fd;k tk ldrk gSA :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1-2-4-3 FET osQ vuqç;ksx

FET] bldh vkmViqV fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk] fLFkj èkkjk {ks=k esa jSf•d vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy,] lapkfyr gksrk gSA FET]
,d oksYVst oSfj,cy jsflLVj (ohohvkj) ;k oksYVst fMisaMsaV çfrjksèk osQ :i esa mi;ksxh gksrk gSA bls lfØ; Hkkj
dgk tkrk gSA FET dk mi;ksx dbZ bysDVªkWfud lfoZQV osQ vuqç;ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gS] tSls%
1- RF vkSj AF çoèkZd 2- vksflysVj
3- fLofpax ifjiFk 4- eki midj.kksa esa ciQj osQ :i es
5- lapkj vfHkxzkgh 6- Vhoh osQ laosQr feDlj ifjiFk
7- Le`fr midj.k 8- vadh; ifjiFk
1.2.5 MOS midj.k
jksèkd xsV {ks=k çHkko VªkaftLVj (balqysVsM xsV iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj) dks èkkrq vkWDlkbM vèkZpkyd iQhYM biQsDV
VªkaftLVj (eksliQsV ;k MOSFET) dgk tkrk gSA blesa xsV vkSj pSuy osQ chp esa SiO2 VªkaftLVj dh ijr gksrh
gSA rks ;g] FET dh rqyuk esa cgqr vfèkd buiqV çfrckèkk çnku djrk gSA
1-2-5-1 MOSFET osQ çdkj

lajpuk lacaèkh fooj.k ls nks çdkj osQ MOSFET gksrs gSa] 1) vo{k; (fMIyh'ku) çdkj dk MOSFET] 2) oèkZu
(,UgkalesaV) çdkj dk MOSFETA vo{k; çdkj osQ MOSFET esa ,d HkkSfrd pSuy] jksèkd xsV vkSj lClVªsV
gksrk gSA bles pkj VfeZuy gksrs gSa Ïksr] Mªsu] xsV vkSj lClVªsVA lClVªsV] midj.k osQ dk;k (ckWMh) ls tqM+k gksrk
gSA pSuy osQ çdkj osQ vuqlkj nks çdkj osQ fMIyh'ku MOSFET gksrs gSa] 1) N pSuy fMIyh'ku MOSFET] 2)
P pSuy fMIyh'ku MOSFETA fMIyh'ku MOSFET dks lkekU; :i ls vku MOSFET Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fMIyh'ku MOSFET osQ nks çdkj osQ ifjpkyu ç.kkyh gksrs gSa] 1) fMIyh'ku ç.kkyh 2) ,UgkalesaV ç.kkyhA
fMIyh'ku ç.kkyh esa xsV dks ½.kkRed foHko ij cuk, j•k tkrk gSA ,UgkalesaV ç.kkyh esa] fMIyh'ku MOSFET
dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy,] xsV dks èkukRed foHko ij cuk, j•k tkrk gSA fp=k 1-18 esa fMIyh'ku MOSFET
osQ ifjiFk osQ çrhdksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
D D
G G
S S
P-Channel N-Channel
fp=k 1-18% fMIyh'ku çdkj dk MOSFET

,UgkalesaV çdkj osQ MOSFET esa fMIyh'ku ç.kkyh dk dksbZ dk;Z ugha gksrk gS vkSj ;g osQoy ,UgkalesaV
ç.kkyh esa dke djrk gSA N pSuy MOSFET vkSj P pSuy MOSFET dks N&MOS vkSj P&MOS midj.k osQ
:i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA fp=k 1-19 ,UgkalesaV çdkj osQ MOSFET osQ ifjiFk çrhdksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
D D
G G
S S
P-Channel N-Channel
fp=k 1-19% ,UgkalesaV çdkj osQ MOSFET

1-2-5-2 MOSFET osQ vuqç;ksx

MOSFET osQ oqQN vuqç;ksx bl çdkj gSa%
1- mPp BJT vkSj oksYVst fLofpax vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, mi;qDr
2- d"kZ.k (VªSD'ku) ç.kkyh
3- AC Mªkbo
4- cgqdyk varZorZd (eYVhiQst buoVZj)
1.2.6 C-MOS
P pSuy eksliQsV vkSj N pSuy eksliQsV dks ,d lkFk mi;ksx]
iwjd (dkWeIyhesauVjh) èkkrq (esVy) vkWDlkbM vèkZpkyd ;qfDr
(C-MOS) dks cukus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bu midj.kksa dk
vkerkSj ij mi;ksx vadh; ifjiFk osQ cukoV osQ fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA ykWftd xsV] dkmaVj] lw{e fu;a=kd ekbØksdaVªksyj] Le`fr }kj]
vkSj Le`fr Hk.Mkj.k] C&MOS (lheks,l) midj.k dk mi;ksx
djosQ cukbZ tkrh gSaA C&MOS midj.k] de fctyh dh •ir
vkSj l?ku (dkWEiSDV)] bl rjg dh lqfoèkk,¡ çnku djrk gSA bu
midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djosQ ,dhÑr lfoZQV dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk
gSA fp=k 1-20 C&MOS midj.k osQ fuekZ.k dks n'kkZrk gSA fp=k 1-20% C&MOS midj.k
1.2.7 fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ chp rqyuk

rkfydk 1-6 çeq• igyqvksa ij fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ chp la{ksi esa rqyuk n'kkZrh gSA
rkfydk 1-6% fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ chp rqyuk
Øekad ekinaM fuf"Ø; ?kVd lfØ; ?kVd

1- Ïksr dh çÑfr fuf"Ø; ?kVd ifjiFk ls 'kfDr ;k lfØ; ?kVd ifjiFk esa 'kfDr ;k ÅtkZ çnku
ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;k fu;af=kr djrs gSaA
2- mnkgj.k çfrjksèkd] laèkkfj=k] çsjd vkfnA Mk;ksM] BJT] FET] baVhxzsVsM ifjiFk vkfnA
3- 'kfDr o`f¼ (ikoj xsu) 'kfDr o`f¼ çnku djus esa vleFkZ gSaA 'kfDr o`f¼ çnku djus esa l{ke gSaA
4- èkkjk dk çokg fuf"Ø; ?kVd èkkjk osQ çokg dks lfØ; ?kVd èkkjk osQ çokg dks fu;af=kr dj
fu;af=kr ugha dj ldrs gSaA ldrs gSaA
5- ckgjh Ïksr dh mUgsa lapkyu osQ fy, fdlh ckgjh mUgsa lapkyu osQ fy, ckgjh lzksr dh
vko';drk Ïksr dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA vko';drk gksrh gSA
6- ÅtkZ dh çÑfr fuf"Ø; ?kVd ÅtkZxzkgh gksrs gSaA lfØ; ?kVd ÅtkZ nkrk gSaA
xfrfofèk;k¡
1- fo"k; la[;k 1-1 vkSj 1-2 vFkkZr fofHkUu bysDVªkWfud ?kVdksa dks lh•us osQ ckn] Nk=k dks ?kj
ij miyCèk fofHkUu xStsV~l dh igpku djus vkSj lwph rS;kj djus dk ç;kl djuk pkfg,A
2- fo|kFkhZ] fofHkUu çdkj osQ ?kVdksa dks muosQ fofunZs'kksa osQ lkFk tkuus osQ fy, MsVk cqd
dks ns•saA bysDVªkWfud
3- fo|kFkhZ esa lfoZQV i<+us vkSj le>us osQ dkS'ky dk fodkl gksxkA fo|kFkhZ lfoZQV vkjs• ?kVdksa dk
ns•sa vkSj ?kVdksa dh lwph rS;kj djsaA oxhZdj.k
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 1-2-1% BJT esa rhu VfeZuy èkkjk,¡ I1 = 100 mA] I2 = 93 mA vkSj I3 = 7 mA gSaA VfeZuy
ukeksa dh igpku djsaA
gy% BJT osQ rhu VfeZuy gSa% ,feVj] csl vkSj dysDVjA bu rhu VfeZuy èkkjkvksa esa ls] ,feVj èkkjk ges'kk
lcls cM+h gksrh gSA tSlk fd fn, x, MsVk esa gS] I1 lcls cM+k gS blfy, ;g ,feVj VfeZuy ls çokfgr gksrk gSA
IE = IC $ IB
100 mA = 93 mA + 7 mA
BJT esa] csl èkkjk lcls NksVk gksrk gS] blfy, I3 èkkjk] csl VfeZuy ls cg jgk gSA iQyr%] ml vkèkkj ij
I2 èkkjk] dysDVj osQ ekè;e ls cg jgk gSA
mnkgj.k 1-2-2% fl¼ dhft, fd CB VªkaftLVj foU;kl esa èkkjk xsu α dk eku] 1 ls de vkSj yxHkx 1
osQ cjkcj gSA
gy% CB foU;kl esa BJT dk èkkjk xsu gksrk gS]
α = IC/IE
IB = IC + IB
pwafd IE dh rqyuk esa IB cgqr NksVk gS] blfy, VeZ IB@IE] 1 dh rqyuk esa cgqr NksVk gksxkA rks] èkkjk xsu α
dk eku 1 ls de gksxkA
mnkgj.k 1-2-3% ;fn fdlh VªkaftLVj dk α dk eku 0-9 gS] rks β dh x.kuk dhft,A
gy% fn;k x;k gS%
α= 0.9
β= α/(1 – α )
= (0.9) /(1 – 0.9)
= 9
mnkgj.k 1-2-4% ;fn β dk eku 100 gS] rks vYiQk (α) dh x.kuk djsaA
gy% fn;k x;k gS% β = 100
èkkjk xsu α = β @ (1 $ β)
= 100@101
= 0-99
1.3 laosQr vkSj lfØ; lzksr
1.3.1 çLrkouk
laosQr osQ fHkUu :i gks ldrs gSa tSls JO; (vkWfM;ks)] æ'; (fotqvy) tks lwpuk nsrs gSa] HkkSfrd xfrfofèk;ksa osQ
fy, ;kaf=kd (eSosQfudy) laosQr vkSj fctyh forj.k osQ fy, fo|qr laosQrA laosQrksa dk oxhZdj.k] ifjiFk osQ
fo'ys"k.k] çlaLdj.k vkSj lR;kiu esa enn djrk gSA laosQrksa dks muosQ fdlh Hkh HkkSfrd fo'ks"krkvksa] muosQ xf.krh;
fu:i.k ;k muosQ mi;ksx osQ vkèkkj ij oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gSA varfuZfgr fo"k;] laosQrksa osQ çdkj osQ vkèkkj
ij] çR;korhZ èkkjk vkSj çR;{k èkkjk laosQr osQ cqfu;knh voèkkj.kkvksa dks fo'ks"k :i ls le>us esa] ,d laf{kIr
voyksdu nsrk gSA
1.3.2 laosQrksa dk oxhZdj.k

laosQrksa dks eksVs rkSj ij fujarj (continuous) le; laosQrksa vkSj vlrr (discrete) le; laosQrksa osQ :i esa oxhZÑr
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d lrr le; laosQr og gS ftldks xf.krh; iQyu] dky ç{ks=k (Mksesu) esa yxkrkj ifjHkkf"kr
fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd ,d vlrr le; laosQr dks fof'k"V le; osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 1-21
vkSj 1-22 fujarj vkSj vlrr le; laosQrksa dks n'kkZrk gSA
fp=k 1-21% lrr le; laosQr fp=k 1-22% vlrr le; laosQr
mijksDr laosQrksa dks vkxs oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gS
(i) fuèkkZjd vkSj xSj&fuèkkZjd laosQr
(ii) vkofèkd vkSj xSj&vkofèkd laosQr
1.3.3 fuèkkZjd vkSj xSj&fuèkkZjd laosQr

fuèkkZjd (deterministic) laosQr os laosQr gSa ftuosQ Lo:i vkSj vk;ke dk iwokZuqeku fdlh Hkh le; fcanq ij dh
tk ldrh gSA ,d fuèkkZjd lrr le; laosQr vkSj ,d vlrr le; laosQr osQ xf.krh; iQyu dks bl lehdj.k
osQ :i esa fy•k tkrk gS]
x(t) = A sin ωt ......(1.13)
1, n # 0
x(n) = ) ......(1.14)
0, otherwise
leh- 1-13 vfèkdre vk;ke A osQ lkFk] ,d T;k fØ;k] dk fjçstsaVs'kal djrk gS vkSj tks le; osQ lkFk
lkbukslkW;My :i ls ifjorZuh; gksrk gS] tcfd leh- 1-14 ,d vlrr le; laosQr dks fjçstsaV djrk gS tgka
vk;ke] ,d osQ cjkcj] uewuk rkRdkfyd osQ fy, gksrk gS vkSj vU; lHkh uewuk rkRdkfyd osQ fy, 'kwU; gksrk gSA
xSj fuèkkZjd laosQrksa dks ;kn`fPNd (Øe jfgr) laosQrksa osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ftldk Hkfo"; esa iwokZuqeku
ugha yxk;k tk ldrk gSaA ,sls laosQrksa dk Lo:i (iSVuZ) vfu;fer gksrk gS vkSj ljy xf.krh; fØ;k }kjk ifjHkkf"kr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] vèkZpkyd inkFkZ esa bysDVªkWuksa osQ lapyu osQ dkj.k mRiUu rkih; uksblA
fp=k 1-23 vkSj 1-24 ,d fuèkkZjd le; vkSj ,d xSj&fuèkkZjd laosQr fn•krk gSA
fp=k 1-23% fuèkkZjd laosQr fp=k 1-24% xSj&fuèkkZjd laosQr
1.3.4 vkofèkd vkSj xSj&vkofèkd laosQr

,d lrr le; laosQr] ;fn le; osQ ,d fof'k"V varjky osQ ckn •qn dks nksgjkrk rks gS bls vkofèkd (ihfj;ksfMd)
dgk tkrk gSA vkofèkd laosQr dks xf.krh; lehdj.k osQ :i esaçLrqr fd;k x;k gS]
x(t) = x(t + T), – ∞ < t < ∞ ----(1-15)
tgka T laosQr dh vofèk gSA ;fn T dk lcls NksVk ewY;] tks fn, x, lehdj.k 1-15 dks larq"V djrk gS
rks bls laosQr dk ewyHkwr le; vofèk dgk tkrk gSA ,d laosQr tks le; ;k laosQrksa osQ fof'k"V varjky osQ ckn
•qn dks ugha nksgjkrk gS tks lehdj.k 1-15 dks larq"V ugha djrk gS] xSj&vkofèkd (ukWu ihfj;ksfMd) laosQrksa osQ
:i esa tkuk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] lapkj ra=k (vkdk'kok.kh) ls mRiUu laosQr ;k v.kqHkk"k (ekbØksiQksu)
}kjk cuk, x, laosQrA
1.3.5 fo|qr laosQr

orZeku le; esa fo|qr laosQr dks] nks çdkj osQ mi;ksxksa esa ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] m|ksxksa osQ midj.kksa dks vkSj
dk;kZy;ksa ;k ?kjksa esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys midj.k dks 'kfDr nsus osQ fy,A loZfofnr fo|qr laosQr dk mi;ksx
çR;korhZ èkkjk (AC) laosQr esa gSA çeq• lkis{k ykHk ;g gS fd bls vklkuh ls mRiUu] çofèkZr (,EiyhiQkbZM)
fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj mRiknu LFky ls var miHkksDrkvksa dks laosQr osQ lapj.k dh de ykxr vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ
;g gS fd vxj fdlh Hkh fctyh ç.kkyh esa =kqfV gksus ij] ,d AC laosQr dks vklkuh ls Js.kh Hkax (ckfèkr)
fd;k tk ldrk gSA m|ksxksa esa] yxHkx lHkh çeq• 'kfDr'kkyh midj.kksa vkSj ?kj esa] ?kjsyw midj.kksa dks AC laosQr
}kjk lapkfyr fd;k tk jgk gSaA vlrr lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ fodkl esa fd, x, vfxze mUufr osQ lkFk gky osQ o"kks±
esa midj.k vkSj midj.k dks 'kfDr nsus osQ fy, DC laosQrksa dk c<+k gqvk mi;ksx ,d okLrfodrk gSA fp=k 1-25
vkSj 1-26] ,d AC vkSj DC laosQr fn•krk gSA
fp=k 1-25% çR;korhZ èkkjk laosQr fp=k 1-26% fn"V èkkjk laosQr
çR;korhZ èkkjk (AC) ,d lkbukslkW;My le;&ifjorZuh; laosQr gSA tSlk fd uke ls irk pyrk gS fd ;g
,d le; vofèk T] èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed nksuksa fofHkUu eku dh ,d Jà•yk osQ ekè;e ls pyrk
gS] ftlosQ ckn ;g yxkrkj ,d pØh; rjhosQ ls ,d gh Jà•yk dks nksgjkrk gSA ;g fctyh la;a=kksa
esa tujsVj }kjk mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA blosQ ckn mRiUu oksYVst dks ifj.kkfe=k dk mi;ksx djosQ
vkxs c<+k;k tkrk gS vkSj fiQj çlkj.k (Vªkalfe'ku) vkSj forj.k ra=k osQ ekè;e ls dkj•kuksa vkSj
vkoklh; ?kjksa esa forfjr fd;k tkrk gS tgka vko';drk osQ vuqlkj oksYVst dks de dj fn;k tkrk AC cuke
DC
gSA ,d vkoklh; ?kj osQ fy, oksYVst dh vko';drk 50 gV~tZ ij 230 oksYV gSA AC laosQr dks
le>us osQ fy, fuEufyf•r 'krZsa egRoiw.kZ gSaA
1-3-5-1 vofèk vkSj pØ

çR;korhZ èkkjk ;k oksYVst dh vofèk] le; dk lcls NksVk eku gS] tks çR;korhZ ek=kk osQ vkorhZ eku dks vyx
djrh gSA le; dh vofèk tks bl vkorhZ eku dks vyx djrh gS] T }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 1-27 esa
fn•k;k x;k gSA ,d çR;korhZ èkkjk ;k oksYVst laosQr osQ ,d èkkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed ewY;ksa dk iwjk lsV] ,d pØ
dgykrk gSA dks.kh; osx osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh ,d pØ dks ω ls lanfHkZr fd;k tkrk gS] tSlk fd lehdj.k 1-16 esa
fn•k;k x;k gS] tgka] 360º ;k dks.kh; eki osQ 2p jsfM;u dks ,d pØ dgk tkrk gSA
ω = 2π/T ----(1-16)
1-3-5-2 vko`fÙk
vko`fÙk çfr lsdaM pØksa dh la[;k gSA ?kw.kZu e'khu esa] ,d pØ iw.kZ gksrk gS] tc ?kw.kZd (jksVj) osQ ,d iw.kZ
pDdj osQ nkSjku] fLFkj Hkkx (LVsVj) ij j•s x, daMDVjksa dks] e'khu osQ ?kw.kZd ij yxs pqacdh; èkzqoksa dh tksM+h
}kjk mRiUu ÝyDl }kjk dkV fn;k tkrk gSA ,d p iksy e'khu osQ fy,] çfr lsdaM pØksa dh la[;k p@2 gS] vkSj
vxj ?kw.kZd osQ pDdj dh xfr n] pØ çfr lsdaM (rps) esa gS] rks çfr lsdaM pØksa esa vko`fÙk (Hz ;k gV~tZ)
osQ fy, lehdj.k gksxk]
f = np@2 ----(1-17)
pwafd ,d pØ osQ fy, le; vofèk T] lsdaM esa O;Dr gS] blfy, vko`fÙk Hkh vofèk (lsoaQM) esa O;Dr
dh tk ldrh gS]
f = 1@T ---(1-18)
fctyh la;a=k dh lcls vke vko`fÙk;k¡ 50 gV~tZ vkSj 60 gV~tZ mi;ksx esa gSaA Hkkjr esa tfu=k }kjk mRikfnr
oksYVst dh vko`fÙk 50 gV~tZ gksrh gS] tcfd mÙkjh vesfjdk] ;wjksi vkSj vU; egk}hiksa osQ dbZ ns'kksa esa mRiknu dh
vko`fÙk 60 gV~tZ gksrhgSA
1-3-5-3 rjax
X&v{k (,fDll) ij le; osQ foijhr Y&v{k ij rkRdkfyd oksYVst ;k èkkjk osQ chp xzkiQ •hpus osQ ifj.kke
Lo:i X &Y lrg (Iysu) ij oØ dk vkdkj] rjax gksrk gSA lsdaM esa le; osQ fglkc ls O;Dr X&,fDll dks]
jsfM;al ;k fMxzh osQ fglkc ls Hkh O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gSA O;ogkj esa çR;korhZ èkkjk (AC) vkSj foHko cgqr
ckjhdh ls ,d T;k (lkbu) rjax dks mRiUu djrs gSaA blfy, AC foHko vkSj èkkjk dh x.kuk T;k rjaxksa ij vkèkkfjr
gksrh gSA ,d lgh T;k rjax dks fp=k 1-27 esa fn•k;k x;k gS vkSj bl lehdj.k osQ :i esa çLrqr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
v(t) = Vm sin ωt ---(1-19)
tgka] wt le; dks.k osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] vkSj jsfM;al esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS] v oksYVst dk rkRdkfyd
eku mYysf•r lehdj.k ls Kkr fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj] Vm lkbukslkWbMy oksYVst ifjorZu dk vfèkdre @
f'k•j eku gSA
fp=k 1-27% AC foHko T;k rjax
1-3-6 oksYVst vkSj èkkjk Ïksr

bl bdkbZ osQ fo"k; 1 esa] rhu fuf"Ø; rRoksa ij ppkZ dh tk pqdh gS] vFkkZr çfrjksèk tks ÅtkZ dks vo'kksf"kr djrk
gS vkSj vU; nks ;kuh çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k tks lfØ; lzksr ls ÅtkZ laxzfgr dj ldrs gSa vkSj bls mlh lzksr ij okil
çnku dj ldrs gSaA fo|qr ÅtkZ osQ lzksr] tks ÅtkZ dks yxkrkj forfjr ;k vo'kksf"kr dj ldrs gSa] mUgsa lfØ;
lzksr dgk tkrk gSA vkxs lfØ; lzksrksa dks oksYVst lzksr vkSj èkkjk lzksr osQ :i esa muosQ oksYVst&èkkjk fo'ks"krkvksa osQ
vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
1-3-7 vkn'kZ@xSj&vkn'kZ Ïksr

oksYVst vkSj èkkjk lzksrksa dks vkxs oksYVst&èkkjk (V&I) osQ fof'k"V xq.k] fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vuqlkj vkn'kZ vkSj
xSj&vkn'kZ@O;kogkfjd oksYVst vkSj èkkjk Ïksr osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
1-3-7-1 vkn'kZ foHko Ïksr
,d vkn'kZ foHko Ïksr vius fuxZr VfeZuy esa foHko osQ lkFk ÅtkZ çnku djrk gS vkSj Ïksr] èkkjk ls Lora=k gksrk
gSA ,d vkn'kZ lkbulkW;My foHko Ïksr osQ ifjiFk dk çfrfufèkRo fuEu gS] v(t) = Vm sin ωt rFkk bldh
V&I osQ fof'k"V xq.k] fo'ks"krkvksa dks fp=k 1-28 vkSj 1-29 esa Øekuqlkj fn•k;k x;k gSA foHko Ïksr VfeZuyksa ij
lanHkZ èkzqork $ vkSj & fpUg osQ lkFk yscy osQ :i esa fp=k 1-28 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA èkukRed vkèkk pØ osQ nkSjku
gS] tc foHko v(t) èkukRed gksrk gSA foHko Ïksr VfeZuy ij okLrfod èkzqoh;rk çR;sd pØ osQ nkSjku] fpUg esa]
,d ckj cny tkrs gSaA
fp=k 1-28% vkn'kZ oksYVst lzksr dk ifjiFk çfrfufèkRo fp=k 1-29% vkn'kZ oksYVst lzksr dh V-I vfHky{k.k
,d vkn'kZ oksYVst Ïksr dh V&I fo'ks"krkvksa ls ;g ns•k x;k gS] fd oksYVst] vr osQ :i esa çLrqr fd;k
tkrk gS] èkkjk i(t) ls Lora=k gS] tks Ïksr ls ckgj cg jgh gS] tgka vr Ïksr oksYVst dk eku gS v(t) fdlh Hkh
rkRdkfyd le; osQ fy;s gksrk gSA
1-3-7-2 vkn'kZ èkkjk Ïksr

,d vkn'kZ èkkjk Ïksr] ,d èkkjk osQ lkFk] fuxZr VfeZuyksa osQ ekè;e ls ÅtkZ çnku djrk gS tks èkkjk Ïksr osQ
VfeZuyksa esa oksYVst ls Lora=k gksrk gSA ,d vkn'kZ lkbu lkW;My èkkjk Ïksr osQ lfoZQV dks lehdj.k }kjk çLrqr
fd;k x;k gS] i(t)= Im sin ωt vkSj bldh V–I fo'ks"krkvksa dks fp=k 1-30 vkSj 1-31 esa Øekuqlkj fn•k;k x;k
gSA fp=k 1-31 ls] ;g ns•k x;k gS fd èkkjk iT] ,d fn, x, rkRdkfyd le; esa] èkkjk Ïksr osQ eku] i(t) èkkjk
Ïksr osQ VfeZuyksa esa oksYVst ls Lora=k gSA
fp=k 1-30% vkn'kZ èkkjk lzksr dk lfoZQV çfrfufèkRo fp=k 1-31% vkn'kZ èkkjk lzksr dh V–I vfHky{k.k
1-3-7-3 xSj&vkn'kZ ;k O;kogkfjd oksYVst lzksr
,d O;kogkfjd oksYVst lzksr esa] ÅtkZ ,d :ikarj.k çfØ;k }kjk çkIr dh tkrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] tfu=k
(tujsVj) esa] ,d oksYVst Ïksr dk :ikarj.k] ;kaf=kd ls fo|qr ÅtkZ esa gksrk gSA blh rjg cSVjh Ïksr esa] jklk;fud
ÅtkZ dks fo|qrh; ÅtkZ esa cny fn;k tkrk gSA ÅtkZ osQ :ikarj.k ls uqdlku gksrk gS vkSj vkarfjd çfrjksèk Rin
dks oksYVst lkslZ tujsVj osQ lkFk Js.kh Øe esa tksM+dj bldk è;ku j•k tkrk gSA ,d O;kogkfjd oksYVst Ïksr
osQ ifjiFk dks fp=k 1-32 esa fn•k;k x;k gS vkSj bldh V&I fo'ks"krkvksa dks fp=k 1-33 esaA ;g V&I fo'ks"krkvksa
ls ns•k tk ldrk gS fd VfeZuy oksYVst vT èkkjk i esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk de gks tkrh gSA VfeZuy oksYVst lehdj.k
dks uhps fy•k x;k gS
vT = v – iRin ---(1-20)
fp=k 1-32% O;kogkfjd oksYVst lzksr dk lfdZV çfrfufèkRo fp=k 1-33% O;kogkfjd oksYVst lzksr dh V–I vfHky{k.k
1-3-7-4 xSj&vkn'kZ ;k O;kogkfjd èkkjk lzksr

,d O;kogkfjd èkkjk Ïksr esa gkfu dk çfrfufèkRo] vkarfjd çfrjksèk Rin in dks] èkkjk Ïksr osQ lekukarj esa tksM+dj
fd;k tkrk gSA lfoZQV çfrfufèkRo vkSj ,d O;kogkfjd èkkjk Ïksr dh V&I fo'ks"krkvksa dks fp=k 1-34 vkSj fp=k 1-35
esa Øekuqlkj fn•k;k x;k gSA V&I fo'ks"krkvksa ls ns•k tk ldrk gS fd VfeZuy èkkjk iT] VfeZuy oksYVst v esa o`f¼
osQ lkFk de gks tkrh gSA VfeZuy èkkjk dk lehdj.k uhps fn;k x;k gS]
v
iT = i – R in ---(1-21)
ifjiFk esa iQksVks oksfYVd lsy vkSj f}èkzqoh; lafèk VªkaftLVj dk mi;ksx djosQ] èkkjk Ïksrksa dks vDlj muosQ
led{k ifjiFk esa le>k;k tkrk gSA
fp=k 1-34% èkkjk Ïksr osQ ifjiFk dk çfrfufèkRo fp=k 1-35% èkkjk lzksr dk V-I vfHky{k.k
1.3.8 fuHkZj foHko vkSj èkkjk Ïksr

Lora=k foHko vkSj èkkjk Ïksr] ifjiFk esa ekStwn fdlh Hkh vU; èkkjk ;k oksYVst ls Lora=k gksrs gSa] ftlls ;g tqM+k
gksrk gSA vkfJr Ïksrksa esa] foHko osQ ekè;e ls ;k èkkjk osQ ekè;e ls] foHko@èkkjk ij fuHkZj Ïksrksa dks] ifjiFk esa
dgha vkSj ekStwn ;k rks foHko] ;k èkkjk }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA rnuqlkj] vkfJr Ïksrksa dks (i) oksYVst fuHkZj
foHko Ïksr (ii) èkkjk fuHkZj foHko Ïksr (iii) èkkjk fuHkZj èkkjk Ïksr (iv) foHko fuHkZj èkkjk Ïksr osQ :i esa oxhZÑr
fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 1-36 vkSj 1-37 esa vkfJr Ïksrksa osQ çrhdksa dks fn•k;k x;k gSA kv] kr] kc] ki vkSj kr] kc
okLrfod la[;k gSa] tgka kr] kc Øe'k% Vªkal&jsftLVsal vkSj Vªkal&daMDVsal gSa vkSj kv] ki] vk;keghu gSa]
fp=k 1-36% fuHkZj foHko Ïksr dk çrhd fp=k 1-37% fuHkZj èkkjk Ïksr dk çrhd
vuqç;ksx
vlrr laosQrksa dk mi;ksx] lsalj ls çkIr ,ukykWx laosQrksa dks la'kksfèkr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] tSls vadh;
rkiekih (FkekZehVj)] eksckby lapkj] ohfM;ks LVªhfeax] vkèkqfud ?kfM+;ksa vkfn dk mi;ksx djosQ fdlh O;fDr osQ
rkieku dks ns•ukA lfØ; Ïksr gekjs nSfud thou dk fgLlk gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] nhokj ?kM+h] Vhoh dk fjeksV
fu;a=k.k ;wfuV] okrkuqowQyd] okguksa osQ bfXu'ku vkSj çdk'k O;oLFkk osQ fy, 12 oksYV cSVjh vkfn dks 'kfDr nsus
osQ fy,] bLrseky dh tkus okyh 1-5 oksYV lsy lHkh lfØ; DC Ïksr gSaA blh rjg gekjs ?kjksa esa bLrseky gksus
okys ?kjsyw midj.k tSls jsfÚtjsVj] èkqykbZ e'khu] ÝyksjkslsaV VÔwc ykbV] Nria•k vkfn flaxy iQst AC lkslZ dk
bLrseky djrs gSaA
xfrfofèk;k¡
fo|kFkhZ djsaxs
1- fujarj vkSj vlrr laosQrksa osQ vuqç;ksxksa dks lwphc¼ djsaA
2- ,sls ;a=k (xStsV~l) dh ,d lwph rS;kj djsa tks fujarj vkSj vlrr laosQrksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 1-3-1% ,d vkn'kZ oksYVst Ïksr osQ :i esa ,d cSVjh Ïksr dks ,d
çfrjksèk osQ lkFk Js.kh esa tksM+k x;k gS] tks VfeZuyksa ls tqM+s Hkkj dks oksYVst t çnk;
djrk gS] tSlk fd fn•k;k x;k gSA oksYVst VT VfeZuy ij 130 V gS vkSj èkkjk IT
osQ çokg dk eku 10 Amp gSA VfeZuyksa ij Hkkj vc cny x;k gS vkSj rnuqlkj
VfeZuy ij oksYVst 100 V gS vkSj çokfgr èkkjk dk eku 25 Amp gSA oksYVst
Ïksr Vs dh jsfVax vkSj çfrjksèk R dh x.kuk djsaA V&I fo'ks"krk dk fp=k cuk;saA
gy% oksYVst Ïksr] VfeZuy èkkjk vkSj Js.kh çfrjksèk osQ lanHkZ esa VfeZuy oksYVst gS]
VT = Vs – IT R ---(1-1)
lehdj.k 1-1 dk mi;ksx dj] VfeZuy oksYVst dks nks vyx&vyx yksM osQ fLFkfr;ksa osQ fy,] uhps fn;k x;k gS
130 = Vs & 10R ---(1-2)
100 = VS & 25R ---(1-3)
30
Vs osQ eku dks lehdj.k 1-2 ls 1-3 esa j•us ij] Js.kh çfrjksèk dk eku gS] R = 15 = 2 W
lehdj.k 2 esa R osQ eku dks j•us ij] Vs dk eku gS] Vs = 150 oksYV
V (Volt)
Vs
150 ITR = 20 V
125
100
75
VT
50
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
I (Amp)
mnkgj.k 1-3-2% ,d O;kogkfjd èkkjk Ïksr esa] 3 mA dk vkn'kZ èkkjk Ïksr gS ftldk 1000 W dk vkarfjd
çfrjksèk gSA •qys ifjiFk VfeZuy oksYVst vkSj vkarfjd çfrjksèk esa gkfu gqbZ 'kfDr dh x.kuk djsaA
gy% ,d O;kogkfjd èkkjk Ïksr dk lehdj.k gS
v
iT = i – R in ---(2-1)
nh xbZ leL;k osQ fy, èkkjk Ïksr osQ VfeZuyksa ls dksbZ Hkkj ugha tqM+k gS] èkkjk iT = 0
blfy, lehdj.k 2-1] v = iRin esa cny tkrk gS] tgka v VfeZuy oksYVst gSA i vkSj Rin] dk eku j•us ij]
v=3V
;wfuV lkjka'k
•• fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVd nks eq[; çdkj osQ ifjiFk rRo dks cukrs gSaA
•• fo|qr çrhd dk lfØ; vkSj fuf"Ø; nksuksa ?kVdksa dk çn'kZu djus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
•• çfrjksèk (R) èkkjk osQ çokg osQ fy, çnku fd, x, fojksèk dk o.kZu djus osQ fy, mi;ksx dh tkus okys
inkFkZ dk ,d xq.k gSA
•• çfrjksèk dk mi;ksx] ifjiFk esa fo|qr èkkjk osQ çokg dks lhfer ;k fofu;fer djus osQ lkFk&lkFk blosQ
fudV ;k ifjiFk osQ fgLls esa oksYVst osQ Lrj dks de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
•• ,d la?kkfj=k] fctyh osQ vkos'k osQ :i esa ÅtkZ dks LVksj djrk gSA
•• çsjd] ,d fuf"Ø; ?kVd gS ftldk mi;ksx pqacdh; ÅtkZ osQ :i esa ÅtkZ dks laxzghr djus osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gS tc fctyh ml ij çokfgr gksrh gSA
•• vèkZpkyd ?kVd] lfØ; Bksl voLFkk okys ?kVd gksrs gSaA
•• lHkh bysDVªkfudh ifjiFk esa lfØ; ?kVdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
•• Mk;ksM] BJT vkSj FET cqfu;knh vlrr lfØ; ?kVd gSaA
•• Mk;ksM ,d] fn"Vdkjh (;wfuMk;jsD'kuy) midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls jsfDVfiQosQ'ku osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
•• BJT ,d èkkjk lapkfyr] rhu VfeZuy midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx eq[; :i ls çoèkZu vkSj fLofpax
vuqç;ksx osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
•• FET ,d oksYVst lapkfyr midj.k gS ftlesa mPp vkxr çfrckèkk gksrh gSA PMO vkSj NMO dks
CMO osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, ,d lkFk tksM+k tkrk gSA
•• laosQrksa dks lkèkkj.krg fujarj le; laosQrksa vkSj vlrr laosQrksa osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• ?kjsyw vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqç;ksx osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fo|qr laosQr dks AC laosQr vkSj DC
laosQr osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• AC vkSj DC laosQr Ïksrksa dks muosQ foHko&èkkjk fo'ks"krkvksa osQ vuqlkj vkn'kZ vkSj O;kogkfjd Ïksr osQ
:i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• fuHkZj foHko vkSj èkkjk Ïksr dk mi;ksx BJT] JFET tSls lfØ; ?kVdksa okys lfoZQV osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl
A-oLrqfu"B ç'u
funZs'k% Ñi;k lcls mi;qDr mÙkj dk p;u djsaA
Øekad cgqfodYih; Øekad cgqfodYih; ç'u
1-1 rkieku esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk 'kq¼ èkkrq dk çfrjksèk 1-7 vkWIVks&diyj osQ fy, Mk;ksM dh tksM+h dk mi;ksx
a- o`f¼ fd;k tkrk gS
b- ?kVko a. tsuj Mk;ksM vkSj PN taD'ku Mk;ksM
c- fLFkj jgrk gS b. tsuj vkSj LED
d- igys c<+rk gS vkSj fiQj de gks tkrk gS c. tsuj Mk;ksM vkSj iQksVks Mk;ksM
d. LED vkSj iQksVksMk;ksM

1-2 dSisflVj dh nks IysVksa osQ chp balqysfVax ekè;e 1-8 1.0 Ω osQ çfrjksèk okys rkj dh yackbZ pkj cjkcj Hkkxksa
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS esa dkVh tkrh gSA bu pkj Hkkxksa dks ,d eksVk rkj cukus
a- fo|qnxz (bysDVªksM) osQ fy, ,d lkFk&lkFk caMy fd;k tkrk gSA eksVk rkj
b- laèkkfj=k ekè;e dk çfrjksèk gksxk
c- lapkyu ekè;e a- 4 Ω b- 1@16 Ω
d- ijkoS|qr c- ¼ Ω d- 16 Ω
1-3 lcls vfèkd mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk vèkZpkyd 1-9 BJT] VfeZuy esa èkkjk,a gSa I1 = 5 mA, I2 = 95 mA, I3
gS = 100 mA, rks mi;qDr fodYi
a. dkcZu b. flfydkWu a. I1 = IB, I2 = IC, I3 = IE
c. teZsfu;e d. xSfy;e b. I1 = IB, I2 = IE, I3 = IC
1-4 oksYVst fofu;eu osQ fy, mi;qDr gS c. I1 = IC, I2 = IB, I3 = IE
a- P–N lafèk b- çdk'k mRltZd d. I1 = IE, I2 = IC, I3 = IE
c- iQksVks d- tsuj
1-5 flXuy X(t) dks xSj&vkofèkd ladsr dgk tkrk 1-10 fn•k, x, lfoZQV vkjs• esa] ;fn E oksYV osQ lkFk
gS ;fn cSVjh esa oqQN fu;r vkarfjd çfrjksèk gS vkSj ;fn
a. lehdj.k X(t) = X(t + T)T osQ lHkh ewY;ksa çfrjksèk R de gks tkrk gS rks oksYVehVj jhfMax gksxh
osQ fy, larq"V gS
b. lehdj.k X(t) = X(t + T)T osQ dsoy ,d
ewY; osQ fy, larq"V gS
c. lehdj.k X(t) = X(t + T)T osQ dksbZ Hkh
ugha ewY;ksa osQ fy, larq"V gS
d. lehdj.k X(t) = X(t + T)T osQ dsoy
fo"ke ewY;ksa osQ fy, larq"V gS
1-6 ,d vkn'kZ oksYVst lzksr esa lzksr oksYVst vkSj
VfeZuy oksYVst osQ :i esa lacafèkr fd;k tk
ldrk gS
a- fLFkj jgsa
a. VfeZuy oksYVst] lzksr oksYVst dh rqyuk esa
vfèkd gS b- o`f¼ djuk
b. VfeZuy oksYVst] lzksr oksYVst osQ cjkcj gS c- ?kVko
c. VfeZuy oksYVst] ges'kk lzksr oksYVst dh d- E osQ cjkcj gksxk
rqyuk esa de gksrk gS
d. VfeZuy oksYVst] lzksr oksYVst ls vfèkd
ugha gks ldrk
B-fo"k;kRed ç'u
1- fdlh Hkh rhu çdkj osQ dSisflVj dh lwph rS;kj djsaA fdlh Hkh çdkj osQ dSisflVj osQ fy;s] ,d mi;ksx
dks crk;saA
2- ,d fuf'pr rkj osQ 360 m dk çfrjksèk 90 Ω gS- ,d gh rkj dh] fdl yackbZ esa 125 Ω dk çfrjksèk gksxk\
3- ,d ?kj ij 500 cgqjax dh vkmVMksj jks'kuh (cYc) dh ,d cgqr yach fLVªax LFkkfir gSA fctyh pkyw
djus osQ ckn] x`g Lokeh us uksfVl fd;k fd nks cYc ty pqosQ gSaA D;k jks'kuh (cYc) Js.kh ;k lekukarj
esa tqM+s gq, gSa\
4- 5 F] 10 F vkSj 15 F osQ laèkkfj=k] 100 V vkiwfrZ osQ lkFk Jà•yk (Js.kh) esa tqM+s gq, gSaA lerqY; laèkkfj=k
fuèkkZfjr djsaA
5- 'kCnksa dks ifjHkkf"kr djsa% ck;flax] oksYVst vkWijsfVax fMokblA
6- FET osQ nks vuqç;ksxksa dh lwph cukb,A
7- fctyh dh vko';drk] vkxr çfrckèkk] m".krk (FkeZy) lEcUèkh fLFkjrk vkSj l?kurk osQ vkèkkj ij
FET osQ lkFk BJT dh rqyuk djsaA
8- JFET ij MOSFET osQ ykHk crk;saA
9- fdpu vkSj LVksj :e dks çdk'keku djus osQ fy, nks ykbV cYc dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA ,d çdk'k
cYc 300 mA •haprk (Mªk)W gS] tcfd oksYVst 240 V yxk;k x;k gSA LVksj :e esa ,d vU; ykbV cYc
240 mA •haprk gS tc blesa oksYVst 240 V yxk;k x;k gSA çdk'k cYcksa dk oqQy çfrjksèk D;k gS\
10- pksj (lsaèkekj ;k cxZyj) vykeZ esa çdk'k vewrZrk (abstraction) dk irk yxkus osQ fy, mi;qDr Mk;ksM
osQ çdkj dk lq>ko nsaA
11- ^BJT* esa] mRltZd VfeZuy èkkjk orZeku èkkjk gS] vkSfpR; çekf.kr djsA
12- β osQ ewY; dh x.kuk djsa] ;fn α dk ewY; 0-92 gSA
13- FET dks ,dèkzqoh; fMokbl dgk tkrk gS] dkj.k nsaA
14- ,d O;kogkfjd Ïksr esa 500 W osQ vkarfjd çfrjksèk osQ lkFk 3 Amp dk vkn'kZ èkkjk Ïksr gksrk gSaA
O;kogkfjd èkkjk Ïksr osQ VfeZuyksa osQ fy, 250 W dk Hkkj çfrjksèk tqM+k gqvk gSA Hkkj osQ VfeZuy osQ
ikj (,ozQksl) oksYVst vkSj Hkkj çfrjksèk }kjk vo'kksf"kr 'kfDr dk irk yxk,aA
15- vkn'kZ vkSj O;kogkfjd Ïksrksa osQ chp erHksnksa dks lwphc¼ djsaA
çk;ksfxd
I. P7-ES110: fu"ozQ; ?kVd
P7.1 çk;ksfxd dFku

fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu fuf"Ø; bysDVªkWfud ?kVdksa dh igpku djsaA
P7.2 çk;ksfxd egRo

dksbZ Hkh ifjiFk fofHkUu çdkj osQ ?kVdksa ls cuk gksrk gSA bl ç;ksx dk mís'; fuf"Ø; bysDVªkWfud ?kVdksa osQ igpkuus
okys dkS'ky dk fodkl djuk gSA çfrjksèkd] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k tSls fuf"Ø; ?kVd ÅtkZ dks u"V ;k laxzghr djrs
gSaA ;g ç;ksx igpkuus okys dkS'ky dks fodflr djus esa enn djsxk tks fdlh Hkh ifjiFk ;k ;qfDr (fMokbl)
dh leL;k fuokj.k osQ fy, cgqr vko';d gSA
P7.3 çklafxd fl¼kar
fuf"Ø; bysDVªkWfud ?kVdksa osQ fy,] Ñi;k bl iqLrd osQ vè;k; 1 dk •aM 1.1 ns•saA
P7.4 çSfDVdy vkmVdEl (PrO)

PrO1 fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ çfrjksèkksa dh igpku djsaA
PrO2 fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ çsjdksa dh igpku djsaA
PrO3 fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ laèkkfj=k dh igpku djsaA
P7.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk (dk;Z dh fLFkfr)
fp=k P7.1: fofHkUu çdkj osQ çfrjksèkksa fp=k P7.2: fofHkUu çdkj osQ pj çfrjksèkksa dks
dks n'kkZus okyh Nfo fn•kus okyh Nfo (lkStU;% Technicalegg)
iksVsaf'k;ksehVj% iksVsaf'k;ksehVj ;k ikWV] laf{kIr :i esa ifjorZuh; (osfj,cy) çfrjksèkd gksrs gSaA os vke rkSj
ij vfèkdre eku osQ lkFk] viuk eku] vkse esa fpfÉr djrs gSaA NksVs fVªe ikWV ,d 3-vadh; dksM dk mi;ksx
dj ldrs gSa tgka igys 2 vad egRoiw.kZ gSa] vkSj rhljk xq.kd gksrk gS (ewy :i ls igys 2 vadksa osQ ckn 0's
dh la[;k)A mnkgj.k osQ fy,] dksM 104 = 10 osQ ckn pkj 0's = 10000 vkse = 100K vkseA muds ikl ,d
v{kj dksM Hkh gks ldrk gS tks Vsij dks bafxr djrk gS (tks fd iksVsaf'k;ksehVj fdruh nwj gS] vkSj çfrjksèk dSls
cnyrk gS] bl lacaèk dks crkrk gS)A yhfu;j (Lin) ;k ykWxfjnfed (Log) VªSd okys iksVsaf'k;ksehVj gksrs gSaA
jSf•d iksVsaf'k;ksehVj osQ lkFk] VªSd osQ ,d Nksj vkSj okbij osQ chp çfrjksèk ,d fLFkj nj ij cnyrk jgrk gS
D;ksafd LykbMj dks VªSd osQ lkFk ys tk;k tkrk gSA y?kqx.kd (ykWxfjnfed) çdkjksa esa] çfrjksèk esa ifjorZu VªSd osQ
,d Nksj ls nwljs Nksj rd cgqr de gksrk gSA mUgsa vkerkSj ij ,d ifjiFk cksMZ ij "VR" osQ lkFk fpfÉr fd;k
tkrk gSA
fp=k P7.3: fofHkUu çdkj osQ laèkkfj=k fn•kus okyh Nfo fp=k P7.4: fofHkUu çdkj osQ çsjdksa dks n'kkZus okyh Nfo
laèkkfj=k% O;kogkfjd laèkkfj=k osQ :i] O;kid :i ls cnyrs ;k fHkUu gksrs gSa] ysfdu lHkh esa] de ls de
nks fo|qr daMDVj gksrs gSa] ftUgs bUlqysVj }kjk vyx fd;k tkrk gSaA cgqrks ij] muds ewY; mu ij eqfær gksrs gSa]
oqQN 3-vadh; dksM osQ lkFk fpfÉr gksrs gSa] vkSj oqQN jax dksfMr gksrs gSaA os vkerkSj ij ifjiFk cksMZ ij "C" osQ
lkFk fpfÉr gksrs gSaA
çsjd% ,d çsjd] ftls dkWby ;k fj,DVj Hkh dgk tkrk gS] esa ,d daMDVj gksrk gS tSls rkj] tks fd vkerkSj
ij ,d dkWby osQ Åij oqaQMfyr gksrs gSaA A muds eku dk irk yxkuk FkksM+k dfBu gks ldrk gSA muesa ls oqQN jax
dksfMr gSa] vU;Fkk LCR ehVj tSls vPNs ekid ;a=k dh vko';drk gksxh] tks çsjd dks eki ldrk gSA os vke
rkSj ij ,d ifjiFk cksMZ ij "L" osQ lkFk fpfÉr gksrs gSaA
P7.6 vko';d lalkèku

lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh okLrfod lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk
ek=kk fVIi.kh
Øekad vko';drk egRoiw.kZ O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk
la[;k (;fn dksbZ gks)
fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk (Nk=k }kjk Hkjk tkuk gS)
1. fofHkUu ?kVdksa okys uewuk ifjiFk 1
fofHkUu çdkj osQ çfrjksèkd] ikWV]

2. fefJr
çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k
P7.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. lqfuf'pr djsa fd igpku osQ fy, fy;k x;k dksbZ Hkh fuf"Ø; ?kVd] lgh txg ij okil j•k x;k gSA
2. dke djus dh est ij lkiQ&liQkbZ cuk, j•saA
3. ?kVdksa dks Bhd ls laHkkysaA
P7.8 ç;ksx fof/

1. fofHkUu ?kVdksa dk è;kuiwoZd fujh{k.k djsaA
2. fn, x, nks ifjiFkksa esa çfrjksèkksa] çsjdksa vkSj laèkkfj=kksa osQ eku vkSj çdkj dh igpku dhft, vkSj mUgsa
çs{k.k rkfydk esa fyf•,A
P7.9 voyksdu
ifjiFk 1
Øekad çfrjksèkksa çsjdksa laèkkfj=kksa
çdkj eku çdkj eku çdkj eku
ifjiFk 2
P7.10 ifj.kke ,oa@vFkok foospuk
P7.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
P7.12 ç;ksx lacafèkr ç'u

(mÙkj osQ fy, vyx 'khV dk ç;ksx djsa)
è;ku nsa% lanHkZ osQ fy, uhps oqQN uewuk ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfCèk
lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vfèkd ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1.;fn fdlh çfrjksèkd ij dksbZ pkSFkk jax ugha n'kkZ;k x;k gS] rks bldk Vksyjsal (tolerance) eku crkb,A
2.ikjaifjd VÔwc ykbV esa mi;ksx gksus okys fuf"Ø; ?kVdksa dh lwph cuk,aA
P7.13 vè;;u gsrq lq>k, x, lalk/u
çfrjks/d çsjd la/kfj=k

dk dk dk
ifjp; ifjp; ifjp;

II. P8-ES110: Js.kh vkSj lekukarj Øe esa çfrjksèk

P8.1 çk;ksfxd dFku
czsMcksMZ ij Js.kh vkSj lekukarj Øe la;kstu esa çfrjksèkksa dks la;ksftr djsa vkSj eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds bldk
eku ekisaA
P8.2 çk;ksfxd egRo
fo|qr midj.kksa esa Js.kh vkSj lekukarj Øe ifjiFk la;kstu cgqr vke gSaA Ý;wt] Hkou esa xje djus okys Lopkfyr
ghfVax midj.k vkSj lqj{kk dVvkmV] lzksr osQ lkFk Js.kh Øe esa tqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA vfèkdka'k midj.k oksYVst lzksr
osQ lekukarj Øe tqM+s gq, gksrs gSaA bl ç;ksx dk mís';] ekiu midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djus vkSj Js.kh vkSj lekukarj
Øe ifjiFk dk fo'ys"k.k djus dk dkS'ky fodflr djuk gSA

Js.kh vkSj lekukarj Øe ifjiFk osQ fy,] bl iqLrd osQ vè;k; 1 dk •aM 1.1.6 ns•saA
P8.4 çk;ksfxd ifj.kke (PrO)

PrO1 çfrjksèk dks ekius osQ fy, eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
PrO2 tc çfrjksèkksa dks Js.kh Øe esa tksM+k tkrk gS] rks lerqY; çfrjksèk dk eku ekisaA
PrO3 tc çfrjksèkksa dks lekukarj Øe esa tksM+k tkrk gS] rks lerqY; çfrjksèk dk eku ekisaA
PrO4 fuèkkZfjr djsa fd =kqfV Lohdk;Z lhek osQ Hkhrj gS ;k ughaA
P8.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk (ifjiFk vkjs•)
+ –
A
+
V1 R1
+ –
0-30 V + + +
+ R1 V1 R2 V2
Variable V
DC 0-30 V + –
– + Variable –
– V
V2 R2 DC
– – + +
– A1 A2
– –
fp=k P8.1: fMftVy eYVhehVj fp=k P8.2: Js.kh la;kstu fp=k P8.3: lekukarj la;kstu

okLrfod lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk
lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk ek=kk fVIi.kh
Øekad O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk
egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk la[;k (;fn dksbZ gks)
(Nk=k }kjk Hkjk tkuk gS)
fMftVy eYVhehVj% yhM osQ lkFk 3½
1. 2
vadksa dk fMLIys
2. ifjorZuh; DC dh vkiwfrZ% 0- 30V, 2A 1

lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk ek=kk fVIi.kh
nks vyx&vyx ekuksa osQ çfrjksèk R1
3. 2
vkSj R2
4. czsMcksMZ% 5 cm × 17 cm 1
dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu

5. LS
dksfVax (0.5 mm O;kl)
P8.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. lqfuf'pr djsa fd la;kstu ç;ksxkRed lsVvi osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A
2. ç;ksx djrs le; eYVhehVj osQ mfpr dk;Z iQaD'ku dk p;u djsaA
3. tc rd vkius ifjiFk la;kstu dh tkap ugha dh gS] rc rd eYVh&ehVj dks pkyw u djsaA
4. oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj dks ifjiFk vkjs• esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj lgh èkzqoksa esa la;ksftr djsaA
5. eYVhehVj tc çfrjksèkd osQ lekukarj oksYVst ekius osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks blds lkFk lekukarj
Øe esa tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A
P8.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. czsMcksMZ ij ifjiFk dks dusDV djsa tSlk fd fp=k P8.1 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
2. ifjiFk esa vKkr çfrjksèk R1 la;ksftr djsaA
3. dkyh yhM dks eYVh&ehVj ij COM VfeZuy ls la;ksftr djsaA
4. yky yhM dks eYVh&ehVj ij VfeZuy ls la;ksftr djsaA
5. eYVh&ehVj pkyw djsaA fMLIys foaMks esa ;k rks OL ;k OPEN dk ladsr gksuk pkfg,A
6. ifjorhZ oksYVst vkiwfrZ dk mi;ksx djds ifjiFk esa oksYVst esa ifjorZu djsa
7. eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds oksYVst vkSj èkkjk dh jhfMax fjdkWMZ djsaA
8. vkse osQ fu;e dk mi;ksx djds çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
9. çfrjksèk osQ vkSlr eku dh x.kuk djsaA
10. vKkr çfrjksèk R2 dh x.kuk djus osQ fy, LVsi la[;k 6 ls 9 nksgjk,aA
11. nks çfrjksèkksa R1 vkSj R2 dks Js.kh Øe esa la;ksftr djsaA
12. ç;ksx }kjk çfrjksèk Kkr djus osQ fy, LVsi la[;k 6 ls 9 rd nksgjk,aA
13. lS¼kafrd :i ls led{k çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
14. nks çfrjksèkksa R1 vkSj R2 dks lekukarj Øe esa la;ksftr djsaA
15. ç;ksx }kjk çfrjksèk Kkr djus osQ fy, LVsi la[;k 6 ls 9 rd nksgjk,¡
16. lS¼kafrd :i ls led{k çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
P8.9 voyksdu vkSj x.kuk
Øekad çfrjksèkd ifjiFk çfrjksèkd ifjiFk Js.kh esa Js.kh lekukarj lekukarj
R1 osQ esa R1 R2 osQ esa R2 tqM+s gq, esa R1 esa tqM+sa esa R1
,ØkWl ds lkFk ,ØkWl ds lkFk izfrjksèkd vkSj R2 gq, vkSj R2
oksYVst cgus oksYVst cgus çfrjksèkd osQ lkFk çfrjksèkd osQ lkFk
okyh okyh R1 vkSj cgus R1 vkSj cgus
èkkjk èkkjk R2 osQ okyh R2 osQ okyh
,ØkWl èkkjk ,ØkWl èkkjk
oksYVst oksYVst
x.kuk
R1 dk vkSlr eku =
R2 dk vkSlr eku =
tc R1 vkSj R2 Jà•yk esa gksa rks lerqY; çfrjksèk dk vkSlr eku =
tc R1 vkSj R2 lekukarj esa gksa rks lerqY; çfrjksèk dk vkSlr eku =

tc R1 vkSj R2 Jà•yk esa gksa rks tc R1 vkSj R2 lekukarj esa gksa rks
R1 dk eku R2 dk eku
lerqY; çfrjksèk dk eku] Rs lerqY; çfrjksèk dk eku] Rp
çk;ksfxd çk;ksfxd lS¼kafrd :i ls çk;ksfxd lS¼kafrd :i ls çk;ksfxd
P8.11 fu"d"kZ vkSj@;k lR;kiu

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
P8.12 iz;ksx lacafèkr ç'u
uksV% uhps lanHkZ osQ fy, oqQN uewuk ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfCèk lqfuf'pr
djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vfèkd ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1. ;fn çfrjksèk osQ ,ØkWl oksYVst dks rhu xquk c<+k fn;k tk,] rks èkkjk dSls çHkkfor gksxh\
2. çfrjksèkd dks fdl çdkj tksM+k tkuk pkfg, rkfd ifj.kkeh çfrjksèk de gks tk,\
vkse dk lerqY;
fu;e çfrjks/

III. P9-ES110: Js.kh vkSj lekukarj Øe esa la/kfj=k
P9.1 çk;ksfxd dFku

czsMcksMZ ij laèkkfj=kksa dks Js.kh vkSj lekukarj la;kstu esa la;ksftr djsa vkSj eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds blds eku
dks ekisaA
P9.2 çk;ksfxd egRo

m|ksxksa vkSj ?kjsyw vuqç;ksxksa esa] lVhdrk osQ lkFk lerqY; laèkkfj=k dk ekiu cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA ,sls eki eYVhehVj
;k LCR ehVj }kjk fd, tk ldrs gSaA

laèkkfj=k osQ fy,] iqLrd dk 1.1.1 dks ns•saA

PrO1 laèkkfj=k ekius osQ fy, eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
PrO2 rqY; èkkfjrk dks ekisa tc laèkkfj=k dk la;kstu Js.kh esa gksaA
PrO3 rqY; èkkfjrk dks ekisa tc laèkkfj=k dk la;kstu lekukarj esa gksaA
P9.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk (ifjiFk vkjs• @ dk;Z dh fLFkfr)
+ –
A
+ + +
C1 C2
V1 C1 V1 V2
+ – –
–
+ + +
V
V
– – –
– + + +
C2 A1
V2 A2
– – –
fp=k P9.1: laèkkkfj=k dk Js.kh la;kstu fp=k P9.2: laèkkkfj=k dk lekukarj la;kstu

ek=kk fVIi.kh
fMftVy eYVhehVj% yhM osQ lkFk
1. 3
3½ vadksa dk fMLIys
ifjorZuh; DC dh vkiwfrZ% 0- 30V,

2. 2A 'kkWVZ ifjiFk lqj{kk] oksYVst vkSj 1
èkkjk osQ fy, çn'kZu
fo|qr okgd cy (bZ,e,iQ) lzksr%
3. 1
oksYVst 0-20 V, èkkjk 0-1A
4. ,ehVj 0-5 Amps 2
5. mi;qDr laèkkfj=k ekbØks iQSjkM esa 2
dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM) VsÝykWu

6. LS
P9.7 lqj{kk mik;

2. ç;ksx djrs le; eYVh ehVj osQ mfpr iQaD'ku dk p;u djsaA
3. lqfuf'pr djsa fd ifjiFk esa la;ksftr djus ls igys lHkh laèkkfj=k iwjh rjg ls fMLpktZ gks x, gSaA
4. lqfuf'pr djsa fd ifjiFk dks Nwrs le; vkids gkFk xhys ugha gSaA
P9.8 iz;ksx fof/
2. yky yhM dks eYVh&ehVj ij W VfeZuy ls dusDV djsaA
3. lqfuf'pr djsa fd lHkh laèkkfj=k iwjh rjg ls fMLpktZ gks x, gSa (V = 0)] yxHkx 30 lsdaM osQ fy,
laèkkfj=k esa ,d rkj ls yhM dks tksM+ dj fMLpktZ djsaA
4. laèkkfj=kksa dks ifjiFk esa tksM+us ls igys muds eku dks uksV dj ysaA
5. fp=k P9.2 esa fn, x, ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj laèkkfj=k dks czsM cksMZ ij Js.kh esa ehVj osQ lkFk la;ksftr
djsaA
6. vkiwfrZ osQ fLop ON djsa vkSj oksYVehVj rFkk ,ehVj osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys eYVhehVj osQ
jhfMax dks uksV djsa vkSj çR;sd laèkkfj=k osQ ,Øksl esa oksYVst vkSj vkiwfrZ oksYVst ekisaA
7. vkiwfrZ can djsaA
8. Js.kh rqY; èkkfjrk Kkr dhft,A
9. fp=k P9.3 esa fn, x, ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj laèkkfj=k dks ehVj osQ lkFk lekukarj esa la;ksftr djsaA
10. vkiwfrZ pkyw djsa vkSj oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys eYVh ehVj dh jhfMax
dks uksV djsaA
11. vkiwfrZ can djsaA
12. lekUrj lerqY; èkkfjrk Kkr dhft,A
13. C1 osQ eku dks C1′ vkSj C2 ls C2′ esa cnysa vkSj LVsi la[;k 3 ls 12 nksgjk,a vkSj Js.kh lerqY;
laèkkfj=k CTS2 vkSj lekukarj lerqY; laèkkfj=k CTP2 Kkr djsA

1. C1 = ___________________________ C2 = ___________________________
2. C1′ = ___________________________ C2′ = ___________________________
Js.kh la;kstu
Øekad V V1 V2 I
1.
2.
lS¼kafrd :i ls Js.kh la;kstu osQ fy,

V = V1 + V2, ∴ Q/C = Q/C1 + Q/C2 i.e. 1/C = 1/C1 + 1/C2
C1 × C2
CTS1 = …………………………………
C1 + C2
C1′ × C2′
CTS2 = …………………………………
C1′ + C2′
lekukarj la;kstu
Øekad V V1 V2 I
1.
2.
lS¼kafrd :i ls lekukarj la;kstu osQ fy,

V = V1 = V2
Q = C(V1 + V2)
CTP1 = C1 + C2 = …………………………………
CTP2 = C1′ + C2′ = …………………………………
P9.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. çR;sd laèkkfj=k dks çkjaHk esa fMLpktZ djus dk dkj.k nhft,A
2. 2 ekbØks iQSjkM vkSj 5 ekbØks iQSjkM osQ nks laèkkfj=k gSaA rqY; èkkfjrk dh rqyuk djsa] ;fn os Js.kh esa vkSj
fiQj lekukarj esa tqM+s gq, gSaA
3. ;fn vki ,d laèkkfj=k cSad esa vfèkd ek=kk esa vkos'k laxzfgr djuk pkgrs gSa] rks laèkkfj=kksa dks Js.kh esa
;k lekukarj esa tksM+k tkuk pkfg,\
IV. P10-ES110: lfozQ; bysDVªkWfud ?kVd

P10.1 çk;ksfxd dFku
fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu lfØ; bysDVªkWfud ?kVdksa dh igpku djsaA
P10.2 çk;ksfxd egRo

dksbZ Hkh ifjiFk fofHkUu çdkj osQ ?kVdksa ls cuk gksrk gSA lfØ; ?kVd fo|qr ifjiFk dks ÅtkZ dh vkiwfrZ djrs gSaA
bl ç;ksx dk mís'; lfØ; ?kVdksa dh igpku djuk gS] tks cqfu;knh ifjiFk dks fMtkbu djus ;k fdlh Hkh ifjiFk
;k fMokbl dh leL;k fuokj.k osQ dkS'ky fodflr djus osQ fy, cgqr vko';d gSA
lfØ; bysDVªkWfud ?kVdksa osQ fy,] bl iqLrd dk •aM 1.2 ns•saA

PrO1 fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ Mk;ksM dh igpku djsaA
PrO2 fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu çdkj osQ VªkaftLVj dh igpku djsaA
P10.5 çk;ksfxd ç.kkyh (ifjiFk vkjs•@dk;Z dh fLFkfr)
fp=k P10.1: PN taD'ku Mk;ksM] iQksVks Mk;ksM] LED tSls fofHkUu izdkj osQ Mk;ksM fn[kkus okyh Nfo
fp=k P10.2: BJT ikoj VªkaftLVj] JFET, MOSFET tSls fofHkUu izdkj osQ Mk;ksM fn[kkus okyh Nfo

ek=kk fVIi.kh
fofHkUu lfØ; ?kVdksa okys uewuk
1. 3
(lSEiy) ifjiFk
Mk;ksM% vèkZpkyd Mk;ksM] tsuj
2. fefJr
Mk;ksM] LED] iQksVks Mk;ksM] vkfnA
VªkaftLVj% BTL, JFET, MOSFET,
3. fefJr
vkfnA
P10.7 lqj{kk mik;
1. lqfuf'pr djsa fd igpku osQ fy, fy;k x;k dksbZ Hkh lfØ; ?kVd lgh txg ij okil j•k x;k gSA
2. dke djus dh est ij lkiQ&liQkbZ cuk, j•saA
3. ?kVdksa dks Bhd ls laHkkysaA
P10.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. {kj.kxzLr (carious) ?kVdksa dks è;ku ls ns•saA
2. fn, x, nks ifjiFkksa esa ?kVd la[;k vkSj Mk;ksM vkSj VªkaftLVj osQ çdkj dh igpku djsa vkSj mUgsa
voyksdu rkfydk esa uksV djsaA
P10.9 voyksdu
ifjiFk 1
Mk;ksM VªkaftLVj
Øekad
?kVd la[;k çdkj ?kVd la[;k çdkj
ifjiFk 2
P10.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. o.kZu djsa fd ;g dSls igpkuk tk ldrk gS fd fn;k x;k Mk;ksM] teZsfu;e Mk;ksM gS ;k flfydkWu
Mk;ksMA
2. fdlh fn, x, VªkaftLVj osQ fy,] o.kZu djsa fd ,feVj] csl vkSj dysDVj VfeZuy dh igpku dSls dh
tk ldrh gSA
3. ç;ksx osQ nkSjku ns•s x, fofHkUu lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ fo|qr çrhdksa dks cuk,aA

1. Diode, Transistor & FET Circuits Manual, Editor(s): R.M. Marston, Circuits
Manual Series, Newnes, 1991,ISBN 9780750602280,
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii B9780750602280500065 bysDVªkWfuDl
midj.k vkSj
ifjiFk
V. P11-ES110: LCR ehVj dk mi;ksx djds ekiu

çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèk osQ eku dks ekius osQ fy, LCR ehVj dk ç;ksx djsaA

m|ksxksa vkSj ?kjsyw vuqç;ksxksa esa] ifjiFk esa çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèkks dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ifjiFk dks fMtkbu djus
osQ lkFk&lkFk ifjiFk dks leL;k fuokj.k djus osQ fy,] çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèk osQ eku dh iqf"V dh tkuh pkfg,A ;g
ç;ksx] ,d LCR ehVj osQ vxz (ÚaV) iSuy fu;a=k.kksa vkSj blds mi;ksx dks çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèk osQ eku dks ekius
osQ fy, çLrqr djsxkA

çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèk osQ fy,] Ñi;k bl iqLrd osQ vè;k; 1 dk 1.1.1 ns•saA
LCR ehVj ,d çdkj dk bysDVªkWfud ijh{k.k midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx bysDVªkWfud ?kVd osQ izsjdRo (L)]
laèkkfj=k (C)] vkSj çfrjksèk (R) dks ekius osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ijh{k.k osQ rgr ,d midj.k osQ ekè;e
ls cgus okyh èkkjk (I) dks ekirk gS] oksYVst (V) ekirk gS] rFkk V vkSj I osQ chp osQ dyk dks.k dks ekirk gSA
bu rhu ekiksa ls] lHkh çfrckèkk ekinaMksa dh x.kuk LCR ehVj }kjk dh tkrh gSA

PrO1 fofHkUu lsfVaXl dks le>us osQ fy, LCR ehVj dks lapkfyr djsaA
PrO2 LCR ehVj dk mi;ksx djds fn, x, çfrjksèkd dk eku ekisaA
PrO3 ,d fMftVy eYVhehVj osQ lkFk çfrjksèk eku dk ijh{k.k djsa vkSj LCR ehVj dks ekud ehVj ekudj =kqfV
dk fo'ys"k.k djsaA
fp=k P11.1: ,d lSEiy fMftVy LCR ehVj fp=k P11.2: çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèk
lkStU;% ch,e 4070 osQ fy, çksLVj

Øekad lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk ek=kk la[;k
fMftVy LCR ehVj% yhM osQ lkFk 3½ &fMftVy LCD fMLIys_ çfrjksèk% 20W – 200MW;
1. 1
laèkkfj=k% 2000PF – 200uF; çsj.k% 20mH – 20H ;k leku Jsf.k;ksa osQ lkFk LCR ehVj
2. çsjd% fofHkUu çdkj tSls ok;q oqaQMyh] fofHkUu eku osQ iQsjkbV dksj VkWjkW;My çsjd U;wure 3
3. çfrjksèkd% fofHkUu çdkj tSls ok;j oqaQMyh] dkcZu fiQYe] fofHkUu eku dh lsjesV fiQYe U;wure 3
4 tyk gqvk çfrjksèk 1
5 dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu dksfVax (0.5 mm O;kl) LS
P11.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. tSls gh bls pkyw fd;k tkrk gS] LCR ehVj dks yxHkx 2 feuV osQ fy, lsYiQ&dSfyczsV gksus dh vuqefr
nh tkuh pkfg,A
2. ç;ksx djrs le;] ukWc dks lek;ksftr (,MtLV) djsa vkSj LCR ehVj osQ mfpr iQaD'ku dk p;u djsaA
P11.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. iSuy ij fofHkUu fu;a=k.kksa dh igpku djsa vkSj midj.k eSuqvy osQ ekè;e ls muds dk;Z dks le>us
dk ç;kl djsaA
2. LCR ehVj pkyw djsaA
3. lkWdsV esa vKkr eku dk çfrjksèk MkysaA ?kqaMh dks lek;ksftr djds çsj.k dk p;u djsaA
4. lqfuf'pr djsa fd iwjs ç;ksx osQ nkSjku LCR ehVj dh vko`fÙk fLFkj j•h tk,A
5. fMftVy LCR ehVj ls çsj.k osQ eku dks ns•sa vkSj uksV djsaA
6. blh çdkj vU; çfrjksèkd Hkh Mkysa vkSj muds eku uksV djsaA
7. vc eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds mlh çfrjksèk dk çfrjksèk eku ekisaA
8. LCR ehVj dks ekud ekudj pj.k 8 esa çfrjksèk osQ ekiu esa =kqfV osQ çfr'kr dh x.kuk dhft,A
9. çsj.k vkSj çfrjksèk osQ fofHkUu çdkjksa vkSj eku osQ fy, pj.k 3 ls 7 dks nksgjk,a vkSj mUgsa voyksdu
vkSj x.kuk rkfydk esa uksV djsaA
10. var esa] ,d ^tyk gqvk* çfrjksèk ysa vkSj mls Mkysa vkSj çfrjksèk dks ekisa vkSj jhfMax dks Â* osQ :i esa
uksV djsaA
11. vc cl ,d rkj dk mi;ksx djds VfeZuyksa dks 'kkWVZ djsaA voyksdu dks ^B* osQ :i esa uksV djsaA

çsjd dk eku ‘L’ çfrjksèk dk eku ‘R’ çfrjksèk dk eku ‘R’ çfrjksèk osQ ekiu esa
Øekad
(LCR ehVj) (LCR ehVj) (eYVhehVj) =kqfV dk çfr'kr
1.
2.
3.
A = …………
B = …………
x.kuk
çfrjksèk osQ ekiu esa =kqfV dk çfr'kr
[R(LCR ehVj dk mi;ksx djosQ eku) – R (eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djosQ eku)]
= × 100
R(LCR ehVj dk mi;ksx djosQ eku)

(çkIr ewY;ksa ij fVIi.kh] VkWyjsal (tolerance)] =kqfV] ifj.kke ^tyk gqvk* çfrjksèk dusDV gksus ij çkIr gksrk gS_
ifj.kke 'kkWVZ ifjiFk gksus ij çkIr gksrk gS)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
P11.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
P11.12 ç;ksx lacafèkr ç'u

(mÙkj osQ fy, vyx 'khV dk ç;ksx djsa )
djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vfèkd ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A-
1.o.kZu djsa fd ,d fuf"Ø; ?kVd osQ eku dks dSls ekik tk ldrk gS] tks ifjiFk esa tqM+k gqvk gS\
2.;fn fuf"Ø; ?kVd dk eku çnku fd, x, LCR ehVj dh lhek ls ckgj gS] rks eki ij çHkko crk,aA
VI. P12- ES110: LCR-Q ehVj dk mi;ksx dj laèkkfj=k dk ekiu

fn, x, laèkkfj=k dk eku ekius osQ fy, LCR-Q ehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA

,d Lopkfyr x.kuk (vkWVks daI;wVsM) fMftVy LCR-Q ehVj dh mi;ksfxrk] ftls LCR-Q ijh{kd (VsLVj) Hkh
dgk tkrk gS] tks lhèks laèkkfj=k tSls ?kVdksa osQ eku dks ekirk gS] lkFk gh vU; egRoiw.kZ ekinaMksa tSls çsjdRo]
laèkkfj=k] çfrjksèk vkSj Q iQSDVj tSls vU; eku] ifjiFk fMtkbu vkSj leL;k fuokj.k osQ nkSjku mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA bl
ç;ksx dk mís'; LCR-Q ehVj osQ ÚaV iSuy fu;a=k.kksa vkSj ekiu esa blds vuqç;ksxksa dks le>uk gSA

,d LCR-Q ehVj ,d çdkj dk bysDVªkWfud ijh{k.k midj.k gS tks çsjdRo ( L)] laèkkfj=k (C)] çfrjksèk (R)
vkSj Q dkjd dks ekius osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn ,d laèkkfj=k dks Kkr oksYVst lzksr ls vkSj Kkr
çfrjksèk osQ ekè;e ls vkosf'kr (pktZ) fd;k tk jgk gS] rks laèkkfj=k oksYVst osQ fy, ,d fuf'pr fufnZ"V eku
(tSls cSVjh oksYVst dk 63») rd igqapus osQ fy, vko';d le; lhèks 'C' osQ eku ij fuHkZj djsxkA 'C' dk
eku ftruk de gksxk] LCR-Q dkmaVj rduhd dk mi;ksx djds le; ekius esa mruk gh vfèkd le; ysrk gSA
fMftVy oksYVekid ;a=k rduhd ^le;* dks oksYVst esa cny ldrh gS] var esa C vkSj@;k] L vkSj@;k] R dk eku
çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd] ;g ,d foLr`r fooj.k gS fd eki dSls fd;k tkrk gSA Lopkfyr x.kuk ehVj
ekbØksçkslslj vkèkkfjr midj.k gSa tks eki dh lqfoèkk çnku djrs gSaA fMftVy LCR-Q ehVj osQ ckjs esa vfèkd
tkuus osQ fy, Ñi;k eSuqvy ns•saA

PrO1 LCR-Q ehVj dks O;ofLFkr (lsV) vkSj lapkfyr djsaA
PrO2 laèkkfj=k ekius osQ fy, LCR-Q ehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
PrO3 ?kVd ij vafdr eku osQ lkFk ehVj osQ ekè;e ls çkIr ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk djsaA
P12.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk (dke dh fLFkfr)
fp=k P12.1: Lopkfyr x.kuk LCR-Q ehVj

lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk ek=kk @ fVIi.kh
Øekad O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa okyh osQ lkFk
Lopkfyr x.kuk fMftVy LCR-Q
1. ehVj% 4 vadksa dk fMLIys_ Lor% ijh{k.k 1
lqfoèkk osQ lkFk vkWVks jsaftax_
2. laèkkfj=k ijh{k.k osQ fy, fefJr
P12.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. LCR-Q ehVj dks lkoèkkuh ls laHkkysaA
2. ç;ksx djrs le;] LCR-Q ehVj osQ mfpr iQaD'ku dk p;u djsaA
3. lqfuf'pr djsa fd ijh{k.k fd, tkus okys laèkkfj=k vukosf'kr (fMLpktZ) dh fLFkfr esa gSaA
4. ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj laèkkfj=k dks lgh èkzqoksa esa la;ksftr djsaA
P12.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. LCR-Q ehVj osQ iSuy ij miyCèk eq[; fu;a=k.kksa dh igpku djsa vkSj muds dk;Z dks le>us dk ç;kl
djsaA
2. midj.kksa dh oqaQth ON djsaA
3. yxHkx nks feuV le; rd çrh{kk djsa rkfd LCR-Q ehVj Lo&dSfyczsVsM gks vkSj mi;ksx osQ fy, rS;kj
gksA
4. èkzqoh;rk dk è;ku j•rs gq, vKkr eku osQ laèkkfj=k dks lkWdsV esa balVZ djsaA 'R/L/C' fLop dks nck,¡
rkfd 'C' osQ rgr LED ;g n'kkZrk gS fd midj.k laèkkfj=k eki eksM esa gSA ehVj iwjh rjg ls Lopkfyr
gksus osQ dkj.k] fdlh jsat lsfVax dh vko';drk ugha gSA mi;qDr tksM+us osQ rgr ,d LED ped tk,xhA
5. blh rjg] vU; laèkkfj=k balVZ djsa vkSj muds eku dks uksV djsaA
6. LCR-Q ehVj osQ ekè;e ls çkIr ifj.kkeksa dh rqyuk laèkkfj=k ij vafdr eku osQ lkFk djsa] LCR-Q
ehVj dks ekud ehVj osQ :i esa ysrs gq, vkSj =kqfV osQ çfr'kr dh x.kuk djsaA
7. fofHkUu laèkkfj=k osQ fy, pj.k 2 ls 5 nksgjk,a vkSj mUgsa voyksdu vkSj x.kuk rkfydk esa uksV djsaA

laèkkfj=k dk eku ^C* laèkkfj=k dk eku ^C* laèkkfj=k dh eki esa =kqfV
Øekad
(LCR ehVj) (vafdr eku) dk çfr'kr
1
x.kuk%
laèkkfj=k dh eki esa =kqfV dk çfr'kr
¾ ['C' (LCR-Q ehVj dk mi;ksx dj eku) µ 'C' (vafdr (Inscribed) eku)] × 100
'C' (LCR-Q ehVj dk mi;ksx dj eku)

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
P12.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

uksV% uhps lanHkZ osQ fy, oqQN uewuk ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fuèkkZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfCèk lqfuf'pr djus
osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vfèkd ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1. LCR-Q ehVj osQ fy, 'kq:vkrh (okeZvi) le; dh vko';drk dk dkj.k crk,aA
2. Li"V djsa fd vkosf'kr laèkkfj=k dk ijh{k.k djus dh lykg D;ksa ugha nh tkrh gSA
Q ehVj
midj.k
VII. P13-ES110: jax dksM osQ lkFk çfrjksèk dk ekiu vkSj eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx
djosQ iqf"V

fn, x, çfrjksèkd dk eku jax dksM osQ lkFk] iqf"V djus osQ fy, fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds çfrjksèkd
dk eku fuèkkZfjr djsaA

bl ç;ksx dk mís'; jax (dyj) dksfMax dk mi;ksx djds dkcZu jsftLVj dk eku Kkr djuk gSA vfèkdka'k
bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk esa çfrjksèkksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ifjiFk osQ fodkl vkSj leL;k fuokj.k osQ fy, eYVh&ehVj
tSls eki midj.k dk mi;ksx djds ewY;ksa dh iqf"V djus osQ dkS'ky dks fodflr djuk vko';d gSA

,d dkcZu çfrjksèkd osQ ckgjh Hkkx dks vyx&vyx jaxksa osQ rhu cSaM] vkil esa ,d&nwljs ls leku nwjh ij vkSj
pkSFks cSaM dks fiNys varj dh rqyuk esa] rhljs ls FkksM+k nwj] fpfÉr fd;k x;k gS tSlk fd fp=k P13.1 esa fn•k;k
x;k gSA jaxksa dk la;kstu vkse esa çfrjksèk osQ eku dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA cSaM dks ck,a ls nk,a i<+k tkrk gS] igys
nks jax cSaM vyx&vyx vadksa osQ :i esa vkèkkj eku dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa] tcfd rhljk ,d 'kfDr xq.kd gS
vkSj vafre ,d VkWyjsal ladsrd gS D;ksafd fuekZ.k çfØ;k eku dh lVhdrk dks lhfer djrh gSA ;fn ik¡p cSaM
gSa] rks igys rhu vkèkkj eku dk çfrfufèkRo djrs gSa] tcfd vafre nks vHkh Hkh Øe'k% xq.kd vkSj VkWyjsal dk
çfrfufèkRo djrs gSaA
jax eku çfrfufèkRo%

0 ¾ dkyk_ 1 ¾ Hkwjk_ 2 ¾ yky_ 3 ¾ ukjaxh_ 4 ¾ ihyk_
5 ¾ gjk_ 6 ¾ uhyk_ 7 ¾ cSaxuh_ 8 ¾ xzs_ 9 ¾ liQsn
Vksyjsal%
Hkwjk ¾ $@& 1»_ yky ¾ $@& 2»_ lksuk ¾ $@& 5»_ pkanh ¾ $@& 10»
,d çfrjksèkd dh 'kfDr jsfVax okV {kerk esa nh tkrh gSA lkekU; miyCèk çfrjksèkksa esa 1/8 W, 1/4 W, 1/2 W, 1 W,
2 W 'kfDr jsfVax gksrh gSA
First
Digit Multiplier
Second Tolerance
Digit Gold = 20%, Silver = 10%
None = 20%
fp=k P13.1: çfrjksèkksa dh dyj dksfMax fp=k P13.2: fMftVy eYVh&ehVj dk mi;ksx
djds çfrjksèk ekiu

PrO1 jax dksfMax }kjk çfrjksèkksa osQ eku dh igpku djsaA
PrO2 çfrjksèk dks ekius osQ fy, eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
PrO3 fuèkkZfjr djsa fd =kqfV Lohdk;Z lhek osQ Hkhrj gS ;k ughaA

fp=k P13.2 çfrjksèk osQ eku dh iqf"V djus osQ fy, ,d fMftVy eYVh&ehVj dk mi;ksx djus dh dk;Z fLFkfr
dks n'kkZrk gSA

lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh okLrfod lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk fVIi.kh
ek=kk @
Øekad vko';drk egRoiw.kZ O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk (;fn dksbZ
la[;k
fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk (Nk=k }kjk Hkjk tkuk gS) gks)
1. çksCl osQ lkFk fMftVy eYVh&ehVj 1

3½ vadksa dk LCD fMLIys
2. fofHkUu ewY;ksa vkSj okV {kerk osQ p;fur (de

dkcZu çfrjksèkd ls de 5)
P13.7 lqj{kk mik;
1. lqfuf'pr djsa fd eki djrs le; nksuksa çfrjksèkd yhM~l ,d nqljs dks Li'kZ ugha dj jgs gSa] vU;Fkk
DMM jsflLVj osQ çfrjksèk osQ lkFk&lkFk 'kjhj osQ çfrjksèk dks Hkh ekisxkA
2. ç;ksx djrs le; eYVhehVj osQ mfpr dk;Z (iQyu) dk p;u djsaA
P13.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. vadh; eYVhehVj osQ "V" lkWdsV esa yky yhM Iyx vkSj "COM" lkWdsV esa CySd yhM Iyx bUlVZ djsA
2. çfrjksèk eki osQ fy, mfpr iQaD'ku dk p;u djsa A
3. mi;qDr jsat dk p;u djsa A
4. nks yhM ØksdksMkby fDyi dks çfrjksèk (;k tEij rkjksa osQ ekè;e ls çfrjksèk) ifjiFk osQ fy, eki djus
osQ fy, la;ksftr djsaA
5. i<+us ij è;ku nsa] ;fn vko';d gks rks jsat lek;ksftr djsaA
6. jax dksM vkSj DMM dk mi;ksx djds fofHkUu çfrjksèkksa dk çfrjksèk eku fuèkkZfjr djsaA
7. çR;sd çfrjksèkd osQ çfrjksèk dks ekisa vkSj çs{k.k rkfydk esa eku uksV djsaA
8. ekik ewY; osQ lkFk jax dksfMr çfrjksèk ewY; dh rqyuk djsaA
9 ekik çfrjksèk vkSj jax dksfMr çfrjksèk] çfrjksèk dh VkWyjsal lhek esa lger gksuk pkfg,A
jax dksM dk mi;ksx dj jax dksM dk çfrjksèk dk eku (DMM =kqfV dk

Øekad
çfrjksèk dk eku VkWyjsal dk mi;ksx djds) çfr'kr
x.kuk =kqfV dk çfr'kr = [izfrjksèk ekik x;k eku µ jax dksM dk mi;ksx dj izfrjksèk eku] × 100
izfrjksèk ekik x;k eku
P13.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
1. ;fn fdlh çfrjksèk dk jax cSaM Hkwjk] gjk vkSj xzs gS_ rks çfrjksèk vkSj VkWyjsal dk ewY; D;k gS\
2. D;k vki ifjiFk esa tqM+s dkcZu çfrjksèk dk eku eki ldrs gSa\ vkius tokc dk vkSfpR; lkfcr djsaA
çfrjks/ dk
ekiu
VIII. P14-ES110: PN taD'ku Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k

fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds PN taD'ku Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k djsaA

PN taD'ku Mk;ksM ,d nks VfeZuy vèkZpkyd fMokbl gSA ç;ksx dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj Mk;ksM dk p;u fd;k
tkrk gSA Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k djus osQ fy,] blds çfrjksèk dks ekik tkrk gSA oqQN vadh; eYVhehVj vkSj CRO esa
çR;{k Mk;ksM ijh{k.k lqfoèkk gksrh gSA bldk çk;ksfxd mís'; nksuksa fofèk;ksa dk mi;ksx djds Mk;ksM osQ ijh{k.k osQ
dkS'ky dks fodflr djuk gSA

PN taD'ku Mk;ksM fl¼kar osQ fy,] Ñi;k bl iqLrd dk fo"k; 1.2.2 ns•saA

PrO1 Mk;ksM ijh{k.k osQ fy, vadh; eYVh&ehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
PrO2 Mk;ksM osQ çfrjksèk dks ekisaA
fp=k P14.1% fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds Mk;ksM ijh{k.k

fMftVy eYVh ehVj% yhM osQ lkFk
1. 1
1/2 vadksa dk fMLIys
Mk;ksM IN4007 (;k dksbZ vU; led{k

2. 1
Mk;ksM)
P14.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. ijh{k.k djrs le; eYVhehVj osQ mfpr eksM pqusaA
2. lqfuf'pr djsa fd ifjiFk dh lHkh ikoj can gSA
3. lqfuf'pr djsa fd ijh{k.k osQ nkSjku Mk;ksM ij dksbZ oksYVst ekStwn ugha gS
P14.8 iz;ksx fof/

A. fMftVy eYVh&ehVj dk mi;ksx dj çR;{k (Mk;jsDV) Mk;ksM ijh{k.k%
1. Mk;y ;kuh jksVjh fLop dks Mk;ksM ijh{k.k eksM esa ?kqek,aA
2. ijh{k.k yhM dks Mk;ksM ls la;ksftr djsaA çnf'kZr eki fjdkWMZ djsaA
3. ijh{k.k yhM dks myV nsaA çnf'kZr eki fjdkWMZ djsaA
B. çfrjksèk eki eksM dk mi;ksx dj Mk;ksM ijh{k.k%
1. Mk;y dks jsflLVsal eksM (Ω) esa ?kqek,¡A
2. ifjiFk ls gVk, tkus osQ ckn ijh{k.k yhM dks Mk;ksM ls la;ksftr djsaA çnf'kZr eki fjdkWMZ djsaA
3. ijh{k.k yhM dks myV nsaA çnf'kZr eki fjdkWMZ djsaA
4. Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k djus osQ fy, çfrjksèk eksM dk mi;ksx djrs le; lokZsÙke ifj.kkeksa osQ fy,] Kkr
vPNs Mk;ksM osQ lkFk yh xbZ jhfMax dh rqyuk djsaA
P14.9 voyksdu
A. Mk;jsDV Mk;ksM ijh{k.k
1. vxz ck;LM daMh'ku osQ nkSjku eYVhehVj fMLIys ______ oksYVA
2. çfrykse ck;LM daMh'ku osQ nkSjku eYVhehVj fMLIys ______ oksYVA
B. çfrjksèk ekiu ijh{k.k

1. vxz ck;LM daMh'ku osQ nkSjku eYVhehVj fMLIys ______ vkseA
2. çfrykse ck;LM daMh'ku osQ nkSjku eYVhehVj fMLIys ______ vkseA

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. 1N Js.kh osQ Mk;ksM osQ VfeZuyksa dh igpku dhft,A
2. CRO dk mi;ksx djds fn, x, Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k djsaA
3. fn, x, yksM djaV vko';drk osQ fy, MsVk 'khV ls Mk;ksM dk p;u djsaA
IX. P15-ES110: PN lafèk Mk;ksM

PN lafèk Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
PN lafèk Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx m|ksxksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ?kjsyw vuqç;ksxksa tSls fMVsDVj ifjiFk] rjax (oso) 'ksfiax ifjiFk
vkSj DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ osQ fn"Vdkjh esa fd;k tkrk gSA bu vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy,] ,d mi;qDr Mk;ksM dk p;u
djus osQ fy,] Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dks tkuuk vko';d gSA bl ç;ksx esa] Nk=k foHko esa ifjorZu osQ lacaèk esa Mk;ksM
O;ogkj dks le>us osQ fy, fn, x, Mk;ksM dh V-I fo'ks"krkvksa dks Mªk djsxk] tks cnys esa ifjiFk esa mi;ksx fd,
tkus okys çklafxd bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa osQ p;u esa enn djsxkA

PN lafèk Mk;ksM fl¼kar osQ fy,] Ñi;k fo"k; 1.2.2 ns•saA

PrO1 PN lafèk Mk;ksM dh V-I fo'ks"krk,¡ cukb,A
PrO2 fdlh fn, x, Mk;ksM osQ fLFkj çfrjksèk dks ekisaA
PrO3 fdlh fn, x, Mk;ksM osQ pj çfrjksèk dks ekisaA
PrO4 fn, x, Mk;ksM osQ uh (knee) foHko dk fuèkkZj.k djsaA
fp=k P15.1: vxz ck;l esa Mk;ksM dk ifjiFk vkjs•

15.6 vko';d lalkèku
lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh okLrfod lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk fVIi.kh
ek=kk @
la[;k
1. fMftVy eYVhehVj% 1/2 vadksa dk fMLIys 3
DC fofu;fer fctyh dh vkiwfrZ% ifjorZuh;
2. DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ 0-30 V, 2 A, SC lqj{kk] 1
oksYVst vkSj èkkjk osQ fy, çn'kZu
3. oksYVehVj% 0-20 V 1
4. ,ehVj% 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200 µA 2
5. czsM cksMZ% 5.5 cm × 17 cm
6. Mk;ksM% IN4007 (;k dksbZ vU; led{k Mk;ksM) 1
7. çfrjksèk% 1KΩ (0.5 watts / 0.25 watts) 1
dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu dksfVax
8. L. S.
(0.6 mm O;kl)
P15.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. tc rd vkius ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk dusD'ku dh tkap ugha dh gS] rc rd fctyh dh
vkiwfrZ pkyw u djsaA
2. lqfuf'pr djsa fd oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj lgh èkzoq ksa esa tqMs+ gq, gSa tSlk fd ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
3. lqfuf'pr djsa fd yksM çfrjksèk lgh eku vkSj okV {kerk dk gSA
4. ç;ksx djrs le; Mk;ksM osQ buiqV foHko Mk;ksM osQ jsVsM foHko ls vfèkd u gksA blls Mk;ksM •jkc
gks ldrk gSA
5. fdlh Hkh jsat dks cnyus ls igys lqfuf'pr djsa fd ehVj can daMh'ku esa gSA
P15.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. fo|qr ifjiFk dks fp=k P15.1 osQ vuqlkj tksfM+,A
2. fctyh dh vkiwfrZ pkyw djsaA
3. çs{k.k rkfydk esa oksYVrk VF vkSj èkkjk IF dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
4. 0.1 V osQ LVsi esa buiqV foHko c<+k,¡A
5. çs{k.k rkfydk esa foHko VF vkSj èkkjk IF fjdkWMZ djsaA
6. pj.k 4 ls 5 rd nksgjk,a] tc rd fd 1 V ugha igqap tkrkA
7. VF dks X-v{k ij vkSj IF dks Y-v{k ij ysdj Mk;ksM osQ vxz ck;l vfHky{k.kksa dk vkys• vkysf•r djsAa
8. fdlh fo'ks"k fcanq ij fLFkj çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
9. vkysf•r xzkiQ ij nks fcanqvksa dks è;ku esa j•rs gq,] pj çfrjksèk dh x.kuk djsaA
Øekad VF (V) IF (mA)
1
2
3
x.kuk%
fo'ks"k fcanq ij fLFkj çfrjksèk Rstatic = VF/IF
Mk;ukfed çfrjksèk Rdynamic = ∆VF@∆IF

1. fn, x, Mk;ksM dk fLFkj çfrjksèk = …………………
2. fn, x, Mk;ksM dk Mk;ukfed çfrjksèk = …………………
3. fn, x, Mk;ksM dk uh (knee) foHko = …………………A

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. MsVk 'khV ls BY lhjht Mk;ksM osQ VfeZuyksa dks igpkusaA
2. o.kZu djsa fd ;fn ifjiFk ls Hkkj çfrjksèk gVk fn;k tk, rks D;k gksxkA
3. crk,a fd ;fn Hkkj çfrjksèk dk eku 5 Ω ,1/4W esa cny fn;k tk, rks bl iz;ksx esa D;k gksxk\
Mk;ksM dh
fo'ks"krk,a
X. P16-ES110: tsuj Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsa

tsuj Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA

m|ksxksa esa] tsuj Mk;ksM dk O;kid :i ls foHko lanHkZ (references) osQ :i esa vkSj 'kaV fu;kedksa (regulators) osQ
:i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rkfd fLofpax vuqç;ksxksa esa] NksVs ifjiFk esa foHko dks fu;af=kr (regulate)] vkSj ifjiFk
esa vfèkd oksYVrk ls laj{k.k fd;k tk ldsA tsuj Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx drju (fDyfiax) vkSj nckus okys (DySfEiax)
ifjiFk esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls ihd fDyilZ osQ lkFk&lkFk fMokbl lqj{kk osQ fy, ltZ lçs'ku ifjiFk
esa Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA mi;qDr tsuj Mk;ksM pquus osQ fy,] tsuj Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dks le>uk vko';d gSA

tsuj Mk;ksM osQ fy, bl iqLrd esa rkfydk 1.2.1 ns•saA

PrO1 ifjiFk esa tsuj Mk;ksM dh igpku djsaA
PrO2 tsuj Mk;ksM osQ V-I vfHky{k.kksa dks vkysf•r djsaA
PrO3 tsuj czsdMkmu foHko fuèkkZfjr djsaA
PrO4 foHko vkSj èkkjk ekius osQ fy, vadh; eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
fp=k P16.1: vxz ck;l tsuj Mk;ksM

I1
(0–200 mA)
1.0 kW
A
+ K
V2 1 N4735 V1
V
– (0–20V)
0-30V
A
ffp=k P16.2: çfrykse ck;l tsuj Mk;ksM

okLrfod lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk fVIi.kh
Øekad
lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk ek=kk @ O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk (;fn dksbZ
egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk la[;k gks)
DC fofu;fer (regulated) fctyh dh

vkiwfrZ% ifjorZuh; DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ
2. 1
0-30 V, 2 A, SC lqj{kk] oksYVst vkSj èkkjk
osQ fy, çn'kZu
3. oksYVehVj% 0-20 V 1
4. ,ehVj% 0 - 200 mA, 0 - 200 µA 2
5. czsM cksMZ% 5.5 cm X 17 cm 1
tsuj Mk;ksM IN4735 (;k dksbZ vU;

6. 1
led{k tsuj Mk;ksM)
7. çfrjksèk 1KΩ (0.5 watts/0.25 watts) 1
dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu dksfVax

8. L.S.
(0.6 mm O;kl)
P16.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. tc rd vkius ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk la;kstu dh tkap ugha dh gS] rc rd fctyh dh
2. oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj dks ifjiFk vkjs• esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj lgh èkzqokfHklkfjrk (polarity) esa la;ksftr
djsaA
3. fdlh Hkh jsat ;k lsfVaXl dks cnyus ls igys lqfuf'pr djsa fd ehVj can daMh'ku esa gSA
4. ifjiFk dh fujarjrk dh tkap djsaA
P16.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. fp=k P16.1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj ifjiFk dks tksfM+,A
2. fctyh dh vkiwfrZ pkyw djsaA
3. çs{k.k rkfydk P16.1 esa foHko VF vkSj èkkjk IF dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
4. 0.1 V osQ LVsi esa buiqV foHko c<+k,¡ A
5. çs{k.k rkfydk P16.1 esa foHko VF vkSj èkkjk IF dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
6. tc rd fd 1 oksYV u gks tk,] pj.k 4 ls 5 rd nksgjk,aA
7. VF dks X-v{k vkSj IF dks Y-v{k ij ysdj tsuj Mk;ksM osQ vxz ck;l vfHky{k.kksa osQ fy, vkys•
vkysf•r djsaA
9. buiqV foHko dks èkhjs&èkhjs 1V ls 12V rd osQ pj.kksa esa cnysaA
10. VR vkSj IR dh rnuqlkj (corresponding) jhfMax dks çs{k.k rkfydk P16.2 esa fjdkWMZ djsaA
11. X-v{k ij VF vkSj Y-v{k ij IF ysdj tsuj Mk;ksM dh fjolZ ck;l fo'ks"krkvksa osQ fy, vkys•
vkysf•r djsaA

rkfydk 16.1: VF vkSj IF dk ekiu
Øekad VF (V) IF (mA)
rkfydk 16.2: VR vkSj IR dk ekiu
Øekad VR (V) IR (mA)

1
2
3
4
5
x.kuk%
tsuj Mk;ksM dk vxz çfrjksèk RZ = VF/IF
czsdMkmu {ks=k esa tsuj Mk;ksM dk Mk;ukfed çfrjksèk I ¾ ………………… mA
RZD = VR/IR

1. tsuj czsdMkmu foHko ¾ …………………
2. tsuj Mk;ksM dk vxz çfrjksèk ¾ …………………

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16.12 iz;ksx lacaf/r iz'u

1. MsVk eSuqvy ls fdlh Hkh nks tsuj Mk;ksM osQ fy, tsuj foHko dk eku Kkr djsaA
2. fn, x, tsuj Mk;ksM osQ fy, fjolZ èkkjk dk vfèkdre eku crkb,A
3. tsuj Mk;ksM osQ lekukarj foHko vkSj blls çokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk ij iM+us okys çHkko dk mYys•
dhft,] tc blds lekukarj fjolZ foHko] czsdMkmu foHko ls vfèkd gksA
XI. P17-ES110: çdk'k mRltZd Mk;ksM

LED osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA

m|ksxksa vkSj ?kjsyw vuqç;ksxksa esa LED dk O;kid :i ls fMLIys fMokbl vkSj ladsrd osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk
gSA LED nks VfeZuy vèkZpkyd çdk'k mRltZd lfØ; çn'kZu midj.k gSA eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds LED dk
ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

çdk'k mRltZd Mk;ksM lqfoèkkvksa] vuqç;ksxksa vkSj çrhd osQ fy, rkfydk 1.2 ns•saA
P17.4 O;kogkfjd ifj.kke (PrO)
çdk'k mRltZd Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k çn'kZu%
PrO1 ?kVd igpku dkS'ky esa lqèkkj djsaA
PrO2 LED ijh{k.k dkS'ky fodflr djsaA
PrO3 fn, x, LED dk ijh{k.k djus osQ fy, DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ dk mi;ksx djsaA
fp=k P17.1: fMthVy eYVhehVj fp=k P17.2: eYVhehVj ls tqM+us osQ ckn
LED dh pedus okyh Nfo

1. Di fMftVy eYVhehVj 1/2 vadksa dk 2
fMLIys çksc osQ lkFk
2. DC fofu;fer (Regulated) fctyh dh 1
vkiwfrZ ifjorZuh; DC dh vkiwfrZ% 0-
30V, 2A, SC lqj{kk] oksYVst vkSj èkkjk
osQ fy, fMLIys
3. ijh{k.k osQ fy, LED 1
4. dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu L. S.

P17.7 lqj{kk mik;
2. ç;ksx djrs le; eYVhehVj osQ mfpr iQaD'ku dk p;u djsaA
P17.8 iz;ksx fof/

2. yky yhM dks eYVh&ehVj ij VfeZuy ls la;ksftr djsaA
3. eYVh&ehVj ij Mk;y dks Mk;ksM çrhd (flacy) dh vksj eksM+saA ;g fo|qr çokg dks ,d fn'kk esa
çokfgr djus dh vuqefr nsrk gS u fd nwljh fn'kk esaA
4. eYVh&ehVj pkyw djsaA fMLIys foaMks esa ;k rks 0L ;k OPEN dk ladsr gksuk pkfg,A
5. ijh{k.k osQ fy, ,d fu;fer LED ysaA
6. dkyh çksc dks LED osQ dSFkksM Nksj ls la;ksftr djsa] tks vkerkSj ij ftldk var NksVk gksrk gS] yky
çksc dks LED osQ ,uksM Nksj ls la;ksftr djsaA
7. LED dh fLFkfr dk fujh{k.k djsaA
8. eYVh&ehVj ij çnf'kZr iQkWjoMZ oksYVst MªkWi i<+saA
9. fctyh vkiwfrZ osQ ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed VfeZuy esa LED dks tksM+dj DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ dk
mi;ksx djds LED dk ijh{k.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA
10. LED dh fLFkfr dk fujh{k.k djsa vkSj fiQj LED osQ VfeZuyksa dks myV dj pj.k 9 nksgjk,aA
P17.9 voyksdu
LED _______ gSA ( pedrk@ ugha pedrk)

P17.11 fu"d"kZ vkSj lR;kiu
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. fn, x, LED osQ VfeZuyksa dks Kkr dhft,A
2. f}jax LED osQ ijh{k.k dh çfØ;k crk,aA
3. LED ls çokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk esa ifjorZu dk mldh ped ij çHkko crkb,A
XII. P18- ES110: fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds VªkaftLVj osQ rhu VfeZuyksa
dh igpku djsa

fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds VªkaftLVj osQ rhu VfeZuyksa dh igpku djsaA

m|ksx esa VªkaftLVj osQ vuqç;ksxksa dh foLr`r Jà•yk gSA VªkaftLVj vèkZpkyd midj.k gSa ftudk mi;ksx oksYVst] èkkjk
osQ çoèkZu tSls vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fLop vkSj vkWflysVj ifjiFk esa Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
fMftVy ifjiFk esa budk mi;ksx fLop osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx bysDVªkWfud vkSj nwjlapkj midj.k]
daI;wVj] Vhoh] eksckby iQksu] vkWfM;ks ,EiyhiQk;j vkSj vkS|ksfxd fu;a=k.k esa fd;k tkrk gSA

VªkaftLVj ij fl¼kar osQ fy, mi fo"k; 1.2.3.1 ns•saA
VªkaftLVj VfeZuyksa dh igpku djuk%

VªkaftLVj cktkj esa fofHkUu iSdstksa osQ lkFk miyCèk gSaA fp=k P18.9 esa fn•k, x, TO-92 iSdst osQ ckjs esa
fopkj djsaA VªkaftLVj dks bl rjg j•sa fd likV lrg Åij dh vksj gksA
1. vkarfjd :i ls VªkaftLVj esa nks Mk;ksM gksrs gSa (NPN ≡ N – P – N ≡ NP lafèk + PN lafèk vkSj PNP
≡ P – N – P ≡ PN lafèk + NP lafèk) ;kuh mRltZd ls vkèkkj] ,d PN lafèk (Mk;ksM) vkSj vkèkkj
ls dysDVj] ,d vkSj PN lafèk (Mk;ksM) gSA
2. Mk;ksM eksM esa] eYVhehVj oksYVst fn•k,xk] tc eYVhehVj dh èkukRed çksc Mk;ksM osQ ,uksM ls vkSj
½.kkRed çksc dSFkksM ls tqM+h gksrh gSA
2. ;fn eYVhehVj èkukRed çksc dks Mk;ksM osQ ,uksM ls tksM+k tk,] rks ;g dksbZ oksYVst ugha nsxk ('kwU;
fn•k;sxk)A

PrO1- eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djds fn, x, VªkaftLVj dk çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djukA
PrO2- çfrjksèk dks ekisa_ vkèkkj vkSj ,feVj osQ chp] vkèkkj vkSj dysDVj osQ chp_ rFkk ,feVj vkSj dysDVj osQ
chpA
PrO3. ?kVd ijh{k.k eksM esa CRO lapkfyr djsaA
PrO4- BJT osQ VfeZuyksa dks igpkusaA
B
ECB EBC CBE
E
TO18 TO92A TO92B TO92C
Views are from below with
the leads towards reader
TIP31A
B
E
B C E
TO218 TO3
C is the metal case itself
fp=k 18.1: TO-92 VªkaftLVj fp=k 18.2: VªkaftLVj fp=k 18.3% mRltZd] vkèkkj vkSj laxzkgd
iSdst VfeZuy çksc oqQN osQl 'kSfy;ksa osQ fy,

lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk ek=kk @
Øekad O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk (;fn dksbZ
egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk la[;k
(Nk=k }kjk Hkjk tkuk gS) gks)
1. flaxy iQst AC lkslZ% 230V, 50Hz 1
2. dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu LS

dksfVax (1.5 mm)
3. fMftVy eYVhehVj% 3 1/2 vadksa dk 1
fMLIys
4. CRO: ?kVd ijh{k.k lqfoèkk osQ lkFk 1
20 MHz
5. VªkaftLVj% NksVk flXuy VªkaftLVj 1 çR;sd
(TO-92 Package)_ BC547(NPN); çdkj ds
BC557(PNP)
6. ikoj VªkaftLVj 1 çR;sd
2N2955(NPN);2N3055(PNP) çdkj ds
P18.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. fMftVy eYVhehVj osQ mfpr çdkj vkSj jsat dk p;u djsaA
2. ifjiFk dks ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k, vuqlkj la;ksftr djsaA
3. ç;ksx osQ lapkyu osQ ckn fctyh dh vkiwfrZ can dj nsaA
P18.8 iz;ksx fof/
1. eYVhehVj dks mlds vkse jsat ij lsV djsaA
2. eYVhehVj dks fp=k P18.1 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj la;ksftr djsaA
3. vkèkkj vkSj mRltZd osQ chp çfrjksèk dks ekisaA
4. vkèkkj vkSj laxzkgd osQ chp çfrjksèk dks ekisaA
5. mRltZd vkSj laxzkgd osQ chp çfrjksèk dks ekisaA
6. mijksDr pj.kksa dks fuEufyf•r pkVZ ls lR;kfir djsaA
7. VªkaftLVj cnysa vkSj pj.k 2 ls 6 nksgjk,aA
VªkaftLVj osQ VfeZuyksa osQ chp PNP NPN
laxzkgd mRltZd RmPp RmPp
laxzkgd vkèkkj RfuEu RmPp
mRltZd laxzkgd RmPp RmPp
mRltZd vkèkkj RfuEu RmPp
vkèkkj laxzkgd RmPp RfuEu
vkèkkj mRltZd RmPp RfuEu
P18.9 voyksdu
1- ,feVj vkSj csl osQ chp çfrjksèk] RBE = .........................
2- dysDVj vkSj csl osQ chp çfrjksèk] RCB = .........................
3- dysDVj vkSj ,feVj osQ chp çfrjksèk] RCE = .........................

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vfèkd ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A-
1. NksVs flXuy VªkaftLVj vkSj ikoj VªkaftLVj osQ chp varj dk o.kZu djsaA
2. oqQN VªkaftLVjksa osQ fy, ghV flad dh vko';drk dk dkj.k crk,a\
NPN
vkSj PNP
VªkaftLVj dh
igpku djsa
XIII. P19-ES110: BJT dk izn'kZu

NPN VªkaftLVj osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA

BJT ,d rhu VfeZuy lfØ; vlrr ?kVd gSA BJT nks çdkj osQ NPN vkSj PNP esa miyCèk gSA BJT dks CE]
CB vkSj CC uke osQ rhu foU;kl esa ls fdlh ,d esa lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA BJT osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k
blds buiqV vkSj vkmViqV fo'ks"krkvksa dks IykWV djds fd;k tk ldrk gSA dkWeu mRltZd (CE) eksM BJT osQ
fy, vkWijs'ku dk lkoZHkkSfed (universal) rjhdk gSA mi;qDr ck;flax osQ lkFk CE eksM dk mi;ksx djds
lHkh çdkj osQ çoèkZu fd, tk ldrs gSaA jsfM;ks ÚhDosalh ifjiFk esa dkWeu&mRltZd ,EiyhiQk;jksa dk Hkh mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gSA ;g ç;ksx lkekU; mRltZd (CE) foU;kl esa NPN VªkaftLVj osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djus osQ fy,
mi;ksxh gSA

dkWeu mRltZd O;kogkfjd ,EiyhiQk;j ifjiFk esa lcls vfèkd bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk foU;kl gS] D;ksafd ;g
vPNk oksYVst] èkkjk vkSj ikoj xsu çnku djrk gSA buiqV dks vkèkkj&mRltZd ifjiFk esa ykxw fd;k tkrk gS vkSj
vkmViqV dks laxzkgd&mRltZd ifjiFk ls fy;k tkrk gS] ftlls mRltZd buiqV vkSj vkmViqV nksuksa osQ fy, "lkekU;"
gks tkrk gSA CE foU;kl buiqV vkSj vkmViqV flXuy osQ chp ,d iQst myVk çnku djrk gSA BJT foU;kl osQ
fy, bl iqLrd osQ vè;k; 1 osQ •aM 1.2.3.2 ns•saA

PrO1 buiqV vkSj vkmViqV èkkjkvksa vkSj oksYVst dks ekisaA
PrO2 oksYVst cuke djaV osQ fy, xzkiQ LdspA
PrO3 NPN VªkaftLVj dk ijh{k.k çn'kZuA
P19.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk
fp=k P19.1: CE eksM esa BJT dk lfdZV vkjs•

lq>k, x, lalkèkuksa dh vko';drk ek=kk @ O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk
Øekad (;fn dksbZ
çksc osQ lkFk
2. DC fofu;fer fctyh dh vkiwfrZ% 1
ifjorZuh; DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ 0-30 V,
SC lqj{kk] oksYVst vkSj èkkjk osQ fy, çn'kZu
3. oksYVehVj% (0 - 20 V), (0-2 V) 1 çR;sd
4. ,ehVj% ( 0 - 200 mA), (0 - 200 µA) 1 çR;sd
5. VªkaftLVj% BC107 ;k dksbZ vU; led{k 1
6. çfrjksèk% 1KΩ (0.5 watts/0.25 watts) 1
7. czsM cksMZ% 15 CM X 17CM 1
P19.7 lqj{kk mik;

2. ç;ksx djrs le; VªkaftLVj osQ buiqV oksYVst mlds jsVsM oksYVst ls vfèkd u gksA blls VªkaftLVj dks
uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
3. oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj dks ifjiFk vkjs• esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj lgh èkzqoksa ls tksfM+,A
P19.8 iz;ksx fof/
Hkkx çFke
buiqV fo'ks"krk,a%
1. ifjiFk dks fp=k P19.1 esa fn•k, vuqlkj dusDV djsaA
2. VCC dks cnydj VCE dks fujarj oksYVst (2V) ij lsV djsaA
3. buiqV oksYVst VBE dks 0.1V osQ pj.kksa esa 0V ls 1V rd cnysa vkSj voyksdu rkfydk esa IB osQ laxr
eku dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
4. VCE dks 5V] vkSj 10V j•dj mijksDr pj.k 2 vkSj 3 dks nksgjk,aA
5. fjdkWMZ dh xbZ jhfMax ls fo'ks"krkvksa dks Ldsp djsaA
6. mi;qDr lapkyu fcanq ij buiqV çfrjksèk (ri) dh x.kuk djsaA
Hkkx f}rh;
vkmViqV fo'ks"krk,a%
2. VBB dks ifjofrZr djds IB dks fLFkj 10µA ij lsV djsaA
3. vkmViqV oksYVst VCC dks 1V osQ pj.kksa esa 0V ls 10V rd cnysa vkSj voyksdu rkfydk esa VCE vkSj
IC osQ laxr eku dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
4. IB dks 20μA vkSj 30μA j•dj mijksDr pj.k 2 vkSj 3 dks nksgjk,aA
5. fjdkWMZ dh xbZ jhfMax ls fo'ks"krkvksa dks Ldsp djsaA
6. mi;qDr vkWijsfVax fcanq ij vkmViqV çfrjksèk (ro) dh x.kuk djsaA
P19.9 voyksdu
rkfydk P19.1: buiqV y{k.k
VCE = 2V VCE = 5V VCE = 10V
ozQekad
VBE (V) IB(µA) VBE (V) IB(µA) VBE (V) IB(µA)
1.
2.
3.
rkfydk P19.2: vkmViqV y{k.k

IB = 10µA IB = 20µA IB = 30µA
ozQekad
VCE(V) IC(mA) VCE(V) IC(mA) VCE(V) IC(mA)
1.
2.
x.kuk (xzkiQ ls)
buiqV çfrjksèk Ri %
vkmViqV çfrjksèk R0 %
èkkjk çoèkZu dkjd α %

1. buiqV çfrjksèk Ri = ……Ω
2. vkmViqV çfrjksèk R0 = ……Ω
3. èkkjk çoèkZu dkjd α = ……Ω

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

PNP VªkaftLVj dk mi;ksx djds mlh ç;ksx dks nksgjk,aA
1. fn, x, BJT osQ Mk;ukfed buiqV çfrjksèk dk irk yxk,aA
2. CC foU;kl esa èkkjk xsu dks ekius dh çfØ;k crk,aA
BJT: dkWeu
,feVj
dkWfUiQxjs'ku
XIV. P20 -ES110: BJT dk èkkjk xsu

CE VªkaftLVj foU;kl dk èkkjk (djaV) xsu fuèkkZfjr djsaA

BJT ,d èkkjk vkWijsfVax] f}&lafèk lfØ; vèkZpkyd ?kVd gSA BJT dks CE] CB vkSj CC uke osQ rhu foU;kl
esa ls fdlh ,d esa lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA BJT dk èkkjk xsu egRoiw.kZ çn'kZu dkjdksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g
ç;ksx BJT osQ èkkjk xsu dks fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, mi;ksxh gSA

dkWeu ,feVj O;kogkfjd çoèkZd ifjiFk esa lcls vfèkd bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk foU;kl gS] D;ksafd ;g vPNk
foHko] èkkjk vkSj 'kfDr xsu çnku djrk gSA buiqV dks csl&,feVj ifjiFk esa fn;k tkrk gS vkSj vkmViqV dks
dysDVj&,feVj ifjiFk ls fy;k tkrk gS] ftlls ,feVj vkxr vkSj fuxZr nksuksa osQ fy, "dkWeu" gks tkrk gSA CE
foU;kl esa èkkjk xsu fuxZr èkkjk Ic dk vkxr èkkjk Ib dk vuqikr gSA BJT foU;kl lanHkZ 1.2.3.2 gSA

PrO1 vkxr vkSj fuxZr èkkjkvksa dks ekisaA
PrO2 çR;{k èkkjk ekiu osQ fy, eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
PrO3 CE foU;kl VªkaftLVj dk èkkjk xsu fuèkkZfjr djsaA
fp=k P20.1: CE eksM esa BJT dk ifjiFk vkjs•

egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa osQ lkFk la[;k gks)
DC fofu;fer fctyh dh vkiwfrZ% ifjorZuh;

2. DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ 0-30 V, 2 A, SC 1
lqj{kk] foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ fy, çn'kZu
3. oksYVehVj% (0 - 20 V), (0-2 V) 1 çR;sd
4. ,ehVj% ( 0 - 200 mA, (0 - 200 µA) 1 çR;sd
5. VªkaftLVj% BC107 ;k dksbZ vU; led{k 1
6. çfrjksèk% 1KΩ(0.5watts/0.25watts) 1
7. czsM cksMZ% 5 CM X 17CM 1
P20.7 lqj{kk mik;

2. ç;ksx djrs le; VªkaftLVj osQ vkxr foHko mlds fuèkkZfjr foHko ls vfèkd u gksA blls VªkaftLVj dks
uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
P20.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. ifjiFk dks fp=k P20.1 esa fn•k, vuqlkj la;ksftr djsaA
2. VCC dks cnydj VCE dks fLFkj foHko (2V) ij lsV djsaA
3. vkxr foHko VBE dks 0.8 V osQ fLFkj :i esa ykxw djsa vkSj voyksdu rkfydk esa IB osQ lacafèkr eku
dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
4. ck;flax foHko VCC = 7 V ykxw djsa vkSj voyksdu rkfydk esa lacafèkr eku IC fjdkWMZ djsaA
P20.9 voyksdu
1. vkxr èkkjk IB = ……………………………
2. fuxZr èkkjk IB = ……………………………
x.kuk
èkkjk çoèkZu iQSDVj ;k èkkjk xsu = IC /IB =
P20.10 ifj.kke
CE foU;kl esa èkkjk xsu gS ……………………………
P20.11 fu"d"kZ
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1. çR;{k eYVh&ehVj fofèk dk mi;ksx djds mlh ç;ksx dks nksgjk,aA
2. fofHkUu vkxr vkSj ck;flax foHko osQ fy, èkkjk xsu dk irk yxk,aA
3. MsVk 'khV ls fdlh fn, x, VªkaftLVj osQ èkkjk xsu dk eku Kkr djsaA
XV. P21-ES110: VªkaftLVj fLop ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsa

VªkaftLVj fLop ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA

,d VªkaftLVj osQ lcls cqfu;knh vuqç;ksxksa esa ls ,d bldk mi;ksx ifjiFk osQ nwljs fgLls esa fctyh osQ çokg dks
fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, ;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa bls ,d lkèkkj.k fo|qrh; fLop osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA bls
dV&vkWiQ ;k lar`fIr eksM esa pykdj] VªkaftLVj ,d fLop osQ ckbujh vkWu@vkWiQ çHkko cuk ldrk gSA VªkaftLVj fLop
egRoiw.kZ ifjiFk&fcfYMax CykWd gSa_ mudk mi;ksx ifjiFk dks baVjiQsl djus vkSj ykWftd xsV cukus osQ fy, Hkh
fd;k tkrk gS] tks ekbØksçkslslj] ekbØksdaVªksyj vkSj vU; ,dhÑr ifjiFk cukus osQ fy, tkrs gSa tks dbZ vuqç;ksxksa
esa mi;ksxh gksrs gSaA bl çdkj bl ç;ksx osQ ekè;e ls Nk=k ,d fLop osQ :i esa dke dj jgs ,d VªkaftLVj osQ
çn'kZu dh xq.k tkuus esa l{ke gksaxs ftls ckgjh vkxr }kjk pkyw ;k can fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fl¼kar osQ fy, bl iqLrd osQ mi fo"k; 1.2.3.3 ^VªkaftLVj osQ vuqç;ksx* dk lanHkZ ysaA
VªkaftLVj èkkjk fofu;eu midj.k gSa tks ,feVj ls dysDVj VfeZuy rd muds ekè;e ls cgus okys çokg dh
ek=kk dks muds csl VfeZuy ij ykxw ck;flax foHko dh ek=kk osQ vuqikr esa fu;af=kr djrs gSa] bl çdkj èkkjk&fu;af=kr
fLop dh rjg dk;Z djrs gSaA ç;qDr ck;flax osQ vuqlkj] ;g rhu vyx&vyx {ks=kksa esa dke djrk gS% lfØ;]
dV&vkWiQ vkSj lar`fIr fLFkfrA bl ifjiFk esa ,d oxkZdkj rjax vkxr yxk;k tkrk gSA tc vkxr vfèkd gksrk gS]
rks VªkaftLVj pkyw gks tkrk gS vkSj lar`fIr {ks=k esa dke djrk gSA blfy, vfèkdre èkkjk IC VªkaftLVj osQ lkFk&lkFk
LED ls Hkh çokfgr gksrk gSA blfy, LED çdk'k dk mRltZu djrh gSA tc vkxr de gksrk gS (de eryc
VªkaftLVj dks pkyw djus osQ fy, i;kZIr ugha gS)] VªkaftLVj dVvkWiQ esa jgrk gSA rks èkkjk IC 'kwU; gksrh gS vkSj
blfy, LED çdk'k dk mRltZu ugha djrk gSA pwafd vkxr oxkZdkj rjax gS] LED ckjh&ckjh ls pkyw vkSj can gksxhA

PrO1 ifjiFk dks Bhd ls la;ksftr djsaA
PrO2 VªkaftLVj fLop ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
PrO3 LED dks fu;af=kr djus osQ fy, VªkaftLVj dks fLop osQ :i esa mi;ksx djsa
P21.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk (ifjiFk vkjs•@dk;Z dh fLFkfr)
RC
470 KW
LED
VCC
+5 V
RS C
B
2N2222
4.7 KW
1 Hz E
Square wave I/P
fp=k P21.1: VªkaftLVj fLop lfdZV osQ çn'kZu osQ ijh{k.k dh dk;Z fLFkfr dks n'kkZrk gS

1. DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ% 0-30V 1
2. czsM cksMZ% 5.5 cm × 17 cm 1
3. iQaD'ku tujsVj% 1Hz- 1MHz 1
4. çfrjksèk 1
5. VªkaftLVj% NPN,2N2222 (BC107 ;k dksbZ 1
vU; led{k)

6. çdk'k mRltZd Mk;ksM
7. dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu dksfVax L.S.
(0.5 mm O;kl)
P21.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. lqfuf'pr djsa fd lHkh la;kstu lgh vkSj lkiQ&lqFkjs gSaA
2. ç;ksx djrs le; eYVhehVj osQ mfpr dk;Z dk p;u djsaA
P21.8 iz;ksx fof/

2. 5V p-p osQ iQaD'ku tujsVj ls ,d fu;r vk;ke 1 Hz oxZ rjax çkIr djsaA
3. iQaD'ku tujsVj ls ifjiFk esa csl vkSj xzkmaM ij oxkZdkj rjax flXuy ykxw djsaA
4. dysDVj vkSj xzkmaM ij 5V VCC yxk,aA
5. LED osQ ladsr dk fujh{k.k djsaA
P21.9 voyksdu
LED _______ gSA (pedrk gqvk@pedrk gqvk ugha)
P21.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ;kaf=kd ;k fo|qr ;kaf=kd fLop dh rqyuk esa bysDVªkWfud fLop osQ ykHkksa dh O;k[;k djsaA
2. Li"V djsa fd fLofpax ifjiFk 'kCn ls vki D;k le>rs gSa\
3. o.kZu djsa fd VªkaftLVj dc (a) can fLop (b) •qyk fLop osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
1. BJT Common Emitter Characteristics, Virtual Labs, 2017, IIT Kharagpur;
http://vlabs.iitkgp.ernet.in/be/exp11/index.html#
BJT: dkWeu
,feVj
fo'ks"krk,¡
XVI. P22-ES110: VªkaftLVj çoèkZd ifjiFk dk izn'kZu

VªkaftLVj çoèkZd ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA

,dy pj.k (stage) fuEu 'kfDr çoèkZd dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk esa NksVs flXuy çoèkZu osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA fuEu 'kfDr çoèkZd dk mi;ksx fofHkUu bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa vkSj bysDVªkWfud lapkj esa fd;k tkrk
gSA ;g Nk=kksa dks ,dy pj.k fuEu 'kfDr dkWeu ,feVj çoèkZd cukus vkSj ijh{k.k djus osQ fy, dkS'ky fodflr
djus osQ fy, O;kogkfjd enn djsxk A

fuEu 'kfDr çoèkZd ,d bysDVªkWfud midj.k gS tks flXuy dh 'kfDr dks c<+k ldrk gSA ,d çoèkZd flXuy osQ
vk;ke dks c<+kus osQ fy, fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ls fo|qr 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djrk gS ysfdu lHkh çoèkZd leku ugha
gksrs gSa D;ksafd mUgsa muds ifjiFk foU;kl vkSj lapkyu osQ rjhdksa osQ vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA vkWijs'kuy
çoèkZd vkSj y?kq flXuy çoèkZd ls ysdj cM+s flXuy vkSj 'kfDr çoèkZd rd] çoèkZd osQ :i esa oxhZÑr bysDVªkWfud
ifjiFk osQ dbZ :i gSaA çoèkZd dk oxhZdj.k flXuy osQ vkdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gS] cM+k ;k NksVk] bldk HkkSfrd
foU;kl vkSj ;g vkxr flXuy dks dSls çkslsl djrk gS] tks fd vkxr flXuy vkSj yksM esa çokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk
ds chp dk lacaèk gSA
rhu vyx&vyx çdkj osQ çoèkZd xsu gSa ftUgsa ekik tk ldrk gS vkSj ;s gSa% foHko xsu (AV)] èkkjk xsu (AI)
vkSj 'kfDr xsu (AP) ekih tk jgh ek=kk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

PrO1 mfpr bysDVªkWfud lfØ; vkSj fuf"Ø; ?kVdksa dk p;u djsaA
PrO2 BJT, çfrjksèk vkSj laèkkfj=k dk ijh{k.k djsaA
PrO3 ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj bysDVªkWfud ?kVd dks czsMcksMZ ij LFkkfir (ekmaV) djsaA
PrO4 VªkaftLVj çoèkZd ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
fp=k P22.1% VªkaftLVj çoèkZd ifjiFk

dSFkksM js vkWflyksLdksi% (,ukykWx çdkj)

1. 1
30/100 MHz vko`fÙk
0-2 MHz pj vko`fÙk vkSj vk;ke osQ lkFk

2. 1
lkbu] oxZ vkSj f=kdks.kh; vkmViqV osQ lkFk
DC fofu;fer fctyh dh vkiwfrZ%

3. ifjorZuh; DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ 0-30 V, 1
2 A, SC lqj{kk]

4. VªkaftLVj% BC 547 ;k led{k VªkaftLVj 1
çfrjksèk% R1 = 33KΩ, R2 = 3.3KΩ,

5. 1
RC = 1.5KΩ, RE = 470Ω
laèkkfj=k% C1 = 0.1µf, C2 = 0.1µf,

6. 1
C3 = 10 µf
7. czsMcksMZ% 5.5 cm × 17 cm 1
dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu vko';drk

8.
dksfVax (0.5 mm O;kl) vuqlkj
P22.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. lqfuf'pr djsa fd ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj mfpr la;kstu fd, x, gSaA
2. lqfuf'pr djsa fd 'kq: esa 'kfDr fLop 'off ' fLFkfr esa gSA
3. iQaD'ku tujsVj vkSj CRO dh mfpr lsfVaXl dk mi;ksx lqfuf'pr djsaA
P22.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. czsMcksMZ ij vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk cuk,aA
2. iQaD'ku tujsVj fuxZr dks CRO ls dusDV djsa vkSj CRO ij vkxr flXuy dk fujh{k.k djsaA
3. iQaD'ku tujsVj ij AC flXuy (10 mV ls 20 mV) vkSj vko`fÙk (1 kHz) osQ mi;qDr vk;ke dk
p;u djsaA
4. vkxr VfeZuyksa ij iQaD'ku tsujsVj vkSj ifjiFk osQ fuxZr VfeZuyksa ij CRO dusDV djsaA
5. DC fctyh dh vkiwfrZ pkyw djsaA
6. CRO ij fuxZr rjax dk fujh{k.k djsaA
7. vkxr ÚhDosalh (100 Hz ls 2 MHz) esa cnyko djsa vkSj CRO ls fuxZr foHko uksV djsaA
8. xsu dh x.kuk djsaA chl jhfMax osQ fy, iQaD'ku tujsVj vko`fÙk dks cnydj pj.k 7 dks nksgjk,aA
9. lseh&ykWx isij ij vko`fÙk çfrfØ;k IykWV djsaA
rkfydk P22.1 voyksdu Vscy
vkxr oksYVst mV esa (fLFkj j•k tkuk)] Vi = -----------------
vkxr ÚhDosalh fuxZr oksYVst] foHko xsu xsu dB esa
Øekad
(Hz) Vo (oksYV) (A = Vo/Vi) 20 log(Vo/Vi)
1.
2.
3.
x.kuk%
1. oksYV xsu % Vo/Vi = ……………………
2. 1KHz ij foHko xsu % Vo/Vi = …………………
3. DB cSaMfoM~Fk] B/W = FH – FL = …………………
P22.10 ifj.kke vkSj O;k[;k

1. eè; vko`fÙk {ks=k = ………………
2. cSaMfoM~Fk = ……………………
P22.11 fu"d"kZ ,oa@vFkok foospuk

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ifjiFk esa ç;qDr ck;flax osQ çdkj dh igpku dhft,A
2. ;fn PNP VªkaftLVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] rks ifjiFk esa vko';d ifjorZuksa dk lq>ko nsaA
3. MsVk'khV dk mi;ksx djds led{k VªkaftLVj dk lq>ko nsaA

1. Single Stage CE Amplifier | Circuit Elements and Working Physics4students 30 Mar 2017;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NEiVSbPYWNE
2- Data Sheet of BC546, Fairchild Semiconductor; https://www.sparkfun.com/datasheets/
Components/BC546.pdf
vfèkd tkfu,
lw{e ifj;kstuk(vksa)@xfrfofèk(;ka)
fo|kFkhZ] 5&6 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ,d lewg cuk,axs vkSj f'k{kd osQ ekxZn'kZu esa ,d ;k nks lw{e çkstSDV(vksa)@
xfrfofèk(;ka) 'kq: djsxk vkSj bls O;fDrxr Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk lewg osQ :i esa Hkh çLrqr djsaA ,d uewuk lwph
uhps nh xbZ gS%
(a) fo|qr ifjiFk rRoksa vkSj çklafxd vkS|ksfxd vuqç;ksx dk ,d pkVZ rS;kj djsaA
(b) fofHkUu çdkj osQ çfrjksèkksa] laèkkfj=kksa] çsjdksa vkSj Mk;ksM dh MsVk'khV ,d=k djsaA
(c) tkudkjh ,d=k djsa vkSj lrg ij LFkkfir (ekmaV) midj.kksa ;kuh lhlk (lead) jfgr midj.kksa ij ,d
fjiksVZ rS;kj djsaA
(d) fuEufyf•r VfeZuy fcanqvksa ij fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djosQ oksYVst dks ekisaA
LVsi&1 mi;qDr ekius dh lhek dks pqusaA p;udrkZ ?kqaMh dks AC oksYVst eki esa j•saA AC oksYVst eki osQ
fy, p;udrkZ ?kqaMh dks j•saA oksYVst dks 5 ,fEi;j fLop lkWdsV vkmVysV ij ekisaA çnf'kZr oksYVst jhfMax dks
ns•sa vkSj uksV djsaA vc lsysDVj ukWc dks DC oksYVst eki esa cnysa vkSj fiQj ls lkWdsV vkmVysV ij oksYVst dks
ekisaA çnf'kZr iBu ij è;ku nsaA
LVsi&2 fn, x, ysM&,flM cSVjh osQ VfeZuyksa ij oksYVst dh eki osQ fy, LVsi 1 nksgjk,aA
fVIi.kh vkSj vuqeku yxk,a tks jhfMax] LVsi&1 vkSj 2 osQ nkSjku fujh{k.k vkSj uksV fd;k FkkA
ohfM;ks lalkèku
çfrjks/d dk çsjd dk la/kfj=k dk

ifjp; ifjp; ifjp;
ITC dk mi;ksx
çfrjks/
la/kfj=k cuke csfld
la;kstuksa osQ
çsjd bysfDVªdy
fy, uksV
lanHkZ ,oa vè;;u gsrq lq>ko
1. Ritu Sahdev, Basic Electrical Engineering, New Delhi: Khanna Publishing House, 2018.
2. V.N. Mittle, and A. Mittal, Basic Electrical Engineering, McGraw Education, 2017.
3. V. Jegathesan , K. Vinoth Kumar and R. Saravanakumar, Basic Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, New Delhi: Wiley India, 2015.
4. B.L. Theraja, Electrical Technology, Vol. - I, New Delhi: S. Chand and Company, 2015.
5. V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi,
2014.
6. David A. Bell, Electronic Devices and Circuits, New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.
,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk voyksdu | 85
2 ,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk
voyksdu
bdkbZ fof'k"V
 Op Amp IC 741 dh ewy ckrsa
 Op Amp ekinaM
 vkn'kZ Op Amp fo'ks"krk,¡
 Op Amp •qyk ywi dkWfUiQxjs'ku
 Op Amp can ywi dkWfUiQxjs'ku
 Op Amp buofVZax eksM ,EiyhiQk;j
 Op Amp ukWu&buofVZax eksM ,EiyhiQk;j
 Op Amp ,d ;kstd osQ :i esa
 Op Amp ,d fMiQjsaf'k,Vj osQ :i esa
 Op Amp ,d lekdyd osQ :i esa
fo"k;ksa osQ O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksxksa ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA vH;kl osQ fy, cgqfodYih; ç'uksa osQ lkFk&lkFk
fo"k;kRed ç'u vkSj dbZ la[;kRed loky çnku fd, x, gSA lacafèkr O;kogkfjd] mlds ckn lw{e ifj;kstukvksa
vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa ls ;qÙkQ ^vfèkd tkfu,* vuqHkkx] ICT osQ lkFk ohfM;ks lalkèku fn, x, gSaA ;wfuV esa lanHkks± vkSj
lq>k, x, ikBksa dh ,d lwph nh xbZ gS rkfd vkxs vH;kl vkSj lh•us esa o`f¼ osQ fy, muds ekè;e ls tk ldrs gSaA
Hkwfedk
lafØ;kRed çoèkZd (Op-Amp) cgqmís'kh; vkSj ,dhÑr ifjiFk (IC) gSA IC ,d NksVk lk vèkZpkyd&vkèkkfjr
bysDVªkWfud midj.k ;k ,d ekbØksfpi gS] ftlesa lSdM+ksa vkSj gtkjksa vlrr fo|qr ?kVd] tSls çfrjksèkd] laèkkfj=k
vkSj VªkaftLVj] fufeZr gksrs gSaA Op-Amp dk mi;ksx lkn`'; (,ukykWx) bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk osQ fofHkUu ç;ksx dks
fodflr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ;g vR;fèkd yksdfç; gSA bl bdkbZ dk mís'; Op-Amp vkèkkfjr
bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk osQ fuekZ.k] ijh{k.k vkSj funku osQ fy, dkS'ky fodflr djuk gSA ;g bdkbZ fofHkUu vkS|ksfxd]
miHkksDrk vkSj ?kjsyw ç;ksx esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys Op-Amp ij vkèkkfjr ,ukykWx ifjiFk osQ fofHkUu igyqvksa
ls lacafèkr gSA
iwoZ visf{kr Kku
1- foKku% èkkjk osQ çHkko (d{kk X)
2- vuqç;qDr HkkSfrd 'kkL=k&1 % HkkSfrd nqfu;k] bdkb;k¡ vkSj eki (lsesLVj&I)
3- xf.kr&1% chtxf.kr (lsesLVj&I)
;wfuV vkmVdEl
bl vè;k; osQ iw.kZ vè;;u djus osQ ckn] fo|kFkhZ fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs%
U2–01: Op-Amp osQ ekinaMksa dk o.kZu djus esaA
U2–02: Op-Amp foU;kl dh O;k[;k djus esaA
U2–03: Op-Amp dk ,d O;qRØe (buofVZax) vkSj fcuk&O;qRØe (ukWu&buofVZax) çoèkZd osQ :i esa o.kZu
djus esaA
U2–04: cqfu;knh ç;ksx osQ fy, Op-Amp dk mi;ksx djus esaA
vkmVdEl
U2-01 1 3 - - - -
U2-02 1 3 - - - -
U2-03 1 3 - - - -
U2-04 2 3 - - - -
jkWcVZ tkWu foMykj

,d çfl¼ fpi jpukdkj osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] bUgksaus igys cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr Op-Amp IC osQ jpuk
esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ FkhA okYVj foMyj us WGAR (1220 AM) jsfM;ks LVs'ku osQ fy, dke fd;k vkSj
vxz.kh vfr&mPp vko`fÙk lapkjdks (vYVªk&gkbZ vko`fÙk VªkalehVjksa) dh jpuk fd;k] os Lo;a lh•s gq, jsfM;ks
bathfu;j FksA mUgsa tUe ls gh bysDVªkWfuDl dh nqfu;k us ?ksj j•k FkkA foMyj
us jSf•d ,dhÑr ifjiFk osQ cqfu;knh lajpuk osQ •aMksa dk vkfo"dkj fd;k
ftlesa foMyj èkkjk lzksr] foMyj cSaM xSi] foHko jsiQjsal vkSj foMyj vkmViqV
LVst 'kkfey gSaA foMyj us 1964 esa MsfoM VSycVZ osQ lkFk feydj igyk
cM+s iSekus ij mRikfnr Op-Amp IC cuk;kA blus iQs;jpkbYM lsehdaMDVj
vkSj us'kuy lsehdaMDVj tSlh dEiuh;ksa dks jSf•d ,dhÑr ifjiFk osQ {ks=k esa
yhMj cuk fn;kA us'kuy lsehdaMDVj us vYVªk&yks&foHko Op-Amp (LM10)
lfgr mUur jSf•d IC dh ,d Jà•yk dk mRiknu fd;k tgka foMykj us
,d lafonkdkj osQ :i esa dke fd;kA
2.1 Op-Amp osQ ewy fl¼kar
2.1.1 çLrkouk
vktdy lHkh vfHk;kaf=kdh {ks=kksa esa bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk ,d egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA ,ukykWx bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk
vkSj vadh; (fMftVy) bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk nks eq[; çdkj osQ bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk gSaA fn"Vdkjh] çoèkZd vkSj
vkWflysVj lcls vfèkd bLrseky fd, tkus okys ,ukykWx bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk gSaA ;s ifjiFk fujarj ladsrksa ;kuh jSf•d
;k ,ukykWx ladsrksa dks çkslsl dj ldrs gSaA blfy, ,ukykWx ifjiFk dks jSf•d bysDVªkWfuDl ifjiFk Hkh dgk tkrk
gSA fn"Vdkjh ifjiFk dk mi;ksx AC ladsr dks DC ladsr esa cnyus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Mk;ksM dk mi;ksx
fn"Vdkjh ifjiFk osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA çoèkZd dk mi;ksx buiqV ladsr osQ vk;ke dks c<+kus osQ fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA BJT ;k FET tSls vlrr ?kVdksa osQ mi;ksx ls çoèkZd dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA vlrr ?kVdksa
}kjk fufeZr ,ukykWx ifjiFk esa dbZ dfe;ka gksrh gS tSls cM+k vkdkj] vfèkd 'kfDr dh •ir vkSj de fo'oluh;rkA
bu dfe;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, ,dhÑr ifjiFk dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA lafØ;kRed çoèkZd ftUgsa vkerkSj ij
Op-Amp osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk esa cgqr yksdfç; fuekZ.k •aM gSaA Op-Amp dk mi;ksx
fofHkUu çdkj osQ ç;ksx tSls AC vkSj DC ladsr çoèkZu] fiQYVj] vkWflysVlZ] foHko jsxqysVj] rqyfu=k vkSj vfèkdka'k
miHkksDrk vkSj vkS|ksfxd ç;ksx esa fd;k tkrk gSA
2.1.2 Op-Amp dh ewy ckrsa

Op-Amp ,d Mk;jsDV diYM gkbZ o`f¼ çoèkZd gksrs gSa] ftlesa vkerkSj ij ,d ;k vfèkd vodfy=k
(fMiQjsaf'k;y) çoèkZd gksrs gSa] mlds ckn ysoy f'kÝVj vkSj vkmViqV LVst gksrk gSA pwdh bu çoèkZd dk mi;ksx
'kq:vkr esa xf.krh; fØ;kvks esa fd;k tkrk Fkk blfy, "lafØ;kRed" 'kCn dk mi;ksx uke esa fd;k tkrk gSA
,d Op-Amp dks fp=k 2.1 esa fn, x, çrhd }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA lcls vfèkd bLrseky fd;k tkus
okyk Op-Amp IC gS μA 741] tks dbZ fuekZrkvksa }kjk fufeZr fd;k tkrk gSA IC uacj esa nks milxZ o.kZ fuekZrk
dks bafxr djrs gSaA rkfydk 2.1 esa IC 741 dk milxZ o.kZ rFkk fuekZrk dk uke fn;k x;k gSA fp=k 2.3, IC mA741
osQ fiu foU;kl dks n'kkZrk gSA rkfydk 2.2 esa IC 741 osQ fiu dk;ks± dks crk;k x;k gSA
rkfydk 2.1: IC 741 osQ fy, milxZ o.kZ vkSj fuekZrk osQ uke
milxZ o.kZ fuekZrk dk uke

AD ,ukykWx fMokbl
LM us'kuy lsehdaMDVj
MC eksVksjksyk
NE/SE flXusfVDl
OP çsfltu eksuksfyfFkd
TI VsDlkl baLVªwesaV
μA iQs;jpkbYM
+VCC
Offset null 1 8 NC
741
Inverting i/p V2 –
Inverting input 2 – 7 +V
A V0=A
Non Inverting i/p V1 + +
Non-inverting input 3 6 Output
–V 4 5 Offset null
–VEE
fp=k 2.1% Op-Amp dk izrhd fp=k 2.2% IC mA741 dk fiu vkmV vkjs•
rkfydk 2.2% IC 741 osQ fiu dk;Z
fiu uacj fiu yscy fiu dk;Z

1 vkWiQlsV uy bldk mi;ksx vkWiQlsV foHko dks gVkus ;k de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk
mi;ksx fiu uacj 5 osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
2 buofVZax buiqV bls fpÉ esa ½.k dk fpÉ (&) çrhd }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA bl buiqV fiu ij ykxw
ladsr vkmViqV esa çofèkZr gksdj çkIr gksrk gS ysfdu og buiqV ls iQsl buoVZsM
ladsr osQ :i esa gksrk gSA
3 ukWu&buofVZax buiqV bls fpÉ esa tksM+ dk fpÉ ($) çrhd }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA bl Nksj ij yxk;k x;k
ladsr vkmViqV ij ,d ,EIyhiQkbM ladsr osQ :i esa çkIr gksrk gS ftldk isQl
buiqV ladsr osQ leku gksrk gSA
4 -VCC ;g ½.kkRed vkiwfrZ gsrq ck;flax 'kfDr vkiwfrZ fiu gS] lkekU; :i ls –15V
vkiwfrZ fn;k tkrk gSA
5 vkWiQlsV uy bldk mi;ksx vkWiQlsV foHko dks gVkus ;k de djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bldk
mi;ksx fiu uacj 1 osQ lkFk fd;k tkrk gSA
6 vkmViqV flaxy ,aMsM vkmViqV bl fiu ls miyCèk gksrk gSA
7 +VCC ;g èkukRed vkiwfrZ gsrq ck;flax 'kfDr vkiwfrZ fiu gS] lkekU; :i ls –15V vkiwfrZ
fn;k tkrk gSA
8 NC ukWV dusDVsM fiuA
2-1-2-1 laoqQy
rhu miyCèk yksdfç; laoqQy (packages) bl çdkj gSa%&
1. Mqvy&bu&ykbu laoqQy (DIP)
2. èkkrq dSu (TO) laoqQy
3. likV laoqQy ;k likV iSd
,d Op-Amp laoqQy IC esa ,d (flaxy)] nks (Mqvy) ;k pkj (DokM) Op-Amp gks ldrs gSaA fof'k"V
laoqQy esa 8 Nksj] 10 Nksj vkSj 14 Nksj gksrs gSaA cgqr yksdfç; vkSj O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk uA
741 IC ,d ,dy Op-Amp IC gS tks fofHkUu laoqQy esa miyCèk gS tSlk fd fp=k 2.3 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
uA747 ,d nksgjh 741 IC gS] tks 10&fiu dSu ;k 14&fiu DIP esa miyCèk gksrk gSA
a. Mqvy&bu&ykbu IykfLVd b. lh/s yhM osQ lkFk TO-5 LVkby c. ÝySV iSd
(DIP) iSdst iSdst
fp=k 2.3: 741 Op Amp osQ fofHkUu IC iSdst
2-1-2-2 Op-Amp çoèkZd ekinaM

lkèkkj.kr;k Op-Amp ,d mPp o`f¼] çR;{k ;qfXer çoèkZd gSA ;g vkerkSj ij ,d foLr`r vko`fÙk
lhek esa iQSys ladsrksa dks çofèkZr djus osQ fy, jpuk fd;k x;k gS vkSj lkekU;r% ckgjh çfriq"V
(feedback) usVodZ osQ lkFk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Op-Amp osQ fofHkUu ekinaM gSa] tks fo'oluh;
çoèkZu osQ fy, vko';d gSaA Op-Amp esa vyx&vyx fo|qrh; ekinaM gksrs gSa tSls vodfy=k
Op-Amp
buiqV çfrjksèk] buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko] vkmViqV vkWiQlsV foHko vkSj lkekU; eksM vLohÑfr vuqikr
A tSlk fd Op-Amp ifjiFk vkSj flLVe jpuk osQ fy, ,d lkoZHkkSfed fuekZ.k •aM cu x;k
gS] vr% fofHkUu Op-Amp ifjiFk osQ rqyukRed xq.kksa osQ o.kZu gsrq dbZ O;kid :i ls LohÑr jpuk ikfjHkkf"kd
'kCn fodflr gq, gSaA vkerkSj ij Op-Amp çn'kZu dks crkus okys ekinaMksa dks bl •aM esa of.kZr fd;k tk;sxkA
buiqV vkWiQlsV èkkjk (Iio)% buiqV vkWiQlsV èkkjk ,d larqfyr çoèkZd osQ buiqV VfeZuyksa esa ços'k djus okys
vyx&vyx èkkjkvksa osQ chp dk varj gSA fp=k 2.4 osQ vuqlkj
Iio = IB1 – IB2 tc Vo = 0. … (2.1)
fp=k 2.4% IB1 vkSj IB2 buiqV ck;l èkkjk,a rFkk Vio vkWiQlsV foHko
buiqV ck;l èkkjk (IB)% tc vkmViqV 'kwU; oksYV ij gks] ml fLFkfr esa buiqV VfeZuyksa esa çokfgr gksus okys
èkkjk dk vkSlr eku buiqV ck;l èkkjk IB gksrk gSA fp=k 2.4 ls]
I +I
IB = B1 B2 , tc V0 = 0 …(2.2)
2
buiqV vkWiQlsV èkkjk drift% buiqV vkWiQlsV èkkjk esa ifjorZu rFkk rkieku esa ifjorZu osQ vuqikr dks buiqV
vkWiQlsV èkkjk drift dgrs gSaA
∆I
buiqV vkWiQlsV èkkjk drift = ∆Tio …(2.3)
buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko (Vio)% ;g fcuk buiqV ladsr osQ vkmViqV foHko 'kwU; çkIr djus osQ fy, buiqV
VfeZuyksa osQ chp ykxw djus osQ fy, vko';d foHko gSA
buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko lhek% buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko esa ifjorZu rFkk rkeiku esa ifjorZu osQ vuqikr dks
buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko drift dgrs gSaA
∆Vio
buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko drift = …(2-1-4)
∆T
vkmViqV vkWiQlsV foHko% tc buiqV VfeZuyksa dks vkèkkj ls tksM+k tkrk gS rks ;g Op-Amp dk vkmViqV
foHko gksrk gSA vkn'kZ Op-Amp osQ fy, ;g ekinaM thjks oksYV gksrk gSA O;kogkfjd Op-Amp osQ fy, bl
ekinaM dk eku cgqr de gksuk pkfg,A bls de djus osQ fy, vkWiQlsV uy fiu dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
dkWeu eksM lhek% ;g buiqV foHko dh vfèkdre lhek (jsat) gS ftls çoèkZd pj.kksa osQ dVkSrh ;k lar`fIr
osQ fcuk nksuksa buiqV ij ,d lkFk ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
buiqV vodfy=k lhek% ;g vfèkdre varj ladsr gS ftls Op-Amp buiqV VfeZuyksa ij lqjf{kr :i ls
ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vkmViqV foHko lhek% ;g vfèkdre vkmViqV fLoax gS ftls egRoiw.kZ fo:i.k osQ fcuk çkIr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
iw.kZ 'kfDr cSMa foM~Fk% ;g vfèkdre vko`fÙk lhek gS ftlesa iw.kZ vkmViqV foHko fLoax çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
'kfDr vkiwfrZ vfLodkj vuqikr% buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko esa ifjorZu rFkk ,d 'kfDr vkiwfrZ foHko esa lacafèkr
ifjorZu osQ vuqikr dks 'kfDr vkiwfrZ vLohÑfr (vuqikr ikoj lIykbZ fjtsD'ku jsf'k;ks–PSRR) dgrs gSaA bl le;
nwljk 'kfDr vkiwfrZ foHko fu;r jgrk gSA
Slew jsV (Sr)% ;g vkmViqV foHko osQ ifjorZu dh vfèkdre nj gSA bls can ywi çoèkZd osQ vkmViqV foHko
osQ ifjorZu dh nj Hkh dgrs gSaA bls V/μS bdkbZ esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA Op-Amp dh vfèkdre ifjpkyu
vko`fÙk slew nj (jsV) ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
Fmax = slew rate/(2π VP)…(2.5)
;wfuVh o`f¼ cSaMfoM~Fk% ;g vko`fÙk lhek gS Mk;jsDV èkkjk ;kuh 0 gV~tZ ls ml vko`fÙk rd] tgk¡ •qyk&ywi
o`f¼ ;wfuVh (,d) dks ikj djrk gSA
buiqV çfrckèkk (Zi)% bls buiqV foHko Vi rFkk buiqV èkkjk Ii osQ vuqikr osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
Vi
buiqV çfrckèkk Z i = …(2.6)
Ii
vkmViqV foHko fLoax% ,lh vkmViqV vfèkdre 'kh"kZ ls 'kh"kZ fcuk dVk gqvk (vufDyIM ihd Vw ihd)
vkmViqV foHko gS] tks ,d Op-Amp mRiUu dj ldrk gSA pwafd fLFkj fcUnq (Q fcUnq) vkmViqV vkn'kZ :i esa
'kwU; gksrk gS] vr% AC vkmViqV foHko èkukRed ;k ½.kkRed fLoax dj ldrk gSA ;g Op-Amp osQ èkukRed
vkSj ½.kkRed lar`fIr foHko osQ ekuksa dks Hkh crkrk gSA fdlh fn, x, vkiwfrZ foHko +Vcc vkSj &VEE osQ fy,
vkmViqV foHko bu lhekvksa ls vfèkd ugha gks ldrkA IC741 osQ fy,] ;g ±13 oksYV gSA
dkWeu eksM fjtsD'ku jsf'k;ks% vodfy=k çoèkZd dh dkWeu eksM ladsr dks vfLodkj djus dh {kerk blds
dkWeu eksM fjtsD'ku jsf'k;ks (CMRR) }kjk O;Dr dh tkrh gSA ;g vodfy=k eksM o`f¼ Ad rFkk dkWeu eksM Acm
dk vuqikr gSA ;g vkerkSj ij Msflcy (dB) esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
CMRR = Ad/ Acm …(2.7)
CMRR dh dB esa x.kuk djus osQ fy,
CMRR in dB = 20 log10 (Ad /Ac ) …(2.8)
vodfy=k buiqV çfrjksèk (Ri)% ;g buiqV Nksj dk lerqY; çfrjksèk gS tks vU; VfeZuyksa dks xzkmaMsM djds
ekik tkrk gSA
2.1.3 vkn'kZ Op-Amp

,d vkn'kZ Op-Amp esa fuEufyf•r xq.k gksrs gSa%
1. bldh buiqV çfrckèkk vuar gS (Zi = ∞)-
vkn'kZ
2. bldk vkmViqV çfrckèkk 'kwU; (Zo = 0) gSA
Op-Amp
3. bldk foHko o`f¼ vuar (Av = ∞) gSA
4. bldk cSaMfoM~Fk vuar gS ;kfu bldk •qyk&ywi o`f¼ vuar rd tkrk gSA ;kuh ;g lHkh vko`fÙk Jsf.k;ksa
osQ fy, fu;r o`f¼ çnku djrk gSA
5. dkWeu eksM vLohÑfr vuqikr (CMRR) vuar gSA
6. tc V1 = V2 gksrk gS rks ;g 'kwU; vkmViqV foHko mRiUu djrk gSA
7. vfHky{k.k rkieku osQ lkFk fLoax ugha djrs gSaA
fp=k 2.5 esa vkn'kZ Op-Amp fn•k;k x;k gSA ½.kkRed Nksj ij çnku fd;k x;k ladsr (V2) vkmViqV ij
mYVk çkIr gksrk gS] tcfd /ukRed Nksj ij çnku fd;k x;k ladsr (V1) vkmViqV ij fcuk çrhd esa cnyko osQ
çkIr gksrk gSA blfy,] ½.kkRed Nksj dks ¶buofVZax¸ Nksj vkSj èkukRed Nksj dks ¶ukWu&buofVZax¸ Nksj dgk tkrk
gSA lkekU; rkSj ij] vkmViqV foHko lhèks Vd = V1 – V2 osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gSA vkuqikfrdrk dk fLFkjkad (AV)
çoèkZd dk foHko o`f¼ dgykrk gSA
fp=k 2.5% vkn'kZ Op-Amp

O;ogkj esa] tc Op-Amp dks fdlh fufnZ"V vuqç;ksx osQ fy, pquk tkrk gS rks MsVk 'khV ls blds ekinaM
ns•s tkrs gSaA rkfydk 2.3 esa IC 741 osQ vko';d ekinaM osQ eku fn, x, gSaA
rkfydk 2.3% IC 741 osQ ekinaM
ozQekad ekinaM eku (25°C ij)
1 buiqV çfrckèkk 2 MΩ
2 vkmViqV çfrckèkk 75 Ω
3 CMRR 90 dB
4 vkiwfrZ foHko +/– 18 V
5 buiqV vkWiQlsV foHko 1mV
6 buiqV vkWiQlsV èkkjk 20 mA
7 buiqV ck;l èkkjk 80 mA
8 vodfy=k buiqV foHko +/– 15 V
9 cSaMfoM~Fk 1 MHZ
10 Slew nj 0.5 V /μS
2.1.4 Op-Amp foU;kl

Op-Amp dks nks esa ls fdlh ,d foU;kl esa lapkfyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA nks foU;kl gSa% •qyk ywi foU;kl vkSj
can ywi foU;kl
2-1-4-1 Op-Amp •qyk ywi foU;kl

fcuk iQhMcSd osQ Op-Amp dks •qyk ywi foU;kl osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
•qyk&ywi o`f¼ (AOL)% ;fn 'Vd' fdlh Op-Amp dk vodfy=k buiqV foHko gS ftldk eku cgqr de
gS vkSj Vo vkmViqV foHko gS] rks vkmViqV foHko Vo rFkk vodfy=k buiqV foHko Vd osQ vuqikr dks •qyk&ywi
o`f¼ osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA vkmViqV vkSj buiqV VfeZuyksa osQ chp laHkkfor iQhMcSd dusD'ku dh
vuqifLFkfr osQ otg ls bls •qyk&ywi o`f¼ dgk tkrk gSA
Vo
•qyk&ywi o`f¼] AOL
AOL = ---(2-9)
Vd
pwdh •qyk ywi esa iQhMcSd vuqifLFkr gS] blfy, o`f¼ vuar vkSj vfu;af=kr gksrk gSA o`f¼ dks fu;af=kr djus
vkSj vko';drkuqlkj Op-Amp dks lapkfyr djus osQ fy, iQhMcSd vko';d gSA vkmViqV ladsr dk oqQN Hkkx
;k iw.kZ vkmViqV ladsr buiqV dks nsus dks iQhMcSd dgk tkrk gSA
2-1-4-2 Op-Amp can ywi foU;kl

fcuk iQhMcSd osQ Op-Amp cgqr mi;ksxh midj.k ugha gS] D;ksafd buiqV ij cgqr NksVk lk foHko bls vkmViqV
ij lar`fIr esa tkus dk dkj.k cusxkA blfy,] ifjfer (iQkbZukbV) foHko o`f¼ çkIr djus osQ fy, iQhMcSd ykxw
djuk vko';d gSA tc iQhMcSd ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] rks Op-Amp osQ vfHky{k.kksa dks iQhMcSd usVodZ }kjk cM+s
iSekus ij fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gS] iQhMcSd osQ lkFk Op-Amp dks can ywi foU;kl dgk tkrk gSA
can&ywi o`f¼% çoèkZd osQ o`f¼ dks can&ywi o`f¼ (ACL) dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd iQhMcSd çfrjksèk Op-Amp
osQ vkmViqV Nksj ls buofVZax buiqV Nksj ;kuh ½.kkRed Nksj rd ,d can ywi cukrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 2.6 esa
fn•k;k x;k gSA
Ii I0
R1 R1 +VCC
I1
–
V1 Zi A
+
–VII V0
fp=k 2.6: Op Amp can&ywi dkWfUiQxjs'ku
Vo
can&ywi o`f¼] A CL = …(2.10)
Vi
 Rf 
fp=k 2.6 esa fn•k, x, çoèkZd osQ fy, can&ywi o`f¼  −  osQ cjkcj gS] ftls buofVZax çoèkZd dgk
tkrk gS]  RI 
vkmViqV çfrckèkk (Zo)% ,d Op-Amp dk can&ywi vkmViqV çfrckèkk Zo(CL) dks •qyk&ywi vkmViqV
çfrckèkk Zo(OL) rFkk ywi o`f¼ osQ vuqikr osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
Z o(OL)
bl çdkj] Z o(CL) = …(2.11)
Loop gain
tgka] ywi o`f¼ = •qyk&ywi o`f¼ & can&ywi o`f¼A
opZqvy vkèkkj% ,d Op-Amp dh fo'ks"krkvksa dks Li"V djus osQ fy,] fp=k 2.7 esa fn, iQhMcSd ifjiFk
ij fopkj djsa] ftlesa buiqV vkSj vkmViqV osQ chp tqM+s çfrjksèk Rf }kjk ½.kkRed foHko iQhMcSd mRiUu gksrh
gSA è;ku nsa fd çoèkZd esa iQsl buolZu gksus osQ dkj.k iQhMcSd ½.kkRed gSA pwdh iQhMcSd foHko buiqV ladsr
lzksr osQ lekukarj esa i;kZIr :i ls tqM+k gqvk gS] rks lafØ;kRed iQhMcSd esa iQhMcSd vuqikr dk ifjorZu mPp
R
çfrckèkk lzksr osQ fy, ,d ls ysdj fuEu çfrckèkk lzksr osQ fy, rd gks ldrk gSA
R + Rf
fdjpkWiQ osQ èkkjk fu;e dks 'kk•k fcanq S ij ykxw djds lafØ;kRed iQhMcSd ifjiFk dk fo'ys"k.k
djuk lqfoèkktud gSA pwafd çoèkZd buiqV çfrckèkk mPp gS] vr% bl 'kk•k esa èkkjk ux.; gksxk] D;k gS
Op-Amp
vFkkZr çfrjksèk R1 rFkk çfrjksèk Rf esa èkkjk dk eku cjkcj gSA
that the feedback is negative because of phase inversion in the amplifier. The feedback ratio in operational feedback
R
can vary from unity for a high impedance source to R + R for a low impedance source since, the feedback voltage
f
is sufficiently connected in parallel with the input signal source. It is convenient to analyse the operational feedback
circuit by applying Kirchhoff's current law to the branch point S. Since, the amplifier input impedance is large, the
current in this branch is negligible, which means the current in R equals the current in R f.
Fig. 2.1.7 : Block diagram of Op Amp with feedback

fp=k 2.7% iQhMcSd osQ lkFk Op-Amp dk •aM vkjs•
Vi – V1 V1 – Vo
= Vi − VI VI − Vo
R Rf =
R Rf
−V –Vo 1 Rf1  Rf Rf Rf

vxj VI V=1 =o Arks and
Introducing osQ lehdj.kVols]1Vo
Åijrearranging, +  1++ + = –R= .−Vi .Vi
A  A AA A  R
pwafd] o`f¼ vfr mPp gS] Rf

Vo = − .Vi .....(2.12)
R
 Rf 
vFkkZr vkmViqV foHko dks dsoy buiqV foHko esa fu;r xq.kkad  −  ls xq.kk djds çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
 R 
;fn Rf vkSj R osQ fy, çsfltu çfrjksèkksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tk; rks bl xq.ku fØ;k dh lVhdrk dkiQh mPp gksxhA
Op-Amp esa 'kk•k fcanq 'S' dk fo'ks"k egRo gSA fcanq S vkSj vkèkkj osQ chp çHkkoh çfrckèkk Kkr dj bls
Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS] foHko V1 rFkk buiqV èkkjk I1 dk vuqikr çHkkoh çfrckèkk gksxkA
VI VI R f Rf Rf
=
Zs = = =
li VI − Vo 1 − Vo 1 + A …(2.13)
V1
tgka] lehdj.k osQ nkfgus vksj dk fgLlk buiqV èkkjk osQ fy, fy;k x;k gSA lehdj.k 2.13 osQ vuqlkj] ;fn
o`f¼ mPp gS] rks fcanq S vkSj vkèkkj osQ chp dk çfrckèkk cgqr de gSA Rf = 104 vkse vkSj A = 104] Rf rFkk
A osQ fof'k"V eku gSa rkfd çfrckèkk 10 vkse gksA de çfrckèkk ½.kkRed iQhMcSd foHko ls mRiUu gksrk gS] tks
fcanq 'S' ij buiqV ladsr dks dSafly djrk gS vkSj 'kk•k fcanq dks vkèkkj oksYVrk ij j•rk gSA blh dkj.k fcanq 'S'
dks opZqvy vkèkkj dgrs gSaA gkykafd 'S' dks iQhMcSd ,D'ku }kjk vkèkkj oksYVrk ij j•k tkrk gS] ysfdu bl fcanq
ij dksbZ vkèkkj èkkjk ekStwn ugha gksrh gSA
2.1.5 Op-Amp ifjpkyu osQ eksM

vkmViqV ls buiqV rd iQhMcSd çnku djds Op-Amp dks jSf•d vuqç;ksxksa esa çHkkoh <ax ls mi;ksx fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ;fn iQhMcSd ladsr buiqV osQ rqyuk esa 180° dykvarj okyk gks rks mls ½.kkRed iQhMcSd ;k vi{k;h
iQhMcSd dgk tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij bLrseky fd, tkus okys can ywi ifjpkyu eksM gSa%&
a- buofVZax çoèkZd vkSj
b- ukWu buofVZax çoèkZd
2-1-5-1 Op-Amp buofVZax eksM çoèkZd
buofVZax Op-Amp foU;kl lcls ljy vkSj lcls vfèkd mi;ksx fd, tkus okys Op-Amp ifjpkyu eksM esa ls
,d gSA buofVZax eksM çoèkZd esa] buiqV osQ rqyuk esa çkIr vkmViqV fcYoqQy 180° iQst vkmV gksrk gS (;kuh ;fn
,d èkukRed foHko ykxw fd;k tk;] rks vkmViqV ½.kkRed gksxk)A vkmViqV buiqV dk ,d mYVk (isQl osQ lanHkZ
esa) çofèkZr laLdj.k gSA buofVZax Op-Amp foU;kl Op-Amp dk can ywi eksM ç;ksx gSA ;g ½.kkRed iQhMcSd
dk mi;ksx djrk gS] vFkkZr iQhMcSd ladsr buiqV ladsr dk fojksèk djrk gSA
VO = –(Rf / R1 )*Vi …(2.14)
Rf
R1 +VCC
–
+
C Vin –VEE
RL
fp=k 2.8% buofVZax çoèkZd

fp=k 2.8 esa fn•k;s x;s ifjiFk esa Op-Amp dks buoVZsM eksM esa mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA
vkWijs'ku osQ bl eksM esa] çoèkZd osQ èkukRed buiqV Nksj dks vkèkkj fd;k tkrk gS vkSj buiqV
ladsr e1 dks çfrjksèk R1 osQ ekè;e ls ½.kkRed buiqV Nksj ij ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA Rf osQ }kjk
vkmViqV ls buiqV Nksj osQ eè; ykxw iQhMcSd ½.kkRed tSlk fd fp=k 2-9 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA buofVZax
ifjiFk dk buofVZax vkWijs'ku iQhMcSd çfrjksèk Rf vkSj buiqV çfrjksèk R1 }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk Op-Amp
gSA
fp=k 2.9% ½.kkRed iQhMcSd osQ lkFk Op Amp

Op-Amp dks vkn'kZ ekuus ij bldk o`f¼ vuar gksrk gSA vuar foHko o`f¼ osQ lkFk] buiqV VfeZuyksa osQ chp
foHkokUrj 'kwU; gksxkA ifjiFk esa buiqV VfeZuyksa osQ chp dk foHkokUrj es] çoèkZd osQ ½.kkRed iQhMcSd osQ }kjk
'kwU; osQ cjkcj gksxkA pwdh çoèkZd dk buiqV çfrckèkk vuar gS] vr% çoèkZd dk buiqV èkkjk 'kwU; gksxkA
blfy, vkn'kZ Op-Amp osQ fy,] fuEufyf•r nks 'krks± dks iwjk djuk gksxk%
1. çoèkZd VfeZuyksa osQ chp foHkokUrj 'kwU; gksrk gSA
2. çR;sd buiqV Nksj esa èkkjk 'kwU; gksrk gSA
è;ku nsa fd igyh 'krZ bl èkkj.kk ij gksxh fd çoèkZd dk buiqV foHko vuar gSA bl çdkj] 'kwU; buiqV ls foHkkftr
,d ifjfer vkmViqV vuar o`f¼ nsrk gS tks fd ,d Op-Amp dh fo'ks"krk osQ vykok vkSj oqQN ugha gSA foHko
es = 0 dk vFkZ gS fd Nksj (1) rFkk Nksj (2) leku foHko ij gSaA pwdh Nksj (2) xzkmaMsM gS] blfy, Nksj (1) Hkh
dkYifud :i ls xzkmaMsM gSA vFkkZr ½.kkRed Nksj ij ,d dkYifud vkèkkj gSA
bl çdkj] R1 ls cgus okyh èkkjk 'i1'] Rf ls Hkh gksdj cgrh gSA pwafd buiqV èkkjk cgqr NksVk gksrk gS] blfy,
bls 'kwU; rd vuqekfur fd;k tk ldrk gSA buofVZax buiqV ij ykxw fdlh Hkh buiqV foHko osQ fy,] buiqV vodfy=k
foHko ux.; gS vkSj buiqV èkkjk 'kwU; gSA blfy, buofVZax buiqV vkèkkj (xzkmaM) foHko ij çrhr gksrk gSA opZqvy xzkMaM
'kCn ml fcanq dks n'kkZrk gS ftldk foHko xzkMaM osQ rqyuk esa 'kwU; gS ysfdu fiQj Hkh èkkjk mu fcanqvksa osQ chp
çokfgr ugha gks ldrk gSA
blfy,] i1 = if] …(2.15)
e I − e s e s − eo
=
RI Rf
eI − o o − eo
pwdh es = 0, = −
RI Rf
e I −eo
=
RI R f

eo Rf
= − ...(2.16)
eI RI
e 
;gka] vuqikr  o  dks buofVZax çoèkZd dk can&ywi o`f¼ ACL dgk tkrk gSA ;g ,d ½.kkRed ek=kk gS
 eI 
D;ksafd can&ywi çoèkZd buiqV ladsr osQ çrhd dks myV nsrk gS] ;kuh vkmViqV] buiqV osQ iQsl vkmV gksrk gSA o`f¼
Rf
osQ vuqikr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;g n'kkZrk gS fd buiqV çfrckèkk dsoy ckgjh çfrjksèkd R1 ij fuHkZj djrh
RI
gSA buiqV Nksj dks 'kwU; osQ cjkcj lsV djus osQ i'pkr vkmViqV ij ns•h xbZ çfrckèkk dks Op-Amp dk vkmViqV
çfrckèkk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA iQhMcSd çfrjksèk vkSj buiqV çfrjksèk osQ vuqikr dks fdlh Hkh eku ij
lsV fd;k tk ldrk gS] ;gka rd fd 1 ls Hkh deA bl xq.k osQ dkj.k Op-Amp vfèkdka'k ç;ksx esa yksdfç; gSA
buofVZax çoèkZd dh oqQN vU; çeq• fo'ks"krk,a tks oqQN ç;ksx esa blds mi;ksx gsrq gkfudkjd gSa] bl çdkj gSa%
1- ;g buiqV vkSj vkmViqV osQ chp 180° dk dyk varj nsrk gSA
2. buiqV çfrckèkk de gSA
3. cSaMfoM~Fk ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd dh rqyuk esa de gSA
2-1-5-2 Op-Amp ukWu&buofVZax eksM çoèkZd
ukWu buofVZax çoèkZd foU;kl Op-Amp ifjiFk dk lcls yksdfç; vkSj O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkus okys
lfdZVksa esa ls ,d gSA ,d Op-Amp osQ mi;ksx ls çkIr lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk&lkFk Op-Amp ukWu buofVZax
çoèkZd ifjiFk mPp buiqV çfrckèkk çnku djrk gSA ukWu–buofVZax çoèkZd esa vkmViqV] buiqV osQ iQsl esa gksrk gS
(;kuh ;fn buiqV èkukRed foHko gS] rks vkmViqV èkukRed gksxk)A vkmViqV] buiqV dk ,d ukWu&buoVZsM (iQsl
osQ lanHkZ esa) çofèkZr laLdj.k gSA
Vo = (1 + (Rf / R1))*Vi …(2.17)
I2 Rf
R1 I1 +VCC
–
V2 A
+ Vout
V1
–VEE
B1 B0
fp=k 2.10% ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd

fp=k 2-10 esa ,d vkn'kZ Op-Amp dk ifjiFk ukWu&buofVZax eksM esa fn•k;k x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa] buiqV
ladsr lhèks çoèkZd osQ ukWu−buofVZax (ikWftfVo) buiqV Nksj ij ykxw gksrk gS vkSj iQhMcSd çfrjksèk Rf vkmViqV
Nksj vkSj ½.kkRed buiqV Nksj osQ chp tqM+k gksrk gSA
R1 buofVZax Nksj vkSj vkèkkj osQ chp tqM+k gqvk gS] fiNys fLFkfr osQ leku] es = 0- blfy,] ½.kkRed Nksj
rFkk vkèkkj osQ chp dk foHko e1] buiqV foHko e2 osQ cjkcj gSA è;ku nsa fd bl fLFkfr esa e1 'kwU; osQ cjkcj
ugha gS] vFkkZr ukWu−buofVZax ifjiFk esa blds fdlh Hkh buiqV Nksj ij dksbZ opZqvy vkèkkj ugha gSA
R1
pw¡fd] e1 = e2 e1 = i1 R1 = eo = e2
R1 + R f
e0 R f + R1
bl çdkj] =
e2 R1
e0 R f + R1
;k =
e1 R1
e0
ysfdu e can&ywi o`f¼ gSA
2
R f + R1 Rf R1 R f
vr% ACL
ACL = = + = +1
R1 R1 R1 R1
e0  R f 
ACL=
ACL = 1 +  …(2.18)
e2  R1 
bl çdkj] ,d ukWu−buofVZax çoèkZd dk can ywi o`f¼ ges'kk ;wfuVh ls vfèkd ;k cjkcj
gksrk gS vkSj bls R1 vkSj Rf }kjk fuèkkZfjr fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn Rf = 0 vkSj R1 = ∞] rks o`f¼
fcYoqQy ,d osQ cjkcj gksrk gS vkSj çoèkZd foHko vuqxkeh (iQkWyksoj) osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk
gS ;kuh vkmViqV foHko fcYoqQy buiqV foHko osQ tSlk gksrk gSA bl rjg osQ foHko iQkWyksoj vkSj
ukWu−buofVZax ifjiFk dh fo'ks"krk lkekU; :i çfrckèkk ciQfjax esa gSA ,sls çoèkZd ifjiFk O;kid ukWu buofVZax
Op-Amp
:i ls ladsr lzksr vkSj yksM osQ chp vyxko gsrq mi;ksx fd, tkrs gSa] tks vupkgs buVjSDlu
vkSj yksfMax çHkko dks jksdrk gSA
ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd osQ iQk;ns bl çdkj gSa%
1. buiqV vkSj vkmViqV osQ chp dksbZ iQst f'kÝV ugha gksrk gSA
2. buiqV çfrckèkk] buofVZax foU;kl ls vfèkd gksrk gSA
3. buofVZax çoèkZd dh rqyuk esa vfèkd cSaMfoM~Fk gksrk gSA
4. ifjiFk ½.kkRed iQhMcSd dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 2.1.1% Op Amp dk vkmViqV foHko 8μS esa 40V ls ifjofrZr gksrk gSA Op Amp osQ lY;w (slew)
jsV dh x.kuk djsaA
gy % Slew jsV = dV/dt
= 40 V@8 μS
= 5 V/μS
mnkgj.k 2.1.2% Op Amp osQ buofVZax çoèkZd eksM osQ fy, Rf = 10 KΩ vkSj Ri = 2 KΩ gS] can ywi
foHko o`f¼ ACL dh x.kuk djsaA
Rf
gy % buofVZax eksM esa can ywi foHko o`f¼ = − = − (10 KΩ / 2 kΩ) = −5
Ri
mnkgj.k 2.1.3% Op Amp osQ ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd eksM osQ fy, Rf = 10 KΩ vkSj Ri = 1 KΩ gSA can
ywi foHko o`f¼ ACL vkSj iQhMcSd iQSDVj dh x.kuk djsaA
Rf
gy% ukWu&buofVZax eksM esa can ywi foHko o`f¼ = 1 +− = 1 + (10 KΩ/1 KΩ) = 11
Ri
iQhMcSd iQSDVj β = Ri@(Ri + Rf) = 1 KΩ @(1 KΩ + 10 KΩ) = 0.09
mnkgj.k 2.1.4% Op Amp osQ CMRR dh x.kuk djsa tc MhiQsjsaf'ky o`f¼ 300000 gS vkSj dkWeu eksM
o`f¼ 12.66 gSA
gy% CMRR] vodfy=k eksM o`f¼ vkSj dkWeu eksM o`f¼ dk vuqikr gSA
CMRR = Ad /AC
= 300000/12.66
= 13850.41
CMRR in dB = 20 log 10 (Ad /AC)
= 82.82 dB
mnkgj.k 2.1.5% ukWu&buofVZax Op Amp ds fy, iQhMcSd çfrjksèk osQ eku dh x.kuk djsa ;fn buiqV çfrjksèk
4kΩ dk gS vkSj fof'k"V ç;ksx osQ fy, vko';d o`f¼ dk eku 13 gSA
gy% ;g ns•rs gq, fd Op Amp vkWijsfVax eksM] ukWu&buofVZax ,EiyhiQk;j eksM es gSA
buiqV çfrjksèk eku Rin = 4 KW
o`f¼ = 13
o`f¼ = 1 + (Rf / Rin)
13 = 1 + (Rf / 4 KΩ)
13 − 1 = Rf /4 KΩ
12 = Rf + 4 KΩ
Rf = 48 KΩ
2.2 Op-Amp osQ ç;ksx

Op-Amp dks ewy :i ls ,ukykWx daI;wVj dh t:jrksa osQ fy, fodflr fd;k x;k FkkA tSlk fd Op-Amp ,d
mPp o`f¼ Mk;jsDV diYM çoèkZd gS ftlesa ckgjh foHko o`f¼ fu;af=kr dh fo'ks"krk gS] vr% ladsr çkslsflax vkSj
daMh'kfuax ç;ksx esa blds dbZ vuqç;ksx gSaA de ykxr] mPp çn'kZu vkSj cgqeq•h çÑfr osQ dkj.k dbZ ,ukykWx
bysDVªkWfuDl ifjiFk esa bldk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
;g ges'kk ½.kkRed iQhMcSd osQ lkFk can ywi eksM esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj foHko o`f¼ dks ckgjh
?kVdksa Ri rFkk Rf }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gSA ikWoj vkiwfrZ osQ tqM+s gksus ij vkmViqV foHko çkIr gksrk gS] nksuksa
buiqV xzkmaMsM gksus ij Hkh vkmViqV foHko çkIr gksrk gS] bls vkWiQlsV dgk tkrk gSA vkWiQlsV dks fiu 1 vkSj 5
osQ chp 10 KΩ POT tksM+dj vkSj okbij dks fiu 4 ls tksM+dj 'kwU; cuk;k tk ldrk gSA
2.2.1 Op-Amp ,d ;kstd osQ :i esa

Op-Amp osQ mi;ksx }kjk fufeZr ;kstd (,Mj) vkSj ?kVko (lcVªDS Vj) ifjiFk dk mi;ksx vadxf.
krh; lapkyu tSls tksM+] ?kVko vkfn osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Op-Amp ;kstd dks lfeax çoèkZd
Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ;kstd vkSj ?kVko ifjiFk esa buiqV ladsr dks ckgjh çfrjksèkksa osQ mfpr eku ysdj
oka{kuh; eku rd tksM+k ;k ?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA ;s vadxf.krh; dk;Z ,ukykWx ifjiFk esa mi;ksx fd;s Op-Amp:
tkrs gSaA bl ifjiFk dk mi;ksx AC ;k DC ladsr tksM+us osQ fy, fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl ifjiFk osQ vuqç;ksx
}kjk çkIr vkmViqV foHko nks ;k nks ls vfèkd buiqV foHko osQ chtxf.krh; ;ksx osQ lekuqikrh gksrk
gS] çR;sd buiqV foHko ,d fu;r eku ls xq.kk osQ ckn tqM+rk gSA Op-Amp osQ buofVZax foU;kl esa ;fn buofVZax Nksj
dks ,d ls vfèkd buiqV fn, tkrs gSa rks ifj.kkeh ifjiFk ,d ;kstd ;k lfeax çoèkZd osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
Vo = −(Rf + Ri )* (V1 + V2) …(2.19)
fp=k 2.11% Op Amp ,d ;kstd osQ :i esa

;gka] foHko dks çofèkZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fiQj tksM+k tkrk gSA
KCL dks buofVZax buiqV uksM ij ykxw djus ij]
i1 $ i2 = if + IB2
pwafd Op-Amp vkn'kZ gS] IB2 = 0
i1 $ i2 = if
VA − V p VB − V p V p − Vo
+ =
R1 R2 Rf
opZqvy xzkmaM daMh'ku osQ dkj.k Vp = 0-
VA VB Vo
+ =
R1 R2 R f

V V 
V0 =
−R f  A + B 
 1 R2 
R
 Rf Rf 
V0 =
−  VA + VB 
 R1 R2 
vxj R1 = R2 = R
Rf
V0 =
− [VA + VB ] ---lfeax çoèkZd (2-20)
R
vxj R1 = R2 = Rf = R
Vo = – (VA + VB)
vxj R1 = R2 = 2Rf
V1 + V2
V0 = − ---vkSlr ifjiFk (2-21)
2
2.2.2 Op Amp as a differentiator
In differentiator circuit, the reactance, XC is connected to the input terminal of the inverting amplifier while the
resistor, Rf forms the negative feedback element across the operational amplifier. ,ukykW
Thex differentiator
ifjiFkksa dk voyks du |performs
circuit 101
the mathematical operation of differentiation and “produces a voltage output voltage which is directly proportional
2.2.2 Op-Amp ,d vodfy=k osQ :i esa
to the input voltages rate-of-change with respect to time”. The faster or larger the change to the input voltage signal,
vodfy=k
the greater the ifjiFk esa] fj,DVathe
input current, l Xc buofVZ
greater ax be
will çoèkZthe
d output
osQ buiqvoltage
V Nksj lschange
tqM+k gksbecoming
rk gS tcfdmore çfrjksofèk]a “spike”
Rf] Op-Ampin shape.
es a ½.kkRed iQhM cS d rS ; kj djrk gS A vodfy=k ifjiFk xf.krh; dk;Z fMiQjs a f 'k;s
The input signal to the differentiator is applied to the capacitor. The capacitor blocks DC content so there is ' ku djrk gS vkS j çkIr vkmViq V no
foHko]
current flowle;
to theosQamplifier
lkFk buiqsumming
V foHko ospoint.
Q nj&ifjorZ u dkinlekuq
Resulting zeroioutput
krh gksrkvoltage.
gSA buiqThe V foHko ladsr only
capacitor esa rstallows
vkSj AC
mPptype
inputifjorZ
voltageu oschanges
Q dkj.k]tobuiq V through
pass èkkjk vfèkd
andgkswhose
xh] vkmViq V foHko
frequency ifjorZu HkhonmPp
is dependent the gks xk of
rate rFkkchange
"Likbdof" the vkdkj
inputmRiUu
signal.
gksxkA vodfy=k esa buiqV ladsr laèkkfj=k dks çnk; fd;k tkrk gSA laèkkfj=k DC ladsr dks vo#¼ djrk gS vr%
çoèkZd ;ksx fcanq ij dksbZ èkkjk çokg ugha gksrk vkSj The 'kwU; vkmViq V foHko oscircuit
differentiator Q çkIr gks rk gSA laèkkfj=k
performs the AC buiqV
mathematical
foHko ifjorZu dks vo#¼ ugha djrk] ftldh vko`fÙkoperation buiqV ladofsr differentiation
osQ ifjorZu dh i.e. nj the
ij output
fuHkZj gkswaveform
rh gSA is the
vodfy=k ifjiFk xf.krh; dk;Z fMiQjsaf'k;s'ku djrk gS ;kuh derivative of the input waveform. The differentiator may be
vkmViqV rjax iQkWeZ buiqV rjax iQkWeZ dk fMiQjsaf'k;s'ku gksrk gSAconstructed from a basic inverting amplifier if an input
vodfy=k dk fuekZ.k ,d ewy buofVZax çoèkZd osQ }kjk resistor
fd;kRtk 1 is replaced by a capacitor Cin . The expression for
ldrk gS vxj çfrjksèk R1 dks ,d laèkkfj=k Cin }kjk çfrLFkkfirvoltage can be obtained as the output Vo is equal
the output
dj fn;k tk;A pwfd vkmViqV foHko Vo buiqV foHko toosQ Rle; f Cin ostimes
Q the negative rate of change of the input
lkFk nj ifjorZu osQ ½.kkRed osQ Rf ] Cin xq.kk gksrk gS] rks bl voltage V in with time. The (–) sign indicates a 180 phase shift
lcaèk osQ }kjk vkmViqV foHko dk O;atd çkIr fd;kof tk the ldrk
output waveform VO with respect to the input signal.
gSA buiqV ladsr osQ rqyuk esa vkmViqV ladsr VO 180°Since the differentiator performs the reverse of the
iQst vkmV
Fig. 2.2.2: Op Amp differentiator circuit integrator function.
gksrk gS] ftls ½.kkRed fpUg (&) bafxr djrk gSA pwafd vodfy=k fp=k 2.12% Op-Amp vodfy=k ifjiFk
VO= -(RfCin ) dV in/dt …( 2.2.2)
lekdyd dk;ks± osQ foijhr dk;Z djrk gSA
V
The circuit in which the output voltage (Rf Cin)dVisinderivative
O = −waveform /dt of the input waveform is called as a differentiator.
...(2.22)
The outputftl ifjiFkis given
voltage esa vkmViq V foHko ladsr] buiqV ladsr dk MsfjosfVo çkIr gksrk gS mls vodfy=k ifjiFk dgrs
by equation
gSA vkmViqV foHko lehdj.k gS dVin
VO = – RFC1 in …(2.2.3)
VO = –RFC1 dVdt …(2.23)
dt
Fig. 2.2.3:
fp=kIdeal
2.13%output
oxZ vkSwaveforms
j lkbu rjaxksa using square
dk mi;ks andvkn'kZ
x djds sine waves
vkmViqrespectively
V rjaxsa
If the input
;fnis abuiq
sine waverjathe
V T;k x gSoutput willVbedksa Tcosine
rks vkmViq wave or
;k (cosine) rjaxif the
gksxkinput is abuiq
;k ;fn square
V oxZwave,
rjax the
gS] rksoutput
vkmViqwill be
V fn•k,
trigger pulses as shown.
vuqlkj fVªxj iYl gksxkA rjax 'ksfiax ifjiFk esa buiqV ladsr osQ mPp vko`fÙk ?kVdksa dk irk yxkus vkSj FM
ekWMÔwysVj esa fMVsDVj osQ ifjorZu dh nj osQ :i esa Hkh vodfy=k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA vodfy=k mPp
The differentiator is used in wave shaping circuits to detect the high frequency components in an input signal and
ikl fiQYVj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA
also as a rate of change of detector in FM modulators. The differentiator acts as high pass filter.
2.2.3 Op Amp as an integrator
The circuit in which the output voltage waveform is the integr
or integration amplifier.Integrator circuit is obtained by using
RF is replaced by a capacitor CF as shown in Fig. 2.2.4 , then
Fundamentals position of the capacitor and resistor have been reversed as t
102 | fo|qof r ,oaElectrical and Electronics
bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh Engineering
osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar 15
be configured as analog integration. In an integrating circuit, t
2.2.3 Op-Amp ,d lekdyd osQ :i esa respect to time. An integrator circuit which consists of act
integrator provides a much lower output resistance and high
ftlOpifjiFk
2.2.3 Ampesas a çkIr vkmViqV foHko] buiqV foHko dk lekdfyr (bacircuit.
an integrator Vhxzy) Integrator
gks mls lekdyd ;k lekdyu
circuits are çoèkZd to produce
usually designed
Thedgk tkrkin gSwhich
circuit A ,dthe cqfu;knh
outputbuofVZ
voltageax waveform
çoèkZd dk ismi;ks x djds oflekdyd
the integral input ifjiFk
Integrating
the çkIr
circuits
voltage havefd;k
waveform tkrk
frequency
is gSA as;fnintegrator
limitations
called iQhM
while operating
or integration RF dks fp=k 2-14 escircuit
cSd çfrjksèkamplifier.Integrator a n'kkZ, isvuq lkj laèkkfj=k
obtained CF a}kjkbasic
by using çfrLFkkfir
invertingfd;k tk;] rks.If ifjiFk
amplifier lekdydresistor
the feedback dh
RF rjg dk;Z djrk
is replaced by a gScapacitor
A lekdyd ifjiFk
CF as shownesa lainèkkfj=k vkSj çfrjks
Fig. 2.2.4 , thenèk the
dh circuit acts as integrator. In integrator circuit the Integr
popul
fLFkfr ofdksthe
position vodfy=k
capacitorifjiFk dh rqyuk
and resistor have esa mYVk dj fn;k as
been reversed x;kthat
gSA of differentiator circuit. Operational amplifier can
outpu
be configured
Op-Amp as analog integration.
dks ,ukykW x lekdydIn an integrating
osQ :i escircuit, the output is the integration of the input voltage with
a dkWfUiQxj voltag
respect
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d lekdyd ifjiFk esa çkIr vkmViqV devices is called an Active integrator. An active
to time. An integrator circuit which consists of active
voltag
integrator
le; osQprovides
rqyuk esa abuiq
much lowerdkoutput
V foHko lekdyu resistance
gksrk gSand higher output voltage than is possible with a simple RC
A lekdyd are w
circuit. Integrator circuits are usually designed to produce a triangular wave output from a square wave input.
ifjiFk ftlesa lfØ; fMokbl gksrs gSa] lfØ; lekdyd dgykrk comp
Integrating circuits have frequency limitations while operating on sine wave input signals.
gSA ,d lfØ; lekdyd lkèkkj.k RC ifjiFk dh rqyuk esa cgqr
The o
fuEu vkmViqV çfrjksèk vkSj mPp vkmViqV foHko çnku Integration
djrk gSA is a process of continues additions. The most
lekdyd ifjiFk vkerkSj ij oxZ rjax buiqV ls f=kdkspopular
.kh; rjaxapplication of an integrator is to produce a ramp of
vkmViqV mRiUu djus osQ fy, jpukfd, tkrs gSaA T;koutput (lkbu)voltage which is linearly increasing or decreasing
rjax buiqV ladsr ij dk;Z djrs le; lekdyuh (bavoltage. VhxzsfVax)If the input voltage is step voltage, then output
ifjiFk dh vko`fÙk lhek,a gksrh gSaA fp=k 2.2.4:
Fig. 2.14% Op Op-Amp lekdydcircuit
Amp Integrator ifjiFk From
voltage will be ramp or linearly changing voltage. Integrators
lekdyu lrr ;ksx dh ,d çfØ;k gSA vkmViqV are foHko
widelyrjaxused
osQ in
:iramp
esa jSaior rja x çnku
sweep djuk lekdyd
generator, dk
in filter, analog propo
and in
lcls yksdfç; vuqç;ksx gS] tgk¡ vkmViqV foHko jSf•dcomputer
:i ls c<+ krk ;k ?kVkrk gSA ;fn buiqV foHko LVsi foHko
etc.
gS] rks vkmViqV foHko jSai ;k jSf•d :i ls cnyus okyk foHko gksxkA fiQYVj] ,ukykWx daI;wVj vkfn esa O;kid
The output
:i ls jSai ;k Lohi tujsVj gsrq] baVhxzsVlZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSvoltage
A is given by equation
vkmViqV foHko gsrq lehdj.k gS t
1
VO= – R C  Vin dt + C  (2.2.5)
t 1 F
1 0
R1C F ∫0
= Vo Vin dt + C ...(2.24)
Fig. 2.2.4: Op Amp Integrator circuit From above equation the output voltage is directly
mijksDr lehdj.k ls vkmViqV foHko buiqV foHko osQ baVhxzytoosthe
proportional Q ½.kkRed dk lekuq
negative integral ofithe
krh input
gS vkSvoltage
j le;
fLFkjkad R1CF osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gSA and inversely proportional to the time constant R1CF.
Fig. 2.2.5: Ideal output waveforms using
If the input is a sine wave, the output will be a cosine wave o

triangular wave as shown with R1CF = 1. When Vin = 0, the in
an open circuit, CF= . The input offset voltage Vi0 and the
fp=k 2.15% oxZ vkSj f=kdks.kh; rjaxksa dk mi;ksx djds vkn'kZ vkmViqV rjax
Fig. 2.2.5: Ideal output waveforms using square and sine wave respectively
If the input is a sine wave, the output will be a cosine wave or if the input is a square wave, the output will be the
R1CF = 1 ekurs gq, fn•k;k x;k gS] ;fn buiqV ,d lkbu rjax gS] rks vkmViqV ,d dkslkbu (cosine) rjax
gksxk ;k ;fn buiqV ,d oxZ rjax gS] rks vkmViqV f=kdks.kh; rjax gksxkA tc Vin = 1 gksxk rks CF •qyk ifjiFk dh
rjg dk;Z djsxk ;kfu CF = ∞ vkSj bl fLFkfr esa lekdyd ,d •qyk ywi çoèkZd dh rjg dk;Z djsxkA buiqV
vkWiQlsV foHko Vin vkSj laèkkfj=k CF dks pktZ djus okyk buiqV èkkjk lekdyd osQ vkmViqV ij =kqfV foHko
mRiUu djrs gSaA blfy,] vkmViqV =kqfV foHko dks de djus osQ fy,] iQhMcSd laèkkfj=k CF osQ lkekukarj ,d
çfrjksèk RF dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
lekdyd dk mi;ksx vkerkSj ij ,ukykWx daI;wVj] ,ukykWx ls fMftVy duoVZj (ADC) vkSj flxuy&rjax
'ksfiax ifjiFk esa fd;k tkrk gSA lekdyd yks ikl fiQYVj osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk iQhMcSd
?kVd çfrjksèk Rf vkSj laèkkfj=k Cf osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gksrk gSA lekdyd ;kuh yks ikl fiQYVj osQ fy, dV vkWiQ
vko`fÙk lehdj.k 2.25 osQ vuqlkjA
F1 = 1/(2πR1Cf )…(2.25)
vuqiz;ksx
Op-Amp dk mi;ksx djds ,ukykWx ifjiFk dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA Op-Amp osQ ?kjsyw vkSj vkS|ksfxd ç;ksx
esa O;kid vuqç;ksx gSaA fofHkUu Lopkyu] euksjatu midj.kksa esa ,ukykWx ifjiFk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA dbZ
bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa esa fuEufyf•r çdkj osQ Op-Amp vkèkkfjr ,ukykWx ifjiFk dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
•• çsfltu fn"Vdkjh • ykWx vkSj ,aVhykWx çoèkZd • ,ukykWx xq.kd vkSj Hkktd
•• thjks ØkWflax fMVsDVj • foHko ls èkkjk dUoVZj • èkkjk ls foHko dUoVZj
•• vko`fÙk ls foHko duoVZj • foHko ls vko`fÙk duoVZj • jSf•d vkSj fLofpax fu;ked
•• ladsr çkslsflax • ,ukykWx ls vadh; duoVZj • vadh; ls ,ukykWx duoVZj
•• ,fDVo fiQYVj • ladsr daMh'kfuax • ck;ksesfMdy baLVªqesaVs'ku
•• lSEiy vkSj gksYM ifjiFk • ihd fMVsDVj • vkWflysVlZ
•• baLVªqesaVs'ku çoèkZd • dEI;wVs'kuy fuekZ.k CykWDl • ,ukykWx daI;wVj
ftKklk ,oa vU‍os"‍.k'khyrk osQ fy, xfrfof/

fo|kFkhZ 5-6 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk ,d lewg cukdj f'k{kd osQ ekxZn'kZu esa ftKklk ,oa vU‍os"‍.k'khyrk fodflr djus gsrq
xfrfofèk (vksa) djsxkA ,d uewuk lwph uhps nh xbZ gS%
1. Op-Amp dk ,d NksVk vuqç;ksx ifjiFk pqusaA vki bl ;wfuV esa ,fIyds'ku osQ varxZr fn, x, ifjiFk
esa ls fdlh ,d dks pqu ldrs gSaA
2. MsVk 'khV dh lgk;rk ls ,d mi;qDr Op-Amp IC pqusaA
3. ifjiFk dh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj mfpr eku osQ bysDVªkWfud ?kVd dk p;u djsaA
4. vuqç;ksx osQ fy, vko';d IC vkSj vU; ?kVdksa dk ijh{k.k djsaA
5. ifjiFk osQ vuqlkj bysDVªkWfud ?kVd dks czsMcksMZ ij yxk;saA
6. fn, x, vuqç;ksx osQ fy, ifjiFk dk ijh{k.k dhft,A
7. çkIr vkmViqV dh rqyuk visf{kr vkmViqV osQ lkFk djsaA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 2.2.1% ,d Op-Amp lekdyd osQ fy,] ;fn dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk 159 Hz gS] Rin = 1 KΩ vkSj
Rf = 100 KΩ gS rks iQhMcSd laèkkfj=k osQ eku dh x.kuk djsaA
gy% fn;k x;k%
Rin = 1 KΩ]
Rf = 100 KΩ
vkSj Fc = 159 Hz
F1 = 1/(2π Rf Cf)
159 = 1/2π Rin Cf
159 = 1/2 × 3.14 × 100 × 103 × Cf
Cf = 1/2 × 3.14 × 100 × 159 × 103
= 1.0 × 10-8
= 0.01µF
mnkgj.k 2.2.2% ,d vodfy=k osQ iQhMcSd çfrjksèk dk eku 10KΩ gS] buiqV laèkkfj=k dk eku 0.01µF
gS rks dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk Kkr djsaA
gy% vodfy=k ifjiFk osQ fy, fn;k x;k Rf = 10 KΩ vkSj buiqV laèkkfj=k Cin = 0.01 µF
vodfy=k dh dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk
f1 = 1/ 2πRf Cin
f1 = 1/2 × 3.14 × 10 × 103 × 0.01 × 10-6
= 1.59 KHz
mnkgj.k 2.2.3% nks buiqV buofVZax lfeax çoèkZd osQ iQhM cSd çfrjksèk dk eku 4KΩ gS] nks buiqV V1 = 3
V and V2 = 4 V gSa] vkmViqV dh x.kuk djsa ;fn nks buiqV çfrjksèk R1 = 4KΩ and R2 = 8KΩ gSaA
gy% ;g fn;k x;k gS dh Op-Amp ifjpkyu eksM buofVZax foU;kl esa gS
Rf = 4 KΩ
R1 = 4KΩ
R2 = 8 KΩ
V1 = 3 V and V2 = 4 V
 Rf Rf 
VVoo ==
−  VA + VB 
 R1 R2 
= − [(4/4) × 3 + (4/8) × 4]
= − [3 + 2]
Vo = − 5 V
;wfuV lkjka'k
•• lafØ;kRed çoèkZd] ftls vkerkSj ij Op-Amp osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS] ,d ,ukykWx ifjiFk gSA
•• Op-Amp ,ukykWx ;k dafVfuol Mksesu esa dbZ vadxf.krh; dk;Z] jSf•d vkSj vjs•h; dk;Z djrs gSaA
•• Op-Amp dk mi;ksx dbZ çdkj osQ ,ukykWx ,EiyhiQk;jksa vkSj ,fDVo fiQYVj esa Hkh fd;k tkrk gSA
•• ½.kkRed iQhMcSd rFkk can ywi foU;kl okys Op-Amp dk mi;ksx buofVZax vkSj ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd
eksM esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
•• buofVZax vkSj ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd eksM esa] çoèkZd dk can ywi o`f¼ iQhM cSd çfrjksèk vkSj buiqV çfrjksèk
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
•• ;wfuVh o`f¼ okyk ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd dk mi;ksx ,ukykWx ciQj osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
vH;kl
A-oLrqfu"B ç'u
Øekad cgqfodYih; ç'u Øekad cgqfodYih; ç'u
2.1 Op-Amp lekdyd osQ iQhMcSd iFk esa 'kkfey 2.4 Op-Amp IC 741 dks ck;flax osQ fy,
gksrk gS%& vko';d gS
a. çfrjksèk a. ,d 'kfDr vkiwfrZ dh
b. laèkkfj=k b. nks 'kfDr vkiwfrZ dh
c. çsj.k c. pkj 'kfDr vkiwfrZ dh
d. Mk;ksM d. fdlh Hkh 'kfDr vkiwfrZ dh ugha
2.2 ;fn buiqV ladsr dks laèkkfj=k osQ ekè;e ls 2.5 vodfy=k ifjiFk dks mPp ikl fiQYVj osQ :i
buofVZax buiqV ij fn;k tkrk gS vkSj iQhMcSd iFk esa lapkfyr djus osQ fy,] ifjiFk dk le;
esa çfrjksèk gksrk gS] rks ml Op-Amp ifjiFk dks fLFkjkad gksuk pkfg,
dgk tkrk gS a. mPp
a. ;kstd ifjiFk b. buiqV ladsr dh Vkbe ihfj;M dh rqyuk esa
b. lekdyd ifjiFk cgqr vfèkd
c. vodfy=k ifjiFk c. fuEu
d. ukWu&buofVZax çoèkZd d. buiqV ladsr dh Vkbe ihfj;M dh rqyuk esa
cgqr de
2.3 Op-Amp osQ nks buiqV VfeZuyksa dks dgk tkrk gS 2.6 pkj (4) buiqV vkSlr ifjiFk osQ fy,]
a. mPp vkSj fuEu a. Rin = Rf /4
b. buofVZax vkSj ukWu&buofVZax b. Rin = Rf + 4
c. iQsl vkSj U;wVªy c. Rin = Rf
d. lekdyd vkSj vodfy=k d. Rin = Rf X4
B-fo"k;kRed ç'u
1. ,d vkn'kZ Op-Amp dh Ng fo'ks"krkvksa dh lwph cukb,A
2. fofHkUu lafØ;kRed çoèkZd ekinaM dk mYys• dhft,A
3. ukWu&buofVZax Op-Amp dks LoPN ifjiFk vkjs• osQ lgk;rk ls le>k,aA
4. Op-Amp dks ciQj ifjiFk osQ :i esa le>kb,A
5. lapkj ifjiFkksa esa slew jsV ekinaM osQ egRo dh o.kZu djsaA
6. mi;ksx fd, x, ?kVd] vkmViqV lehdj.k] vko';d le; fLFkjkad vkSj vuqç;ksx osQ vkèkkj ij
lekdyd vkSj vodfy=k (fMiQjsaf'k;sVj) ifjiFk dh rqyuk djsaA
7. rhu buiqV buofVZax lfeax çoèkZd osQ iQhMcSd çfrjksèk dk eku 2KΩ gS] rhu buiqV V1 = 2 V ,
V2 = 4 V vkSj V3 = 6 V gSaA vkmViqV dh x.kuk djsa ;fn rhu buiqV çfrjksèk R1 = 2 KΩ, R2 = 4 KΩ
vkSj R3 = 6 KΩ gSaA
8. Op-Amp osQ buofVZax foU;kl osQ iQhMcSd ikFk esa tqM+s ifjorZuh; çfrjksèk osQ çHkko dks crk,aA
9. ;kstd (tksM+us okys) ifjiFk dk mi;ksx djrs gq, Op-Amp vkèkkfjr lcVªSDVj osQ fuekZ.k dk o.kZu
djsaA
10. ,d vodfy=k osQ iQhMcSd çfrjksèk dk eku 20 KΩ gS] dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk 1.5 KHz gS rks buiqV laèkkfj=k
osQ eku dh x.kuk djsaA
çk;ksfxd
I. P23-ES110: lafØ;kRed ço/Zd dks ,EiyhiQk;j vkSj baVhxzsVj osQ :i esa VsLV djs

lafØ;kRed ço/Zd (Op Amp) dk ,EiyhiQk;j vkSj baVhxzsVj osQ :i esa ijh{k.kA
Op Amps vkt lcls O;kid :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkus okys bysDVªkWfud midj.kksa esa ls gSa] ftudk mi;ksx
miHkksDrk] vkS|ksfxd vkSj oSKkfud midj.kksa dh ,d fo'kky Jà•yk esa fd;k tk jgk gSA Op Amps dks ?kVdksa osQ
:i esa iSd fd;k tk ldrk gS ;k vf/d tfVy ,dhÑr ifjiFk osQ rRoksa osQ :i esa mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
buofVZax vkWijs'kuy ço/Zd dkWfUiQxjs'ku lcls ljy vkSj lcls vf/d bLrseky fd, tkus okys Op Amp
VksiksykWth esa ls ,d gSA ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd foU;kl] ifjpkyu ço/Zd ifjiFk osQ lcls yksdfç; vkSj O;kid :i
ls mi;ksx fd, tkus okys :iksa esa ls ,d gSA Op Amp ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd ifjiFk ,d ifjpkyu (vkWijs'kuy)
ço/Zd dk mi;ksx djus ls çkIr lHkh ykHkksa osQ lkFk ,d mPp buiqV çfrck/k çnku djrk gSA
Op Amps dks baVhxzs'ku osQ :i esa dkWfUiQxj fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d baVhxzsVj ifjiFk esa] vkmViqV] le; osQ
laca/ esa buiqV foHko dk lekdyu gSA ,d lekdyu ifjiFk ftlesa lfØ; fMokbl gksrs gSa] ,d lfØ; lekdyu
dgykrk gSA ,d lfØ; lekdyu] ,d lk/kj.k RC ifjiFk dh rqyuk esa cgqr de fuxZr çfrjks/ vkSj mPp
fuxZr foHko çnku djrk gSA lekdyu ifjiFk] vkerkSj ij oxZ (LDok;j) rjax buiqV ls f=kdks.kh; rjax vkmViqV
mRiUu djus osQ fy, fMtkbu fd, tkrs gSaA T;k (lkbu) rjax buiqV ladsr ij dke djrs le; lekdyu ifjiFk
esa vko`fÙk dh lhek,a gksrh gSaA ;g ç;ksx Nk=k dks IC 741 dk mi;ksx djds oxkZdkj rjax dks f=kHkqtkdkj rjax esa
cnyus esa l{ke djsxkA ;g ç;ksx Nk=k dks Op Amp dks buofVZax ço/Zd] ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd vkSj lekdyu
osQ :i esa mi;ksx djus esa l{ke djsxkA

Op Amp osQ fy, ,d ,EiyhiQk;j osQ :i esa fo"k; 2.1.5 ns•sa vkSj Op Amp osQ fy, ,d baVhxzsVj osQ :i esa
bl iqLrd esa ;wfuV 2 osQ fo"k; 2.2.3 dks ns•saA

Pro.1 lafØ;kRed ço/Zd osQ xsu dks fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, çklafxd midj.kksa dk ç;ksx djsaA
Pro.2 IC741 dks lfEefyr djrs gq,] baVhxzsVj ifjiFk dks cuk;sa vkSj ijh{k.k djsaA

fp=k P23.1 buofVZax ço/Zd] fp=k P23.2 ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd] fp=k P23.3 Op Amp lekdyd
fp=k P23.1: buofVZax ço/Zd fp=k P23.2: ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd fp=k P23.3: Op Amp lekdyd
P23.6 vko';d lalk/u
okLrfod lalk/uksa dh vko';drk
lq>k, x, lalk/uksa dh vko';drk ek=kk @ fVIi.kh
1. nksgjh 'kfDr (fctyh) dh vkiwfrZ 1 No.

0- 30V, 2A
2. IC-741C 1 No.
3. çfrjks/ R1 1KΩ 2 No.
4. çfrjks/ Rf 10KΩ 2 No.
5. la/kfj=k CF 0.01µF 1 No.
6. iQaD'ku tfu=k 20MHz 2 No.
7. ,ukykWx IC VsLVj] ,ukykWx ICs osQ 1 No.

ijh{k.k gsrq mi;qDr
8. CRO 20MHz f}&Vªsl vkWflyksLdksi 2 No.

(Dual Trace Oscilloscope)
9. czsM cksMZ 5.5 cm X 17cm 2 No.
10. dusfDVax ok;j] flaxy LVªSaM VsÝykWu LS

P23.7 lqj{kk mik;

1 czsMcksMZ ij IC 741 vkSj çfrjks/d dh mfpr ekmafVax lqfuf'pr djsaA
2 ifjiFk dk mfpr la;kstu lqfuf'pr djsaA
3 ifjiFk esa mfpr buiqV oksYVst vkSj vkiwfrZ oksYVst lqfuf'pr djsaA
P23.8 iz;ksx fof/
buofVZax ço/Zd
1. ,ukykWx IC VsLVj osQ lkFk IC741 dk ijh{k.k djsaA
2. czsMcksMZ ij vkiwfrZ oksYVst +15V, –15V vkSj xzkmaM dk fcanq cuk,aA
3. fiu uacj 7 ls +15V vkSj fiu uacj 4 ls –15V vkSj fiu uacj 3 dks xzkmaM ls la;ksftr djsaA
4. fp=k P23.1 esa fn•k, vuqlkj R1 vkSj Rf dks la;ksftr djsaA
5. iQaD'ku tsujsVj ls lkbu oso Vin (1V] 500 Hz) dk p;u djsa] CRO ij oso dh tk¡p djsaA
6. p;fur lkbu oso buiqV dks fiu uacj 2 ij ykxw (apply) djsaA
7. vk;ke fLFkj j•sa vkSj buiqV vko`fÙk dks 100Hz ls 1MHz esa cnysaA
8. fiu uacj 6 ls CRO ij Vout ekisa vkSj jhfMax uksV djsaA
9. lseh ykWx (Semi log) ij vko`fÙk cuke xsu dk vkys• vkysf•r djsaA
10. lseh ykWx ls cSaM dh pkSM+kbZ (band width) vkSj dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk dk irk yxk,aA
ukWu&buofVZax ço/Zd
1. ,ukykWx IC VsLVj osQ lkFk IC741 dk ijh{k.k djsaA
2. czsMcksMZ ij vkiwfrZ oksYVst $15V] –15V vkSj xzkmaM dk fcanq cuk,aA
3. fiu uacj 7 ls $15V vkSj fiu uacj 4 ls –15V vkSj fiu uacj 2 dks xzkmaM ls la;ksftr (dusDV) djsaA
4. fp=k P23.2 esa fn•k, vuqlkj R1 vkSj Rf dks la;ksftr djsaA
5. iQaD'ku tsujsVj ls lkbu oso Vin (1V, 500 Hz) dk p;u djsa] CRO ij oso dh tk¡p djsaA
6. p;fur lkbu oso buiqV dks fiu uacj 3 ij ykxw (apply) djsaA
7. vk;ke fLFkj j•sa vkSj buiqV vko`fÙk dks 100Hz ls 1MHz esa cnysaA
8. fiu uacj 6 ls CRO ij Vout ekisa vkSj jhfMax uksV djsaA
9. lseh ykWx ij vko`fÙk cuke xsu dk vkys• vkysf•r djsaA
10. lseh ykWx ls cSaM dh pkSM+kbZ vkSj dV vkWiQ vko`fÙk dk irk yxk,aA
lekdyd ifjiFk
1. ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk dks czsMcksMZ ij cuk;saA
2. nksgjh fctyh dh vkiwfrZ dks IC 741 osQ fiu uacj 7 (+Vcc) vkSj fiu uacj 4 (–VEE) ls la;ksftr
djsaA
3. fiu uacj 2 ij 1 KHz ij 1V pp vk;ke osQ lkbu rjax dk mRiknu djus osQ fy, iQaD'ku tsujsVj dks
lsV djsaA
4. buiqV osQ :i esa ykxw djus ls igys CRO ij rjax dh tkap djsaA
5. 1 KH vko`fÙk osQ fy, CRO ij buiqV vkSj vkmViqV (fiu uacj 6) rjaxksa dk fujh{k.k djsa vkSj pj.k
cnyko dh tkap djsa] iQaD'ku tsujsVj vkSj CRO ls fn, x, buiqV osQ fy,A
6. buiqV oksYVst 1V j•rs gq, buiqV vko`fÙk dks 100 Hz ls 10 KH rd cnysaA
7. çR;sd vko`fÙk osQ fy, vkmViqV oksYVst dks ekisa vkSj vkmViqV oksYVst dks voyksdu rkfydk esa uksV
djsaA
8. lseh ykWx isij ij xzkiQ xsu cuke vko`fÙk IykWV djsaA Msflcy esa fofHkUu buiqV vko`fÙk osQ fy, xsu dh
x.kuk djsaA
rkfydk P23.2: voyksdu rkfydk buofVZax ço/Zd osQ fy;s Vi = 1 Vpp-
buiqV vko`fÙk vkmViqV oksYVst] oksYVst xsu xsu dB esa

Øekad
(Hz) Vout (oksYV) (A = Vout/Vi) 20 log(Vout/Vi)
1. 100Hz
2. 500Hz
3. 1KHz
rkfydk P23.2: voyksdu rkfydk lekdyd buiqV oksYVst osQ fy;s Vi = 1 Vpp
Øekad buiqV vko`fÙk (Hz) vkmViqV oksYVst] Vout (oksYV) xsu dB esa 20 log(Vout/Vi)
1. 100 Hz
2. 200 Hz
x.kuk%
1. oksYVst xsu% Vo/Vi = …………………
2. oksYVst xsu dB esa % 20 log (Vo/Vi) = …………………

1. …………………
2. …………………

....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
P23.12 iz;ksx lacaf/r ç'u

uksV% uhps lanHkZ osQ fy, oqQN uewuk ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfC/ lqfuf'pr djus
osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vf/d ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1. buofVZax ço/Zd esa ½.kkRed iQhMcSd osQ çHkko dks crk,aA
2. vf/dre buiqV ladsr oksYVst crk,a ftls jSf•d lapkyu osQ fy, ç;ksxkRed ifjiFk esa ykxw fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
3. D;k baVhxzsVj yks ikl fiQYVj osQ :i esa dk;Z dj ldrk gS\ vko`fÙk çfrfØ;k dh lgk;rk ls vius mÙkj
dh iqf"V dhft,A
ç;ksx%
Op-Amp
vk/kfjr
baVhxzsVj vkSj
fMiQjsaf'k,Vj
dk vè;;u
djus osQ fy,
vfèkd tkfu,
lw{e ifj;kstuk
f'k{kd osQ ekxZn'kZu esa 5&6 fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ lewg esa ,d ;k nks lw{e ifj;kstuk (vksa) @ xfrfof/ (vksa) dks 'kq:
djsa vkSj bls O;fÙkQxr Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk lewg osQ :i esa Hkh çLrqr djsaA nks uewuk lw{e ifj;kstuk leL;k,a uhps
nh xbZ gSa%
1. IC 741 osQ }kjk ;kstd vkSj lcVªSDVj ifjiFk cuk;sa vkSj mldk ifj{k.k djsaA
2. IC 741 osQ }kjk vodfy=k ifjiFk cuk;sa vkSj mldk ifj{k.k djsaA
xfrfofèk;ka
1. Op-Amp vkèkkfjr jSf•d ifjiFk vkSj muds ç;ksx dk iqLrdky;@baVjusV loZs{k.k ij vk/kfjr ,d NksVh
çLrqfr rS;kj djsaA
2. fofHkUu Op-Amp vkèkkfjr ifjiFk osQ O;ogkj dks le>us osQ fy, ikoj ikWbaV çstsaVs'ku ;k ,fues'ku
rS;kj djsaA
ohfM;ks lalkèku
,dhÑr
lfoZQV]
csfld MOSFETS,
bysDVªkWfuDl Op-Amp
vkSj muds
vuqç;ksx

1. Ramakant A. Gayakwad, Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, New Delhi: PHI Learning,
2011.
2. David A. Bell, Operational Amplifiers and Linear ICs, New Delhi: Oxford University Press,
2011.
3. William D. Stanley, Operation Amplifier with Linear Integrated Circuit, New Delhi: Pearson
Education, 2002.
4. Senthil M. Sivakumar, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Delhi: S. Chand Publishing, New Delhi,
2014.
5. S. Salivahanan, Linear Integrated Circuits, McGraw Hill, New Delhi, 2008.
vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu | 113
3 vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk
voyksdu
;wfuV fof'k"V
bl ;wfuV esa fuEufyf•r fo"k;ksa ij foLrkj ls ppkZ dh xbZ gS%
 la[;k ç.kkyh vkSj :ikarj.k
 cwfy;u fu;e vkSj çes;
 ykWftd xsV
 fÝyi ÝykWi vkSj blds çdkj
 dkmaVj osQ :i esa fÝyi ÝykWi dk mi;ksx
 ,dhÑr ifjiFkksa dk ifjp;
fo|kFkhZ Lo&f'k{k.k xfrfof/;ksa dks leL;k lek/ku mnkgj.kksa vkSj ICT lanHkks± osQ lkFk&lkFk çR;sd fo"k;
osQ var esa vkSj vf/d ftKklk vkSj jpukRedrk iSnk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;k lek/ku {kerk esa lq/kj osQ fy,
cuk;k x;k gSA
Cywe dh VSDlksukWeh osQ c<+s gq, Lrjksa osQ ckn dbZ cgqfodYih; ç'uksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fo"k;kRed ç'u] lanHkZ
osQ rgr lwphc¼ iqLrdksa esa çnku dh xbZ dbZ leL;kvksa osQ ekè;e ls vlkbuesaV vkSj lq>k, x, jhfMax ;wfuV esa
fn, x, gSa rkfd dksbZ Hkh muds ekè;e ls vH;kl osQ fy, tk ldrk gSA
lacaf/r çk;ksx osQ ckn ^vf/d tkusa* •aM fn;k x;k gS rkfd çnku dh xbZ iwjd tkudkjh iqLrd osQ
mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ fy, iQk;nsean gksA ;wfuV lkexzh osQ vk/kj ij bl •aM esa] ^lw{e ifj;kstuk* xfrfof/ vkSj ohfM;ks
lalk/uksa osQ QR dksM dks doj fd, x, oqQN mi&fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa vf/d tkuus osQ fy, çnku fd;k x;k gSA
Hkwfedk
vadh; (fMftVy) ç.kkyh dk O;kid :i ls x.kuk] vad lalkèku] lapkj vkSj eki vkSj fu;a=k.k esa mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA vadh; ç.kkyh gksus dk eq[; dkj.k vfèkd fo'oluh;] 'kksj ls fuEu çHkkfor] jpuk djus esa vklku vkSj
IC fpIl ij fufeZr gSA vè;k; vadh; ç.kkyh dh ewyHkwr voèkkj.kkvksa vkSj vadh; midj.kksa vkSj ,dhÑr ifjiFk
esa muds vuqç;ksx dks le>us esa lgk;rk djsxkA
iwoZ visf{kr Kku

1. xf.kr% lsV] okLrfod la[;k] xf.kr esa çek.k (d{kk X)
;wfuV vkmVdEl
U3–01: cwfy;u fu;eksa vkSj çes; dk ç;ksx djds fn, x, O;atd dks ljy djus esaA
U3–02: fofHkUu çdkj osQ rkfoZQd (ykWftd) xsV~l dks le>kus esaA
U3–03: fof'k"V çdkj osQ dkmaVj osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, fn, x, fÝyi&ÝykWi dk mi;ksx djus esaA
U3–04: xsV~l osQ fy, mi;qDr TTL vadh; IC le>kus esaA
vkmVdEl
U3-01 - - 3 - - -
U3-02 2 - 3 - - -
U3-03 2 - 3 - - -
U3-04 3 - 3 - - -
tkWtZ cwys (1815-1864)

cwfy;u chtxf.kr dks tkWtZ cwys] ;wfuoflZVh dkWyst] dkWdZ] vk;jySaM esa xf.kr osQ çksiQslj
us 1847 esa viuh igyh iqLrd ^n eSFkeSfVdy ,ukfyfll vkWiQ ykWftd* esa is'k fd;k FkkA
cwfy;u chtxf.kr] chtxf.kr dh 'kk•k gS ftlesa osfj,cy osQ eku ^lR;* vkSj ^vlR;*
eku gSaA vkerkSj ij Øe'k% '1' vkSj '0' osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA çkFkfed chtxf.kr esa]
tgk¡ osfj,cy osQ eku la[;k,¡ gSa vkSj çkbe vkWijs'kal tksM+ vkSj xq.kk gSa] cwfy;u chtxf.kr
dh eq[; vkWijs'kal AND] OR vkSj NOT gSaA cwfy;u rkfoZQd dks lHkh vkèkqfud
bysDVªkWfud vadh; daI;wVjksa dh uhao j•us dk Js; fn;k tkrk gSA
3.1 cwfy;u vkijs'ku vkSj cwfy;u chtxf.kr

3.1.1 çLrkouk
bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk vkSj ç.kkyh nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa] ,ukykWx vkSj fMftVyA ,ukykWx ifjiFk os gksrs gSa ftuesa foHko
vkSj èkkjk vfèkdre vkSj U;wure eku osQ chp yxkrkj cnyrs jgrs gSaA fMftVy ifjiFk os gksrs gSa tgka foHko Lrj
,d lhfer (iQkbZukbV) eku gksrk gSA lHkh vkèkqfud fMftVy ç.kkyh esa] osQoy nks vyx foHko Lrj gksrs gSaA
gkykafd çR;sd foHko Lrj lhfer foHko eku dk ,d ladh.kZ cSaM gSA fMftVy ç.kkyh] ckbujh ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx
djrs gSa] tgka ckbujh vad 1 dk mi;ksx mPp foHko Lrj dk çfrfufèkRo djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckbujh
vad 0 dk mi;ksx fuEu foHko Lrj dk çfrfufèkRo djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA rc vadh; ç.kkyh dks /ukRed
rkfoZQd ç.kkyh dgk tkrk gSA vadh; ç.kkyh dks fLofpax ifjiFk ;k rkfoZQd ifjiFk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA ifjiFk cwfy;u
chtxf.kr dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA cwfy;u chtxf.kr xf.krh; rkfoZQd dh ,d ç.kkyh gS ftlesa rkfoZQd ifjiFk osQ
fo'ys"k.k vkSj la'ys"k.k osQ fy, rRoksa vkSj vkWijsVjksa dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA chtxf.kr n'keyo vkSj ckbujh la[;k
ç.kkyh chtxf.kr nksuksa ls fHkUu gksrk gS vkSj bldk ewY;kadu fu;eksa osQ ,d lewg }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA
3.1.2 la[;k ç.kkyh vkSj :ikarj.k
la[;k ç.kkyh ek=kkvksa vkSj çrhdksa ls lacafèkr gSA la[;k ç.kkyh fdlh fn, x, vkèkkj osQ lacaèk esa nh xbZ la[;k
osQ eku dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA euq"; viuh nSfud xfrfofèk;ksa osQ fy, n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrk
gS pkgs fxurh gks ;k ekiA vadh; ç.kkyh ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA vkèkkj eku fdlh fn, x,
uacj osQ vf}rh; çfrfufèkRo dks fuèkkZfjr djrk gS vkSj] blfy, vyx&vyx la[;k ç.kkyh esa ,d gh la[;k dk
vyx&vyx çfrfufèkRo gksrk gSA
3-1-2-1 n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh

n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh dk vkèkkj 10 gksrk gS D;ksafd ;g n'keyo ç.kkyh esa fdlh la[;k dk çfrfufèkRo djus osQ
fy, nl Lora=k çrhdksa ;kuh çrhdksa 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 ls 9 dk mi;ksx djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] la[;k 10
dks çrhdksa 0 vkSj 1 }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] tgk¡ çrhd 0 fuEu egRoiw.kZ vad (lcls nk,a vad) gS vkSj çrhd 1
lcls egRoiw.kZ vad (lcls ck,a vad) gSA n'keyo ç.kkyh esa çR;sd vad dh fLFkfr vkèkkj 10 dh ,d fof'k"V
'kfDr dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] n'keyo la[;k%
(3456)10 = 3 * 103 + 4 * 102 + 5 * 101 + 6 * 100
lcls nkfguk vad 100 (bdkbZ ;k once) osQ Øe dk gS] nwljk nkfguk vad 101 (tens ;k ngkbZ;ksa) osQ Øe
dk gS] rhljk nk;ka fcV (bit) 102 (hundreds ;k lSdM+ksa) osQ ozQe dk gS] pkSFkk nkfguk fcV (gtkjksa) vkSj blh
rjg lkekU; rkSj ij] n'keyo fcanq okyh n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh dks bl çdkj n'kkZ;k tkrk gS%
D3D2D1D0.D−1D−2
xq.kkad Dk }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k n'keyo vad 0 ls 9 rd fdlh Hkh n'keyo vad dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS vkSj
lcfLØIV k fLFkfr eku dks bafxr djrk gS vkSj blfy, vkèkkj dh ?kkr ;kuh vkèkkj 10 ftl ij xq.kkad ykxw fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A n'keyo la[;k osQ fy, tSlk fd Åij fn•k;k x;k gS] ;g bl çdkj gksxk%
D3 * 103 + D2* 102 + D1 * 101 + D0 * 100 + D−1 * 10−1 + D−2 * 10−2
3-1-2-2 ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh

ckbujh ç.kkyh osQ nks Lora=k çrhd gSa tSls 0 vkSj 1 bl la[;k ç.kkyh dk vkèkkj 2 gSA ckbujh ç.kkyh esa n'keyo
la[;k (2)10 dks (10)2 osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA ckbujh fMftV dks fcV dgk tkrk gSA n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh dh
rjg ckbujh ç.kkyh ,d fLFkrh; Hkkj ç.kkyh gS] tgka çR;sd fcV vkèkkj 2 dh ,d fof'k"V 'kfDr dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gSA ckbujh ç.kkyh osQ lcls nkfgus fgLls dks fuEu ls fuEu egRoiw.kZ fcV (LSB) dgk tkrk gS vkSj lcls
ck,a fcV dks lcls vfèkd egRoiw.kZ fcV (MSB)A lkekU; rkSj ij] ckbujh ikWbaV osQ lkFk ,d ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh
dks bl çdkj n'kkZ;k tkrk gS%
b3b2b1b0 . b−1b−2
xq.kkad bk }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k ckbujh fcV ;k rks fcV 0 ;k fcV 1 dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS vkSj lcfLØIV k
fLFkfr eku dks bafxr djrk gS vkSj blfy, vkèkkj dh 'kfDr ;kuh vkèkkj 2 ftl ij xq.kkad ykxw fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ckbujh uacj osQ fy, tSlk fd Åij fn•k;k x;k gS] ;g bl çdkj gksxk%
b3 * 23 + b2 * 22 + b1 * 21 + b0 * 20 + b−1 * 2−1 + b−2 * 2−1
3-1-2-3 vkWDVy vkSj gsDlkMsfley la[;k ç.kkyh
v"Vd la[;k ç.kkyh% v"Vd la[;k ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx çkjafHkd ekbØks lax.kd }kjk fd;k tkrk FkkA v"Vd la[;k
ç.kkyh esa vkB Lora=k çrhd 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, vkSj 7 gSaA blfy, vkèkkj 8 gksrk gSA v"Vd la[;k ç.kkyh Hkh ,d
fLFkrh; la[;k ç.kkyh gS] ftlesa v"Vd ç.kkyh dk çR;sd vad] vkèkkj 8 dh ,d fof'k"V ?kkr dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gSA
gsDlkMsfley la[;k ç.kkyh% vadh; lax.kd (dEI;wVj) ç.kkyh] ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
gkykafd e'khuksa osQ fy, ckbujh ç.kkyh esa MsVk dks çkslsl djuk vklku gksrk gS] ysfdu ckbujh uacj yacs gksrs gSa vkSj balkuksa
}kjk fu;a=k.k fd, tkus osQ fy, cgqr yacs gksrs gSaA bl leL;k dks nwj djus osQ fy,] gsDlkMsfley uacj ç.kkyh
fodflr fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ;g vadh; ç.kkyh esa MkVk çklsflax osQ fy, lcls yksdfç; uacj ç.kkyh cu x;k gSA
bLrseky fd, x, Lora=k çrhd 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D vkSj F gSaA blfy,] vkèkkj 16 gksrk gSA ;g
Hkh ,d fLFkrh; la[;k ç.kkyh gSA
3.1.3 la[;k :ikarj.k

3-1-3-1 ckbujh ls n'keyo :ikarj.k
ckbujh uacjksa dks muds fLFkrh; Hkkj ç.kkyh }kjk n'keyo la[;k esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA bl
i¼fr esa çR;sd ckbujh fcV dks lacafèkr fLFkfr Hkkj ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj mlds ckn n'keyo
la[;k çkIr djus osQ fy, çR;sd xq.kuiQy dk ifj.kke tksM+k tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, 1101.112
dks n'keyo esa cnysa% la[;k ç.kkyh
1101.11 = 1 * 23 + 1 * 22 + 0 * 21 + 1 * 20 + 1 * 2−1 + 1 * 2−2 :ikarj.k
= 8 + 4 + 0 + 1 + 0.5 + 0.25 = 13.7510
3-1-3-2 n'keyo ls ckbujh :ikarj.k

ckbujh iw.kkZad çkIr djus osQ fy, n'keyo la[;k ç.kkyh osQ iw.kkZad Hkkx dks Øfed :i ls 2 ls foHkkftr fd;k
tkrk gS tc rd fd HkkxiQy 'kwU; u gks tk,A vafre 'ks"k iQy MSB gksrk gSA blh rjg] fHkUukRed Hkkx dks 2 ls
xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS tc rd fd mRikn 'kwU; u gks ;k okafNr lVhdrk çkIr u gks tk,A mnkgj.k osQ fy, 35.87510
dks ckbujh esa cnysaA iw.kkZad Hkkx dks igys Øekuqlkj 2 ls foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gS tSlk fd fn•k;k x;k gS%
2 35 'ks"k iQy
2 17 1
8 1
2 4 0
2 2 0
2 1 0
0 1 (MSB)
mÙkj 100011 uhps ls Åij rd 'ks"kiQy i<+dj çkIr gksrk gS tSlk fd rhj }kjk fn•k;k x;k gSA vc fHkUu
osQ Hkkx dks Øe'k% 2 ls xq.kk djds vkSj fn•k, x, vuqlkj iw.kkZad Hkkx dks vfHkys• djrs gq, ifjofrZr djsa
0.875*2 = 1.75, iw.kkZad = 1
0.750*2 = 1.50, iw.kkZad = 1
0.500*2 = 1.00, iw.kkZad = 1
vc iw.kkZadksa dks vkxs dh fn'kk esa i<+us ij gesa (.111) ifj.kke çkIr gksrk gSA iw.kkZad vkSj fHkUukRed Hkkx dks
feykdj] 38.87510 = 100011.1112 osQ ckbujh led{kA
3.1.4 ckbujh vadxf.kr

3-1-4-1 ckbujh tksM+
nks ckbujh fcV~l dk tksM+ fuEufyf•r fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gS
0 + 0 = 0; 0 + 1 = 1; 1 + 0 = 1; 1 + 1 = 0 vkSj oSQjh (vkxs ys tkuk) 1
fuEufyf•r ckbujh uacj 1011.011 vkSj 111.010 dks tksM+sa%
1 0 1 1 .0 1 1
+ 1 1 1 .0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 .1 0 1
vkxs ys tkus (oSQjh) dk tksM+ n'keyo tksM+ osQ leku rjhds ls fd;k tkrk gSA
3-1-4-2 ckbujh ?kVko

ckbujh ?kVko fuEufyf•r fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gS
0 – 0 = 0; 1 – 0 = 1; 1 – 1 = 0; 0 – 1 = 1 mèkkj 1 osQ lkFk ;kuh 10 – 1 osQ cjkcj 1
ckbujh uacj 111.111 dks 1010.010 ls ?kVk,a%
1 0 1 0 .0 1 0
−1 1 1 .1 1 1
0 0 1 0 .0 1 1
vadh; daI;wVjksa esa ?kVko lapkyu dks ljy cukus osQ fy, iwjd dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA çR;sd la[;k
ç.kkyh osQ fy, nks çdkj osQ iwjd gSaA vkèkkj b ç.kkyh osQ fy, iwjd (b–1)'s iwjd vkSj b's osQ iwjd gSaA ,d
ckbujh la[;k ç.kkyh osQ fy,] nks çdkj 1's vkSj 2's osQ iwjd gSaA
3.1.5 cwfy;u osQ fu;e vkSj çes;

3-1-5-1 cwfy;u chtxf.kr
cwfy;u chtxf.kr] rkfoZQd osQ i¼frc¼ O;ogkj osQ fy, fodflr ,d chth; ç.kkyh gSA bls rRoksa osQ ,d lsV]
çpkydks (vkWijsVjksa) osQ ,d lsV vkSj dbZ vfHkèkkj.kkvksa osQ lkFk ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA lkèkkj.k chtxf.kr osQ
foijhr ½.kkRed la[;k vkSj fHkUu ekStwn ugha gksrs gSaA cwfy;u chtxf.kr esa dksbZ ?kVko ;k foHkktu vkijs'ku ugha
gksrs gSA cwfy;u chtxf.kr osQ ewy fu;e gSa%
fofues; fu;e (Commutative law)% ,d lsV S ij ,d ckbujh vkWijsVj Iyl ($) ;k MkWV (-) dks
dE;wVsfVo dgk tkrk gS ;fn
1. A + B = B + A
2. A.B = B.A
tgka A vkSj B, S osQ rRo gSaA
lg;ksxh fu;e (Associative law)% ,d lsV S ij ,d ckbujh vkWijsVj Iyl ($) ;k MkWV (-) dks lg;ksxh
dgk tkrk gS ;fn
1. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
2. (A.B).C = A. (B.C)
tgka A, B vkSj C, S osQ rRo gSaA
forj.k osQ fu;e (Distributive law)%
1. (A + B).C = A.B + B.C
2. A + (B.C) = (A + B).(A + C)
AND, OR rFkk NOT osQ fu;e% rkfydk 3-1 cqfu;knh cwfy;u fu;eksa dks n'kkZrh gSA
rkfydk 3-1% cwfy;u fu;e
Sl. No OR osQ fu;e AND osQ fu;e NOT (iwjd) osQ fu;e
1 A+0 = A A.0 = 0 A′′ = A
2 A+1 = 1 A.1 = A If A = 0, then A′ = 1
3 A+A = A A.A = A If A = 1, then A′ = 0
4 A +A′ = 1 A.A’ = 0
tgka A ¾ {0,1} vkSj A osQ iwjd dks A′ osQ :i esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA
Mh ekWxZu dk çes;%
çes; nks fu;eksa dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS%
fu;e 1% (A + B)' ¾ A'.B'
fu;e dgrk gS fd nks pj osQ ;ksx dk iwjd O;fDrxr iwjd osQ xq.kuiQy osQ cjkcj gSA
fu;e 2% (A.B)' ¾ A' $ B'
fu;e dgrk gS fd nks pj osQ xq.kuiQy dk iwjd] bafMfotqvy iwjd osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gSA
xfrfofèk
vadh; ifjiFk }kjk lwpuk çkS|ksfxdh osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys vadh; dksM ij ,d çLrqfr rS;kj
djsaA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 3.1.1% fuEufyf•r n'keyo la[;k 45210 dks ckbujh esa cnysaA
gy%
2 450 'ks"k iQy
2 225 0
2 112 1
2 56 0
2 28 0
2 14 0
2 7 0
2 3 1
2 1 1
0 1
45210 = (111000010)2
mnkgj.k 3.1.2% igys nl n'keyo vadksa dks vkèkkj 3 esa fy•saA
gy% vkèkkj 3 ç.kkyh osQ fy, çrhd 0] 1 vkSj 2 gSaA 'ks"k n'keyo la[;k,¡ n'keyo la[;k dks vkèkkj 3
ls foHkkftr djds çkIr dh tkrh gSaA n'keyo vad 3 dks 103 osQ :i esa fy•k tkrk gS vkSj blh rjg n'keyo
vad 4 ls 9 osQ :i esa fy•k tkrk gS
n'keyo vkèkkj 3 esa n'keyo vkèkkj 3 osQ n'keyo vkèkkj 3 esa
la[;k lerqY; la[;k lerqY; la[;k lerqY; la[;k
4 11 5 12 6 20
7 21 8 22 9 23
3.2 ykWftd xsV~l

,d cwfy;u iaQD'ku] iQyu ckbujh vkWijsVjksa AND] OR] NOT] dks"Bd vkSj leku fpÉ dk mi;ksx djosQ
ckbujh pj osQ lkFk cukbZ xbZ vfHkO;fDr gSA ,d ckbujh pj eku 0 ;k 1 ys ldrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy, ,d
iaQD'ku iQyu (F = x + y)] 1 osQ cjkcj gS] ;fn ;k rks pj x] y ;k nksuksa 1 osQ cjkcj gSa] vU;Fkk F ¾ 0 gSA
,d iaQD'ku iQyu dk çfrfufèkRo ,d lR; rkfydk }kjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA n pj cwfy;u iaQD'ku F dh lR;
rkfydk esa n pj osQ 2n (dkWfEcus'ku) dks lwphc¼ djus okyk ,d LraHk (dkWye) vkSj 2n la;kstuksa esa ls çR;sd
osQ fy, F dk eku 0 ;k 1 n'kkZus okyk LraHk gksrk gSA
3.2.1 èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed rkfoZQd

foHko Lrj tks rkfoZQd&1 ;k rkfoZQd–0 osQ cjkcj ckbujh pj dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA tc mPp
foHko rkfoZQd&1 vkSj fuEu foHko rkfoZQd&0 osQ :i esa çfrfufèkRo djrk gS] rks rkfoZQd ç.kkyh
dks èkukRed rkfoZQd dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ,d vadh; ç.kkyh rkfoZQd&1 dks ifjHkkf"kr
dj ldrk gS ;fn ifjorZuh; foHko Lrj blds uke ek=k ewY; osQ cjkcj gS tSlk fd +5-0 VA
ykWftd xsV
blh rjg] rkfoZQd&0 ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk,xk ;fn pj osQ foHko Lrj dk ukeek=k eku 0 V osQ flE;qysVj
cjkcj gSA nwljh vksj] rkfoZQd ç.kkyh dks usxsfVo rkfoZQd dgk tkrk gS] tc mPp foHko ;kuh +5
V rkfoZQd&0 dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS vkSj fupyk foHko ;kuh 0 V rkfoZQd&1 dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA lkekU;
rkSj ij] lHkh vadh; ifjiFk Lohdk;Z VkWyjsal Lrj osQ lkFk ckbujh ladsr Lohdkj djrs gSaA 0 V vkSj 0-8 V osQ
chp ,d foHko rkfoZQd&0 dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gS vkSj 3 V ls 5 V osQ chp foHko rkfoZQd&1 dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gSA
fp=k 3-1% ykWftd laosQr
3.2.2 ykWftd xsV~l osQ çdkj

fdlh Hkh vadh; ç.kkyh osQ ewyHkwr fcfYMax CykWd ykWftd xsV gSaA ykWftd xsV~l osQ uke dk vFkZ
gS fd xsV dk fuxZr] fMokbl dh orZeku vkxr osQ vuqlkj fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk ij vkèkkfjr gSA
ykWftd
rhu çdkj osQ ewy xsV~l AND, OR vkSj NOT gSaA ykWftd xsV~l osQ vkxr vkSj fuxZr osQ oy xsV~l dk
nks Lrjksa esa gks ldrs gSaA ;s nks Lrj ykWftd&1 gSa] ftUgsa mPp @lR; dgk tkrk gS vkSj ykWftd&0 mi;ksx djrs
dks fuEu@ vlR; dgk tkrk gSA gq, cwfy;u
,Dlçs'ku
3-2-2-1 AND xsV

AND xsV ,d ykWftd ifjiFk gS ftldk fuxZr ekuk tkrk gS ykWftd&1, tc mldk çR;sd vkxr ykWftd&1 ij
gksrk gSA Hkys gh dksbZ ,d vkxr ykWftd&0 ij gks] fuxZr ykWftd&0 ekuk tkrk gSA AND xsV esa nks ;k vfèkd
vkxr gksrs gSa] ysfdu osQ oy ,d fuxZr gksrk gSA AND xsV dk ykWftd çrhd] cwfy;u O;atd vkSj lR; rkfydk
fp=k 3.2 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
fp=k 3.2: AND xsV
3-2-2-2 OR xsV
OR xsV ,d ykWftd ifjiFk gksrk gS ftlesa xsV fuxZr ykWftd&0 eku ysrk gS tc mldk çR;sd vkxr ykWftd&0
Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering 7
ij gksrk gSA Hkys gh vkxr esa ls ,d ykWftd&1 ij gks] fuxZr ykWftd&1 ekuk tkrk gSA OR xsV esa nks ;k
vfèkd vkxr gksrs gSa] ysfdu osQ oy ,d fuxZr gksrk gSA OR xsV dk ykWftd çrhd] cwfy;u vfHkO;fDr vkSj
lR; lkj.kh fp=k 3.3 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
A B Z
A 0 0 0
Z Z=A+B
B A 0 B1 Z1
1 0 1
A Symbol Boolean 0 0 0
Logic Z=A+B
Z Expression 1 1
B 0 1 11
1 0 1
Boolean Truth table
Logic Symbol
Expression 1 1 1
Fig. 3.3
fp=k 3.2.2:
% ORORxsVgate
3.2.2.3 NOT Gate
The NOT gate, also known as INVERTER gate has only one input and one output. The Truth table of a NOT gate will
output
3-2-2-3 NOT xs V ~ l
always be the complement of its input. The logicFig. symbol,
3.2.2:Boolean
OR gateexpression and truth table of a NOT gate is shown
in NOT
Fig.NOT
3.2.2.3 xsV] Gate
3.2.3. ftls INVERTER xsV osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ftl esa osQ oy ,d vkxr vkSj ,d fuxZr gksrk
ThegSNOT
A ukWV gate,
xsV dkalsofuxZknown
r ges'as
kk blds vkxr dkgate
INVERTER iwjdhasgksonly
xkA ukWone
V xsinput
V dk and
ykWftd
one çrhd]
output.cwThe
fy;uoutput
vfHkO;fDr vkSj lR;
of a NOT gate will
lkj.kh
always fp=kcomplement
be the 3.4A esa fn•k;k x;kinput.
of its gSA ZThe logic symbol, BooleanZ = A’ expression and truth
A
table ofZ
a NOT gate is shown
in Fig. 3.2.3. Boolean 0 1
Logic Symbol Expression
1 0
A Z
A Z Z = A’
Truth table
Boolean 0 1
Logic Symbol Fig. 3.2.3: NOT
Expression gate 1 0
3.2.2.4 Universal Gates Truth table
The NAND and NOR gates can realize the Fig. logic3.2.3:
fp=k function
NOTofxsgate
3.4% NOT Vall the three basic gates i.e. AND, OR and NOT.
Therefore, these gates are called as Universal gates. Fig. 3.2.4 shows below the logic symbol, Boolean expression and
truth table.
3.2.2.4 Universal Gates
The NAND and NOR gates can realize the logic function of all the three basic gates i.e. AND, OR and NOT.
A B Z
A Z
A Z Z = A’
Boolean 0 1
Logic Symbol Expression
1 0
122 | fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar Truth table
Fig. 3.2.3: NOT gate

3-2-2-4 ;wfuolZy xsV~l
NAND 3.2.2.4 Universal
vkSj NOR xsVGates
rhuksa cqfu;knh xsV ;kuh AND] OR vkSj NOT osQ ykWftd iaQD'ku dks fj;ykbt dj
The NAND and NOR gates can realize the logic function of all the three basic gates i.e. AND, OR and NOT.
ldrs gSaATherefore,
blfy, these
bu gates
xsV~l aredkscalled
;wfuolZ y xsV~lgates.
as Universal dgkFig.tkrk gSA fp=k
3.2.4 shows 3.5theykW
below ftd
logic çrhd]
symbol, cwfy;u
Boolean vfHkO;fDr
expression and vkSj
lR; rkfydk dks uhps izLrqr djrk gSA
truth table.
A B Z
A 0 0 1
Z Z = (A + B)’
B 0 1 0
1 0 0
Logic Symbol Boolean
Expression 1 1 0
Truth table
NOR Gate
A B Z
A 0 0 1
Z Z = (A . B)’
B 0 1 1
1 0 1
Logic Symbol Boolean
Expression 1 1 0
Overview of Digital Electronics Truth table

NAND Gate
Fig. 3.2.4: NOR and NAND gate

Use of ICT fp=k 3.5% NOR vkSj NAND xsV
[2] "Analysis Overview of Digital
and Synthesis Electronics
of Boolean Expressions using Basic Logic Gates," Virtual Lab -An M
[1] "Logic Gate Simulator," academo; https://academo.org/demos/logic-gate-simulator/.
Initiative; https://www.vlab.co.in/
xfrfofèk
Activity
[2] "Analysis and Synthesis of Boolean Expressions using Basic Logic Gates,
ykWftd xsV~l dk mi;ksx djds uhps fn•k,
Implement x, ifjiFk
the circuit shown dks ykxwusing
below djsaAlogic gates.
Initiative;
SW1
https://www.vlab.co.in/
SW3
Vc Activity
Implement the circuit shown below using
LAMP
logic gates.
SW1
SW2
SW3
Vc
LAMP
Solved Problems
Example 3.2.1: Which of the logic gate
SW2
is represented by the expression Z= (A’ + B’)’
gy fd;s x, ç'u
Solution: Using DeMorgans theorem first law the above expression (A’ + B’)’ = A’’. B’’ = A.B
The above Boolean expression can be implemented by using AND gate.
mnkgj.k 3.2.1% O;atdAZ = (A' + Solved
B')' dksProblems
çnf'kZr djus osQ fy, ykWftd xsV dh igpku djsaA
gy% MhekWxZUl çes; dk Bç;ksx djrs Example
gq, mijksDr3.2.1:
O;aZtd (A' of
Which B')'logic
+ the ¾ A''.B"
gate is=represented
A.B by the expression Z= (A
mijksDr cwfy;u O;atd dks AND xsV dk mi;ksx djds dk;kZfUor fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Solution: Using DeMorgans theorem first law the above expression (A’ + B’)’
The
Example 3.2.2: above Boolean
Implement expression
the Boolean can Zbe=implemented
expression A + A’B usingbyOR
using
gate.AND gate.
Solution: Applying Distributive law, the Boolean Expression Z can be rewritten as
A
Z = (A+A’). (A + B), As per OR law, A + A’ =1 Z
Therefore, Z = 1.B(A + B) = A+B
A
ExampleZ 3.2.2: Implement the Boolean expression Z = A + A’B using OR ga
B
Solution: Applying Distributive law, the Boolean Expression Z can be rewritte
Z = (A+A’). (A + B), As per OR law, A + A’ =1
Example 3.2.1: Which of the logic gate is represented by the expression Z= (
Solution: Using DeMorgans theorem first law the above expression (A’ + B’)’
The above Boolean expression can be implemented by using AND gate.
A vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu | 123
Z
B
mnkgj.k 3.2.2% OR xsV dk mi;ksx djds cwfy;u O;atd Z = A + A'B ykxw djsaA
gy% forj.k osQ fu;e ykxw djrs gq,Example
] cwfy;u O;a td Implement
3.2.2: Z dks bl çdkj fy•k tkexpression
the Boolean ldrk gS Z = A + A’B using OR g
Z = (A + A').(A + B)] ;k fu;e osSolution:
Q vuqlkj] Applying
A + A' = Distributive
1 law, the Boolean Expression Z can be rewritte
blfy, Z = 1.(A + B) = A + B Z = (A+A’). (A + B), As per OR law, A + A’ =1
Therefore, Z = 1. (A + B) = A+B
A
Z
B
3.3 FLIP FLOPS AND COUNTERS

3.3 fÝyi ÝykWi vkSj dkmaVlZ Digital circuits are broadly classified as combinational circuits and sequential c
output at any instant of time depends on the inputs present at that time. E
fMftVy ifjiFk dks eksVs rkSj ij la;kstu ifjiFk vkSj ozQec¼ ifjiFk osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA la;kstu
Adders, Subtractors, Encoders, Decoders, Comparators, Multiplexers etc. In
ifjiFk esa fdlh Hkh le; fuxZr ml le;depend ekStwn on
vkxr ij fuHkZjinput,
the present djrkbut gSA also
la;ksontu theifjiFk
past os stateQ mnkgj.k
stored ,Mj]in the memory e
lcVªSDVj] ,udksMj] fMdksMj] rqyfu=k (rqyRegisters,
ukdkjd)] Counters
eYVhIysDllZ etc. The sequential circuits are of twou types,
vkfn gS a A oz Q ec¼ ifjiFk es a fuxZ r osQ oySynchronous
orZeku vkxr ij fuHkZj djrk gS] cfYd Le`sequential
fr rÙo esa circuit,
laxzghr the fiNyh circuit fLFkfr ij Hkh fuHkZ
behaviour canj be
djrk gSA mnkgj.k
defined from the fÝyiknowledge of
ÝykWi] jftLVj] x.kd vkfn gSaA ozQec¼ ifjiFk nks çdkj os Q gks r s gS a ] fla Ø ks u l vkS j ,fla Ø ks
The discrete instant of time is defined by the clock signal. In Asynchronous se u lA fla Ø ks u l Øec¼
ifjiFk esa] ifjiFk O;ogkj dks vlrr le;depends
ij blds uponladthesrksa order
osQ Kkuat lswhich ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
the change in theldrk logicgSAlevel
le;ofosthe
Q input sig
vlrr {k.k dks le; fu;U=kd ladsr }kjk comparison
ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS A ,fla Ø ks u l oz Q ec¼ ifjiFk
between an asynchronous and asynchronous sequential circuit. es a ] ifjiFk O;ogkj
ml Øe ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftl ij vkxr ladsr osQ ykWftd Table Lrj3.3.1:esa ifjorZ u gksrk gSAbetween
Comparison rkfydk Synchronous
3.2 ,d flaØksand ul Asynchron
vkSj ,flaØksul Øec¼ ifjiFk osQ chp rqyuk fn•krh Sr. gS A
Asynchronous sequential circuits Synchro
No
rkfydk 3.2% flaØksul vkSj ,flaØksul ozQec¼ ifjiFk osQ chp rqyuk
1. Memory elements are unclocked flip-flops Memory elemen
Ø- ,flaØksul ozQec¼ ifjiFk Change in inputflasignals Øksul ozcan Qec¼ affectifjiFk memory Change in inpu
2.
elements at any instant of time elements only w
1. Le`fr rÙo vuykWDM fÝyi&ÝykWi gSa Absence Le`fr rÙo of clock le; signal fu;U=kdmakes fd, x,operation
fÝyi&ÝykWofi gSa The operating s
3.
asynchronous circuits faster of the clock sig
2. vkxr ladsrksa esa ifjorZu fdlh Hkh le; Le`fr rRoksa dks vkxr ladsrksa esa ifjorZu Le`fr rRoksa dks rHkh çHkkfor
çHkkfor dj ldrk gS dj ldrk gS tc le; fu;U=kd ladsr ekStwn gks
3. le; fu;U=kd ladsr dh vuqifLFkfr ,flaØksul ifjiFk fØ;k lapkyu xfr le; fu;U=kd ladsr dh vko`fÙk ij
osQ lapkyu dks rst djrh gS fuHkZj djrh gS
3.3.1 fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ çdkj

lcls egRoiw.kZ Le`fr rÙo vkSj ozQec¼ ifjiFk dk ewy fuekZ.k •aM fÝyi&ÝykWi gSA ,d fÝyi&ÝykWi dks nks fLFkj
voLFkk,¡ feyrh gSa vkSj og ml voLFkk esa vfuf'pr dky rd jg ldrk gSA mfpr vkxr ladsrksa dks ykxw djds
gh bldh fLFkfr dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA fÝyi&ÝykWi dks ,d&fcV Le`fr rÙo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
fÝyi ÝykWi nks ØkWl diYM NAND ;k NOR xsV~l dk mi;ksx djds cuk, tkrs gSaA fÝyi&ÝykWi cukus osQ
fy, dbZ vyx&vyx O;oLFkk,a gSaA çR;sd çdkj osQ fÝyi&ÝykWi esa vyx&vyx fo'ks"krk,a gksrh gSa rkfd fdlh
fo'ks"k vuqç;ksx dks ykxw fd;k tk ldsA
outputs Q and its complement Q’. The state of the latch corresponds to the value of Q either 1 or 0. The analysis of
the S-R latch as shown in Fig. 3.3.1 using NAND gates can be summarized as follows
When the input S = 0 and input R = 1, it will SET the flip-flop i.e. Q =1 and will remain in the SET state even after
S returns to124zero.
| fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar
When the input
3-3-1-1R =csf0ld
andfÝyi&ÝykW
S = 1, it will i (RESET
S-R ySp)
the flip-flop i.e. Q =0 and will remain in the RESET state even after
R returns to zero.
When the fÝyi&ÝykW
input S =i 1osQandlclsR ljy = 1, çdkj
the flip-flop ySp dgk
dks S-R state willtkrk gSA bles
remain as ita Sis (i.e.
SETif) Q=1,
vkSj Rit(will
RESET ) osQ as
remain :iQ=1
esa (SET
va f dr fd, x, nks vkxr gS a vkS j nks fuxZ r Q vkSj blds iwjd Q' gSaA ySp dh fLFkfr Q ;k rks 1 ;k 0 osQ gksrh
condition) and if Q = 0 it will remain as Q = 0 (RESET condition).
gSA S-R ySp dk fo'ys"k.k tSlk fd fp=k 3-6 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] NAND xsV dk mi;ksx djds la{ksi esa çLrqr
When the inputs S = 0 and R = 0, the output state becomes undefined as both Q and its complement i.e. Q = Q’=
fd;k tk ldrk gS
1. This input condition is invalid and should not be used.
S
Q
Q’
R
Fig. 3.3.1: S-R latch using NAND gates

fp=k 3.6% NAND xsV dk mi;ksx djrs gq, S-R ySp
3.3.1.2 Clocked S-R flip flop
The basic S-R latch discussed
tc vkxr S = 0 above is also
vkSj vkxr R =called
1] ;gasfÝyi&ÝykW
an asynchronous
i dks SETS-R djsflip-flop,
xk ;kuh Qthe = 1reason
vkSj S being
osQ 0 ij theykS
output
Vus state
changes at osany time,
Q ckn Hkh theSETinput
fLFkfrsignal
esa jgsxcondition
kA changes. A clocked flip-flop requires clock signal and will change the
state of the flip-flop
tc vkxr only Rwhen
= 0 thevkSj clocked
S = 1] ;g signal is HIGH
fÝyi&ÝykW (logic-1).
i ;kuh dks RESETThesedjtypensxkof;kuh
flip Q
flops
= 0 are vkSjcalled
R osQlevel
0 ijtriggered
flip flops. A
ykSVclocked
us osQ cknflip-flop
Hkh RESET is also called
fLFkfr esa jgsasxkAa synchronous sequential circuit. Fig. 3.3.2 shows the logic diagram,
ogic symbol and truth table of a clocked
tc vkxr S = 1 vkSj R = 1] fÝyi&ÝykW S-R flip-flop i dhusing
fLFkfrNAND gates.
;Fkkor jgs From
xh ;kuh ;fntheQ =logic
1] rksdiagram
;g Q =shown,
1 (SETit is seen
fLFkfr)
that when the osQ signal
clock :i esa isjgsLOW
xh vkSj (logic-0),
;fn Q = 0the;goutput osQ both
Q = 0 of :i esthe
a jgsinput
xh (RESET
NAND fLFkfr)A
gates is HIGH. In this case, the
flip-flop state will
tc remain
vkxr S =unchanged.
0 vkSj R = 0]When rks fuxZrthefLFkfr
clock
Q signal becomes
vkSj blds HIGH
iwjd ;kuh Q = Q'(logic-1),
= 1 nksuksa the S and
osQ :i R input
esa vfuèkkZ fjr will be
jg tkrh gS A ;g vkxr fLFkfr vekU; gS vkS j bldk mi;ks x ugha fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
passed through the NAND gates and the final output of the flip-flop Q will change according to the input signals S
and R.
3-3-1-2 DykWDM S-R fÝyi ÝykWi
Åij dh xbZ ppkZ osQ vuqlkj] ewy S-R ySp dks ,flaØksul S-R fÝyi&ÝykWi Hkh dgk tkrk gS] bldk dkj.k
;g gS fd fdlh Hkh le; vkmViqV voLFkk cny tkrh gS] buiqV flXuy dh fLFkfr cny tkrh gSA DykWDM x,
fÝyi&ÝykWi dks DykWd flXuy dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj ;g fÝyi&ÝykWi dh fLFkfr dks rHkh cnysxk tc
DykWDM flXuy mPp (ykWftd&1) gksA bl çdkj osQ fÝyi ÝykWi dks ysoy fVªxj fÝyi ÝykWi dgk tkrk gSA
DykWDM fÝyi&ÝykWi dks flaØksul ozQec¼ ifjiFk Hkh dgk tkrk gSA fp=k 3.7 NAND xsV dk mi;ksx djrs gq,
,d DykWDM S-R fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ ykWftd Mk;xzke] ykWftd çrhd vkSj lR; rkfydk dks n'kkZrk gSA fn•k, x,
ykWftd Mk;xzke ls ;g ns•k tkrk gS fd tc DykWd flXuy LOW (ykWftd&0) gksrk gS] rks nksuksa vkxr NAND
xsV~l dk vkmViqV mPp gksrk gSA bl ekeys esa] fÝyi&ÝykWi voLFkk vifjofrZr jgsxhA tc DykWd flXuy mPp
(ykWftd&1) gks tkrk gS] rks S vkSj R buiqV NAND xsV~l ls gksdj xqtjsaxs vkSj fÝyi&ÝykWi Q dk vafre
vkmViqV] buiqV flXuy S vkSj R osQ vuqlkj cny tk,xkA
Overview of Digital Electronics 10
Overview of Digital Electronics

S 10
S
Q
S Q
CLK CLK
S
S R Q’
Q
Q’
Logic Symbol
R S Q
R
CLK CLK
Logic Diagram
R Q’
Q’
State Logic Symbol
R CLK S R Qt Qt+1
R
0 0 0 0
No Change
Logic Diagram
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1
CLK
1 S R Qt Qt+1 State
RESET
0 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
1 0 0 0 No Change
1 SET
0 00 1
1 1 0
01 1 0 1
1 0 X
1 RESET
Undefined
0 1 1 1
1 1 1 X
1 0 0
0 table
Truth
SET
1 0 1 0
Fig. 3.3.2:
1
Clocked S-R flip-flop
1 0 X
3.3.1.3 D Flip Flop fp=k 3.7%1 DykW1DM S-R1
fÝyi&ÝykW
X
i
Undefined
From the truth table it is seen that when input S and R Truth =1, thetableoutput state is undefined. To avoid this condition a
single3-3-1-3
input clocked flip-flop
D fÝyi ÝykWi as shown in
Fig. 3.3.2: Clocked S-RRflip-flop
Fig. 3.3.3 where the input is obtained by complementing the S input.
This single
3.3.1.3 D Flipinput
Flop flip-flop is called as D flip flop or delay/data flip-flop. When D=1, S=1 and R=0, causing the flip-
flop lR;
to rkfydk
SET, with lsclock
;g signal
ns•k tkrkHIGH.gS fdSimilarly,
tc vkxr S vkS
when j R =S=01 gks rk R=1,
gS] rks causing
vkmViqVthe voLFkk vifjHkkf"kr gksrh gSA
FromblthefLFkfr
truth lstable
cpusit isosQseen
fy,that
,dwhen,dyinputbuiqVS and RD=0,
=1, ithe
fÝyi&ÝykW
and
tSoutput
lk fd state
fp=k is3-8undefined.
flip-flop
esa fn•k;kTox;kavoid
to this
RESET.
gS] tgka condition
S buiqV a
singledks
input
iwjdclocked
djds flip-flop
R buiqV as shown
çkIr fd;kintkrk
Fig. gS3.3.3
A blwhere
,dythebuiqRVinput is obtained
fÝyi&ÝykW i dks by D complementing
fÝyi ÝykWi ;k the fMysS@Msinput.
Vk
This single input flip-flop is called as D flip flop or delay/data flip-flop. When D=1, S=1 and R=0, causing the flip-
fÝyi&ÝykWi dgk tkrk gSA tc DD= 1, S = 1 vkSj R = 0] ftlls S
fÝyi&ÝykW
Q
i ls V gks tkrk gS ] DykW d flXuy mPp
flop to SET, with clock signal HIGH. Similarly, when D=0, S=0
osQ lkFkA blh rjg] D = 0, S = 0 vkSj R = 1] fÝyi&ÝykWi dks and jhlsVR=1,
djuscausing
dk dkj.k the flip-flop to RESET.
curk gSA
CLK
R Q’
D S Q
Fig. 3.3.3: DCLK

– flip flop
3.3.1.4 J-K Flip-flop R Q’
The most popular and widely used flip-flop. The working of the J-K flip-flop is identical to that of a clocked S-R
flip flop as shown in Fig. 3.3.2. The only difference
Fig. 3.3.3:is that
D – itflip
hasflop
no undefined states like that of an S-R flip-flop.
Fig 3.3.4 shows the logic diagram, logic fp=kand
symbol D - fÝyi
3.8:truth table ÝykW
of ai J-K flip-flop. When J = K = 1, the flip-flop
3.3.1.4 J-K Flip-flop
toggles
The mostit changes
popular its
andpresent
widely state
usedi.e. if Q=1The
flip-flop. it will changeof
working to the
0 andJ-Kif flip-flop
Q = 1 then the statetowill
is identical thatchange to 0. S-R
of a clocked
3-3-1-4
flip flop fÝyi&ÝykW
J-K in
as shown i The only difference is that it has no undefined states like that of an S-R flip-flop.
Fig. 3.3.2.
Fig 3.3.4
lclsshows the vkS
yksdfç; logic diagram,
j O;kid :ilogic symbol ykW
ls fMftVy and truth
ftd lfoZtable
QV esof a J-K
a bLrs eky flip-flop.
fd;k tkusWhen
okyk J fÝyi&ÝykW
= K = 1,ithe gSA flip-flop
J-K
toggles it changes
fÝyi&ÝykW its present
i dh state,d
dk;Zç.kkyh i.e. if
DykWQ=1
DM itR-S
willfÝyi
change
ÝykWtoi 0osand if Q =
Q leku gS 1tSthen
lk fdthefp=k
state3.8
willeschange
a fn•k;ktox;k
0. gSA
varj osQ oy bruk gS fd blesa S-R fÝyi&ÝykWi dh rjg dksbZ vifjHkkf"kr LVsV ugha gSA fp=k 3.9 ,d J-K
fÝyi&ÝykWi ofosQElectrical
Fundamentals ykWftd andMk;xz ke] ykWftd
Electronics çrhd vkSj
lR; rkfydk dks n'kkZrk gSA tc J = K = 1] fÝyi&ÝykW
Engineering 11 i
VkWxy djrk gS rks ;g viuh orZeku fLFkfr dks cny nsrk gS ;kuh ;fn Q = 1 rks] ;g 0 esa cny tk,xk vkSj ;fn
Q = 1 rks LVsV 0 esa cny tk,xkA Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
S S
Q
J Q
S S
CLK Q
CLK J
K Q’
CLK
CLK
Q’ Logic Symbol K
R R
Q’ Logic Symb
R R
Logic Diagram
Logic Diagram
CLK J K Qt Qt+1 State

CLK J K Qt Qt+1 State
0 0 0 0
No Change 0 0 0 0
No Change
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 1
0
1 RESET 1 RESET
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
SET SET
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 Toggle
Toggle 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
Truth table
Truth table
Fig. 3.3.4: J-K Flip flop
Fig. 3.3.4:
3.3.1.5 J-K Flip flop
T flip-flop
3.3.1.5 T flip-flop
fp=k 3.9% J K fÝyi ÝykWi
When both the inputs of a J- K are connected together as shown in Fig. 3.3.5 and labelling the
T, the flip-flop
When both the inputs of a J- K are connected together is known
as shown as T
in Fig. flip-flop.
3.3.5 When T=0,
and labelling theboth J = K =terminal
common 0 and theasflip flop state rema
3-3-1-5
T, is known asi T flip-flop. When T=0, both J = K = 0 and the flip flop state remains unchanged.flop
T fÝyi&ÝykW
the flip-flop T = 1, both J = K =1 and the flip-flop toggles its states. The T flip is also known as Tog
When
T = 1, both J = K =1 and the flip-flop toggles its states. The T flip flop is also known as Toggle flip-flop
tc ,d J-K fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ nksuksa buiqV ,d lkFk tqM+s gksrs gSa tSlk fd T J Q
fp=k 3.10 esa fn•k;k x;k gS vkSj lkekU;
T VfeZuy dksJ T osQ :iQ esa vafdr CLK
djrs gq,] fÝyi&ÝykWi dks T fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc T K Q’
CLK
= 0, J = K = 0 vkSj fÝyi ÝykWi nksuksa fLFkfr vifjofrZ r jgrh gSA tc T =
1] J = K = 1 vkSj fÝyi&ÝykWi nksuksa viuh voLFkkvksKa dks VkWxy Q’
djrs gSaA T Logic Symbol
fÝyi ÝykWi dks VkWxy fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA Fig. 3.3.5: T- Flip flop
fp=k 3.10% T&fÝyi ÝykWi
Logic Symbol
3.3.2 Counters
Counter is a sequential circuit which is used to count the clock pulse. A digital counter consis
Fig. 3.3.5: T- Flip flop
3.3.2 dkmaVj whose state changes in response to the clock pulse applied at the input of the counter. Ea
3.3.2 Counters counter is called the states. The number of states depend on the number of flip-flops used fo
x.kd (dkma
Counter Vj) ,d circuit
is a sequential ozQec¼which
ifjiFk gS ftldk
is used to count mi;ks
sequence xclock
theof theDykWstates
d dh
pulse. A iYl ondks
digital
depends fxuus consists
counter
the osQ fy,ofbetween
interconnection fd;k tkrk
a set of
the gSA ,dFor example, a
flip-flop
flip-flops.
vadh; state
whose x.kdchanges
esa fÝyi&ÝykW i dkto,d
in response the ls V gksrpulse
clock k gS]flip-flops
two ftldhand
applied atfLFkfr
the x.kdofofosthe
input
the number Q buiq V 4.ijThe
counter.
states are ykxw
Each DykW dofiYl
of the
sequence states os
counts Qofan
for tokc
aup-counter and do
counter is called the states. The number of states depend on the number of flip-flops used
esa cny tkrh gSA ,d x.kd osQ çR;sd x.kuk dks LVsV~l dgk tkrk gSA LVsV~l dh la[;k x.kd osQ fy, mi;ksxor mod-4 coun
in Fig. 3.3.6 (a) and (b) respectively. A 2-bit for
counter the
is counter
also called and
a the
modulus
sequence of the states depends on the interconnection states which
betweenthe counter passes before
the flip-flops. reaching athe2-bit
For example, original state requires
is also called the modulu
fd, tkus okys fÝyi&ÝykWi dh la[;k ij fuHkZ j djrh
modulus of
gSan vkS
N
j LVs
bit
V~l dk
counter is 2
Øe
N
.
fÝyi&ÝykW i osQcounter
chp baVjdusD'ku
two flip-flops and the number of states are 4. The sequence of states for an up-counter and down-counter is shown
in Fig. 3.3.6 (a) and (b) respectively. A 2-bit counter is also called a modulus or mod-4 counter as the number of
states which the counter passes before reaching the original state is also called the modulus of the counter. The
modulus of an N bit counter is 2N .
ij fuHkZj djrk gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] 2&fcV x.kd osQ fy, nks fÝyi&ÝykWi dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj LVsV~l
dh la[;k 4 gksrh gSA UP&x.kd vkSj DOWN&x.kd osQ fy, LVsV~l dk Øe Øe'k% fp=k 3.11 (a) vkSj (b) esa
fn•k;k x;kOverview
gSA ,dof 2Digital
&fcVElectronics
x.kd dks ekikad (Modulus) ;k ekWM&4 x.kd Hkh dgk tkrk gS] D;ksafd12 mu LVsV~l
dh la[;k tksOverview
x.kdofewDigital
y fLFkfr rd igqapus ls igys xqtjrk gS] x.kd dk ekikad Hkh dgk tkrk gSA N12 fcV
Electronics x.kd
dk ekikad 2 gSA
N
Overview of Digital Electronics00 01 10 11 12

00 01 10 11
(a) 2&fcV(a)UP x.kd

00 01 (a) 10 11
11 10 01 00
11 10 01 00
(a)
(b)
Fig. 3.3.6: State Diagram of (a)
(b) 2&fcV Down (b)
2-bit UP counter (b) 2-bit DOWN counter
x.kd
11
Fig. 3.3.6: State Diagram 10of (a) 2-bit UP counter 01(b) 2-bit DOWN counter 00
Counters are divided into asynchronous counters fp=k 3.11 % LVsV Mk;xzcounters.
and synchronous ke
Counters
1. Inare divided into counters
asynchronous asynchronous counters
also known and synchronous
as ripple counters, the counters.
flip-flops are connected in such a way that the
1. output
In asynchronous
of the firstcounters also known as ripple
pulse counters, the flip-flops
and are
dkmaVjksa dks ,flaØcounters
ksoutput
ul x.kd ofisthe
vkSlow
first
their
FF becomes
jFFspeed.
flabecomes
Øksul thethe clock
x.kd esa foHkkftr fd;kFFx;k
for the second
gSAconnected
so on. in such
The main
clock pulse for the second FF and so on. The main drawback of these
a way of
drawback thatthese
the
1. ,flaØ2. ksuIn
lcounters
dkmaVisjkstheir
synchronousa esa low
ftUgs a fjiy
speed.
counters all thex.kd
flip-flopsosQ are
:i esa Hkh bytkuk
clocked
(b) clocked
the tkrk gS] fÝyi&ÝykW
same clock i bl rjgThels tqM+s
pulse simultaneously. gksrs
2. synchronous
In synchronous counters
counters all the as
also known flip-flops are
parallel counters by thethan
are faster same clock pulsecounters.
asynchronous simultaneously. The
gSa fd igys dkcounters
FF 3.3.6:
Fig.
synchronous
fuxZ
Stateralsonwlknown
js FFof
Diagram os(a)Q 2-bit
as parallel
fy,counters
DykWcounter
UP dare faster
iYl(b)thancu
2-bittkrk
DOWN gS vkS
asynchronous
j blh rjg bu dkmaVjksa
counter
counters.
dk
eq3.3.2.1
[; nksAsynchronous
"k budh fuEu xfr gSA
Counter
2. fla3.3.2.1
Counters Aare
Ø2-bit lAsynchronous
ksudivided
up x.kd intoes
counter Counter
isasynchronous
a shown
lHkh counters
infÝyi&ÝykW
Fig. 3.3.7. and synchronous
Asishown
dks ,d gh two
there are counters.
DykWJ-K
two dflips
J-K iYl
flips flops}kjk
with ,d lkFk JJDykW
their inputs = KD=1.
M From
fd;k tkrk gSA
From
1. theA 2-bit
In truth up counter
table
asynchronous of Fig.is shownit in
3.3.4,
counters Fig. known
isalso
seen 3.3.7. Asas
that the shown
flip flopsthere
ripple will are
toggle
counters, their flops
present
the flip-flops with
states their inputs
arewhenever
connected theirin=clock
K =1.
such pulse
a wayarethat the
fla Øtruth
the
HIGH ksul tabledkma
outputi.e.ofatthe
ofVFig.
logic jks-1.a dks
first
3.3.4,
FF
lekuka rjstarts
it is seen
Thebecomes
counter x.kd
that the
the clock
ospulse
flip
counting Qflops
:iwill
from estoggle
00
for
a the
Hkhsecond
(Statetkuk
their tkrk
0) topresent gS] tks
states
11(State ,fla
whenever
FF and3)soason. shown Øtheir
ksstate
Theinmain
ulclock dkmapulse
VjksFig.
diagram,
drawback
a aredh rqyuk esa
of these
rs3.3.6(a).
t
HIGH xfr i.e.
Theos
atQoutput
gks
logicr s -1.
counters is their low speed.
Q gS a A
1The counter the
represents starts
MSB counting
and Q0from 00 (State
the LSB. 0) to shows
Fig. 3.3.8 11(State 3) as down
a 2-bit showncounter.
in state diagram, Fig.
3.3.6(a). The output Q1 represents the MSB and Q0 the LSB. Fig. 3.3.8 shows a 2-bit down counter.
2. In synchronous counters 1 all the flip-flops are clocked 1by the same clock pulse simultaneously. The
3-3-2-1 ,fla Øksul x.kd
synchronous counters also 1 known as parallel counters are 1faster than asynchronous counters.
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
fp=k3.3.2.1 esa ,d 2&fcVCounter
3.12 Asynchronous UP x.kd fn•k;k CLK x;k FF0 gSA tSlk fd fn•k;k CLK x;k gSFF1fd muds vkxr J = K = 1 osQ
lkFk Anks2-bit
J-KupfÝyi ÝykW i gS a A fp=k 3.9
counter is shown in Fig. 3.3.7. As dh lR;
CLK FF0
rkfydk
K shown there
0
ls ] ;g ns • k x;k
Q ’ are two J-K flips flops
0 K gS with
CLK
fd
FF1
tc
Q ’ Hkh
their
1
mudh
inputs J=K
1
DykW
=1.dFrom
dh iYl
mPp ;kuh ykWftd&1 ij gksxh] fÝyi ÝykWi viuh orZeku fLFkfr dks pkyw dj nsaxsA x.kd 00 (LVsV 0)arels 11
the truth table of Fig. 3.3.4, it is seen that K
the flip flops
0 Q ’
will toggle 0their presentK states Q ’
whenever
1 their clock
1 pulse
(LVsHIGH
V 3) rd i.e. atfxurh
logic -1.
'kq:Thedjrk countergS tSstarts
lkFig.counting
fd from
LVsV2-bit
3.3.7: Mk;xz 00
UPke] (State 0) tocounter
fp=k 3.11
Asynchronous 11(State
(a) 3) as shown
esa fn•k;k x;k ingSA state
fuxZrdiagram,
Q1 MSBFig. vkSj
3.3.6(a). The output Q1 represents the MSB and Q
Fig. 3.3.7: 0 the
2-bit UPLSB. Fig. 3.3.8counter
Asynchronous shows a 2-bit down counter.
Q0 LSB dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA fp=k 3.13 2&fcV DOWN x.kd fn•krk gSA
1 1
1 1 11
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
J0CLK FF0 Q0 CLK J1 FF1 Q1
CLK FF0 CLK FF1
CLK
K0 FF0 Q0’ 1’
K1 CLK QFF1
K0 Q0’ K1 Q1’
K0 Q0’ K1 Q1’
Fig. 3.3.8: 2-bit DOWN Asynchronous counter
Fig. 3.3.8: 2-bit DOWN Asynchronous counter
Fig.
fp=k3.3.7: % 2&fcV
3.122-bit UP ,flaØksulcounter
UP Asynchronous x.kd
1 1
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
3.3.2.1 Asynchronous Counter
A 2-bit up counter is shown in Fig. 3.3.7. As shown there are two J-K flips flops with their inputs J = K =1. From
the truth table of Fig. 3.3.4, it is seen that the flip flops will toggle their present states whenever their clock pulse are
HIGH i.e. at logic -1. The counter starts counting from 00 (State 0) to 11(State 3) as shown in state diagram, Fig.
| fo|qThe
1283.3.6(a). r ,oaoutput
bysDVªQ 1 represents
kWfudh the MSB
vfHk;kaf=kdh and
osQ ewy HkwrQfl¼ka
0 therLSB. Fig. 3.3.8 shows a 2-bit down counter.
1 1
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
CLK FF0 CLK FF1
K0 Q0’ K1 Q1’
Fig.3.13
fp=k 3.3.7:
% 2-bit
2&fcVUPDOWN
Asynchronous
,flaØkscounter
ul x.kd
1 1
3-3-2-2Fundamentals
ekWM&10 ,fla Øksul and
of Electrical x.kd
Electronics Engineering 13
J0 Q0 J1 Q1
ekWM&10 x.kd dks fMdsM x.kd Hkh dgk CLK FF0
tkrk gSA vko';d fÝyi ÝykWCLK i dh la[;k 4 gksrh gSA
FF1
4 fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ lkFk lksyg LVsV~l gSa] dkmaV oSY;w vuqØe çkjaHk gksrk gS (0000)2 ls (1111)2
3.3.2.2 Mod-10 Asynchronous Counter Q0 ’ Q1’
rdA ,dThe fMosMod-10
QM x.kd esa osisQ also
counter oycalled èKk 0voLFkk,¡
10 oSdecade counter.gks
Therh number
gSa ;kuh ofdkma oSYK;wrequired
flipVflops
1
(0000)is 24. lsWith
(1001) 2
4 flip-flops there
rdA 'ks"are
k LVssixteen
V~l vekU; gSa ;kuh
states, count valuedkma V oSY;wstarting
sequence (1010 )2 (0000)
from ls (1111 )2 rdA
2 to (1111) blds counter
2. A decade fy, ,d hasiQhMcS
only 10dvalid states
ykWftd i.e.
ifjiFk
count ns uk gks
value xk (0000)
from tks dkma Fig.
2 toV oSY3.3.8:
(1001);w2. The2-bit DOWN
2 rdstates
remaining
(1010) Asynchronous
igq aparersinvalid
gh lHkhi.e.counter
fÝyi&ÝykW
count i dks
value from fDy;j
(1010) çfrjks/d vkSj
2 to (1111)2. For
this a feedback logic circuit has to be provided which will clear or reset all the flip-flops as soon as the count value x.kd
;k jhlsVreaches
dj ns(1010)
xkA fp=k 3.14 iQhMcSd ifjiFk osQ lkFk ,d fMdsM x.kd fn•krk gS] tgka fuxZr
2. Fig. 3.3.9 shows a decade counter with the feedback circuit, where output Q3 is the MSB and Q0 is
Q3 MSB vkSj Q3 LSB gSA
the LSB.
1 1 1 1
J0 Q0 J1 Q1 J2 Q2 J3 Q3
CLK FF0 CLK FF1 CLK FF2 CLK FF3
K0 Q0’ K1 Q1’ K2 Q2’ K3 Q3’

CLR CLR CLR CLR
Fig. 3.3.9: 4-bit Decade counter

Use of ICT fp=k 3.14: 4&fcV fMdsM x.kd
[1] M. Patil, "Course of Electrical Engineering," NPTEL, IIT Bombay, 24 October 2017;
xfrfofèk;ka https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108/101/108101091/.
[2] S. Balachandran, "Course on Electronics and Communication Engineering," NPTEL, IIT Bombay, 9 January
1. D2015; vkSjhttps://nptel.ac.in/courses/117/106/117106114/.
T fÝyi&ÝykWi osQ vuqç;ksxksa dk irk yxk,aA
2. [3] gekjs nSfudandthou
"Registers esa dkma
Counters," Vjksa osLabs
Virtual Q vuq
-Anç;ks
MoEx ij
GoI,d çLrqfrhttps://www.vlab.co.in/
Inityiative; rS;kj djsaA
Activities
1. Find out the applications of D and T flip-flop.
gy fd;s x, ç'u
2. Prepare a presentation on the application of counters in our day to day life.
Solved Problems
Example 3.3.1: How many flip-flops are required to make a MOD-16 counter?
mnkgj.k 3.3.1% MOD-16 x.kd cukus osQ fy, vko';d fÝyi&ÝykWi dh la[;k dh x.kuk djsa\
Solution: The general expression of the number of flip-flops is given as 2n =N, where n is the number of flip-flops
gy%usedfÝyi&ÝykW
for realizingi the
dhgiven
la[count
;k dhandlkekU;
N is thevfHkO;fDr 2n =orNtheosmodulus,
number of states Q :i esN=16
a fn;k given
tkrk gS] tgka n nh xbZ la[;k
dks çkIr2 djus
n
=16 orosQn=4.
fy,Themi;ks x fd,
number tkus okys
of flip-flops fÝyi&ÝykW
required =4 i dh la[;k gS vkSj N LVsV~l dh la[;k gS ;k Modulus]
Example 3.3.2: Draw the logic diagram of a J-K flip-flop using NOR gates.
N = 16 fn;k x;k
Solution:
2n = 16 or n = 4, vko';d fÝyi&ÝykWi dh la[;k = 4
J
Q
CLK
Q’
Solved Problems
Example 3.3.1: How many flip-flops are required to make a MOD-16 counter?
Solution: The general expression of the number of flip-flops is given as 2n =N, where n is the number of flip-flops
used for realizing the given count and N is the number of states or the modulus,
vadh; N=16 givendk voyksdu | 129
bysDVªkWfuDl
2n =16 or n=4. The number of flip-flops required =4
mnkgj.k3.3.2:
Example 3.3.2 % NOR
Draw xsV~l diagram
the logic dk mi;ksofxa djds J-K fÝyi&ÝykW
J-K flip-flop i dk
using NOR rkfoZQd Mk;xzke cuk,aA
gates.
gy%
Solution:
J
Q
CLK
Q’
K
Logic Diagram
3.4 vadh; ,dhÑr ifjiFk

3.4.1 ,dhÑr ifjiFk dk ifjp;
,dhÑr ifjiFk (IC) NksVs flfydkWu vèkZpkyd fØLVy gksrs gSa ftuesa çfrjksèkd] Mk;ksM] laèkkfj=k]
VªkaftLVj] FET tSls ?kVd gksrs gSaA bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk cukus osQ fy, ?kVdksa dks vkil esa tksM+k
tkrk gSA vèkZpkyd fØLVy ftls fpi dgk tkrk gS] èkkrq] IykfLVd ;k fljsfed iSdst ij yxk;k
tkrk gS vkSj bysDVªkWfud ifjiFk osQ VfeZuy fcanqvksa dks IC cukus osQ fy, ckgjh fiuksa dks miyCèk ,dhÑr
djk;k tkrk gSA IC dk eq[; ykHk bldk NksVk vkdkj] fuEu fctyh dh •ir] mPp fo'oluh;rk] ifjiFk
lapkyu dh mPp xfr vkSj lcls egRoiw.kZ fuEu ykxr gSA ,dhÑr ifjiFk nks rjg osQ iSdst esa
vkrs gSa] ÝySV fiu vkSj Mqvy bu ykbu (DIP) iSdstA
,dhÑr ifjiFk dks jSf•d (yhfu;j) vkSj vadh; osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA jSf•d IC fujarj ladsrksa
osQ lkFk dke djrk gS vkSj O;kid :i ls ,EiyhiQk;jksa] fiQYVj] rqyfu=k vkSj dUoVZlZ vkfn osQ :i esa mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS] vadh; IC ckbujh ladsr osQ lkFk dke djrk gS vkSj baVjdusDVsM vadh; xsV~l ls cuk gksrk gSA
vadh; IC dks u osQ oy muds rkfoZQd vkWijs'ku }kjk oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd ykWftd ifjiFk ifjokj }kjk Hkh
oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gS ftlls ;g lacafèkr gSA IC esa fÝyi&ÝykWi] ykWftd xsV] x.kd] Le`fr fpIl] ekbØksdaVªksyj
vkfn 'kkfey gSaA vadh; IC osQ fofHkUu ykWftd ifjiFk ifjokj gSa
•• VªkaftLVj&VªkaftLVj ykWftd (TTL)
•• Mk;ksM VªkaftLVj ykWftd (DTL)
•• jsflLVj VªkaftLVj ykWftd (RTL)
•• ,feVj diYM ykWftd (ECL)
•• esVy vkWDlkbM vèkZpkyd (MOS)
•• dksEIysesaVªh èkkrq vkWDlkbM vèkZpkyd (CMOS)
•• ,dhÑr batsD'ku ykWftd (I2L)
3.4.2 vadh; IC fof'k"Vrk 'kCnkoyh

vadh; IC dh lcls mi;ksxh fofunZs'k 'krZsa bl çdkj gSa%
Fkzs'kksYM foHko% ykWftd xsV osQ vkxr ij foHko Lrj tks fuxZr foHko Lrj esa cnyko dk dkj.k curk gS
;kuh ,d ykWftd Lrj ls nwljs rdA
'kfDr fMflis'ku% ,d fufnZ"V vko`fÙk ij lapkfyr djus osQ fy, xsV dks vko';d 'kfDr feyhokV esa nh
tkrh gSA
çlkj.k foyac% vkxr ladsr }kjk xsV vkxr ls fuxZr rd çlkfjr gksus esa yxus okyk le;A
iQSu&bu% bls vkxr dh la[;k osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS ftls xsV dks laHkkyus osQ fy, fMtkbu
fd;k x;k gSA
iQSu&vkmV% bls yksM dh vfèkdre la[;k (vU; xsVksa osQ vkxr ) osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftls
xsV dk fuxZr fcuk vksojyksfMax osQ laHkky ldrk gSA
uksbl ekftZu% ,d ykWftd ifjiFk dh vkxr VfeZuyksa ij uksbl foHko dks lgu djus dh {kerk vkSj bl
çdkj ifjiFk dh •jkch ls cpus dks uksbl bE;qfuVh osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA foHko Lrj osQ lanHkZ esa uksbl bE;qfuVh
dh eki dks uksbl (vokaNfu; y?kq ladsr) ekftZu dgk tkrk gSA
vkWijsfVax rkieku% IC esa bysDVªkWfud ?kVd gksrs gSa vkSj rkieku laosnu'khy gksrs gSaA ,d rkieku lhek fufnZ"V
dh tkrh gS ftlds chp IC larks"ktud <ax ls lapkfyr gksrk gSA ,d okf.kfT;d vadh; IC osQ fy,] ;g 0 ls
70° fMxzh lsfYl;l osQ chp gSA
3.4.3 VªkaftLVj VªkaftLVj ykWftd

TTL ykWftd] ykWftd ifjokjksa esa lcls yksdfç; gSA TTL ifjokj esa cqfu;knh ykWftd lapkyu VªkaftLVj }kjk fd;k
tkrk gSA TTL,
Fundamentals VªkaftLVjand
of Electrical dkElectronics
mi;ksx ;k Engineering
rks dV vkWiQ {ks=k esa ;k lar`fIr {ks=k esa djrk gSA TTL ykWftd ifjokjksa osQ 15
iQk;ns bldh fuEu ykxr vkSj vPNh xfr gSaA çeq• uqdlku mPp 'kfDr viO;; vkSj fuEu uksbl çfrj{kk gSaA ewy
TTL ykWftd ifjiFk NAND xsV gSA fp=k 3.15 nks vkxr NAND xsV osQ ifjiFk vkjs• dks n'kkZrk gSA
+VCC
+VCC
EXTERNAL
CONNECTION
R1 R2
RL
A Q1 Q2
INPUTS
Z OUTPUT
B
Q3
R3
3.15%Ankstwo
fp=k 3.4.1:
Fig. buiqinput
V TTLTTLykWlogic
ftd NAND xsV
NAND gate
3.4.4 TTL Sub families
The TTL subfamilies are classified as 1. Standard TTL, 74 series, 2. Low power TTL, 74L series, 3. High speed
TTL, 74H series, 4. Schottky TTL, 74S series, 5. Low power Schottky TTL, 74LS series, 6. Fast TTL, 74F series.
3.4.4 TTL lc iQSfeyh
TTL lc iQSfeyh dks 1- ekud TTL] 74 lhjht] 2- yks ikoj TTL] 74L lhjht] 3- mPp LihM
TTL] 74H lhjht] 4- Schottky TTL] 74S lhjht] 5- de 'kfDr Schottky TTL] 74LS lhjht
6- iQkLV TTL] 74F lhjht osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA rkfydk 3.3 IC çn'kZu fofunZs'k fMftVy
ykWftd
osQ lanHkZ esa lc iQSfeyh dh rqyuk fn•krh gSA rkfydk 3.4 cqfu;knh vadh; lfoZQVksa dh çkfIr osQ ifjokjksa dh
fy, TTL lc iQSfeyh osQ rgr lcls vfèkd mi;ksx fd, tkus okys oqQN IC dks fn•krh gSA fo'ks"krk
rkfydk 3.3% TTL (lc iQSfeyh) dh rqyuk
Øekad çn'kZu fof'k"Vrk 74 74L 74H 74S 74LS 74F
1. çlkj foyac (ns) 9 33 6 3 9.5 4
2. 'kfÙkQ fMflis'ku (milliWatt) 10 1 23 20 2 1.2
3. vfèkdre DykWd vko`fÙk (MHz) 35 3 50 125 45 70
4. iQSu vkmV 10 20 10 20 20 20
5. uksblekftZu (V) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.5
rkfydk 3.4% yksdfç; vadh; TTL] IC
Øekad IC fooj.k Øekad IC fooj.k

1. 7402 Quad 2-buiqV NOR xsV 6. 74LS83, 4-fcV iqQy ,Mj
2. 74F00 Quad 2-buiqV NAND xsV 7. 74LS138, 3-8-fcV ckbujh fMdksMj
3. 74LS08 Quad 2-buiqV AND xsV 8. 74F74, D Vkbi fÝyi&ÝykWi
4. 74LS32 Quad 2-buiqV OR xsV 9. 7473, Mqvy J-K fÝyi&ÝykWi
5. 7404 Hex bUoVZj 10. 7490, fMosQM dkmaVj
3.4.5 vadh; IC osQ vuqç;ksx

vadh; IC dk mi;ksx T;knkrj lax.kd esa fd;k tkrk gSA bldk dkj.k vkxr vkSj fuxZr ladsr nks Lrjksa ij r;
;k fu;r gksrs gSa tSls fd ckbujh ç.kkyh esaA os lfEefyr djrs gSa
•• fÝyi ÝykWi • le; vkadyu (Vkbej) • x.kd
•• eYVh IysDllZ • DykWd fpIl • Le`fr fpIl
•• çksxzke ykWftd fMokbl • ekbØksçkslslj • ekbØksoaQVªksyj
xfrfofèk;ka
1. ykWftd xsV IC dh MsVk'khV dk mi;ksx djsa vkSj fofunZs'k 'kCnkoyh dks uksV djsaA
2. fuEufyf•r IC osQ ,Iyhds'ku dh igpku djsa% 555] 741] 7445] 7404] 7473] 7490
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 3.4.1% SSI ls VLSI rd IC osQ fodkl dk la{ksi esa o.kZu djsaA
gy% vadh; IC dks flfydkWu lClVªsV ij ykWftd xsV~l dh la[;k osQ vuqlkj oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA tfVyrk
osQ Lrj osQ vuqlkj mUgsa bl çdkj oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
LekWy Ldsy baVhxzs'ku (SSI) & IC's ftlesa 12 ls de xsV ifjiFk gksrs gSaA mnkgj.k fÝyi&ÝykWi gSaA
ehfM;e Ldsy baVhxzs'ku (MSI) & IC's dk ykWftd xsV ifjiFk 12 ls 100 osQ chp gksrk gSA mnkgj.k
x.kd] jftLVj vkfn gSaA
yktZ Ldsy baVhxzs'ku (LSI) & ,d fØLVy ij 100 ls 9999 osQ chp xsV ifjiFk osQ lkFk IC's gksrs gSA
mnkgj.k Le`fr gS tSls RAM] ROM vkfnA
osjh yktZ Ldsy baVhxzs'ku (VLSI) & ,d fØLVy ij 10,000 ls 99,999 osQ chp xsV ifjiFk osQ lkFk IC's
gksrs gSA mnkgj.k ekbØksçkslslj gSA
;wfuV lkjka'k
•• vadh; ç.kkyh vfèkd fo'oluh; gksrs gSa] uksbl ls fuEu çHkkfor gksrs gSa] jpuk djus esa vklku gksrs gSa
vkSj IC fpIl ij fufeZr gksrs gSaA
•• vadh; ç.kkyh ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh dk mi;ksx djrk gSA
•• cwfy;u chtxf.kr ,d chth; ç.kkyh gS ftls rRoksa osQ ,d lsV] vkWijsVlZ osQ ,d lsV vkSj dbZ vfHkèkkj.kkvksa
ds lkFk ykWftd osQ O;ofLFkr mipkj osQ fy, fodflr fd;k x;k gSA
•• fdlh Hkh vadh; ç.kkyh osQ ewyHkwr fuekZ.k •aM ykWftd xsV gSaA
•• AND] OR vkSj NOT rhu çdkj osQ cqfu;knh ykWftd xsV gSaA
•• ykWftd xsV~l osQ vkxr vkSj fuxZr nks Lrjksa esa gksrs gSa] ykWftd&1] ftls mPp @ lR; vkSj ykWftd&0 dks
fuEu@xyr dgk tkrk gSA
•• NAND vkSj NOR xsV~l dks ;wfuolZy xsV~l dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd os rhuksa csfld xsV~l ;kuh AND] OR
vkSj NOT osQ ykWftd iaQD'ku dks eglwl dj ldrs gSaA
•• vadh; ifjiFk dks eksVs rkSj ij la;kstu ifjiFk vkSj ozQec¼ ifjiFk osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• la;kstu ifjiFk esa] fdlh Hkh le; fuxZr ml le; ij ekStwn vkxr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
•• ozQec¼ ifjiFk nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa] flaØksul vkSj ,flaØksulA
•• ozQec¼ ifjiFk dk ewy fuekZ.k •aM fÝyi&ÝykWi gS] ftls ,d&fcV Le`fr rRo Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
•• ,d fÝyi&ÝykWi dks nks fLFkj voLFkk,¡ feyh gSa vkSj og ml voLFkk esa vfuf'pr dky rd jg ldrh
gSA mfpr vkxr ladsrksa dks ykxw djds gh bldh fLFkfr dks cnyk tk ldrk gSA
•• lcls ljy çdkj osQ fÝyi&ÝykWi dks S-R ySp dgk tkrk gS] ftlesa S (SET) vkSj R (RESET) ds :i
esa vafdr fd, x, nks vkxr gksrs gSa vkSj nks fuxZr Q vkSj blds iwjd Q' gksrs gSaA
•• ,d vadh; x.kd ,d ozQec¼ ifjiFk gS] ftlesa fÝyi&ÝykWi gksrs gSa] ftudh fLFkfr x.kd osQ vkxr
ij ykxw DykWd iYl osQ çkIr gksrs gh cny tkrh gSA
•• DykWd iYl dks fxuus osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys dkmaVjksa dks ,flaØksul x.kd vkSj flaØksul x.kd
esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• ,flaØksul dkmaVjksa esa ftUgsa fjiy x.kd osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] fÝyi&ÝykWi bl rjg ls tqM+s gksrs
gSa fd igys FF dk fuxZr nwljs FF osQ fy, DykWd iYl cu tkrk gSA
•• flaØksul dkmaVjksa esa] ftUgsa lekukarj x.kd osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] lHkh fÝyi&ÝykWi dks ,d gh
DykWd iYl }kjk ,d lkFk DykWDM fd;k tkrk gSA
•• vadh; IC ckbujh ladsr osQ lkFk dke djrk gS vkSj baVjdusDVsM vadh; xsV~l ls cuk gksrk gSA
•• VªkaftLVj VªkaftLVj ykWftd (TTL) ftlesa VªkaftLVj }kjk cqfu;knh ykWftd vkWijs'ku fd;k tkrk gS] ykWftd
ifjokj esa lcls yksdfç; gSA
vH;kl
A-oLrqfu"B ç'u

3.1 fuEufyf•r esa ls lcls yack gS 3.4 SR fÝyi&ÝykWi fuEufyf•r vkxr Lohdkj ugha
a. ckbV dj ldrk%
b. fucy a. S=R=0
c. oMZ b. S = 1, R = 0
d. fcV c. S=R=1
d. S = 0, R = 1
3.2 fÝyi ÝykWi gksrs gSa 3.5 x.kd dk mi;ksx ------ dh la[;k fxuus osQ fy,
a. fpi fd;k tkrk gS
b. Le`fr rRo a. fÝyi ÝykWi
c. ,Mj b. jftLVj
d. rqyfu=k c. fcV~l
d. iYl
3.3 ml xsV dh igpku djsa ftlds fy, 3.6 ?kM+h vkSj dSyoqQysVj esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys
"Z xyr" rHkh ykxw gksrk gS tc "A" lR; gks vkSj IC's gSa
"B" lR; gksA a. TTL
a. NAND b. ECL
b. NOR c. MOS
c. AND d. CMOS
d. OR
pulse simultaneously.
• Digital IC’s operate with binary signals and are made up of interconnected digital gates.
• Transistor Transistor Logic (TTL) in which basic logic operation is performed by transistors is mo
popular among the logic family.
B-fo"k;kRed ç'u
EXERCISES
1. fMftVy flLVeQuestions
A. Subjective esa bLrseky gksus okys ckbujh uacj flLVe dh vko';drk crk,aA
2. ,d n'keyo la[;kbinary
1. State why dks ,d number
la[;ksystem are used
esa cnyus in digital
osQ fy, viukbZsystems.
tkus okyh çfØ;kvksa dh lwph cuk,a]
2. List the procedures adopted in converting a decimal number into a number whose number system i
ftldh la[;k ç.kkyh vkèkkj b osQ lkFk gSA
base b.
3. uhps nh xbZ ckbujh la[;kvksa ij vadxf.krh; vkWijs'ku djsa%
3. Perform the arithmetic operation on the binary numbers given below:
(a) 10111.101 + 110111.01
(a) 10111.101 (b) 10001.01-1111.11
+ 110111.01 (b) 10001.01-1111.11
4. cwfy;u
4. O;a td dks
Verify lR; rkfydk
by truth fofèk }kjk
table method lR;kfir expression:
the Boolean djsa% A + A'BA+ + AB
A’B=+AAB
+ B= A + B
5. fuEufyf•r cwfy;u fu;e
5. Demonstrate dh lR;
by truth tablerkfydk }kjk çnf'kZ
the validity of ther following
djsa% Boolean laws
(a) tksM+u(a) Associative
sokyk law (b)fu;e
(,lksfl,fVo) Distributive
(b) forj.klaw fu;e
6. vad6.h; ifjiFk
Explain esa positive
èkukRed logic
ykWftdandvkSnegative
j ½.kkRedlogicykW
inftd
digital
dhcircuits.
O;k[;k djsaA
7. Verify by truth table that the output of the gates shown in Fig. (a) & (b) are same.
7. lR; rkfydk }kjk lR;kfir djsa fd fp=k (a) vkSj (b) esa fn•k, x, xsVksa dk fuxZr leku gSA
A A
Z Z
B B
(a) (b)
8. ,d8.D vkS j T logic

Draw çdkj diagram
osQ fÝyi&ÝykW i osQtable
and truth fy,for
ykWaftd vkjsT•type
D and vkSjflip-flop.
lR; rkfydk cuk,aA
9. T fÝyi ÝykWi dk mi;ksx djosQ 3&fcV fjiy x.kd osQ fy, ifjiFkT Mk;xz
9. Draw the circuit diagram for a 3-bit ripple counter using flip flop.
ke cuk,aA
10. State the differences between a
10. jSf•d IC vkSj vadh; IC osQ chp varj crk,aA linear IC and digital IC.
B. Objective Questions
Instruction: Please select the most appropriate answer.
Sr. No. vfèkd tkfu,
MCQs Sr. No. MCQs
3.1 The longest out of the following is 3.4 SR flip-flop cannot accept following
a. Byte inputs:
lw{e ifj;kstuk b. Nibble a. S = R =0
c. Word b. S=1, R=0
ladk; osQ ekxZn'kZu esa 5-6 d.Nk=kksbit
a osQ lewg esa ,d ;k nks lw{e ifj;kstuk
(vksa) @ xfrfofèk (vks a) dks 'kq: djsa vkSj
c. S = R = 1
bls O;fDrxr Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk lewg osQ :i esa Hkh çLrqr djsaA ,d uewuk lw{e ifj;kstuk d.
gyS=0,uhps Rfn;k
=1
x;k gS%
a. ,d 'khryu bdkbZ dks rhu osfj,cy }kjk fu;af=kr fd;k tkrk gS% rkieku (T)] vkæZrk (H) vkSj fnu
dk le; (T) 'khryu bdkbZ dks fuEufyf•r ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa pkyw fd;k tkrk gS%
i. rkieku 78° fMxzh iQkjsugkbV ls vfèkd gS vkSj fnu dk le; lqcg 8.00 cts ls 'kke 5.00 cts
osQ chp gS
ii. vkæZrk 85» ls vfèkd gS] rkieku 78° fMxzh iQkjsugkbV ls vfèkd gS vkSj fnu dk le; lqcg
8.00 cts ls 'kke 5.00 cts osQ chp gS
iii. vkæZrk 85% ls vfèkd gS vkSj fnu dk le; lqcg 8 cts ls 'kke 5.00 cts osQ chp gS
b. owQfyax ;wfuV dks pkyw djus osQ fy, vadh; IC dk mi;ksx djds ykWftd xsV~l dk mi;ksx djds ,d
ifjiFk fodflr djsaA
uksV% 'khryu bdkbZ dks ,d míhIr ySai dks ¶pkyw¸ djus osQ :i esa ekuk tkuk pkfg,A
ohfM;ks lalkèku
fMftVy fMftVy
bysDVªkWfuDl lfoZQV
lfoZQV
ITC dk mi;ksx
bysDVªkfuDl
bysfDVªdy vkSj lapkj
bathfu;fjax vfHk;kaf=kdh
dk dkslZ ij ikBÔØe
1. Anand A. Kumar, Fundamentals of Digital Electronics, PHI Publisher, 2016.

2. R. P. Jain, Modern Digital Electronics, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company
Limited, 2012.
3. S. Salivahnan and S. Pravin Kumar, Digital Electronics, Noida: Vikas Publishing House Pvt.
Ltd., 2011.
4. A.P. Malvino, D.P. Leach and G. Saha, Digital Principles and Applications, Mcgraw Hill
Educations, 2017.
fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk | 137
4 fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk
;wfuV fof'k"V
 èkkjk] oksYVst] 'kfDr vkSj ÅtkZ dh ifjHkk"kk
 bysfDVªd ifjiFk iSjkehVj vkSj fu;e
 pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ iSjkehVj
 bysfDVªd vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ chp rqyuk
leL;k lekèkku mnkgj.kksa vkSj ICT lanHkks± osQ lkFk&lkFk çR;sd fo"k; osQ var esa fo|kFkhZ Lo&f'k{k.k
xfrfofèk;ksa dks vkSj vfèkd ftKklk vkSj jpukRedrk iSnk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;k lekèkku {kerk esa lqèkkj osQ
fy, cuk;k x;k gSA Cywe dh VSDlksukWeh osQ c<+s gq, Lrjksa osQ ckn dbZ cgqfodYih; ç'uksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fo"k;kRed
ç'u] lanHkZ osQ rgr lwphc¼ iqLrdksa esa çnku dh xbZ dbZ leL;kvksa osQ ekè;e ls vlkbuesaV vkSj lq>k, x, jhfMax
;wfuV esa fn, x, gSa rkfd dksbZ Hkh vH;kl osQ fy, muds ekè;e ls tk ldsA
lacafèkr vH;kl osQ ckn ,d ^vfèkd tkusa* •aM gS ftlesa lw{e ifj;kstuk,a vkSj xfrfofèk;ka gksrh gSa] ICT
fyad osQ lkFk ohfM;ks lalkèkuksa osQ fy, QR dksM fn, x, gSA ;wfuV esa lanHkks± vkSj lq>k, x, ikBksa dh ,d lwph
nh xbZ gS rkfd vkxs vH;kl vkSj lh•us esa o`f¼ osQ fy, muds ekè;e ls tk ldrs gSaA
Hkwfedk
fctyh vkSj pqacdRo dh ?kVuk,a vkil esa tqM+h gqbZ gSaA oSKkfud ç;ksxksa us lkfcr dj fn;k gS fd fo|qr {ks=k pqacdh;
çHkko mRiUu djrk gS vkSj blds foijhr pqacdh; {ks=k fo|qr {ks=k mRiUu dj ldrk gSA pqacdh; {ks=k fo|qr vkSj
;kaf=kd ÅtkZ osQ chp ,d vko';d lacaèk cukrk gSA lHkh fo|qr ;kaf=kd midj.k fo|qr vkSj ;kaf=kd midj.k osQ
chp fdlh Hkh fn'kk esa ÅtkZ osQ vknku&çnku osQ fy, pqacdh; {ks=k ij fuHkZj djrs gSaA vè;k; pqacdh; {ks=k dks
fu;af=kr djus okys fu;e] pqacdh;dj.k fo'ks"krk] fo|qr okgd cy, çsj.k vkSj ljy pqacdh; vkSj fo|qr ifjiFk
osQ chp lacaèk ls lacafèkr gSA
iwoZ visf{kr Kku

1. foKku% fo|qr] fo|qr /kjk osQ pqacdh; çHkko (d{kk X)
2. xf.kr% nks pj esa jSf•d lehdj.k dh tksM+h] f}?kkr lehdj.k (d{kk X)
1. Applied Physics- 1
2. Applied Mathematics-1
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Upon138 | fo|qr ,oa
completion bysDVªchapter,
of this kWfudh vfHk;ka
the f=kdh osQ ewwill
student yHkwrbefl¼ka
abler to:
LO 4.1 Explain the basic parameters of an electrical circuit.
;wLO
fuV4.2vkmVdEl
Describe the basic parameters of a magnetic circuit.
bl
LO vè;k; osQ iw.laws
4.3 Explain kZ vè;;u djus osQ ckn] induction.
of electromagnetic fo|kFkhZ fuEu esa l{ke gksaxs%
LO 4.4 Interpret electric and magnetic circuits.
U4–01: fo|qr ifjiFk osQ cqfu;knh ekinaMksa dh O;k[;k djus esaA
U4–02: pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ cqfu;knh ekinaMksa dk o.kZu djus esaA
MAPPING OF UNIT
U4–03: fo|qr WISE
pqEcdh;LEARNING
çsj.k osQ fu;eksOUTCOMES
a dh O;k[;k djus WITH
esaA THE COURSE OUTCOMES
Unit Learning EXPECTED MAPPING WITH COURSE
U4–04: fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFk dh O;k[;k djus esaA
Outcome OUTCOMES
(1- Weak Correlation; 2- Medium correlation; 3- Strong
Correlation)
vkmVdEl
4.1 Parameters of an CO-1 LO - 4.1CO-2 2 CO-3 - CO-4
- 3 CO-5 2 CO-62
electric circuit
2
4.2 U4-01
Parameters of a LO - 4.2 - 1 -
- -3 3 2
1 2
2
magnetic circuit
U4-02 1 - - 3 1 2
4.3 Electromagnetic LO - 4.3 1 - - 3 1 3
Induction
U4-03 1 - - 3 1 3
4.4 Analogy between LO - 4.4 1 - - 3 1 1
1
U4-04 and Magnetic
Electric - - 3 1 1
circuits
ekbdy iQSjkMs (1791-1867)

Michael Faraday (1791-1867),
bfrgkl
the most osQ lclsscientist
influential çHkko'kkyh oSKkfudcontributed
in history us fo|qr pqactodRo vkSj fo|q
the study of relectromagnetism
jlk;u osQ vè;;u
esa ;ksxnku fn;kA mUgks
and electrochemistry. aus cgqr de
He received very vkS ipkfjd
little formalf'k{kk çkIr dh]
education, but ys wasfduan ,d mRÑ"V
excellent
experimentalist and his research on the magnetic field around a conductor carryingmuds
ç;ks x oknh Fks vkS j ,d çR;{k çokg okys pkyd os Q pkjks a vks j pq a c dh; {ks = k ij a
direct current established the basis for the concept on electromagnetic field. Therc
'kks è k us fo|q r pq E cdh; {ks = k ij voèkkj.kk os Q vkèkkj dks LFkkfir fd;kA liQyrk
feyh tc came
breakthrough iQSjkMs when
us viusFaraday ç;ksxksa lsfrom
ik;khisfdexperiments
,d cnyrs pq acdh; that
found {ks=k als changing
,d fo|qr
{ks=k mRiUu
magnetic field gksproduces
rk gSA ;g an lacaèelectric
k ckn esa field.
tsEl eSThisDlosyrelation
}kjk xf.krh; was :i laterls modelled
rS;kj fd;k
x;k Fkk vkS j bls iQS j kMs fu;e os Q :i es a tkuk tkrk
mathematically by James Maxwell and is known as the Faradays law. Using the abovegS A mijks D r fl¼ka r dk mi;ks x djrs
gq, iQSled
principal jkMsFaraday
us fo|qrto Mk;us eks dh •ksof
the discovery t electric
dhA muds lEekuThe
dynamo. esa laSIèkkfj=k
unit of dhcapacitance
SI bdkbZ dks
iQS j kMs uke fn;k
is named as farad in his honor. x;k gS A
4.1 ,d fo|qr ifjiFk osQ ekinaM

4.1.1 çLrkouk
fiNyh bdkb;ksa esa] fofHkUu fuf"Ø; ifjiFk rRoksa] lfØ; rRoksa] muds çdkj ;kuh Lora=k vkSj vkfJr foHko@èkkjk]
lzksr vkSj ladsrksa osQ çdkj dh cqfu;knh le> is'k dh xbZ FkhA ;g fo"k; fo|qr ifjiFk osQ cqfu;knh fo'ys"k.k osQ
fy, fo|qr vkos'k (pktZ)] èkkjk] foHko vkSj fofHkUu fo|qr ifjiFk 'kCnkoyh vkSj fofHkUu fo|qr ifjiFk fu;eksa
dh voèkkj.kk ls lacafèkr gSA
4.1.2 flXuy iSjkehVlZ
èkkjk
ekSfyd fo|qr ek=kk vkos'k gSA bldh bdkbZ owQyEc gS vkSj lcls NksVk vkos'k tks ekStwn gS og ,d bysDVªkWu
}kjk ogu fd;k x;k ½.kkRed vkos'k gS tks cjkcj gS (−1.602 × 10−19 C)A ijek.kq esa vkos'k ys tkus okyk nwljk
d.k çksVkWu gS tks èkukRed vkosf'kr gksrk gS] ftldk ifjek.k ,d bysDVªkWu osQ leku gksrk gSA ,d çksVkWu dk
vkos'k (+1.602 × 10−19 C) osQ :i esa fn;k tkrk gSA fo|qr çokg esa bu vkosf'kr d.kksa dh ,d cgqr cM+h la[;k
dk çokg gksrk gSA fo|qr çokg dks ,d iwoZ fuèkkZfjr {ks=k ls cgus okys vkosf'kr d.kksa osQ ifjorZu dh le; nj
Q
osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA xf.krh; :i esa] èkkjk i = ] tgk¡ Dt le; esa iwoZ fuèkkZfjr vuqçLFk dkV
t
osQ {ks=k ls çokfgr gksus okyk vkos'k DQ gSA èkkjk dh bdkb;ksa dks ,Eih;j dgk tkrk gS] tgka 1 ,fEi;j (A) =
1 owQyEc@1 lsdaM gksrk gSA
foHko (foHkokarj)
fo|qr ifjiFk esa xfreku vkos'k èkkjk dks tUe nsrk gSA ,d vkos'k dks ifjiFk esa fcanq a ls fcanq b rd ys tkus
osQ fy,] oqQN dk;Z ;k ÅtkZ •pZ djuh iM+rh gSA ,dkad vkos'k dks fcanq a ls b rd ys tkus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z
oksYVrk ;k foHkokUrj dgykrk gSA foHko dh bdkbZ oksYV dgykrh gS] tgka 1 oksYV (V) = 1 twy@1 owQyEc gksrk
gSA xq#Rokd"kZ.k {ks=k esa nks fcanqvksa osQ chp foHkokUrj pqus x, iFk ls Lora=k gksrk gSA ftls fd fp=k 4.1(a)] esa
fn•k;k x;k gS] ;fn fcanq a dk foHko b ls vfèkd gS tSlk fd Vab osQ :i esa bafxr fd;k x;k gS] rks vkos'k dks
fcanq b ls a ys tkus esa dke djuk gksxk] ;kuh ÅtkZ dk buiqV vkos'k dks ys tkus osQ fy,A blh çdkj ;fn vkos'k
fcanq a ls b rd tkrk gS] rks ÅtkZ Vba = −Vab] vFkkZr a ls b rd tkus esa foHko de gks tkrk gSA fp=k 4.1(b)
foHko varj osQ çfrfufèkRo dk oSdfYid rjhdk fn•krk gSA
Vab a Vab
a b b
+ –
(a) (b)
fp=k 4.1(a) foHko varj dk çfrfufèkRo (b) foHko varj dk oSdfYid çfrfufèkRo
'kfDr vkSj ÅtkZ

'kfDr dks çfr bdkbZ le; esa fd, x, dk;Z osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA fuf"Ø; rRo }kjk mRiUu ;k foyqIr
gksus okyh 'kfDr dks fuEufyf•r lehdj.k }kjk n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS
dk;Z dk;Z vkos'k
'kfDr = = × = foHko × èkkjk P = VI-
le; vkos'k le;
'kfDr dh bdkbZ twy çfr lsdaM ;k okV gSA ;fn foHko vkSj èkkjk nksuksa le; t osQ lkFk fLFkj jgrs gSa] rks
LFkkukarfjr ÅtkZ E = V × I × t twy gksrh gSA 'kfDr Hkh foHko vkSj èkkjk dh rjg gh ,d ek=kk gksrh gSA ;fn fdlh
rRo osQ lekukarj V osQ èkukRed VfeZuy esa èkkjk I çokfgr gksrh gS] tSlk fd fp=k 4.2(a) esa fn•k;k x;k gS] rks
'kfDr yxkbZ tkrh gSA fuf"Ø; fpÉ ifjikVh (dUosa'ku) osQ vuqlkj foyqIr gksus okyh 'kfDr èkukRed gksrh gS ;k
nwljs 'kCnksa esa rRo 'kfDr dks vo'kksf"kr djrk gSA fp=k 4.2(b) esa ;fn fdlh rRo osQ èkukRed VfeZuy V ls èkkjk
çokfgr gksrh gS] Electric
rks 'kfDr dks ckgj
and Magnetic Circuitsdj fn;k tkrk gS] rks ifjikVh (dUosa'ku) osQ vuqlkj foyqIr3 gksus okyh 'kfDr
½.kkRed gksrh gS vFkkZr rRo 'kfDr çnku djrk gSA
Fig. 4.1.2: (a) Passive sign convention of power dissipated (b) Passive sign convention of power generated
4.1.3 Electric 4.2

fp=k Circuit(a)
% fuf"Ø; fpÉ dUosa'ku osQ vuqlkj 'kfDr dks vo'kksf"kr djuk
Terminology
The interconnection of circuit elements is known as electric circuit. The following definition introduces some
(b) fuf"Ø; fpÉ dUosa'ku osQ vuqlkj 'kfDr dks çnku djuk
important parameters of an electric circuit.
Branch
4.1.3 fo|qrAcircuit
ifjiFk 'kCnkoyh
branch is any portion of a circuit with two terminals connected to it. A branch may consist of more than one
elements.
ifjiFk rRoksa osQ Node

ijLij lacaèk dks ifjiFk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fuEufyf•r ifjHkk"kk ,d fo|qr ifjiFk osQ oqQN
egRoiw.kZ ekinaMksAa node
dk isifjp; nsrofh two
a junction gSAor more branches. In practice any connection of two or branch terminals together
forms a node. Nodes are very important parameter for circuit analysis. Fig. 4.1.3 shows a branch and
interconnection of branch terminals to form a node.
'kk•k
,d 'kk•k (czkap) ifjiFk dk dksbZ Hkh Hkkx gS ftlesa nks VfeZuy tqM+s gksrs gSaA ,d 'kk•k esa ,d ls vfèkd ifjiFk
rRo gks ldrs gSaA
uksM
,d uksM nks ;k nks ls vfèkd 'kk•kvksa dk ,d feyu fcUnq gSA O;ogkj esa nks ;k nks ls vfèkd 'kk•k VfeZuyksa dk
dksbZ Hkh la;kstu feydj ,d uksM cukrk gSA ifjiFk fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, uksM~l cgqr egRoiw.kZ ekinaM gSaA fp=k 4.3
,d uksM cukus osQ fy, ,d 'kk•k vkSj 'kk•kFig.VfeZ4.1.3:
uyksDefinition
a osQ vkilh
of node la;kstu dks n'kkZrk gSA
Loop and Meshes

Node a
A loop is a closed connection of branches. A mesh is a loop that does not contain any other loop with in it as
shown in Fig. 4.1.4. Meshes are an important
I aid for analysisI of electric circuits.
0 I1 2
Node b
I5 I3 I4
Fig.
+ 4.1.4: Definition of mesh
V
–
Node c
fp=k 4.3% uksM

Fig. 4.1.3: Definition of node
ywi vkSj es'k
Loop and
,d Meshes
ywi] 'kk•kvksa dk ,d can la;kstu gSA ,d es'k] ,d ywi gksrk gS] mlds vanj dksbZ Hkh vU; ywi 'kkfey ugha
A loop is
gksrak closed
gS] fp=k connection of x;k
4.4 esa fn•k;k branches.
gSA fo|qrA ifjiFkks
mesha isosQa fo'ys
loop"k.k
thatosQ does
fy, not containgksany
es'k lgk;d rk gSother
A loop with in it as
shown in Fig. 4.1.4. Meshes are an important aid for analysis of electric circuits.
Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
4.1.4 Circuit Analysis

The4.1.4:
Fig. analysis of an electric
Definition circuit consists of determining the unknown branch c
of mesh
of 4.4
this a setfp=k % es'k has to identified and after which a set of equations u
variables
constructed. The set of equations are constructed by using the two important fun
4.1.4 ifjiFk fo'ys"k.k namely the Kirchoff’s current law and Kirchoff’s voltage law.
,d fo|qr ifjiFk osQ fo'ys"k.k esa vKkr 'kk•k èkkjkvks

Kirchoff’s a vkSjLaw
Current uksM (KCL)
foHko dk fuèkkZj.k gksrk gSA blds fy, pjksa
osQ ,d leqPp; dh igpku djuh gksrhKirchoff’s
gS vkSj mlds ckn law
current bu states
pjksa dkthatç;kssince
x djds
charge lehdj.kks
cannota dk ,d leqbut
be created Pp;must be con
cukuk gksrk gSA ifjiFk fo'ys"k.k osQ nks egRoiw . kZ ekS f yd
at a node must be zero.fu;e vFkkZ r ~ fdjpkW i Q os Q èkkjk dk fu;e vkS j fdjpkW iQ
osQ foHko dk fu;e dk mi;ksx djds lehdj.kksa osQ lsV dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA 𝑘𝑘=𝑁𝑁
∑ 𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘 = 0
fdjpkWiQ dk èkkjk dk fu;e 𝑘𝑘=1
where,
fdjpkWiQ osQ èkkjk dk fu;e (KCL) esa dgk x;k𝑖𝑖𝑘𝑘gSis fd
the pwindividual
afd vkos'kcurrent flowing
ugha cuk;k through
tk ldrk gS] the branches.
ysfdu Consider the n
bls lajf{kr
fd;k tk ldrk gS] ,d uksM ij èkkjkvkscurrent
a dk ;ksxdirections.
'kwU; gksukThe current entering a node is assumed negative and that leav
pkfg,A
KCL law, the resulting equation at node A is given as
k =N
𝑖𝑖1…(4.1)
+ 𝑖𝑖2 + (−𝑖𝑖3 ) + (−𝑖𝑖4 ) = 0
∑ i = 0
k
k =1
tgka] ik 'kk•kvksa osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh O;fDrxr èkkjk gSA èkkjk fn'kkvksa
osQ lkFk fp=k 4.5 esa fn•k, x, uksM ij fopkj djsaA ,d uksM esa ços'k djus
okyh èkkjk dks èkukRed ekuk tkrk gS vkSj ,d uksM ls ckgj fudyus okyh èkkjk
dks ½.kkRed ekuk tkrk gSA KCL fu;e dks ykxw djrs gq,] uksM A ij ifj.kkeh
lehdj.k bl çdkj fn;k x;k gSA Fig.4.1.5: Illustration of KCL
i1+ i2 + (−i3) + (−i4) = 0 …(4.2) fp=k 4.5: KCL dk çn'kZu
Kirchoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
Kirchoff’s voltage law states that no energy is lost or created in an electric circuit
fdjpkWiQ dk foHko dk fu;e
circuit the sum of all voltages associated with the sources must equal the sum o
fdjpkWiQ dk foHko fu;e (KVL) dgrknetgS voltage
fd fo|qaround
r ifjiFktheesacircuit
dksbZ ÅtkZ u"V ;k fufeZr ugha gksrh gSA ;k nwljs
is zero.
'kCnksa esa] ,d can ifjiFk esa lzksrksa ls tqM+s lHkh foHko
𝑁𝑁 dk ;ksx] yksM foHko osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksuk pkfg,] rkfd
ifjiFk usV foHko (;k chtxf.krh; ;ksx) dk eku ∑ 'kwU;𝑣𝑣𝑘𝑘gks=A 0

𝑘𝑘=1
where, 𝑣𝑣𝑘𝑘 are the individual voltages across the passive and active elements
understand the KVL law further, the concept of reference voltage must be under
N
∑ vk = 0 ...(4.3)
k =1
tgka] vk can ywi ifjiFk osQ fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; rRoksa esa vyx&vyx foHko gSaA KVL fu;e
dks vkSj le>us osQ fy,] lanHkZ foHko dh voèkkj.kk dks le>uk gksxkA fp=k 4.6 esa 1 vkSj 2 osQ
:i esa fpfÉr uksM~l osQ lkFk ,d ifjiFk fn•krk gSA lacafèkr uksM foHko Øe'k% v1 vkSj v2 gSaA
fdlh ,d uksM ;k rks uksM 1 ;k 2 dks lanHkZ uksM osQ :i esa vkSj lacafèkr uksM foHko dks lanHkZ ifjp;%
foHko osQ :i esa pquk tk ldrk gSA lanfHkZr fp=k esa mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn uksM 2 lanHkZ uksM] KVL, KCL
foHko lzksr osQ ½.kkRed VfeZuy ls tqM+k gS] rc uksM 1 oksYVst v1,Vs oksYV gksrk gS] lanHkZ uksM vkSj 'kfDr
oksYVst v2 ls Åij gksrk gSA x.kuk esa vklkuh osQ fy, O;ogkj esa lanHkZ foHko dks 'kwU; oksYV larqyu
fn;k tkrk gSA
1
I
+
V R
–
I
2
fp=k 4.6% lanHkZ uksM dk çn'kZu
xfrfofèk
foHko lzksr osQ :i esa dk;Z djus okys fn, x, lsy esa lekukarj esa nks cYcksa dks tksM+ dj ,d ifjiFk rS;kj djsaA
foHko lzksr ls Mªk dh xbZ èkkjk i gS nks ySai ls izokfgr èkkjk i1 vkSj i2 dks ekisaA KCL lR;kfir djsaA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 4.1.1% fn•k, x, ifjiFk osQ fy, çfrjksèk R }kjk vo'kksf"kr 'kfDr vkSj èkkjk lzksr }kjk nh xbZ 'kfDr
dk fuèkkZj.k djsaA
3V 10 V
KVL dks es'k&1 esa ykxw djus ij] KVL lehdj.k gS 5 – 3 – V2
= 0] gy djus ij V2 = 2V] R
I1
vc KVL dks es'k–2 esa ykxw djus ij] KVL lehdj.k gS] V2 +
10 – V1 = 0 , DC V2 3A V1
5V
V2 osQ eku dks lehdj.k esa j•us ij] foHko V1] 3A èkkjk lzksr osQ
ikj foHko dk eku = 12 V
fuf"Ø; 'kfDr ladsr osQ vuqlkj] èkkjk lzksr }kjk nh xbZ 'kfDr = 12
× 3 = 36 watt
R }kjk vo'kksf"kr dh xbZ 'kfDr = R osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk × R osQ ikj (,ozQksl) foHko {k; (MªkWi)
= 10 × 3 = 30 watt
4.2 pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ ekinaM
4.2.1 fo|qr èkkjk dk pqacdh; çHkko
èkkjk izokfgr gksus okys pkyd }kjk cuk, x, pqacdh; {ks=k dks le>us osQ fy,] I
èkkjk izokfgr gksus okys ,d yacs lhèks pkyd ij fopkj djsa tSlk fd fp=k 4.7
esa fn•k;k x;k gSA cM+k fcanq (cksYM MkWV) fn•krk gS fd dkxt osQ lrg ls H
èkkjk ckgj dh rjiQ cg jgh gSA èkkjk osQ dkj.k pkyd osQ vklikl osQ LFkku esa ,d
pqacdh; {ks=k LFkkfir gks tkrk gSA pqacdh; {ks=k osQ fdlh Hkh fcanq ij pqacdh; {ks=k
cy dks mÙkjh èkzqo ij eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gSA pkyd osQ pkjksa vksj xksykdkj
can iFk dks çokg dh js•k osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj pqacdh; cy js•k osQ pkjksa
vksj osQ lHkh fcanqvksa osQ fy, Li'kZ js•k gSA çokg dh fn'kk nkfgus gkFk osQ fu;e }
kjk nh xbZ gS ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ;fn pkyd dks nkfgus gkFk ls vaxwBs osQ fcanq
ls èkkjk dh fn'kk esa idM+ fy;k tkrk gS] rks ÝyDl dh fn'kk ml fn'kk esa gksrh gS fp=k 4.7% ,dy pkyd }kjk
ftlls vU; pkj maxfy;ka mls ?ksj ysrh gSaA ÝyDl js•k,a pkyd osQ ikl ?kuh gksrh fufeZr ÝyDl js•k,¡
gSa vkSj tSls&tSls ge blls nwj tkrs gSa] ;g de ?kuh gksrh tkrh gSA
pqacdh; cy
pqacdh; cy ;k pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk H dks pkyd dks ?ksjus okyh ÝyDl js•k dh çfr ;wfuV yackbZ esa ,d
pkyd osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA f=kT;k r okyh ,d o`Ùkkdkj ÝyDl js•k
osQ fy, pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrkA
I A
H= …(4.4)
2πr m
lehdj.k ls ;g ns•k x;k gS fd pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk pkyd osQ vklikl dh lkexzh ls vçHkkfor gS ;k nwljs
'kCnksa esa ;g pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ fuekZ.k esa ç;qDr inkFkZ osQ xq.kksa ls Lora=k gS A
ÝyDl dk ?kuRo
ÝyDl ?kuRo HkkSfrd xq.kksa ij fuHkZj djrk gSA pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk vkSj ÝyDl ?kuRo osQ chp lacaèk blçdkj
fn;k x;k gS%
Wb
B = µ0 µrH ;k VsLyk … (4.5)
m2
ekinaM m ,d fo'ks"k HkkSfrd ekè;e osQ fy, ,d vfn'k fLFkjkad gS vkSj bls ekè;e dh ikjxE;rk
dgk tkrk gSA fdlh lkexzh dh ikjxE;rk] eqDr LFkku dh ikjxE;rk µ0 vkSj lkis{k ikjxE;rk
µr dk xq.ku iQy gksrh gSA eqDr LFkku dh ikjxE;rk = 4π × 10−7 gksrh gSA lkis{k ikjxE;rk
ekè;e ij fuHkZj djrh gS vkSj bldk ifjek.k inkFkZ osQ pqacdh; xq.kksa osQ eki dk çfrfufèkRo
djrk gSA ikjxE;rk dk eku ftruk cM+k gksxk] fo|qr pqEcdh; lajpuk esa cM+s çokg ?kuRo dk pqacdh;
ifjiFk
Wb
mRiknu djus osQ fy, vko';d èkkjk mruh gh de gksxhA ikjxE;rk dh bdkbZ gSA
A −m
fp=k 4.8 fofHkUu çdkj osQ pqacdh; inkFkks± dh ikjxE;rk dks n'kkZrk gSA blls irk pyrk gS fd inkFkZ iQsjkspqacdh;]
iSjkpqacdh;] ÚhLisl ;k Mk;pqacdh; gS ;k ughaA
mf
B
mp
m0
md
fp=k 4.8% fofHkUu çdkj osQ pqacdh; inkFkks± dk B–H oØ
pqacdRo cy
,dy pkyd rkj }kjk mRiUu pqacdh; {ks=k cgqr etcwr ugha gksrk gSA ,d
pkyd dks N VuZ okys oaqQMfyr oqQ.Myh osQ :i esa vkdkj ns dj {ks=k dh
rhozrk dks c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA O;oLFkk çHkkoh :i ls ÝyDl js•k,¡ dks N I
xquk ls c<+krh gSA mRikn NI dks pqacdRo cy F dgk tkrk gS vkSj bldh
bdkbZ ,Eih;j&VuZ (AT) gSA fp=k 4.9 fn•krk gS fd ,d iQsjkspqacdh; oy;
(fjax) osQ vkdkj dk inkFkZ ftlesa xksykdkj vuqçLFk dkV (ØkWl lsD'ku) gksrk
gS] ,d oqQ.Myh ls mÙksftr gksrk gS ftlesa N VuZ gksrs gSa vkSj èkkjk I gksrk
I
gSA pqacdh; dksj esa LFkkfir ÝyDl vkdkj esa xksykdkj gksrk gS] ftlesa ÝyDl
js•k,¡ dk cM+k fgLlk dksj ls gksdj] bldh mPp ikjxE;rk osQ dkj.k xqtjrk
gSA ÝyDl js•k dk og NksVk fgLlk tks gok ls gksdj xqtjrk gS] yhdst ÝyDl
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fp=k 4.9% ÝyDl
4.2.2 pqacdh; ifjiFk

fp=k 4.10 esa fn•k, x, vk;rkdkj vuqçLFk dkV {ks=k osQ lkFk
,d fo|qr pqEcdh; dksj lajpuk dk fo'ys"k.k led{k pqacdh;
I
ifjiFk osQ ekè;e ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl ifjiFk osQ fy, R
ÝyDl ?kuRo lehdj.k }kjk fn;k x;k gS
µNI …(4.6)
B=
l
I
tgk¡ l ÝyDl vkSlr iFk dh yackbZ gSA blh rjg] ÝyDl
?kuRo dks Hkh bl çdkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS
ϕ …(4.7) fp=k 4.10% mÙksftr (excited) oqaQMyh osQ lkFk
B=
A iQsjkseSXusfVd inkFkZ dh fjax
𝐵𝐵 = … (4.2.4)
𝐴𝐴
where A is the cross sectional area of the electromagnetic structure and is perpendicular to the direction of flux
lines
Equating the flux density equations, (4.2.3) and (4.2.4)
𝑙𝑙
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = Ø … (4.2.5)
µ𝐴𝐴 fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk | 145
l
The term is known as the reluctance of the magnetic circuit and is designated the symbol R.
tgka A fo|qr µA
pqEcdh; lajpuk dk vuqçLFk dkV {ks=k gS vkSj ÝyDl js•k,¡ dh fn'kk osQ yacor gS] ÝyDl
?kuRo lehdj.k] (4.6) vkSj (4.7) dks cjkcj djus ij]
l …(4.8)
NI = ϕ
µA
l
NI = ϕ dks pqacdh; ifjiFk dh pqacdh; çfrjksèk (Reluctance) osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj bls çrhd R
µA
}kjk ukfer fd;k tkrk gSA
xfrfofèk Fig.4.2.4: Ring of ferromagnetic material with exciting coil

,dy LVªSaM vuko`r rkack pkyd dk mi;ksx djds ,d cgq VuZ oqQ.Myh rS;kj djsaA oqQ.Myh osQ nks fljksa dks VfeZuy
Video Resource
1 vkSj 2 osQ[1]:i“Magnetic
esa fpfÉrCircuits”,
djsaA ,d 9 V lsy dks VfeZuy 1 ls tqM+s èkukRed èkzqoh;rk osQ lkFk Jà•yk esa LykbMj
Sept, 27, 2018, Debapriya Das, IIT Kharagpur, NPTEL video ;
cVu osQ ekè;e https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q-nTad8SYOw
ls vkSj VfeZuy 2 dks lsy dh ½.kkRed èkzqoh;rk ls dusDV djsaA oqQ.Myh osQ ikl ,d pqacdh;
daikl ykvksActivity
vkSj LykbMj cVu dks nck,¡] daikl dh N S èkzqo lqbZ dh fLFkfr dk fujh{k.k djsaA vc VfeZuyksa dh
èkzqork dks myV nsa avkSmulti
Prepare j Nturn
S èkzcoil
qo using
daikla single
lqbZ dh fLFkfr
strand dk fujh{k.k
bare copper djsaAMark
conductor. dh the
xbZ two
fujh{k.k
ends ofij
coilfVIi.kh dhft,A
as terminal 1
and 2. Connect a 9V cell with the positive polarity connected to terminal 1 through a slider switch in series and
terminal 2 to the negative polarity of the cell. Bring a magnetic compass near to the coil and switch on the slider
gy fd;s x, ç'u
switch Observe the position of the compass N-S pole needle. Now reverse the polarity of the terminals and
observe the position of the N-S pole compass needle. Comment on the observations made.
mnkgj.k 4.2.1:
Solved fn•k, x, pqacdh; lajpuk osQ fy, ÝyDl] ÝyDl ?kuRo dh x.kuk djsa] fn, x, vuqçLFk
Problems
Example 4.2.1:
dkV {ks=k A = 0.0001m 2, Calculate ] µflux
N = 500theVuZflux, density for the magnetic structure shown, given cross section area A
r = 1000-
=0.0001m , N=500 turns, µ𝑟𝑟 = 1000.
2
gy% pqSolution:
acdh; Theçsjdmagneto
cy Fmotive force F = mmf =Ni = 500× 0.1 = 50 AT
= Ni = 500 × 0.1 = 50 AT
The mean length 𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐 of the magnetic core is given as 4×0.1= 0.4 m
pqacdh; dksj dh vkSlr yackbZ lc = 4 × 0.1 = 0.4 m
lc 0.4
pqacdh; çfrjksè=
k R = = 2.865 × 106 AT/Wb
µo µr A 1000 × 0.0001 × 4 π× 10−7
F 50
ÝyDl ϕ= = = 1.75 × 10−5 Wb
R 2.865 × 106
ÝyDl ?kuRo B= ϕ= 0.175 Wb/m2

A
4.3 fo|qr pqacdh; çsj.k
4.3.1 iSQjkMs dk fu;e
tc lrg ls xqtjus okys pqacdh; cy js[kkvksa ds] ifjek.k esa ifjorZu djrs gSa rks lrg ij ,d fo|qr {ks=k çsfjr gksrk
gSA iQSjkMs osQ fu;e esa dgk x;k gS fd ,d le; esa ifjorZu'khy ÝyDl ,d çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy (bysDVªkseksfVo
cy ;k E.M.F.) dk dkj.k curk gS] vkSj bl lehdj.k osQ }kjk çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS]
dϕ
e = − …(4.9)
dt
;k nwljs 'kCnksa esa ;fn ,d iryh N VuZ okyh oqQ.Myh dks lrg osQ ifjjs•k (contour) osQ lkFk j•k tkrk
gS rks mlesa ,d fo|qr okgd cy çsfjr gksrk gS] tks bl lehdj.k osQ }kjk çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS]
dϕ = − dλ …(4.10)
= −N
dt dt
tgka λ = Nϕ = oaqQMy dk ÝyDl fyaosQtA

½.kkRed fpUg dk vFkZ gS fd çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy osQ dkj.k ls oqQ.Myh esa èkkjk çokfgr gksxh tks
ÝyDl esa gksus okys ifjorZu dk fojksèk djsxhA bl fu;e dks ysUt dk fu;e dgrs gSaA çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy
dh èkzwork HkkSfrd fopkj ls fuèkkZfjr dh tk ldrh gS vkSj blfy, ½.kkRed fpUg dks çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy
lehdj.k ls gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
,d oqQ.Myh osQ ÝyDl fyadst esa cnyko dbZ rjg ls gks ldrk gS
dsl&I% ÝyDl dk eku fLFkj gS vkSj oqQ.Myh blds lkis{k pyrh gSA
dsl&II% oqQ.Myh fLFkj jgrk gS vkSj blds ekè;e ls ÝyDl ifjek.k esa ifjorZuh; gksrk gS (ÝyDl iYlsfVax)A
dsl&III% ÝyDl vkSj oqQ.Myh esa ifjorZu ,d lkFk gksrs gSa ;kuh oqQ.Myh vkSj ÝyDl] nksuksa ,d lkFk
ifjorZuh; gksrs gSA
dsl&I esa] ÝyDl dfVax fu;e ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS] tgka yackbZ (l) osQ ,dy pkyd tks fd osx (v)
osQ lkFk ?kwe jgk gS] vkSj tks ÝyDl ?kuRo (B) osQ ,d fLFkj pqacdh; {ks=k dks dkV jgk gS] esa fo|qr okgd cy
çsfjr gksxkA
e = Blv volts…(4.11)
tgk¡ l ehVj esa gS] V ehVj çfr lsdaM esa vkSj B oscj çfr oxZ ehVj osQ cjkcj gSA çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy]
çsfjr xfr'khy fo|qr okgd cy osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA çsjd fo|qr okgd cy ges'kk fo|qr ÅtkZ :ikarj.k ls
tqM+k gksrk gSA fo|qr okgd cy dh fn'kk Ýysfeax osQ nkfgus gkFk osQ fu;e }kjk fudkyh tkrh gSA
dsl&II esa] ,d fLFkj oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy le; osQ cnyrs pqacdh; {ks=k osQ
dkj.k gksrk gSA dksbZ xfr 'kkfey ugha gS vkSj dksbZ ÅtkZ :ikarj.k ugha gSA çsjd fo|qr okgd cy]
fLFkj çsfjr fo|qr okgd cy osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS ;k ifj.kkfe=k fo|qr okgd cy osQ lehdj.k
ikjLifjd
4.9 }kjk çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA çsj.k rFkk
dsl&III esa] nksuksa fo|qr okgd cy] ;kuh xfr'khy fo|qr okgd cy] vkSj ifj.kkfe=k fo|qr okgd çsj.k
cy] oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr gksrs gSaA
and there is no energy conversion. The emf so induced is known as statically i
and is same as equation no. 4.3.1
In Case-III, both the emf’s i.e. the motional emf and transformer emf are induc
4.3.2 Self and Mutual Inductance fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk | 147
4.3.2 Loçsj.k vkSj ikjLifjd çsjSelf-inductance
.k
Self-inductance measures the voltage induced in a coil by the magnetic field cre
Loçsj.k same coil. Consider a coil having N turns and carrying a current i as shown in F
Lo&çsjdRo ,d gh oaqQMyh esa çokfgr fo|qr èkkjk }kjk fufeZr pqacdh; {ks=k }kjk oaqQMyh
esa çsfjr foHko dks ekirk gSA fp=k 4.11 esa n'kkZ, vuqlkj ,d oaqQMyh ij fopkj djsa
ftlesa N VuZ gS vkSj èkkjk i çokfgr gSA Electric and Magnetic Circuits
oaqQMyh ,d ÝyDl cukrk gS tks oaqQMyh osQ VuZ ls fyad gksrk gSA fiQj iQSjkMs vuqlkj
oaqQMyh esa fo|qr okgd cy çsfjr gksrk gS The coil creates a flux φ linking the turns of the coil. Then the emf induced in the coil a
d ϕ dϕ by di
given di …(4.12)
e=N = N ×
volts =L 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
dt di dt dt 𝑒𝑒 = 𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 volts
dϕ
;gka L = N dks oaqQMyh dk Loçsj.k dgk x;k gS vkSj bldh bdkbZ H (gsujh) = 𝑁𝑁 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
i 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Self Inductance
gSA BH oØ osQ lkFk ,d ykSg pqacdh; inkFkZ osQ fy, tSlk fd fp=k 4.8 esa fn•k;kFig.4.3.1:
= 𝐿𝐿
fp=k𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑4.11% Lo&çsjdRo
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
x;k gS] oØ vjs•h; gS] Lo&çsj.k dk eku] oØwhereij 𝐿𝐿,d
= 𝑁𝑁 ifjpkyu fcanq osQ vklikl
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
o`f¼'khy ifjorZu osQ vuq:i] cnyrk gSA is called the self-inductance of the coil and its unit is H(henrys). For a ferromagnetic materi
shown in Fig.4.2.2, the curve being nonlinear, the self-inductance corresponds to a
jSf•d BH oØ okys pqacdh; inkFkZ] Lo&çscorresponding
jdRo dks bl çdkj O;Dr
to incremental fd;karound
change tk ldrk gS point on the curve.
an operating
dϕ Magnetic
λ materials having linear B-H curve, the self-inductance can be expressed as
=
L = H 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 𝜆𝜆
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑖𝑖 H
i i
Assuming no flux leakage, the above equation can be rewritten by multiplying numerator
ÝyDl fjlko dks ux.; ekurs gq,] mijksDr N,
lehdj.k
as
dks N }kjk va'k (numerator) 𝐿𝐿vkS=j𝑁𝑁 gj
𝜑𝜑 (denominator)2
dks] xq.kk dj osQ fiQj ls fy•k tk ldrk gS] tSSubstituting

lk fd the value of flux φ from equation, the above equation can be rewritten as
𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
N2 ϕ 𝐴𝐴
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑁𝑁 2 µ
L= 𝑙𝑙
Ni 𝑁𝑁 2
= 𝑅𝑅
lehdj.k ls ÝyDl osQ eku dks çfrLFkkfirThedjus ij]self-inductance
unit of mijksDr lehdj.k
is Henry dks blself-inductance
and the çdkj fy•k oftka coil
ldrk gS% only on the ge
depends
of the magnetic
2 material and the number of turns of the coil.
L = N2 µ A = N …(4.13)
l RInductance
Mutual
Lo&çsjdRo dh bdkbZ gsujh gS vkSj oaqQMyhWhen
dk two
Lo&çscoils are wound on a common core or are placed close to each other, a part of
j.k dsoy T;kfefr] pqacdh; inkFkZ dh ikjxE;rk vkSj
one coil also links the other coil as shown in Fig. 4.3.2. There is a magnetic couplin
oaqQMy osQ VuZ dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA neighbouring coils and this leads to the concept of mutual inductance.
ikjLifjd çsj.k
tc nks oqQ.Mfy;k¡ ,d mHk;fu"B dksj ij oaqQMfyr dj nh tkrh gSa ;k
,d&nwljs osQ ikl j• nh tkrh gSa] rks ,d oqQ.Myh }kjk mRiUu ÝyDl dk
,d Hkkx nwljh oqQ.Myh dks Hkh tksM+rk gS tSlk fd fp=k 4.12 esa fn•k;k
x;k gSA nks fudV oaqQMfy;ksa osQ chp ,d pqacdh; ;qXeu gksrk gS vkSj ;g
ikjLifjd (mutual) çsjdRo dh voèkkj.kk dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
oqQ.Myh 1 vkSj 2 osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk ij fopkj djsa]
(ftlesa leku la[;k esa ?kqeko N) Øe'k% i1 vkSj i2 gSaA oqQy mRiUu
ÝyDl èkkjk i1 }kjk rkj 1 esa ϕ1 gSA ÝyDl ϕ1 dk laifdZr oqQ.Myh 2
Fig. 4.3.2: Mutual inductance
esa ,d fgLlk ϕ12 gS] oqQy mRiUu ÝyDl èkkjk i2 }kjk rkj 2 esa ϕ2 gSA
Consider the current flowing through coil fp=k
1and4.12 % ikjLifjd
2 having the sameçsnumber
j.k of turns N is 𝑖𝑖1
The total flux generated by current 𝑖𝑖1 in coil 1 is 𝜑𝜑1 . A part of the flux 𝜑𝜑1 linking coil 2 is
part of the total flux 𝜑𝜑2 generated in coil 2 due to current 𝑖𝑖2 linking coil 1 is 𝜑𝜑21 . Then th
of the coils are given as
ÝyDl ϕ2 dk laifdZr oqQ.Myh 1 dk ,d fgLlk ϕ21 gS rc oqQ.Mfy;ksa osQ ikjLifjd çsj.k dks bl çdkj çLrqr
fd;k tkrk gS]

dϕ12 λ12 …(4.14)
=M12 N= H
dt i1

dϕ21 λ21 …(4.15)
=M21 N= H
dt i2 çsj.k
Lo rFkk
dl dj ;qfXer oaqQMy osQ fy, dksbZ ÝyDl fjlko ugha gksrk gS vkSj blfy, M12 = M21 = ikjLifjd
MA ikjLifjd çsj.k dh bdkbZ Hkh gsujh gSA
xfrfofèk
fn, x, yackbZ vkSj O;kl osQ ,d vuko`r (cs;j) Bksl pkyd ls N VuZ la[;k okys ,d oaqQMfyr oqQ.Myh cuk;k
tkrk gSA LCR ehVj dk mi;ksx dj osQ Lo&çsj.k dks ekisaA VuZ dh la[;k dks 2N rd c<+k,a] fiQj ls Lo&çsj.k
dks ekisaA ekfir izsj.k eku dh rqyuk djsa vkSj fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 4.3.1% ,d yacs NM+ pqacd osQ fljs ij oqQy ÝyDl 500 × 10−6 Wb gSA NM+ pqacd osQ fljs dks
,d 1000 VuZ oqQ.Myh }kjk 1/10 lsd.M esa •hap fy;k tkrk gSA oqQ.Myh osQ VfeZuyksa osQ ikj (lekukUrj) mRiUu
fo|qr okgd cy Kkr dhft,A
gy% iQSjkMs osQ fu;e ls E.M.F. lehdj.k e = Ndϕ ,
dt
dϕ −6
500 × 10
fn;k x;k gS N = 1000 vkSj = = 5000 × 10−6
dt 1/10
e = 1000 × 5000 × 10−6 = 5V
mnkgj.k 4.3.2% 60 mm O;kl dh ,d csyuk dkj yksgs dh uyh (VÔwc) ij 3000 VuZ osQ lkFk 1000 mm
yacs oaqQMfyr osQ ,d yacs ifjukfydk (lksyukWbM) dk çsj.k Kkr dhft,A
gy% fn;k x;k gS N = 3000] l = 1000 = 1 m]
0.0602
ØkWl lsD'kuy ,fj;k = π = 2.83 × 10–3 m2
4
A
Lo&çsj.k =
L N2 µ yksgs dh lkis{k ikjxE;rk 5000 gSA Lo&çsj.k osQ eku dks çfrLFkkfir djus ij
l
2.83 × 10−3
L = 3000 × 3000 × 4π × 10–7 × 5000 × = 160 H
1
4.4 fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFkksa osQ chp lekurk

pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo'ys"k.k çfrjksèkd fo|qr ifjiFk osQ leku gksrk gSA leku ek=kk,¡ rkfydk esa lwph c¼ gSa
rkfydk 4.1% fo|qr vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFkksa osQ chp lekurk
fo|qr ek=kk pqacdh; ek=kk

fo|qr {ks=k dh rhozrk E, V/m pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk H, A-turns/m
foHko V, volt pqacdRo okgd cy (mmf)] A-turn
fo|qr çokg A, Amp pqacdh; cy js•k,a (ÝyDl) f, Wb
fo|qr çokg ?kuRo J] A/m2 pqacdh; cy js•k,a ?kuRo B, Wb/m2
çfrjksèk R] W pqacdh; çfrjksèk R, A-turns/Wb
fdjpkWiQ osQ fctyh osQ ifjiFk osQ fy, fu;e pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ fy, leku :i ls ykxw
gksrk gSA KVL dh O;k[;k ,d es'k osQ pqacdRo okgd cy (mmf) osQ :i esa dh tkrh gS] tks
es'k osQ fofHkUu fgLlksa esa mmf osQ •pZ osQ cjkcj gksrh gSA blh rjg] KCL fu;e dh O;k[;k dh
tkrh gS D;ksafd vkus okys vkSj ckgj tkus okys ÝyDl] pqacdh; rRoksa osQ taD'ku ij cjkcj gksrs gSaA
pqacdh; vkSj
tSlk fd fp=k esa fn•k;k x;k gS] ,d pqacdh; ifjiFk tSlk fd fp=k 4.13(a) esa fn•k;k x;k gS] fo|qr ifjiFk
dk fo'ys"k.k ,d Jà•yk pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ :i esa fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa vuqeku yxk;k tk
ldrk gS fd pqacdh; dksj vkSj ok;q varjky esa ÝyDl ?kuRo leku gSA pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo|qr lekurk fp=k
Electric and Magnetic Circuits 11
4.13(b) esa fn•k;k x;k gS ftlesa nks pqacdh; rRo Jà•yk esa tqM+s gq, gSa ftuesa pqacdh; çfrjksèk Rc vkSj Rag gSA
çR;sd rRo dh yackbZ mldh vkSlr yackbZ ls esy •krh gSA
I f
N Ig Rc
Rag
I F
Ic
(a) (b)
Fig. 4.4.1: (a) Magnetic core with air gap (b) Electric circuit analogy of the magnetic circuit
fp=k 4.13% (a) gok osQ varjky osQ lkFk pqacdh; dksj (b) pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo|qr ifjiFk ls lekurk
The electrical analogy of the magnetic circuit is shown in Fig. 4.4.1(b). The reluctance of the magnetic core with
pqacof
a mean length dh;𝑅𝑅 ifjiFk dk fo|qr lekurk fp=k 4.13 (b) esa fn•k;k x;k gSA vkSlr yackbZ osQ lkFk pqacdh; dksj dh
𝑐𝑐 where
l
𝑅𝑅𝑐𝑐 = pqac𝑐𝑐 dh; çfrjksèk Rc tgka R c = µ µ A
𝑙𝑙 c
µ𝑜𝑜µ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 o r
and the reluctance of the air gap is given by l
vkSj ok;q varjky (,;j xSi) dh pqacdh; çfr"BkaHk (Reluctance) gS R ag = ag
𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 µo µr A
𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
µ𝑜𝑜µ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Neglect fringing in the air gap the total reluctance 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
The flux in the circuit is given as
𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐
𝑜𝑜µ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
reluctance of the air gap is given by
𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 150 | fo|qr ,oa bysDVªkWfudh vfHk;kaf=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar
µ𝑜𝑜µ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ok;q varjky (,;j xSi) esa {k; (fÚaftax) dh mis{kk dj oqQy pqacdh; çfr"BkaHk R = RC + Rag
t fringing in the
ifjiFkairesa gap
ÝyDlthe
gS total
ϕ= ]
F reluctance 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 + 𝑅𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
x in the circuit is given as E
tgka F = N
, where 𝐹𝐹 =,d 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁lekukarij pqacdh; ifjiFk vkSj mlds fo|qr ifjiFk osQ lekurk gS Øe'k% fp=k 4.14(a) pqacdh;
lel magnetic circuit
vkSj (b) esa nh and
xbZ gSAits electrical analogy is given in Fig.4.4.2 (a) and (b) respectively.
ifjiFk
f3 f2
f1
I2 I3
I1
A1 Rg2 Rg1
A1
Rg3
A2
F
(a) (b)
Fig. 4.4.2: (a) Magnetic structure with three limbs (b) Electrical analogy of the magnetic circuit
fp=k 4.14% (a) rhu vaxksa osQ lkFk pqacdh; lajpuk (b) pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo|qr lekurk
ICT
xfrfofèk;ka
Difference between Magnetic and Electric Circuit”; 2021, Circuit Globe ;
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tps://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-magnetic-and-electric-circuit.html
& nks 1.5 oksYV lsy dks Jà•yk esa dusDV djsa vkSj bls ,d LykbMj fLop osQ ekè;e ls oqQ.Myh osQ VfeZuyksa
Magnetic lscircuit”,
dusDV djsJan
aA oqQ24, 2007,
N fiu Britannica;
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tps://www.britannica.com/science/magnetic-circuit
ls cnydj leku dk;Zfofèk;k¡ nksgjk,¡A dsl&I vkSj II osQ fy, lHkh fiuksa ij fo|qr pqEcdh; cy osQ çHkko dk
fujh{k.k djsa vkSj vko';d fu"d"kZ fudkysaA
ies
n electromagnet by wrapping a coil withgy fixedfd;snumber
x, ç'u of turns on a given iron nail. Case-I. Conn
cell in series and connect it across the terminals of the coil through a slider switch. Place some
e coil. Switchmnkgj.k
ON the slider
4.4.1 yksgs dh fjaCase-II.
% ,d switch. x ftldh vkSRepeatlr ifjfèkthe140same
cm gS procedures by {ksreplacing
vkSj ØkWl lsD'kuy =k 12 cm2 rkj the 3 V cel
os Q 500 VuZ os Q lkFk oa q Q Mfyr gS A tc mÙks t d èkkjk 2A gks r h gS ] rks ÝyDl
ry. Observe the effect of the electromagnetic force on the all pins for Case-I and II and make ne 1.2 mWb ik;k tkrk gS A yks g s dh
lkis{k ikjxE;rk fuèkkZfjr djsaA
ions.
F
gy% fn;k x;k φ = ] F = NI = 500 × 2 = 1000 ÝyDl φ = 1.2 × 10−3 Wb.
R
1000 l
pqacdh; çfrjksèk R = 3 R=
−3 = 833.33 × 10 ] ]
1.2 × 10 µo µr A
vkSlr yackbZ l = 1.4 m vkSj A = 12 × 10−4 m2-

mijksDr eku dks çfrLFkkfir djus ij]
1.4
833.33 × 103 =
12 × 10 × µr × 4 π× 10−7
−4
µr = 1114.69
;wfuV lkjka'k
•• ekSfyd fo|qr ek=kk dks vkos'k dgk tkrk gSA

•• cgqr vf/d la[;k esa vkosf'kr d.kksa osQ çokg ls fo|qr /kjk mRiUu gksrh gSA
•• ,dkad vkos'k dks ,d fcUnq ls nwljs fcUnq rd ys tkus esa fd;k x;k dk;Z oksYVrk ;k foHkokUrj dgykrk
gSA
•• 'kfDr dks çfr bdkbZ le; esa fd, x, dk;Z osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA
•• fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; lfdZV rRoksa osQ varlZaca/ dks fo|qr ifjiFk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
•• fo|qr ifjiFk osQ fo'ys"k.k osQ fy, lcls lkekU; ifjiFk 'kCnkoyh 'kk•k] uksM] es'k vkSj ywi gSaA
•• lfdZV fo'ys"k.k osQ nks ewyHkwr fu;e gSa fdjpkWiQ dk djaV vkSj oksYVst dk fu;eA
•• pkyd ls /kjk çokfgr gksus ij] pkyd osQ pkjksa vksj ,d pqacdh; {ks=k curk gSA
•• ÝyDl ?kuRo inkFkZ dh lkis{k ikjxE;rk vkSj pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
•• lkis{k ikjxE;rk fdlh inkFkZ osQ pqacdh; xq.kksa osQ eki dk çfrfuf/Ro djrh gS vkSj bls ykSgpqacdh;]
çfrpqacdh; vkSj vuqpqacdh; lkexzh osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• le; osQ lkFk ifjorZu'khy ÝyDl ,d pkyd ;k dkWby esa ,d EMF dks çsfjr djrk gS vkSj bldk
ifjek.k ÝyDl osQ ifjorZu dh nj vkSj pkyd osQ VuZ dh la[;k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
•• Lo&çsjdRo ,d gh oqQ.Myh esa çokfgr fo|qr /kjk }kjk fufeZr pqacdh; {ks=k }kjk oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr oksYVst
dks ekirk gSA
•• ijLij çokg nks iM+kslh oqaQMfy;ksa osQ chp pqacdh; ;qXeu ij fuHkZj djrk gS vkSj rnuqlkj dldj ;qfXer
;k f'kfFky ;qfXer oqaQMfy;ksa osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA
•• Lo vkSj ikjLifjd çsjdRo dh bdkbZ gsujh gSA
•• pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo'ys"k.k] çfrjks/d ifjiFk osQ leku gh gksrk gS vkSj fdjpkWiQ dk fu;e pqacdh;
ifjiFkksa osQ fy, leku :i ls ykxw gksrk gSA
•• pqacdh; ØksM dh pqacdh; vojks/ ;k çfr"êðaHk vkSlr dksj yackbZ osQ lh/s vkuqikfrd gksrh gS vkSj dksj
osQ ØkWl lsD'kuy {ks=k osQ O;qRØekuqikrh gksrh gSA
vH;kl
A-oLrqfu"B ç'u
Øekad cgqfodYih; Øekad cgqfodYih;
4.1 fuEufyf•r esa ls dkSu fLFkj pqca dh; {ks=k osQ lzkrs gS\a 4.4 fo|qr pqEcdh; çsj.k osQ iQSjkMs fu;e osQ vuqlkj
1. ,d LFkk;h pqacd ,d pkyd esa E.M.F. çsfjr gksrk gS ;fn
2. ,d vkosf'kr fMLd ,d leku xfr ls ?kwerh gS a. pqacdh; {ks=k esa fLFkr gS
3. ,d Rofjr vkos'k b. pqacdh; {ks=k osQ yacor fLFkr gS
4. ,d fo|qr {ks=k tks le; osQ lkFk jSf•d :i c. pqacdh; ÝyDl dks dkVrk gS
ls cnyrk gS d. pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk osQ lekukarj pyrk gS
a. 1, 3 rFkk 4 dsoy
b. 3 rFkk 4 dsoy
c. 1, 2, 3 rFkk 4
d. 1, 2 rFkk 4 dsoy
4.2 vuar js•h; èkkjkokgh pkyd }kjk fodflr pqacdh; 4.5 pqacdh; ifjiFk }kjk nh tkus okyh reluctance
{ks=k gS A/m esa fuHkZj djrh gS
µI I a. pqacdh; lkexzh dh çÑfr
a. H= b. H =
2πR 2πR b. pqacdh; ÝyDl iFk dh yackbZ
µI I c. iFk dk ØkWl lsD'kuy {ks=k
c. H= d. H =
2R r d. Åij osQ lHkh
4.3 fo|qr pqEcdh; çsj.k osQ fu;e (iQSjkMs vkSj ysUt 4.6 pkj buiqV vkSlr ifjiFk osQ fy,]
osQ fu;e) dks fuEufyf•r lehdj.k esa la{ksfir a. Rin = Rf /4
fd;k x;k gS % b. Rin ¾ Rf $ 4
di
a. e = LR b. e = L c. Rin ¾ Rf
dt
c.
dϕ d. bues ls dksbZ Hkh ugha d. Rin ¾ Rf × 4
e= −
dt
B-fo"k;kRed ç'u
1. ,d pqacdh; ifjiFk esa 150 VuZ&oqQ.Myh gSa] vuqçLFk dkV {ks=k vkSj pqacdh; ifjiFk dh yackbZ Øe'k%
5 × 10–4 m2 vkSj 25 × 10–2 m gSA tc èkkjk 2A vkSj oqQy ÝyDl 0.3 × 10–3 Wb gks] rks pqacdh; {ks=k
dh rhozrk vkSj lkis{k ikjxE;rk dk eku Kkr dhft,A
relative permeability1.2×10
of iron.
−3 µ𝑜𝑜µ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝐹𝐹 3 1.4 −3
Solution: Given
Substituting
EXERCISES φ = 𝑅𝑅value,
the above , F = NI
we = 500×
get. 2 =1000
833.33 × 10and= flux 𝜑𝜑 = 1.2 × 10 Wb.
12×10−4 ×µ𝑟𝑟 × 4𝜋𝜋×10−7
1000 𝑙𝑙
A. µSubjective
The Questions
𝑟𝑟 = reluctance
1114.69 R = 1.2×10−3 =833.33× 103 . R= µ𝑜𝑜µ𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 , The mean length l =1.4 mtr and A= 12× 10−4 𝑚𝑚2 .
1. A magnetic circuit has 150 turns-coil, the cross 3sectional area1.4and the length fo|q rof,oathe
pq a cmagnetic
dh; ifjiFk circuit
| 153
is 5×10-4
Substituting the above value, we get. 833.33 × 10 =
m2 EXERCISES
and 25× 10-2 m respectively. Find the value of magnetic 12×10−4 ×µ𝑟𝑟 × 4𝜋𝜋×10−7
field intensity and relative permeability when the
A. 2. fn•k, x, ifjiFk osQ fy, fuèkkZf-3jr djsa fd dkSu ls ?kVd 'kfDr dks vo'kksf"kr dj jgs gSa vkSj dkSu ls
Subjective
µ𝑟𝑟 = 1114.69 Questions
current is 2 A and the total flux is 0.3×10 Wb.
1. A magnetic 'kfDr çnkuhasdj150jgsturns-coil,
circuit gSA the cross sectional area and the length of the magnetic circuit is 5×10-4
2. For the circuit
EXERCISES shown determine which components are absorbing power and which are delivering power
m and 25× 10 m respectively. Find the value of magnetic field intensity and relative permeability when the
2 -2
A. Subjective
current Questions
is 2 A and the total flux is 0.3×10-3 Wb.
1. A magnetic circuit
2. For the circuit shown hasdetermine
150 turns-coil,
which the cross sectional
components area and power
are absorbing the length
and of the magnetic
which circuit
are delivering is 5×10-4
power
m and 25× 10 m respectively. Find the value of magnetic field intensity and relative permeability when the
2 -2
current is 2 A and the total flux is 0.3×10-3 Wb.

2. For the circuit shown determine which components are absorbing power and which are delivering power
3. Apply KVL and KCL to find the voltage V1 and V2 and I1 for the circuit shown.
3- fn•k, x, ifjiFk osQ fy, foHko V1 vkSj V2 vkSj I1 •kstus osQ fy, KVL vkSj KCL ykxw djsaA
4. Consider a 230 V, 100 W incandescent lamp. Determine (i) the lamp resistance (ii) the lamp current (iii), the
4. Consider a 230 V, 100 W incandescent lamp. Determine (i) the lamp resistance (ii) the lamp current (iii), the
energy consumed by the lamp in 8 hrs.
energy consumed by the lamp in 8 hrs.
,d 230 V] 100circuit
5. For the4.electromagnetic W ySaishown
ij Kkr(i)djs a (i) the
Find ySai flux
dk çfrjks èk (ii)inySthe
density ai escore
a çokfgr èkkjk (iii)the
(ii) Sketch ] 8 magnetic
?kaVs esa ySai flux lines
5. For the electromagnetic circuit shown (i) Find the flux density in the core (ii) Sketch the magnetic flux lines
andand
4.indicate
Consider
}kjk
their •ir
a 230
ÅtkZA(iii)incandescent
direction
V, 100 W Indicate thenorth
north and south (i) pole of the magnet. Thethe cross sectional area
theis 0.01
indicate their direction (iii) Indicate thelamp. Determine
and south pole theoflamp resistance
the magnet. The(ii)cross lamp current
sectional area(iii),
is 0.01
m .menergy
2
2. fn•k, by
5.consumed x, the
fo|qlamp
r pqacindh; ifjiFk osQ fy, (i) dksj esa ÝyDl ?kuRo dk irk yxk,a (ii) pqacdh; ÝyDl
8 hrs.
ykbuksa dks Ldsp djs
5. For the electromagnetic a vkSjshown
circuit mudh (i)fn'kk
Findcrk,a
the (iii) pqacd osQinmÙkjh
flux density vkSj (ii)
the core nf{k.kh èkzqo the
Sketch dks magnetic
bafxr djsaAflux
ØkWllines
and indicatelstheir
D'kuydirection
{ks=k 0.01(iii)mIndicate
gSA the north and south pole of the magnet. The cross sectional area is 0.01
2
m.2
6. For the magnetic structure shown (i) draw the electric analogy of the magnetic circuit (ii) determine the total
6. For the magnetic structure shown (i) draw the electric analogy of the magnetic circuit (ii) determine the total
reluctance and (iii) the self-inductance of the coil. Given N=100 turns, µ𝑟𝑟 = 3000µ0 . A1 =A3 =100cm2, A2
reluctance
=25cm2, and l1=l3 (iii)
=30the self-inductance
cm and l2 =10 cm . of the coil. Given N=100 turns, µ𝑟𝑟 = 3000µ0 . A1 =A3 =100cm , A2
2
=25cm 2, l1the
6. For =l3magnetic
=30 cm structure
and l2 =10 cm (i)
shown . draw the electric analogy of the magnetic circuit (ii) determine the total
reluctance and (iii) the self-inductance of the coil. Given N=100 turns, µ𝑟𝑟 = 3000µ0 . A1 =A3 =100cm2, A2
=25cm2, l1=l3 =30 cm and l2 =10 cm .
6. fn•k, x, pqacdh; lajpuk osQ fy, (i) pqacdh; ifjiFk dk fo|qr lekurk cuk,a (ii) oqQy pqacdh;
Electric and Magnetic Circuits 13
çfrjksèk dk fuèkkZj.k djsa vkSj (iii) oqQ.Myh dk Lo&çsjdRoA fn, x, N = 100 VuZ] µr = 3000µ0
A1 = A3 = 100 cm2, A2 = 25 cm2, l1 = l3 = 30 cm vkSj l2 = 10 cm.
7. Explain with neat diagram statically induced and dynamically induced emf with one application each
lkaf[;dh;circuits
7. magnetic
8. Compare :i ls and çsfjrelectric
vkSj xfr'khy
circuits:i ls çsfjr E.M.F. dks ,d mi;ksx osQ lkFk LoPN vkjs• osQ
lkFk le>k,a A
9. Derive an expression for self-inductance of the coil
8. pqacdh; ifjiFk vkSj fo|qr ifjiFk dh rqyuk djsaA
9. oqQuestions
B. Objective Q.Myh osQ Lo&çsjdRo osQ fy, O;atd O;qRiUu dhft,A
Instruction: Please select the most appropriate answer.
Sr. No. MCQs Sr. No. MCQs
4.1 Which of the following are sources of 4.4 According to Faradays law of
steady magnetic field?
çk;ksfxd electromagnetic induction an emf is
1.A permanent magnet induced in a conductor if
2. A charged disc rotating
I. P1-ES110: pqcadh; iznkFkZ dh ikjxE;rk at uniform speed a. Lies in a magnetic field
3.An acceleration charge b. Lies perpendicular to the
4. An electric field which linearly changes magnetic field
P1.1 çk;ksfxd dFku
with time c. Cuts the magnetic flux
pqacdh; inkFkZa. dh1,ikjxE;rk
3 and 4 dk onlyfu/kZj.k blds B-H oØ dks vkysf•r djds d. djsaA Moves parallel to the
b. 3 and 4 only direction of the magnetic field
P1.2 çk;ks f xd egRo
c. 1, 2, 3 and 4
d. 1,,d
pqacdh; ikjxE;rk] 2 and eku4 gSonly tks O;Dr djrk gS fd pqacdh; inkFkZ] ,d pqacdh; {ks=k ij] dSls çfrfØ;k djrk
4.2
gSA ;fn fdlh pqacdh; inkFkZ osQ /zqo fdlhbyvuq
The magnetic field developed ançinfinite
;qDr pqacdh; {ks4.5 =k dh vksReluctance
j vklkuh lsoffered
mUeq• by a magnetic
gks tkrs circuit
gSa] rks ml
linear current carrying conductor in A/m is depends on
pqacdh; inkFkZ dks mPp ikjxE;rk okyk ekuk tkrk gSA ikjxE;rk osQ vk/kj ij] ,d pqacdh; inkFkZ dks vuqpqacdh;]
çfrpqacdh; ;ka. ykS𝐻𝐻g pq
=acdh;
µ𝐼𝐼
inkFkZ osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk gSA a. Nature of magnetic material
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
𝐼𝐼 b. Length of magnetic flux path
b. 𝐻𝐻 = c. Cross sectional area of the path
P1.3 çklafxd fl¼kar 2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
µ𝐼𝐼
c. 𝐻𝐻 = 2𝑟𝑟 d. All the above
fl¼kar osQ fy,] bl iqLrd osQ fo"k; 4.2 ij ^pqacdh; ifjiFk osQ ekiunaMksa* dks ns•saA
𝐼𝐼
d. 𝐻𝐻 = 𝑟𝑟
P1.4 izSfDVdy vkmVdEl (PrO)
4.3 The law of electromagnetic induction 4.6 For four 4 inputs averaging circuit,
PrO1 ekiu midj.kks a dh mfpr Js .
(Faraday and Lenz’s law) are summarized inkh dk p;u djs a A a) Rin = Rf /4
PrO2 ifjiFk vkSj ekiuequation:
the following midj.kksa dks Bhd ls la;ksftr djsaA b) Rin = Rf + 4
PrO3 fdlh a.fn, 𝑒𝑒x, pq
= 𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 a c dh; inkFkZ dh ikjxE;rk fu/kZ f jr djs a A c) Rin = Rf
b. 𝑒𝑒 = 𝐿𝐿
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 d) Rin = Rf X4
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
c. 𝑒𝑒 = −
fp=k P1.1: pqacdh; inkFkZ dh ikjxE;rk fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, ifjiFk vkjs•
P1.6 vko';d lalk/u

lq>k, x, lalk/uksa dh okLrfod lalk/uksa dh vko';drk fVIi.kh
ek=kk@
la[;k
1. ,dy dyk AC vkiwfrZ 230V, 50Hz 1
2. dusfDVax ok;j] eYVh LVªSaM] Cu rkj] 1.5 LS
mm2
3. ,dy /zqo fLop] 5A 2
4. ,dy dyk Lo&ifj.kkfe=k, 1 KVA, 1
230V / 270V
5. ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k]1 KVA, 230V/115V 1
6. oksYVehVj] 0–300V AC 1
7. ,ehVj 0-1A, AC/fMftVy ,ehVj 1
P1.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. ekiu midj.kksa osQ mi;qDr çdkj vkSj Js.kh dk p;u djsaA
2. ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj ,ehVj vkSj oksYVehVj dks la;ksftr djsaA
3. ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk la;kstu dh tkap djsa vkSj lqfuf'pr djsa fd Lo&ifj.kkfe=k dks fctyh
dh vkiwfrZ osQ fy, fLop S1 pkyw djus ls igys rkj la;kstu VkbV gSaA
4. ç;ksx djus osQ ckn fctyh dh vkiwfrZ can dj nsaA
P1.8 iz;ksx fof/
2. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k vkSj ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk mfpr la;kstu lqfuf'pr djsaA
3. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k ?kweus okyk (jksVjh) ukWc dks 'kwU; foHko dh fLFkfr esa j•saA
4. ,dy èkzqo oqaQth S1 dks pkyw djsaA
5. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ ?kweus okyk ukWc dks /hjs&/hjs ?kqekrs gq, jsVsM foHko rd 10-15 oksYV osQ pj.kksa esa
vkiwfrZ foHko dks ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k rd c<+k,aA
6. nks okbafMax ifj.kkfe=k osQ çkFkfed (V1), /kjk (l1) vkSj f}rh;d foHko (V2) dks voyksdu rkfydk esa
vfHkys• (fjdkWMZ) djsaA
7. B-H oØ dks vkysf•r djsa vkSj B-H oØ osQ jSf•d Hkkx ij ,d Li'kZ js•k •haps tSlk fd fp=k P1.2
esa fn•k;k x;k gSA

Øekad izkFkfed /kjk (I1) f}rh;d foHko (V2)
1.
x.kuk
1- ekik x;k f}rh;d oksYVst pqacdh; ÝyDl ?kuRo B osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gS vkSj çkFkfed /kjk pqacdh;
{ks=k dh rhozrk H osQ lekuqikrh gksrh gSA
2. xzkiQ isij osQ x&v{k ij /kjk eku vkSj xzkiQ isij osQ y&v{k ij foHko eku vafdr djsaA
fp=k P1.2: B-H oØ

3. pqacdh; ikjxE;rk m = DB
DH
P1.10 ifj.kke
fn, x, ifj.kkfe=k osQ fy, ç;qDr pqacdh; inkFkZ dh ikjxE;rk gS.................
P1.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

è;ku nsa%
lanHkZ osQ fy, uhps oqQN uewuk ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfC/ lqfuf'pr djus
osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vf/d ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1.uje vkSj dBksj pqacdh; inkFkZ osQ chp varj crk,aA
2.,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ fy, eq[; lajpuk osQ :i esa ykSg pqacdh; inkFkZ dh vko';drk dh lwph cuk,aA
3.fVIi.kh djsa fd ifj.kkfe=k dk vkdkj vkiwfrZ vko`fÙk ij dSls fuHkZj djrk gSA
B-H oozQ
vfèkd tkfu,
lw{e ifj;kstuk
Nk=k 5-6 Nk=kksa osQ lewg esa ,d ;k nks lw{e ifj;kstuk (vksa) @ xfrfofèk (vksa) dks 'kq: djsxk vkSj ladk; osQ
ekxZn'kZu esa vkSj bls O;fDrxr Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk lewg osQ :i esa Hkh çLrqr djrs gSaA ,d uequk lwph uhps nh xbZ gS%
1. èkkjk izokfgr gksus okys pkyd esa èkkjk osQ xqtjus dk irk yxkus osQ fy, ,d ljy tkap fodflr djsaA
2. mu ekinaMksa dks fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, ,d ifjiFk fodflr djsa ftu ij ikjLifjd izsj.k fuHkZj djrk
gSA
ohfM;ks lalkèku
fo|qr vkSj csfld

pqacdh; bysfDVªd
ifjiFk ifjiFk
1. Seksena, S. B. Lal; Dasgupta, Kaustuv, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Cambridge

University Press, 2017.
2. Kothari, D P; Nagrath, I. J., Basic Electrical Engineering, New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Limited, 2002.
3. Wadhwa, C.L. , Basic Electrical Engineering, New-Age International Pvt Ltd Publishers, 2007.
4. Theraja, B. L., Electrical Technology, Vol. I, New Delhi: S. Chand and Company, 2015.
çR;korhZ /kjk ifjiFk | 159
5 çR;korhZ èkkjk ifjiFk
;wfuV fof'k"V
 pØ] vko`fÙk] vkofèkd le;] vk;ke] dks.kh; osx] RMS eku] vkSlr eku] iQkWeZ iQSDVj ihd iQSDVj] çfrckèkk]
dyk dks.k] vkSj ikoj iQSDVj tSlh çR;korhZ ek=kk ls lacafèkr ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCn
 çR;korhZ EMF vkSj èkkjk dk xf.krh; vkSj dyk vkjs•
 LVkj vkSj MsYVk dusD'ku esa oksYVst vkSj èkkjk esa lacaèk
 çfrjksèkdksa] çsjdksa vkSj laèkkfj=kksa esa çR;korhZ èkkjk
 R-L Js.kh] R-C Js.kh] R-L-C Js.kh vkSj lekukarj lfdZV esa çR;korhZ èkkjk
 A.C. lfdZV vkSj 'kfDr f=kHkqt esa 'kfDrA
vkxs ftKklk iSnk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;k lekèkku {kerk esa lqèkkj osQ fy, fo"k;ksa osQ O;kogkfjd vuqç;ksxksa
ij ppkZ dh xbZ gSA ;g è;ku j•uk egRoiw.kZ gS fd #fp osQ fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vfèkd tkudkjh çkIr djus osQ
fy, ohfM;ks vkSj osclkbVksa osQ QR dksM osQ :i esa fyad çnku fd, x, gSaA vH;kl osQ fy, cgqfodYih; ç'uksa
osQ lkFk&lkFk fo"k;kRed ç'u vkSj dbZ la[;kRed loky çnku fd, x, gSA lacafèkr ç;ksx] mlds ckn lw{e
ifj;kstukvksa vkSj xfrfofèk;ksa osQ lkFk&lkFk ICT osQ lkFk iwjd lwpuk ohfM;ks lalkèkuksa okys ^vfèkd tkusa* •aM
fn, x, gSaA ;wfuV esa lanHkks± vkSj lq>k, x, ikBksa dh ,d lwph nh xbZ gS rkfd vkxs vH;kl vkSj lh•us esa o`f¼
osQ fy, muds ekè;e ls tk ldrs gSaA
Hkwfedk
vkt osQ ÅtkZ mRiknu] forj.k vkSj •ir esa çR;korhZ èkkjk (laf{kIr :i esa A.C.@AC)] egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk
gSA DC ifjiFk dh rjg] AC ifjiFk esa Hkh ÅtkZ dk lzksr vkSj Hkkj gksrk gS ftlesa 'kfDr dk :ikarj.k gksrk gSA
AC ifjiFk esa èkkjk vkSj foHko osQ ifjek.k dk eku vkSj fn'kk fLFkj ugha gksrh gS] ;g le; osQ fu;fer varjky
ij cnyrh jgrh gSA AC dk mi;ksx ?kjsyw vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqç;ksxksa tSls Vsyhfotu lsV] daI;wVj] ekbØksoso vksou]
ia•s] m|ksx esa mi;ksx dh tkus okyh cM+h eksVjksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa AC osQ ewy fl¼karksa vkSj
cqfu;knh ifjiFkksa dk o.kZu fd;k tk,xkA
iwoZ visf{kr Kku
1. vuqç;qDr HkkSfrd 'kkL=k&1% dk;Z] 'kfDr vkSj ÅtkZ (lsesLVj&I)
2. xf.kr&I% fVªxuksesVªh] chtxf.kr (lsesLVj&I)
;wfuV vkmVdEl
U5–01: AC flXuy ls lacafèkr fofHkUu cqfu;knh 'kCnksa dk o.kZu djus esaA
U5–02: çR;korhZ fo|qr okgd cy (fo-ok-c- ;k bZ-,e-,iQ-) vkSj èkkjk dks xf.krh; vkSj lfn'k osDVj 'kCnksa
esa fu:i.k djus esaA
U5–03: ,dy dyk AC osQ vèkhu gksus ij R-L Js.kh] R-C Js.kh] R-L-C Js.kh vkSj lekukarj ifjiFk dk
fo'ys"k.k djus esaA
U5–04: LVkj@MsYVk :ikarj.k dk mi;ksx djds 3 dyk (iQst) AC ç.kkyh esa foHko vkSj èkkjk lacaèk fuèkkZfjr
djus esaA
U5–05: AC ifjiFk iSjkehVj fuèkkZfjr djus osQ fy, 'kfDr f=kdks.k dk ç;ksx djus esaA

vkmVdEl
U5-01 1 - - - 3 3
U5-02 1 - - - 3 3
U5-03 1 - - - 3 1
U5-04 2 - - - 3 1
U5-05 1 - - - 3 1
tkWtZ osfLVaxgkml (1846-1914)

vkS|ksfxd Økafr 2.0 osQ nkSjku lcls foiqy vkfo"dkjdksa esa ls ,d Fkk vkSj bls izR;korhZ
èkkjk rduhd dks c<+kok nsus osQ fy, tkuk tkrk gS] ftlus nqfu;k osQ jks'kuh vkSj fctyh
m|ksxksa esa Økafr yk nh] vkSj ,d ok;q Hkatu ç.kkyh (,;j czsd ç.kkyh) dk vkfo"dkj
fd;k ftlus jsyekxZ dks lqjf{kr cuk fn;kA dsaæh; lsuk vkSj ukSlsuk esa lsok nsus osQ ckn]
mUgksaus dbZ midj.kksa dk isVsaV djk;k] fo'ks"k :i ls jsyekxZ osQ fy,A og varr% çR;korhZ
èkkjk fctyh mRiknu esa lqèkkj osQ fy, osfLVaxgkml bysfDVªd ,aM eSU;qiQSDpfjax daiuh
'kq: djsxkA
5.1 çR;korhZ èkkjk osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar
5.1.1 çLrkouk
;|fi çR;korhZ ek=kk dk cgqr O;kid vFkZ gksrk gS] vkerkSj ij bldk eryc] ,d lkbukslkWbMy ek=kk ls gksrk gSA
vkerkSj ij] çR;korhZ èkkjk (AC èkkjk osQ :i esa lanfHkZr) ;k çR;korhZ foHko (AC foHko osQ :i esa lanfHkZr)
,d lkbukslkWbMy ifjorZuh; èkkjk ;k foHko gSA yxHkx lHkh fo|qr vkiwfrZ ç.kkyh esa lkbukslkWbMy AC èkkjk
'kkfey gksrk gS] tks lkbukslkWbMy AC foHko ls çkIr gksrk gSA AC foHko mRiUu djus osQ fy, ,d tujsVj dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA gekjs ?kj] dkj•kuksa vkSj dk;kZy;ksa osQ fy, mi;ksfxrk daifu;ksa }kjk mRiUu foHko AC
foHko gSA
5.1.2 çR;korhZ ek=kk

tSlk fd ;wfuV 1 osQ vuqHkkx 1.3 esa ppkZ dh xbZ gS] ,d çR;korhZ ek=kk ifjek.k esa yxkrkj cnyrh jgrh gS vkSj
le; osQ fu;fer varjky ij fn'kk esa ifjofrZr gksrh gSA ,d çR;korhZ foHko ;k èkkjk ges'kk ,d vfopfyr (LewFk)
rjax dk :i ugha ys ldrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 5.2 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] fiQj Hkh T;k (lkbu) oso vkn'kZ :i gS vkSj
LohÑr ekud gSA ekud T;k rjax ls fopfyr rjaxsa foÑr rjaxsa dgykrh gSaA lkekU; rkSj ij] ,d çR;korhZ èkkjk
;k foHko og gS] ftldh fn'kk fu;fer :i ls vkorhZ varjky ij myV tkrh gSA
çR;korhZ foHko vkSj èkkjk

tc fdlh oqQ.Myh dks pqEcdh; {ks=k esa ?kqek;k tkrk gS rks ml oqQ.Myh esa çR;korhZ fo|qr okgd cy çsfjr gksrk
gSA fo-ok-c- dk eku çsfjr oqaQMy esa VuZ dh la[;k] pqacdh; {ks=k dh rkdr vkSj pqacdh; {ks=k esa oqaQMy dks ?kqekus
dh xfr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fp=k 5.1 esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj 'ω' jsfM;u çfr lsdaM osQ fujarj dks.kh; osx osQ lkFk]
,d leku pqacdh; {ks=k esa ?kweus okys pkyd ij fopkj djsaA bldh ifjØe.k dh èkqjh] pqacdh; js•kvksa osQ cy
osQ yacor gSA pkyd dh fofHkUu fLFkfr tSls a] b] c vkSj d osQ vuqlkj] fo|qr okgd cy dk lacafèkr eku]
fp=k 5.2 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5.1% ,d pqacdh; {ks=k esa ?kwers gq, ,d fp=k 5.2% lkbukslkWbMy
oqQ.Myh esa mRiUu fo-ok-c- rjax
fcanq a vkSj fcanq c ij] pkyd pqacdh; {ks=k osQ lekukarj pyrk gSA blfy,] çsfjr fo-ok-c- 'kwU; gSA tcfd
fcanq b vkSj d ij] pkyd pqacdh; {ks=k osQ yacor fn'kk esa pyrk gSA blfy,] çsfjr fo-ok-c- vfèkdre gSA ,d
pkyd osQ ,d iw.kZ ifjØe.k esa] fo-ok-c- dk ,d iwjk pØ ik;k tkrk gSA tSlk gS fd fo-ok-c- dh fn'kk] fcanq a
vkSj c ij esa myVh gS rks ,slk fo-ok-c-] çR;korhZ fo-ok-c- ;k çR;korhZ foHko osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA tc çsfjr
çR;korhZ fo-ok-c- cká ifjiFk ls tqM+k gksrk gS] rks çR;korhZ èkkjk çokfgr gksus yxrh gSA bl çR;korhZ èkkjk dh rjax
,d çR;korhZ foHko osQ rjax osQ leku gksrh gSA lkFk gh] fo-ok-c-] lkbu osQ iQaD'ku osQ :i esa ifjofrZr gksrk gSA
vuqjsf•r oØ] lkbu oØ gksrk gS vkSj blfy,] bls lkbukslkWbMy fo-ok-c- osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
5.1.3 ,d çR;korhZ ek=kk ls lacafèkr egRoiw.kZ 'kCn

,d çR;korhZ ek=kk ls lacafèkr oqQN egRoiw.kZ 'kCn] ftUgsa le>k tkuk pkfg,] os gSa pØ] vko`fÙk] vkofèkd le;]
vk;ke] dks.kh; osx] vkj,e,l (R.M.S) eku] vkSlr eku] iQkeZ iQSDVj] f'k•j ;k Jàx iQSDVj] çfrckèkk] dyk
dks.k vkSj 'kfDr dkjd ;k xq.kkad (ikoj iQSDVj)] mudk la{ksi esa o.kZu fd;k x;k gS%
1- pØ
çR;korhZ ek=kk osQ èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed ekuksa osQ ,d iw.kZ leqPp; dks pØ (lkbfdy) dgrs gSaA vr%] fp=k
5.3 dk çR;sd vkjs•] ,d iw.kZ pØ dks çnf'kZr djrk gSA ,d pØ dks dHkh&dHkh dks.kh; eki osQ lanHkZ esa Hkh
fufnZ"V fd;k tk ldrk gSA ml fLFkfr esa] ,d iw.kZ pØ dks 360° ;k 2π jsfM;u esa iQSyk gqvk dgk tkrk gSA
2- vko`fÙk (f)
;g ,d lsdaM esa gksus okys pØksa dh la[;k gSA vko`fÙk osQ fy, bdkbZ gV~tZ ;k pØ@lsdaM gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
50 gV~tZ] ,d lsdaM esa 50 pØ gSaA
3- vkorZ dky ;k le; vofèk (T)

;g ,d çR;korhZ ek=kk dk ,d pØ iwjk djus osQ fy, lsdaM esa fy;k x;k le; gSA bls T }kjk fu:fir fd;k
tkrk gSA vko`fÙk vkSj le; vofèk osQ chp lacaèk fuEukuqlkj çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
f pØ iwjk djus esa yxk le; = 1 lsdaM
1 pØ iwjk djus esa yxk le; = 1/f lsdaM
∴ T = 1/f ...(5.1)
4- vk;ke
;g ,d izR;korhZ ek=kk }kjk çkIr vfèkdre eku] èkukRed ;k ½.kkRed gSA bls vfèkdre ;k f'k•j eku Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA
5- vkSlr eku
,d pØ esa fdlh çR;korhZ ek=kk osQ lHkh ekuksa dk vadxf.krh; vkSlr] mldk vkSlr eku dgykrk gSA ,d pØ
esa ,d çR;korhZ ek=kk dk vkSlr eku 'kwU; gksrk gSA blfy,] bls vkèks pØ esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA bls] fn"V
;k fLFkj (steady) èkkjk osQ ml eku osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] tks ml fo|qr vkos'k dks LFkkukarfjr djrk
gS ftls fd çR;korhZ èkkjk }kjk LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
lkbukslkWbMy èkkjk dk vkSlr eku]
i = Im sin ωt … (5.2)
1 π
π ∫o
=
I av id(ωt )

1 π
im sin ωt d ( ωt )
π ∫o
=
I av

2Im
=
I av = 0.637 I m …(5.3)
π
∴ lkbukslkWbMy çR;korhZ ek=kk] vkSlr eku = 0.637 × vfèkdre ekuA
6- oxZ&ekè;&ewy eku
,d çR;korhZ èkkjk dk oxZ&ekè;&ewy eku (:V ehu LDok;j oSY;w)] fn"V èkkjk dk og eku gS] tks fdlh fn,
x, le; osQ fy, fn, x, ifjiFk esa çokfgr gksus ij mruh gh ek=kk esa] Å"ek mRiUu djrk gS ftruh fd mlh
ifjiFk ls çokfgr gksus okyh çR;korhZ èkkjk }kjk] mrus gh le; esa] mRiUu gksrh gSA bls çHkkoh eku ;k oLrkfod
eku ;k r.m.s. eku osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,ehVj }kjk ekih xbZ çR;korhZ èkkjk dk eku] èkkjk dk r.m.s. eku
gksrk gSA lkbukslkWbMy çR;korhZ èkkjk osQ fy,_
i = Im sin ωt
2π
1
= ∫ i d ( ωt )
2
I rms
2π 0
π
1 2
=
I rms ∫ im sin2 ωt d ( ωt )
π0

Im
I rms
= = 0.707 I m …(5.4)
2
∴ R.M.S. lkbukslkWbMy rjax dk eku = 0.707 × vfèkdre ekuA
7- :i xq.kkad
èkkjk osQ R.M.S. eku rFkk vkSlr eku dk vuqikr] èkkjk dk :i xq.kkad dgykrk gSA
:i xq.kkad (iQkWeZ iQSDVj) = R.M.S. eku @ vkSlr eku …(5.5)
= 0.707 Im /0.637 Im =1.11
bl çdkj] lkbukslkWbMy rjax osQ fy,] :i xq.kkad dk eku 1.11 gksrk gSA
8- f'k•j xq.kkad
vfèkdre eku rFkk R.M.S. eku osQ vuqikr dks f'k•j xq.kkad (ihd iQSDVj) dgk tkrk gSA
vfèkdre eku
f'k[kj xq.kkad = …(5.6)
R.M.S. eku
lkbukslkWbMy rjax osQ fy,] f'k•j xq.kkad dk eku 1.414 gksrk gSA
9- dks.kh; osx
,d lsdaM esa r; (doj) fd, x, jsfM;u dh la[;k (;k dks.kh; foLFkkiku) dks dks.kh; vko`fÙk (osx) osQ :i
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS (;kuh ?kw.kZu oqQ.Myh }kjk ,d lsdaM esa iwjk fd;k x;k dks.kh; foLFkkiku)A dks.kh;
vko`fÙk dh bdkbZ jsfM;u@ lsdaM (rad/sec) gksrh gSA
2π
ω= = 2πf …(5.7)
T
10- rkRdkfyd eku
;g fdlh Hkh {k.k ds] ek=kk dk eku gksrk gSA
çR;korhZ foHko vkSj èkkjk

2π
=v =
Vm sin θ Vm sin=
ωt Vm sin =
2πft Vm sin t ...(5.8)
T
tgka Vm ¾ foHko dk vfèkdre eku]

f = vko`fÙk (gV~tZ)] vkSj t = le; (lsdaM)
lehdj.k 5.8 }kjk O;Dr lacaèk ls]
1. fdlh çR;korhZ foHko dk vfèkdre eku ;k f'k•j eku ;k vk;ke] le; dks.k dh T;k osQ xq.kkad }kjk
fn;k tkrk gSA
2. vko`fÙk f] le; xq.kkad dks] 2π ls foHkkftr djus ij çkIr gksrk gSA
fp=k 5.3% çR;korhZ oksYVst vkSj èkkjk

mnkgj.k osQ fy,] ;fn ,d çR;korhZ foHko dk lehdj.k] fuEukkuqlj }kjk fn;k tkrk gS]
v = 20 sin 314 t
rks bldk vfèkdre eku 20 V gS vkSj bldh vko`fÙk f = 314/2π = 50 Hz gSA
;fn fo|qr èkkjk] mijksDr foHko osQ lkFk dyk esa gS vkSj Im èkkjk dk vfèkdre eku gS] rks çR;korhZ èkkjk osQ
rkRdkfyd eku osQ fy, lehdj.k gksrk gS
2π
=i Im sin2=
πft Im sin=
ωt Im sin t ...(5.9)
T
AC ç.kkyh vkSj DC ç.kkyh dh rqyuk
fp=k 5.4 esa ,d DC rjax dks vkys•h; :i ls fn•k;k x;k gSA DC ç.kkyh ij AC ç.kkyh osQ oqQN egRoiw.kZ
ykHk bl çdkj gSa%
1. ifj.kkfe=k dk mi;ksx djds AC foHko dks
oqQ'kyrk ls c<+k;k@?kVk;k tk ldrk gSA +volts
+
t
2. DC eksVj dh rqyuk esa] AC eksVj fuekZ.k esa –
DC Source
lLrh vkSj ljy gSaA –volts
3. AC ç.kkyh osQ fy, fLopfx;j DC ç.kkyh dh
rqyuk esa ljy gSA
4. de nwjh rd osQ fy,] fctyh dk tujs'ku vkSj fp=k 5.4% DC oksYVst
lapj.k vklku vkSj lLrk gksrk gSA
,dy dyk vkSj rhu dyk AC

AC] ,dy&dyk ;k rhu&dyk gks ldrh gSA ,dy&dyk AC (fp=k 5.3) dk mi;ksx ?kj esa fctyh dh NksVh
ekaxksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA fp=k 5.5 esa fn•k, x, rhu&dyk AC dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS] tgka okf.kfT;d
vkSj vkS|ksfxd lqfoèkkvksa esa Hkkjh Hkkj ;kuh cM+h ek=kk esa fctyh dh vko';drk gksrh gSA rhu&dyk] rhu
ijLij&O;kid AC pØksa dh ,d lrr Js.kh gSA çR;sd ygj (oso) ,d dyk dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gS] vkSj ,d
nwljs ls 120 fMxzh dk varj cuk osQ j•rh gSA
fp=k 5.5% rhu&iQst T;k rjax
5.1.4 dyk] dyk varj vkSj 'kfDr xq.kkad

,d pØ osQ nkSjku] çR;korhZ èkkjk ;k foHko fofHkUu eku ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA 'kwU; ls 'kq: gksdj] ;g vfèkdre
rd c<+ tkrk gS vkSj fiQj èkhjs&èkhjs 'kwU; gks tkrk gSA fiQj myVh fn'kk esa c<+rk gS] vfèkdre gks tkrk gS vkSj
var esa fiQj ls 'kwU; ij vk tkrk gSA lHkh çR;korhZ ek=kk,¡] bu fofHkUu pj.kksa ls xqtjrh gSaA bu fofHkUu pj.kksa dks
fo|qr vfHk;kaf=kdh esa fofHkUu dyk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA ,d çR;korhZ ek=kk osQ dyk ls rkRi;Z] çR;korhZ ek=kk
dh le;kofèk ds] ml va'k ls gS] tks fd fiNyh ckj lanHkZ dh 'kwU; fLFkfr ls xqtjus osQ ckn] lekIr gksrh gSA
nks çR;korhZ rjaxsa dyk esa dgykrh gSa tc os ,d gh le; esa vius vfèkdre vkSj 'kwU; eku rd igq¡p tkrh gSaA
muds vfèkdre eku] ifjek.k esa fHkUu gks ldrs gSaA fdlh fo'ks"k le; ij okLrfod dyk mruk egRoiw.kZ ugha
gSA gkykafd] dks.k ;k le; dk varj egRoiw.kZ gSA vyx&vyx ek=kk,¡] nks vyx&vyx foHko ;k nks vyx&vyx
èkkjk,¡ ;k ,d foHko vkSj ,d èkkjk gks ldrh gSaA nks çR;korhZ ek=kkvksa osQ chp vkisf{kd varj dks ^dyk varj*
dgk tkrk gS vkSj] ^dyk dks.k* osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA
Im dk dyk gS] π@2 rad ;k T@4 lsdaM
–Im dk dyk gS] 3π@2 rad or 3T@4 lsdaM

fp=k 5.6% iQst dks.k osQ lkFk T;k rjax fp=k 5.7% ?kwf.kZr oqaQMyh dk iQst
mnkgj.k osQ fy,] fcanq A ij èkkjk dk dyk T@4 lsdaM gS] tgka T le; vofèk gS ;k ;g dks.k] π@2
jsfM;u gS osQ :i esa O;Dr fd;k x;k gS (fp=k 5.6)A blh rjg] ?kw.kZu oqaQMy dk dyk] rRdky esa fp=k 5.7 esa
θ fn•k;k x;k gS] tks fd ωt osQ cjkcj gS] blfy, bls] bldk dyk dks.k dgk tkrk gSA
dyk varj
rhu leku] ,dy&VuZ oqQ.Myh ij fopkj djsa tks ,d nwljs ls dks.kksa ls foLFkkfir gksrs gSa vkSj ,d leku pqacdh;
{ks=k esa ?kwers gSa ftlesa leku dks.kh; osx gksrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 5.8(a) esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5-8% dyk varj

bl ekeys esa] çsfjr fo-ok-c- dk eku] rhu oqaQMfy;ksa esa leku gSa] ysfdu ,d egRoiw.kZ varj gSA bu oqaQMfy;ksa
esa fo-ok-c-] vius vfèkdre ;k 'kwU; eku rd] ,d lkFk ugha ysfdu ,d osQ ckn ,d igqaprs gSaA rhu lkbukslkWbMy
rjaxksa dks fp=k 5.8(b) esa fn•k;k x;k gSA ;g ns•k x;k gS fd oØ B vkSj C] oØ A ls dks.k b vkSj (α + β) ls
Øe'k% foLFkkfir gSaA blfy,] bldk eryc gS fd A vkSj B osQ chp dyk varj α gS vkSj B vkSj C osQ chp
β gS ysfdu A vkSj C osQ chp (α + β) gSA gkykafd] c;ku ;g ladsr ugha nsrk gS fd dkSu lk fo-ok-c-] vius
vfèkdre eku rd igys igq¡prk gSA bl deh dh iwfrZ î'pxkeh (ySx)* ;k ^vxzxkeh (yhM)* 'kCnksa dk ç;ksx
djds dh tkrh gSA ,d èkukRed (+) fpÉ tc dyk varj osQ lacaèk esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rks ^yhM* dks
n'kkZrk gS tcfd ,d ½.kkRed (&) fpÉ 'ySx' dks n'kkZrk gSA ,d yhfMax çR;korhZ ek=kk og gS tks vU; ek=kk
dh rqyuk esa vius vfèkdre (;k 'kwU;) eku rd igys igqap tkrh gSA blh rjg] ,d ySfxax çR;korhZ ek=kk og
gksrh gS tks vU; ek=kk dh rqyuk esa ckn esa vius vfèkdre ;k 'kwU; eku rd igq¡p tkrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,]
fp=k 5.8(b) esa] B dks.k β ls C ls ihNs gS vkSj A] C ls (α + β) ls ihNs gS D;ksafd os ckn esa vius vfèkdre
ewY;ksa rd igq¡prs gSaA
rkRdkfyd çsfjr fo-ok-c- osQ fy, rhu lehdj.k gSa (lehdj.k 5.10 a, b vkSj c)
eA = Em sin ωt ---lanHkZ ek=kk
eB = Em sin (ωt − β)
eC = Em sin [ωt−(α + β)] ---(leh- 5.10) AC ifjiFk
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 5.1.1% ,d çR;korhZ èkkjk i }kjk nh xbZ gS] i = 141.4 sin 314t
•kstsa (i) vfèkdre eku (ii) vko`fÙk (iii) le; vofèk (iv) rkRdkfyd eku] tc t = 5 msA
gy% fn;k gS] i = 141.4 sin 314t
i = Im sin ωt
(i) vfèkdre eku Im = 141.4 A
(ii) ω = 314 rad/sec
f = ω/2π = 50 Hz
(iii) T = 1/f = 0.02 sec
(iv) I = 141.4 sin(314 × 0.005) = 3.87 A
5.1.5 dyk vkjs•

dyk ,d lfn'k (osDVj) gS ftldk mi;ksx lkbukslkWbMy iQaD'ku dks çLrqr djus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA ;g
ewy ls dks.kh; osx ω ls] ?kM+h&fojksèkh fn'kk osQ lkFk ?kwerk gSA fo|qr ek=kk tSls èkkjk vkSj foHko dks dyk vkjs•
(isQtj) osQ ekè;e ls n'kkZ;k tkrk gS] ftldh yackbZ ifjek.k dks çLrqr djrh gS vkSj rhj] fn'kk dks çLrqr djrk
gSA dykvksa (iQstjksa) dk ÅèokZèkj ?kVd mu ek=kkvksa dks çLrqr djrk gS tks fdlh fn, x, lehdj.k osQ fy,
ifjorZuh; lkbukslkWbMy gSaA ;gka] iQstjksa dk ifjek.k] èkkjk (Im) vkSj foHko (Vm) osQ f'k•j ;k vfèkdre eku
dk çfrfufèkRo djrk gSA fp=k 5.6 vkSj fp=k 5.7 ls] ,d dyk vkSj lkbukslkWbMy iQaD'ku osQ çfrfufèkRo osQ chp]
le; osQ lacaèk esa] lacaèk ns•k tk ldrk gSA ÅèokZèkj v{k ij dyk dk ç{ksi.k] ek=kk osQ eku dks çLrqr djrk
gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] èkkjk ;k foHko iQstj osQ ekeys esa] ÅèokZèkj v{k ij dyk dk ç{ksi.k] tks Øe'k% Imsinωt
vkSj Vmsinωt }kjk fn;k tkrk gS] ml iy esa èkkjk ;k foHko dk eku nsrk gSA
5.1.6 'kq¼ çfrjksèkksa] çsjdksa vkSj laèkkfj=kksa esa AC
5-1-6-1 'kq¼ çfrjksèkd ifjiFk
vkse osQ fu;e ls] I = V/R or V = I R
tc ,d çR;korhZ foHko V dks 'kq¼ çfrjksèk R ij ç;qDr fd;k tkrk gS] rks çfrjksèk osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk
dk rkRdkfyd eku gksrk gS] i = Im sin 2πf t.
vfèkdre foHko osQ lanHkZ esa V dk eku j•us ij] vkSj Im = Vm/R, v 7= Vm sin 2πft
Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
v vkSj i osQ O;atdksa ls ge ns•rs gSa fd ek=kkvksa dks fp=k 5.10 esa n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gSA fp=k 5.11 esa fn•k,
x, ,d 'kq¼respect
çfrjks èkd
to time can beifjiFk osQ projection
observed. The dyk ofvkjs the • osonQ the
phasor vuqvertical
lkj]axisfoHko
representsvkS
thejvalue
èkkjk
of theosQ fy, dyk] lHkh mnkgj.kksa osQ fy,
,d gh fn'kkquantity.
es a For example, in the case of a current or a voltage phasor, the projection of the phasor on the vertical
axis, given by I sin ωt and V sin ωt respectively, gives the value of the current or the voltage at that instant. varj 'kwU; gSA blfy,] 'kfDr xq.kkad
gS ]
a foHko
m
vkS j èkkjk
m
os Q chp dyk dks . k 'kwU; gS] vFkkZ r dyk
;k cosø dk5.1.6eku
A.C in,d Pure (;w fuVh)Inductors
Resistors, gSA and Capacitors
5.1.6.1 Pure Resistive Circuit
From Ohm’s law, I =V/R or V= I R
When an alternating voltage V is applied across a pure resistance R, the instantaneous value of current flowing
through the resistance in given by i= Im sin 2πf t.
v=Vm sin wt
Putting the value of V in terms of imaximum voltage and Im = Vm/R, Magnitude
i v = Vm sin 2πft i=Im sin wt
+ R
v=Vm sin2p ft
–
Magnitude
R
v=Vm sin 2πft
0
0
time
fp=k 5.9% Fig
AC5.1 8:lzPure
ksr Resistive
osQ lkFk 'kqwith
Circuit ¼ ACçfrjks èkd ifjiFk
Source
FIG. 5.1 1
V∠0° Fig 5.1.9: Response of a pure resistive circuit

FIGURE 1 to AC voltage input
I∠0°
fp=k 5.10% AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, ,d 'kq¼
Response of a to a ac voltage input
Fig. 5.1.10: Phasor diagram
fp=k 5.11% dyk vkjs• çfrjksèkd ifjiFk dh çfrfØ;k
From the expressions of v and i, we see that the quantities can be represented as in Fig. 5.1.9. From the phasor
diagram of a pure resistive circuit as shown in Fig 1.1.10, the phasors for the voltage and the current are in the
5-1-6-2 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk

same direction for all instances, the phase angle between the voltage and the current is zero, that is, phase
difference is zero .Hence, the value of power factor or cos ø is
i
unity, i.e., one.
tSlk fd fp=k 5.12 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] ,d AC foHko ,d 'kq¼ çsjdRo oqaQMyh ls tqM+k gSA bldk ifj.kke]
5.1.6.2 Pure Inductive Circuit
Lo&çsjdRo AnosACQ voltage
dkj.kis connected
oqaQMyhto a pure esa inductive
fo-ok-c- coil asçs fjr ingks jgk gSA ;g fo-ok-c- oqaQMyh esa çokfgr gksus okyh èkkjk osQ
L
v=Vm sin 2πft
ng voltage is appli. shown
Fig. 5.1.11. It results in e.m.f. getting induced in the coil due to
ifjorZu dhself-inductance.
nj ij fuHkZ This j djrh
e.m.f. gSA onblthe ratefojks
is dependent èk osofQ dkj.k] èkkjk π@2 ;k 90° osQ dks.k ls] ç;qDr foHko ls fiNM+
of change
(i'pxkeh)current
tkrkwhich
current lags gS Aflowsthethrough
behind
the coil. Due to this opposition, the
applied voltage by an angle of π /2 or 90°.
Fig. 5.1.11: Pure Inductive Circuit with AC
Let V=Vm sin 2πf t

∴ the value of current i = Im sin (2πf t -π/2)
V
i
= - Im cos 2πft v
This is shown in Fig. 5.1.12.
i
i t i t
Also, the value of current Im = Vm/ωL
where “ωL' is known as "Inductive Reactance" and is 0 0
denoted by XL. +Also, where L is the value of inductance in L
v=Vm sin2pn ft ω = 2πfL is measured in ohms.
Henry and –
Fig. 5.1.12: Response of a pure inductive

circuit to AC voltage input
fp=k 5.12% AC osQ lkFk 'kq¼ fp=k 5.13% AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, 'kq¼ çsjdRo
çsjdRo ifjiFk ifjiFk dh çfrfØ;k
Let V = Vm sin 2πf t
∴ èkkjk dk eku i = Im sin (2πf t – π@2) = & Im cos 2πft
V∠0°
;g fp=k 5.13 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
lkFk gh] èkkjk dk eku Im = Vm/ωL-
tgka "ωL" dks "çsjd çfr?kkr" osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj bls XL
}kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA blds vykok] tgka L] gsujh esa çsjd dk eku gS vkSj I∠–90°
= 2πfL vkse esa ekik tkrk gSA

fp=k 5.14% 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk dk
bl ifjiFk esa] foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ chp dk dyk varj 90° gS] tSlk
dyk vkjs•
fd fp=k 5.14 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA vr% 'kfDr xq.kkad ;k cosf dk eku
'kwU; gksrk gSA
5-1-6-3 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k ifjiFk

tc fp=k 5.15 esa 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k ij ,d çR;korhZ foHko i
yxk;k tkrk gS] rks vkosf'kr (pkftZax) vkSj vukosf'kr
(fMLpkftZax) dh çfØ;k 'kq: gksrh gSA
+
bls ,d fn'kk esa vkSj fiQj foijhr fn'kk esa vkosf'kr v = Vm sin 2pft
– C
fd;k tkrk gSA blls èkkjk dk çokg gksrk gSA vkosf'kr vkSj
vukosf'kr çfØ;k osQ dkj.k] èkkjk] ç;qDr foHko ls dks.k
π@2 vxzxkeh gksrh gSA
;fn V = Vm sin 2 πft fp=k 5.15% AC osQ lkFk 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k ifjiFk
fiQj èkkjk dk eku i = Im sin(2πft + π/2)
lkFk gh] èkkjk dk eku Im = Vm/(1/ωC)
tgka 1/ωC çfrjksèk dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA
bls ¶dSisflfVo çfr?kkr¸ osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj bls XC }kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA
tgka C] iQSjkM esa laèkkfj=k dk eku gS] ω = 2πft] vkSj XC dks vkse esa ekik tkrk gSA
bl ifjiFk esa] foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ chp dk V
dyk varj 90° gS tSlk fd fp=k 5.17 esa fn•k;k
x;k gSA vr% 'kfDr xq.kkad ;k cosf dk eku
'kwU; gksrk gSA i
t
I∠0° 0
V∠0°
fp=k 5.17% 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k ifjiFk dk fp=k 5.16% AC buiqV osQ fy, 'kq¼
dyk vkjs• laèkkfj=k ifjiFk dh çfrfØ;k
vuqç;ksx
•• nqfu;k esa yxHkx gj ?kj AC ls pyrk gSA AC dh rqyuk esa] Å"ek osQ dkj.k vfèkd
'kfDr dh gkfu] vkx iSnk djus osQ mPp tksf•e] mPp ykxr] vkSj ifj.kkfe=k dk mi;ksx
djds mPp foHko dks de foHko esa ifjofrZr djus osQ eqíksa osQ dkj.k DC dk vkerkSj
ij bu mís';ksa osQ fy, mi;ksx ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
•• AC osQ lkFk fo|qr tfu=k] vkSj 'kfDr forj.k ç.kkyh dk fuekZ.k djuk Hkh laHko gS tks çR;korhZ
/kjk
DC dh rqyuk esa dgha vfèkd oqQ'ky gSa] vkSj blfy, ;g ns•k x;k gS fd AC dk eq[;
:i ls mPp 'kfDr vuqç;ksxksa esa nqfu;k Hkj esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
•• tc fctyh dh eksVj pykus dh ckr vkrh gS rks AC gh vfèkd yksdfç; gS] eksVj] ,d ,slk midj.k
gS tks fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrk gSA
•• gekjs }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkus okys vfèkdka'k ?kjsyw midj.k AC ij fuHkZj djrs gSa tSls jsfÚtjsVj] ia•s]
Video Resources
okrkuqowQfyr (,;j&daMh'kuj)] vksou] VksLV lsadus dk ;a=k (VksLVj) vkfnA
[1] “AC Circuits”; (NEW) Physics Part I ,Class 12,2020, DIKSHA
• • rhu cqfu;knh] jSf•d fuf"Ø; ?kVd% çfrjksèk (R)] laèkkfj=k (C)] vkSj çsjd (L) dks] AC osQ cgqr
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_31310353171632947211766?contentId=do_31312405720431820
811222vuqç;ksxksa esa mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS vkSj lkFk gh RC ifjiFk] RL ifjiFk] LC ifjiFk] vkSj RLC ifjiFk]
osQ :i esa tksM+k tk ldrk gS] rFkk le:i ;g Hkh bafxr djrs gSa fd dkSu ls ?kVdksa dk mi;ksx fd;k
Use of ICT tk ldrk gSA muesa ls ;s ifjiFk] cM+h la[;k esa egRoiw.kZ çdkj osQ O;ogkj dks n'kkZrs gSa tks dbZ fo|qr
vkSj ,ukykW
[1] “Alternating x bysD2021,
Current”, VªkWfudDIKSHA;
vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, ekSfyd gSaA
https://diksha.gov.in/play/collection/do_3131034753990656001756?contentId=do_312986228099661824
129 AC
5.2 Js.kh vkSj lekukarj ifjiFk
5.2.1 çLrkouk
5.2 AC SERIES AND PARALLEL CIRCUITS
fo|qIntroduction
5.2.1 r vfHk;kaf=kdh esa] tc O;kogkfjd ifjiFk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k tkrk gS] rks os vke rkSj ij çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj
la è kkfj=k
In electrical osQ engineering,
nks ;k vfèkd when rRoksa lspractical
;qDr gkscircuits
rs gSaA blfy, ,slh dbZthey
are analysed, fLFkfr;ka
normallycurh consist
gSa] ftuesofa AC two Jsor.kh more
(lhjht)
of the
ifjiFk lsof laresistance,
elements cafèkr fofHkUu ?kVdksa dh
inductance andx.kuk dh vko';drk
capacitance. Hence gks rh gSare
there A ACa numbere'khuksa of
osQ situations
çn'kZu dk invè;;uwhich djus osQ
calculation
fy, AC Js . kh ifjiFk dk Kku dkiQh vko';d gS A bl •a M es a ] çfrjks è k] çs j d vkS
of different components related to AC series circuit is required. For studying the performance of AC machines, j la è kkfj=k ls ;q D r AC Js . kh
theifjiFk
knowledgedk o.kZof u AC
fd;kseries
x;k gScircuit
A is quite essential. In this section, AC series circuits consisting of resistance,
inductance and capacitance are described.
5.2.2 çfrjksèk & çsjd (R-L) ifjiFk
5.2.2 Resistance - Inductance (R-L) circuit
InfiNys •aM esa] section,
the previous cnys esa AC 'kq¼ voltage
çfrjksèk]applied
çsjd vkSacross
j laèkkfj=k ls ;qDr ifjiFk esa ç;qDr AC foHko dks le>k;k x;k FkkA
circuits
gkyk¡ f d] ,d Js . kh ifjiFk es a tc AC
consisting of pure resistance, inductance and capacitance foHko dks nks os Q la;ksin
tu
i
esa ç;q
turn wasDrexplained.
fd;k tkrkHowever, gS] vFkkZrin,d ifjiFkcircuit
a series ftleswhena 'kq¼ AC çfrjksèk
R vkSjis Jsapplied
voltage .kh esa 'kqacross
¼ çsjthed 'L' gksrk gS] tSlofk the
combination fd two fp=ki.e.5.18
a esa R L
fn•k;kconsisting
circuit x;k gS] RofvkS purej Lresistance
esa çokfgrRgksand us okyh
pureèkkjk leku gks'L'
inductance xh
v=Vm sin 2πft
in series as shown in Fig.5.2.1, the current flowing in R and Lj
vkS j blfy,] rkRdkfyd eku Hkh leku gks x k vkS j r.m.s - vkS
vfèkdre
will be sameeku andHkh leku ghwill
therefore, gksxhave
kA Js.same
kh ifjiFk osQ lekèkku osQ
instantaneous
fy,] I dks la n HkZ os Q :i es a fy;k tkrk
value as also the R.M.S. and maximum value. I is taken as gS A
reference,eku for
yhft, fd i = ofImthe
the solution ωt çokfgr
sinseries circuit. èkkjk dk O;atd
Fig. 5.2.1: R.L. Series circuit
gSA blls R vkSj L esa foHko fxjrk (MªkWi) gksrk gSA fp=k 5.18% R-L Js.kh ifjiFk
Let i = Im sin ωt be the expression for current flowing.

This will cause voltage drops across R and L.
of different components related to AC series circuit is required. For studying the performance of AC mach
the knowledge of AC series circuit is quite essential. In this section, AC series circuits consisting of resist
inductance and capacitance are described.
5.2.2 Resistance - Inductance (R-L) circuit

In the previous section, AC voltage applied across circuits çR;korhZ /kjk ifjiFk | 171
consisting of pure resistance, inductance and capacitance in i
'R' osQ vkj&ikj rkRdkfyd turn

foHkowas explained. However, in a series circuit when AC
Mª k W i gS ] L
voltage is applied across the combination of the two i.e. a R
VR =circuit iR =consisting
Im sin ωt R
of pure resistance R and pure inductance 'L' …( leh. 5.11)
v=Vm sin 2πft
vkSj] 'L' osQ vkj&ikj rkRdkfyd
in seriesfoHko
as shown MªkWiin gSFig.5.2.1,
] the current flowing in R and L
will be same and therefore, will have same instantaneous
di d
VL =value
L as also= Lthe R.M.S. (Im sinandωt)dt
maximum value. I is taken as
dt for the
reference, dt solution of the series circuit. Fig. 5.2.1: R.L. Series cir
= (Im cos ωt) ωL …( leh. 5.12)
Magnitude V Let i = Im sin ωt be the expression for current flow

i This will cause voltage drops across R and L.
tt The instantaneous voltage drop across 'R' is
VR = i R = Im sin ωt R …(Eq.
0
5.2.1)
and, the instantaneous voltage drop across 'L' is
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
VL=L 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = L 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(Im sin ωt)dt
= (Im cos ωt) ωL …(Eq.

Figbuiq
fp=k 5.19% AC V oks
5.2.2: YVst osof
Response Q fy, seriesJscircuit
a R-L R-L .kh lfdZ
to V dh çfrfØ;k
fiQj] vkiwfrZ foHko dk oqQy rkRdkfydACeku
voltage input
gS
V = VR + VL
Then, the total instantaneous value of the supply voltage is
= Im R sin ωt + Im ωL cos ωt
V = VR+ VL
= Im (R sin ωt + ωL cos ωt)
= Im R sin ωt + Im ωL cos ωt
LFkkukiUu djus ij
= Im (R sin ωt + ω L cos ωt]
R = Z cos θ and ωL = XL = Z sin θ; …(leh- 5.13)
tgk¡ Z dks ifjiFk dk çfrckèkk dgk tkrk gSA
V = Im [Z cos θ sin ωt + Z sin θ cos ωt]
= Im Z [cos θ sin ωt + sin θ cos ωt]
= Im Z[sin (ωt + θ)]
= Vm sin (ωt + θ) …(leh. 5.14)
bl çdkj] foHko] ,d dks.k θ }kjk] èkkjk ls yhM djrk gS] bldk eryc ;g Hkh gS fd] èkkjk] ,d çsjd
ifjiFk esa] ,d dks.k θ }kjk] foHko ls ySfxax djrk gSA
Kkr ekinaMksa osQ lanHkZ esa θ dk eku] vuqikr ysdj Hkh Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA
Z sin θ/Z cos θ = tan θ
or θ = tan–1 ωL/R …(leh. 5.15)
;g 'ω' vko`fÙk dk ,d iQyu gSA fn, x, ekinaMksa osQ lanHkZ esa Z dk eku gS
R = Z cos θ ; ωL = Z sin θ.
bls oxZ djus vkSj tksM+us ij]
R2 + ω2 L2 = Z2 (cos2θ + sin2θ) = Z2
=z R2 + ω2 L2 …(leh. 5.16)
Thus, the voltage leads over the current by an angle θ, this also means that, the current in an inductive circuit
Thus, the voltage leads over the current by an angle θ, this also means that, the current in an inductive circuit
lag over the voltage by an angle θ.
lag over the voltage by an angle θ.
The value of θ in terms of known parameters be found out by taking ratio of
The172value| of
fo|qθrin,oaterms
bysDVªof known
kWfudh vfHk;kaparameters
f=kdh berfound out by taking ratio of
Z sinosQθ/ewyZHkwcos fl¼ka
θ = rtan θ
Z sin θ/ Z cos θ = tan θ
fp=k 5.19] ,d R-L ifjiFk or θ -1= tan -1 ω L/ R …(Eq. 5.2.5)
or θ es=a foHko
tan ω vkS L/j Rèkkjk dh fofoèkrk dks n'kkZrk gSA …(Eq. 5.2.5)
It is a function
ifjiFk dh of ''kfDr]
ω ' thePfrequency. θThe value of Z in terms of given parameters is
It is a function of ' oqωQy
' the frequency. = VIThe cosvalue of Z in terms of given parameters is
R = Z cos θ ; ωL = Z sin θ.
tgka V vkSj I foHko vkSjR èkkjk = Z cos dk θr.m.s.
; ωL =eku gSAθ.
Z sin
Squaring and adding it,
Squaring and adding it,
R2 + ω2 L2 = Z2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = Z2
5.2.3 çfrjksèk & laèkkfj=kR (R-C)
2 + ω2 L2 = Z2 (cos2 θ + sin2 θ) = Z2
Z= √R ifjiFk
2 + ω2 L 2 …(Eq. 5.2.6)
Z= √R2 + ω2 L2 …(Eq. 5.2.6)
Fig. 5.2.2esa shows variation of ifjiFk
voltagesdhand rqycurrent
R-L across an R-L
djuscircuit.
Fig.fp=k shows n'kkZ
5.2.25.20 , vuq
variation lofkj voltages
RC and current ukacross ifjiFk
an R-Llscircuit. ij ;g ns•k tkrk gS
Total power of the circuit, P= VI cos θ
Total power of the circuit,=P=RVI
çfrckèkk 2 cos θ2 2
…(leh. 5.17)
where V and I are zthe r.m.s.+values
1/ ω Cof voltage and current.
where V and I are the r.m.s. values of voltage and current. –1
Im = Vm/Z; tan θ = XC/R. or θ = tan 1/(ω C R) …(leh. 5.18)
5.2.3 Resistance cos θ- Capacitance
= R/Z (R-C) circuit
5.2.3 Resistance - Capacitance (R-C) circuit
On comparing RCi = circuitsinas(2πft
shown in circuit Fig. 5.2.3 with
f) R-L circuit, it is seen …(leh. 5.19)
On comparing RC circuit asImshown in + circuit Fig. 5.2.3 2with R-L circuit, it is seen
D;ksafd èkkjk foHko dks fImpedance Impedance
dks.k ls yhM Z = √R + ω 2 C2 …(Eq. 5.2.7)
Z =djrh √R2 gS+A ω2 C2 …(Eq. 5.2.7)
Im =Vm/Z; tan θ =XC/R. or θ -1= tan-1 1/ (ω C R) …(Eq. 5.2.8)
ifjiFk dh oqQy 'kfDr] PIm==V VI mcos /Z;f tan θ =XC/R. or θ = tan 1/ (ω C R) …(Eq. 5.2.8)
cos θ =R/Z
cos θ =R/Z
i = Im sin (2πft + ø) …(Eq. 5.2.9)
Magnitude
i = Im sin (2πft + ø) …(Eq. 5.2.9)
because current leads the voltage by an angle ø. v
because current leads the voltage by an angle ø.
Total power of the circuit, P = VI cos ø i
Total power of the circuit, P = VI cos ø
i
i
R C 0 t
R C
v=Vm sin 2πft f t

v=Vm sin 2πft
t
ø t
ø
Fig 5.2.4: R-C series circuit
fp=k
Fig 5.20
Fig
5.2.4: % R-C
5.2.4:
R-C Js.khseries
R-C
series ifjiFkcircuit
circuit fp=k 5.21% AC buiqV oksYVst osQ fy, R-C Js.kh
Fig 5.2.4: R-C series circuit
lfdZV dh çfrfØ;k
Fig 5.2.5: Response of a R-C series circuit to AC
Fig 5.2.5: Response of input
voltage a R-C series circuit to AC
voltage input
5.2.4 çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k ifjiFk (R.L.C. ifjiFk)
5.2.4 Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance Circuit (R.L.C. Circuit)
5.2.4 Resistance,
vkspure 'kq¼ Inductance
e dkresistanceçfrjksof ¼ and
èk] R'kqohms
çsjdRo Capacitance Circuit (R.L.C. Circuit)
RA ,pureçfrèkkr
inductive reactance i
A pure resistance
vkse dk of R ohms ,pure inductive
'kq¼ laèreactance
of XXLL ohm andvkS j Xcapacitive
pure C vkse dkreactance kkfj=k
of Xçfrèkkr
C ohms
i
of XL ohm and pure capacitive reactance of XC ohms L
areAC foHko esin
connected a Jsseries
.kh esa across
tqM+s gq,ACgSa]voltage, R
R
L C
C
are connected in series across AC voltage,
v =v =VmVmsinsin 2πftas tSshown
2ft lk fd infp=k 5.2.6.esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
Fig5.22
v = Vm sin 2ft as shown in Fig 5.2.6. v=Vm sin 2πft
bl ekeys esa] èkkjk dk oqQy la;qDr çfrjksèk }kjk fojksèk v=Vm sin 2πft
fd;k tkrk gS ftls çfrckèkk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA

çfrckèkk esa çfrjksèk R vkSj 'kq¼ çfr?kkr X 'kkfey gSaA
'kq¼ (usV) çfr?kkr O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS X = XL – XC, Fig 5.2.6: R-L-C series circuit
fp=k Fig
5.225.2.6: R-L-C
% R-L-C Js.khseries
lfdZVcircuit
when XL > XC
FIG. 5.12: RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
;k X = XC – XL, when XC > XL FIG. 5.12: RLC SERIES CIRCUIT
is opposed by total combined resistance which is known as impedance. The impedance
and net reactance X.
n by X = XL - XC, when XL>XC çR;korhZ /kjk ifjiFk | 173
C>XL
2 or Z = 2 R + ( X L − X C ) or …(Eq.
Z = R2 + ( XC − X L )
2 2
+ X2) or bl çdkj] çfrckèkk zz2 = R 2 + X …(leh. 5.20)
2 2
= √(R2 Z=√R 2 +(X
L-XC) or Z=√R +(XC-XL) . 5.2.10)
Vm R R
= Vm ; value of èkkjk dk factor
eku (Icos _ 'kfDr
m) =ø =R; xq.kkad angle
dk ekuø =(cos
cosf)-1 R
=
. Z _ vkSj dyk dks.k (f) = cos Z -
–1
power Z and phase
Z Z Z
çfrckèkk f=kHkqt
çfrckèkk f=kHkqt ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt gS ftldk vkèkkj] yacor vkSj d.kZ Øe'k%
çfrjksèk 'R'] çfr?kkr 'X' vkSj çfrckèkk 'Z' dks n'kkZrk gS] tSlk fd fp=k 5-23 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA ;g ewy :i
right angled triangle
ar and hypotenuse çfrckèkk dk ,d T;kferh; çfrfufèkRo gSA
ls ifjiFk
, Reactance ‘X’ and
ely. It is basically a
on of circuit impedance.
Impedance, z
Reactance, X
Fig 5.2.7: Impedance Triangle

Resistance, R
n which resistor, inductor and capacitor are connected in parallel to each other. This
upplied by voltage supply, V as shown in Fig 5.2.8.
fp=k 5.23% çfrckèkk f=kHkqt
e current flowing through all the three components i.e the resistor, inductor and
me, but in parallel
lekukarjcircuit, the voltage across each element remains the same and the
R-L-C ifjiFk
ach component depending upon the impedance of each component. That is why
,d R-L-C
id to have dual ifjiFk with
relationship ij fopkj
seriesdjs
RLCa ftles a çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k ,d nwljs osQ lekukarj esa tqM+s gq, gSaA ;g
circuit.
lekukarj la;kstu esa vkiwfrZ (lIykbZ)] foHko V] }kjk dh tkrh gS tSlk fd fp=k 5.24 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
wn from the supply is equal to the vector sum of the resistive, inductive and capacitive
atic sum of the three individual branch currents, as the current flowing in resistor,
re not in same phase with each other; so they cannot be added arithmetically.
nt law, which states that the

a junction or node, is equal to
ng that node,
IS2= IR2 +(IL – IC )2 Fig. 5.2.8: R-L-C parallel circuit
fp=k 5.24% lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk

rallel RLC Circuit
Js.kh R-L-C ifjiFk esa] lHkh rhu ?kVdksa vFkkZr çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk]
age;
leku jgrh gS] ysfdu lekukarj ifjiFk esa] çR;sd rRo esa foHko] leku jgrk gS vkSj çfrckèkk osQ vkèkkj ij çR;sd
nt;
?kVd esa èkkjk foHkkftr gks tkrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk dks Js.kh R-L-C ifjiFk osQ lkFk
hrough the resistor;
nksgjk lacaèk gS] ,slk dgk tkrk gSA
hrough the capacitor;
hrough the inductor; and
ence between supply voltage and current.
vkiwfrZ ls çokfgr xbZ oqQy èkkjk] çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k èkkjk osQ lfn'k ;ksx osQ cjkcj gS] u fd rhu
vyx&vyx 'kk•k èkkjkvksa dk xf.krh; ;ksx] D;ksafd çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k esa çokfgr èkkjk] ,d nwljs osQ
lkFk] ,d gh dyk esa ugha gS] blfy, mUgsa vadxf.krh; :i ls ugha tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
fdjpkWiQ osQ èkkjk fu;e dks ykxw djsa] ftlesa dgk x;k gS fd ,d lafèk ;k uksM esa ços'k djus okyh èkkjkvksa
dk ;ksx ml lafèk ;k uksM ls fudyus okyh èkkjk osQ ;ksx osQ cjkcj gksrk gS]
IS2 = IR2 + (IL – IC )2
lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk dk dyk vkjs•

eku yhft, vkiwfrZ foHko V gS_
IS] oqQy èkkjk lzksr_
IR] çfrjksèk osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk_
IC] laèkkfj=k osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk_
IL] çsjd osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyk çokg_ rFkk
θ] vkiwfrZ foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ chp dyk dks.k varjA
lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk osQ dyk vkjs• dks •hapus osQ fy,] foHko dks lanHkZ osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk gS D;ksafd
çR;sd rRo esa foHko leku jgrk gS vkSj vU; lHkh èkkjk,a ;kuh IR] IC] IL foHko lfn'k (osDVj) osQ lkis{k •haph
tkrh gSaA çfrjksèk osQ ekeys esa] foHko vkSj èkkjk ,d gh dyk esa gSa_ èkkjk lfn'k IR dks] foHko osQ leku dyk vkSj
fn'kk esa •hapk tkrk gSA laèkkfj=k osQ ekeys esa] èkkjk] foHko ls 90° yhM djrh gS] blfy, IC lfn'k dks foHko
lfn'k V] ls 90º yhfMax •hapk tkrk gSA çsjd osQ fy,] èkkjk lfn'k (IL)] foHko ls 90º ihNs jgrk gS] blfy,
foHko lfn'k V] ls IL dks 90º ySfxax •hapk tkrk gSA IR] IC vkSj IL dk ifj.kkeh èkkjk ;kuh IS] foHko lfn'k osQ
lacaèk esa θ osQ dyk dks.k varj ij gS] tSlk fd fp=k 5.25(a) esa fn•k;k x;k gSA-
IC
IR IR
q V q
(IL
IL – IC –I
C) IL – IC
+I
R
IS
IS
(a) (b)
fp=k 5.25% lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk dk dyk vkjs•
dyk vkjs• dks ljy djrs gq,] ljyhÑr dyk vkjs• çkIr fd;k tkrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 5.25 (b) esa nkfgus
gkFk dh vksj fn•k;k x;k gSA ikbFkkxksjl çes; dks lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk osQ dyk vkjs• ij ykxw djus ij]
I2S = I2R + (IL – IC)2
D;ksafd IR = V/R, IC = V/XC, vkSj IL = V/XL , IR, IC, IL osQ eku dks mijksDr lehdj.k esa çfrLFkkfir
djus ij]
2 2
V  V V 
I=
s   + − 
 R   XL XC 

2
1 2
 1 1 
= s   + 
I 1
ljyhdj.k ij ,MfeVSal] Y = −  …( leh. 5.21)
z V  R   XL XC 
tSlk fd Åij lekukarj R–L–C ifjiFk esa çfrckèkk, Z osQ lehdj.k esa fn•k;k x;k gS] Z osQ çR;sd rRo
osQ buolZ (1@Z) ;kuh ,MfeVSal] Y gSA lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk dks gy djus osQ fy,] ;g lqfoèkktud gS ;fn
çR;sd 'kk•k dk ,MfeVSal fudkyk tkrk gS vkSj çR;sd 'kk•k osQ ,MfeVSal dks tksM+dj ifjiFk osQ oqQy ,MfeVSal
dk irk yxk;k tk ldrk gSA
Js.kh R-L-C ifjiFk esa vuqukn

AC ifjiFk esa vuqukn (jstksusal) dk rkRi;Z çfrjksèk] çsjd vkSj laèkkfj=k osQ ewY;ksa }kjk fuèkkZfjr ,d fo'ks"k vko`fÙk
ls gS] çsjd çfr?kkr XL = ωL ;k XL = 2πf L vkSj laèkkfj=k çfr?kkr XC = 1@(ωC) ;k XC = 1/(2πf C)_ tgka f
(,iQ) vko`fÙk gS] L (,y) gsujh esa çsjd gS vkSj C (lh) iQSjkM esa laèkkfj=k gSA
vko`fÙk osQ fuf'pr eku ij] ,slk gks ldrk gS fd XL dk eku ¾ XC dk eku gksA bl Lrj ij] 'kq¼ (usV)
çfr?kkr 'kwU; gksxkA Js.kh ifjiFk ftlesa] 'kq¼ (usV) çfr?kkr 'kwU; gks tkrk gS_ "fo|qr vuqukn" dgk tkrk gSA ftl
vko`fÙk ij ,slk gksrk gS mls "vuqukn vko`fÙk" osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS ftls lehdj.k XL = XC dk mi;ksx djds
çkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
1
bldk eku leh- }kjk fn;k tkrk gS f x = …(leh- 5.22)
2π LC
vuqukn vko`fÙk ij] ;g ns•k tkrk gS fd Z = R vkse vkSj èkkjk dk dsoy çfrjksèk }kjk fojksèk fd;k tkrk gS
vkSj blfy,] ;g U;wure çfrckèkk] vfèkdre èkkjk vkSj 'kwU; dyk dh fo'ks"krk gSA
lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk esa vuqukn

Js.kh R-L-C ifjiFk dh rjg] lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk Hkh vuqukn vko`fÙk uked fo'ks"k vko`fÙk ij çfrèofur gksrk
gS ;kuh ,slh vko`fÙk gksrh gS ftl ij çsjd çfr?kkr] laèkkfj=k çfr?kkr osQ cjkcj gks tkrk gS ysfdu Js.kh R-L-C
ifjiFk osQ foijhr] lekukarj R-L-C ifjiFk esa çfrckèkk vfèkdre gks tkrh gS vkSj ifjiFk iwjh rjg ls çfrjksèkd
ifjiFk O;ogkj djrk gS rFkk ifjiFk osQ 'kfDr dkjd osQ eku dks ^,d* dh vksj ys tkrk gSA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 5.2.1% ,d Js.kh ifjiFk esa 6 W dk çfrjksèk vkSj 8 W dk çsjd çfr?kkr gSA blesa 141.4 V (r.m.s.)
dk foHkokUrj yxk;k tkrk gSA ,d fuf'pr {k.k esa] ykxw foHko + 100 V gS] vkSj c<+ jgk gSA bl {k.k ij x.kuk
djsa] (i) èkkjk (ii) çfrjksèk esa foHko MªkWi vkSj (iii) çsjd çfr?kkr esa foHko MªkWiA
difference of 141.4 V (r.m.s.) is applied to it. At a certain instant, the applied voltage is + 100 V, and is
increasing. Calculate at this instant, (i) the current (ii) the voltage drop across the resistance and (iii) voltage
drop across inductive reactance.
176 | fo|qZ=R+
Solution: jX=6+j8=10
r ,oa bys ∠53.1°
DVªkWfudh vfHk;ka f=kdh osQ ewyHkwr fl¼kar
gy% Zthat
It shows =R + jX =lags
current j8 = 10∠53.1°
6 +behind the applied voltage by 53.1°. Let V be taken as the reference quantity.
;g n'kkZrk gS fd èkkjk] vkiwfrZ foHko ls 53.1° ihNs gSA eku yhft, V dks lanHkZ ek=kk osQ :i esa fy;k tkrk
gSAThen v = (141.4× 2) sin t = 200 sin t; i = (Vm/Z sin t) −30° = 20 sin (t −53.1°).
rc v = (141.4 × 2 ) sinωt = 200 sinωt; Im = Vm/Z = 20; i = 20 sin(ωt − 53.1°)
(i) When the voltage is + 100 V and increasing; 100 = 200 sin t; sin t = 0.5 ; ωt = 30° .
(i) tc foHko gS +100 V vkSj c<+ jgk gS_ 100 = 200 sinωt; sinωt = 0.5 ; ωt = 30°
At this instant, the current is given by i = 20 sin (30° −53.1°) = −20 sin 23.1° = −7.847 A.
bl {k.k
(ii) Voltage drop esa]across
èkkjk gks rk gS i==iR20=sin
resistor (30° ×
−7.847 − 53.1°)
6 = −47 = V.
−20 sin 23.1° = −7.847 A
Letçfrjks
(iii)(ii) èk esfind
us first a foHko MªkWi iR =of−7.847
the equation × 6 =drop
the voltage −47VVL across the inductive reactance. Maximum value of
the vkb,
(iii) voltagelcls
dropigys = ImçsXjdL =çfrckèkk
20 × 8 =esa 160
foHko Mªkleads
V. It Wi VLthedkscurrent
lehdj.k ls fudkys
by 90°. Since Acurrent
foHko itself
MªkWi lags
dk vfèkdre
the
eku voltage
applied ImXL = by 2053.1°,
× 8 =the V- ;g voltage
160reactive èkkjk lsdrop vxzxkeh
90° across thegks rk gSA voltage
applied pw¡fd èkkjk vius−vki]
by (90° 53.1°)vkiw frZ foHko
= 36.9°.
ls 53.1°
Hence, i'pxkehofgSthis
the equation ] fj,fDVo
voltage foHko
drop atMªthe
kWi] instant
vkiwfrZ when
foHko ωtesa =(90°
30°−is53.1°) = 36.9° gksxkA blfy,] bl
foHko MªkWi dk lehdj.k rRdky esa] tc ωt = 30° gS]
VL = V L =sin
160 160 sin +
(30° (30° + 36.9°)
36.9°) = 160= sin
16066.9°
sin 66.9° = 147.2
= 147.2 V. V.
mnkgj.k 5.2.2% ,d xSj&çsjd çfrjksèk osQ ekè;e ls 5A dh èkkjk] Js.kh esa çsjd (pksfdax) oqQ.Myh fLop
Example 5.1.2: A current of 5 A flows through a non-inductive resistance in series switch a choking coil when
djus ij] çokfgr gksrh gS] tc 250-V, 50&gV~tZ ij vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA ;fn çfrjksèk osQ lekukUrj foHko 125 V
supplied at 250-V, 50-Hz. If the voltage across the resistance is 125 V and across the coil 200 V, calculate
gS (a)
vkSimpedance,
j oqaQMyh osQreactance
lekukUrjand V gS] rks ofx.kuk
200resistance dhft,
the coil oqaQMyabsorbed
(a)power
(b) the dh çfrckèkk]
by theçfr?kkr vkS(c)
coil and j çfrjks èk (b)power.
the total oqaQMy
}kjk
Drawvo'kks
thef"kr 'kfDr
vector vkSj (c) oqQy 'kfDrA lfn'k (osDVj) vkjs• cuk,aA
diagram.
Coil
25 Ω D
D
R X
L 250 VV
250
VLVL
125 V 200 V
ø qθ
f
A B VR C
250V, 50Hz A 125 V
125 V B VR C
gy% I = 5 A
Solution:
tSlk fd •haps x, lfn'k vkjs•I=ls5 nsA•k x;k gS]
BC2 + CD2 =As 200 seen from the vector diagram drawn,
2 ...(i)
BC 2+CD2= 2002 ...(i)
(125 + BC)2 +CD2 = 2502 ...(ii)
(125+BC) 2 +CD2=2502 ...(ii)
leh- (i) ls (ii) dks ?kVkus ls] ges a feyrk gSEq.
Subtracting ] (i) from (ii), we get, (125 + BC) 2−BC2= 2502−2002
(125 + BC) − BC =∴BC
2 2 250 =−27.5
2 200V;2 CD = 200 −27.5 = 198.1 V
∴ BC = 27.5 V; CD
= 200 − 27.5 = 198.1 V
(a) oqaQMy dh çfrckèkk 200/5 = 40 Ω
VR = IR = BC ;k
5R = 27.5
∴ R = 27.5/5 = 5.5Ω
vkSj VL = I.XL = CD = 198.1
∴ XL = 198.1/5 = 39.62 Ω
;k XL = 40 − 5.5 = 39.62 W
(b) oqaQMy }kjk vo'kksf"kr 'kfDr = oqaQMyh osQ lekukUrj foHko × èkkjk × cos θ
= 200 × 5 × 27.5/200 = 137.5W
lkFk gh P = I2 R = 52 × 5.5 = 137.5W
(c) oqQy 'kfDr = VI cos φ = 250 × 5 × AC/AD
= 250 × 5 × 152.5/250 = 762.5 W
'kfDr dh x.kuk R dk mi;ksx djds Hkh dh tk ldrh gS
I2
Js.kh çfrjksèk 125/5 = 25 Ω
oqQy ifjiFk çfrjksèk 25 + 5.5 = 30.5 Ω
∴ oqQy 'kfDr ¾ 52 × 30.5 = 762.5 W
vuqç;ksx
R-C vkSj R-L-C ifjiFk osQ vuqç;ksxksa esa fuEufyf•r 'kkfey gSa%
•• RF ,EiyhiQk;j • fiQYVfjax ifjiFk
•• vkWflysVj ifjiFk • flXuy çkslsflax
•• èkkjk ;k foHko dh o`f¼ • vko`fÙk] vk;ke ekWMÔwys'ku ifjiFk
•• jsfM;ks rjax çs"kd (VªkalehVj)
RL la;kstu rqyukRed :i ls egaxk gS] blfy, ;g cgqr de midj.kksa esa ik;k tkrk gS] tSls VÔwc ykbV
dk pksd] fctyh dh vkiwfrZ] vkfnA LC vkSj RLC ifjiFk bysDVªkWfud jstksusVj osQ :i esa O;ogkj djrs gSa] tks
dbZ vuqç;ksxksa tSls vkWflysVj] fiQYVj] VÔwuj] feJ.k&;U=k] laidZ jfgr dkMZ] xzkfiQDl VScysV] bysDVªkWfud ys•
fuxjkuh (lqj{kk VSx) esa ,d çeq• ?kVd gSa] vkfnA
5.3 AC 'kfDr vkSj rhu dyk ifjiFk

5.3.1 çLrkouk
fiNyh bdkb;ksa esa] ,dy dyk ifjiFk ij ppkZ dh xbZ FkhA vktdy] rhu dyk ç.kkfy;k¡ lcls vfèkd mi;ksx dh
tkus okyh ç.kkfy;k¡ gSaA vfèkdka'k fo|qr e'khusa rhu& dyk ç.kkyh ij dke dj jgh gSaA bruk gh ugha] fo|qr ÅtkZ
dk iw.kZ mRiknu] lapj.k forj.k osQ lkFk&lkFk mi;ksx rhu dyk ç.kkyh ij vkèkkfjr gSA rhu dyk eksVlZ dk mi;ksx
Ýyksj fey vkSj vfèkdka'k m|ksxksa esa fd;k tkrk gSA ?kj esa lkekU; :i ls mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fLop Mcy iksy
çdkj osQ gksrs gSa] tcfd m|ksxksa esa mi;ksx fd, tkus okys fLop ^fVªiy iksy* çdkj osQ gksrs gSa D;ksafd rhu dyk
dh vkiwfrZ vkerkSj ij m|ksxksa esa mi;ksx dh tkrh gSA blfy, f=k&dyk ç.kkyh dh ewy ckrsa lh•uk vko';d gSA
5.3.2 rhu dyk ç.kkyh osQ ykHk

,dy dyk ç.kkyh dh rqyuk esa rhu dyk ç.kkyh osQ ekeys esa oqQN iQk;ns gSa tks bl çdkj gSaA
(i) rhu dyk ç.kkyh esa 'kfDr ,dy dyk ç.kkyh dh rqyuk esa yxHkx rhu xquk gksrh gSA
(ii) ,dy&dyk ç.kkyh esa miyCèk dsoy ,d foHko dh rqyuk esa] LVkj la;kstu osQ ekeys esa rhu&dyk
ç.kkyh esa foHko dk eku] rhu dyk vkSj ykbu foHko esa gksrk gSA
(iii) ,dy&dyk ç.kkyh esa VªkalfeVsM 'kfDr dh rqyuk esa rhu&dyk ç.kkyh esa cM+h ek=kk esa 'kfDr VªkalfeV
dh tk ldrh gSA
(iv) ,d gh vkmViqV vkSj xfr osQ fy,] rhu dyk ç.kkyh ij pyus okyh eksVjksa dk ikoj iQSDVj (ih-,iQ-)]
,dy dyk dh eksVlZ ls] T;knk gksrk gSA
(v) rhu dyk èkkjk,a ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k (tks AC eksVj osQ lapkyu osQ fy, vko';d gS) mRiUu dj ldrh
gSa tcfd ,dy dyk vkiwfrZ dsoy Lianu'khy (iYlsfVax) {ks=k dk mRiknu dj ldrh gSA
5.3.3 LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu

rhu dyk ifjiFk dks nks rjg ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA
(i) LVkj la;kstu

LVkj la;kstu esa tSlk fd fp=k 5.26 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] fcanq N
cukus osQ fy, ,d oqQ.Myh ;k çfrjksèk osQ rhu fljksa dks ,d lkFk
'kkWVZ fd;k tkrk gSA ;g taD'ku ,d U;wVªy fcanq osQ :i esa dk;Z
djrk gSA 'ks"k rhu fljs ftUgsa R] Y vkSj B uke fn;k x;k gS]
vkiwfrZ VfeZuy gksrs gSaA fp=k 5.26% LVkj la;kstu
(ii) MsYVk la;kstu

MsYVk la;kstu esa nks fljs] ,d oqQ.Myh ;k çfrjksèk ls vkSj] nwljs oqQ.Myh ;k çfrjksèk ls ,d lkFk tksM+s tkrs gSaA
bl çdkj] ;gka rhu taD'ku curs gSa tSlk fd fp=k 5.27 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA R] Y vkSj B uked rhu taD'ku
vkiwfrZ VfeZuy gSA
fp=k 5.27% MsYVk la;kstu
5.3.4 foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ ykbu vkSj dyk osQ eku osQ chp lacaèk
rhu dyk la;kstu osQ ekeys esa] nks ckgjh pkydks ;k ykbuksa osQ chp osQ foHko dks ^ykbu foHko* dgk tkrk gSA
bls VL }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA çR;sd oqQ.Myh ;k dyk esa foHko dks ^dyk foHko* dgk tkrk gSA bls VP
}kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA blh çdkj ckgjh pkyd ;k ykbu esa cgus okyh èkkjk dks ^ykbu èkkjk* dgk tkrk gSA
bls IL }kjk fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh oqQ.Myh ;k dyk esa cgus okyh èkkjk dks ^dyk èkkjk* dgrs gSaA bls IP
}kjk n'kkZ;k tkrk gSA bu lHkh dks fp=k 5.28 vkSj fp=k 5.29 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] vkSj ;g LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu
osQ ekeys esa VL vkSj VP] IL vkSj IP osQ chp lacaèk fudkyus esa enn djsxkA
5-3-4-1 LVkj la;kstu

LVkj la;kstu esa tSlk fd fp=k 5.28 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] ;g ns•k x;k gS fd ykbu èkkjk] dyk èkkjk osQ cjkcj gS
vFkkZr IL = Ip …(leh- 5.23)
foHko osQ lacaèk esa] ykbu foHko √3 xquk dyk foHko osQ cjkcj gS
vFkkZr VL = √3 Vp or Vp = VL / √3 …(leh- 5.24)
dyk foHko (Vp)
blds vykok] 'dyk èkkjk Ip = …(leh- 5.25)
izfrckèkk izfr dyk (Z)

fp=k 5.28% oksYVst vkSj èkkjk osQ lkFk LVkj la;kstu fp=k 5.29% oksYVst vkSj èkkjk osQ lkFk MsYVk la;kstu
MsYVk la;kstu osQ fy, tSlk fd fp=k 5.29 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] ;g ns•k tkrk gS fd ykbu foHko dyk foHko
osQ cjkcj gS
vFkkZr VL = Vp …( leh- 5.26)
ykbu èkkjk √3 xquk dyk èkkjk osQ cjkcj gS
vFkkZr IL = √3 Ip or Ip = IL/√3 …( leh- 5.27)
dyk foHko (Vp)
vkSj] dyk èkkjk Ip ¾ …(leh- 5.28)
izfrckèkk izfr dyk (Z)
5.3.5 fo|qr 'kfDr
'kfDr og nj gS ftl ij dk;Z fd;k tkrk gS] ;k og nj ftl ij ÅtkZ •pZ dh tkrh gSA dk;Z dks vDlj twy
esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA fo|qr 'kCnksa esa] ,d twy dk;Z rc iwjk gksrk gS tc ,d oksYV osQ foHko osQ dkj.k ,d
owQykWe bysDVªkWu ,d ifjiFk ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA tc ;g dk;Z ,d lsdaM esa iwjk gks tkrk gS] rks ;g ,d okV osQ
cjkcj gksrk gSA T;knkrj] fctyh osQ midj.kksa dks okV esa ewY;kadu (jsV) fd;k tkrk gSA ,d okV] 'kfDr dh ewy
bdkbZ gSA ,d okV dks ml dk;Z dh ek=kk osQ :i esa Hkh ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS tks rc iwjk gksrk gS tc ,d
oksYV dk foHko ,d ,fEi;j èkkjk dks ,d ifjiFk ls xqtjus dk dkj.k curk gSA 'kfDr] foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ chp
dk ;g lacaèk fuEu lw=k }kjk O;Dr fd;k tkrk gS%
'kfDr = oksYV × ,Eih;j
;k P=V×I
vkse osQ fu;e osQ vU; ?kVdksa osQ lanHkZ esa] 'kfDr osQ lw=k dks nks vU; rjhdksa ls fuEukuqlkj n'kkZ;k tk ldrk gS%
P = I2R or P = V2/R ---(leh- 5.29)
tgka P okV esa 'kfDr gS ;k oksYV&,Eih;j (VA)] V oksYV esa foHko gS] I ,Eih;j esa èkkjk gS] R vkse esa
çfrjksèk gSA
5.3.6 'kfDr f=kHkqt

'kfDr f=kHkqt ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dk çfrfufèkRo gS ftldh Hkqtk,¡ okLrfod] çfrdkjd (fj,fDVo) vkSj vkHkklh
'kfDr dk çfrfufèkRo djrh gSaA bl ledks.k f=kHkqt dk vkèkkj] yacor vkSj d.kZ Øe'k% okLrfod] çfrdkjd vkSj
vkHkklh 'kfDr dks n'kkZrk gSA
tc èkkjk osQ çR;sd ?kVd tks lfØ; ?kVd (I cosФ) ;k çfrdkjd ?kVd (I sinФ) gS] dks foHko V ls xq.kk
fd;k tkrk gS] rks ,d 'kfDr f=kdks.k çkIr gksrk gS ftls fp=k 5.30 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
fp=k 5.30% 'kfDr f=kHkqt

fp=k 5.30(a) ,d 'kfDr f=kHkqt fn•krk gSA Hkqtk AB] BC vkSj AC Øe'k% P, Q vkSj S
dks n'kkZrh gSA 'kfDr f=kHkqt] fp=k 5.30(b) esa fn•k, x, dyk vkjs• ls çkIr gksrk gSA AC ifjiFk
esa okLro esa •ir ;k mi;ksx dh tkus okyh 'kfDr dks okLrfod 'kfDr ;k lfØ; 'kfDr dgk
tkrk gSA bdkbZ okV gS vkSj bls fdyksokV (kW) ;k esxkokV (MW) esa ekik tkrk gSA og 'kfDr
çR;korhZ
tks vkxs vkSj ihNs çokfgr gksrh gS vFkkZr og ifjiFk esa nksuksa fn'kkvksa esa xfr djrh gS ;k ml ij /kjk
çfrfØ;k djrh gS] fj,fDVo 'kfDr dgykrh gSA çfrdkjd 'kfDr dks fdyksoksYV&,Eih;j fj,fDVo (Ep 4)
(KVAR) ;k MVAR esa ekik tkrk gSA foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ :V ekè; oxZ (r.m.s.) eku osQ xq.ku
dks vkHkklh 'kfDr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl 'kfDr dks kVA ;k MVA esa ekik tkrk gSA
bu jkf'k;ksa osQ chp lacaèk dks fp=k 5.30(c) esa n'kkZ, x, fp=ke; çfrfufèkRo }kjk le>k;k x;k gS ftls 'kfDr
f=kdks.k dgk tkrk gSA
•• tc èkkjk osQ ,d lfØ; ?kVd dks ifjiFk foHko V ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks bldk ifj.kke lfØ;
'kfDr esa gksrk gSA ;g og 'kfDr gS tks eksVj esa VkWdZ] ghVj esa xehZ vkfn iSnk djrh gSA bl 'kfDr dks
okVehVj }kjk ekik tkrk gSA
•• tc èkkjk osQ fj,fDVo ?kVd dks ifjiFk foHko ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g fj,fDVo
'kfDr nsrk gSA ;g 'kfDr dkjd dks fuèkkZfjr djrh gS] vkSj ;g ifjiFk esa nksuksa fn'kkvksa
esa cgrh gSA MsYVk
•• tc ifjiFk èkkjk dks ifjiFk foHko ls xq.kk fd;k tkrk gS] rks bldk ifj.kke] vkHkklh Y(Pi-T)
'kfDr esa gksrk gSA :ikarj.k
•• 'kfDr osQ Åij fn•k, x, 'kfDr f=kHkqt ls] okLrfod 'kfDr vkSj vkHkklh 'kfDr osQ vuqikr ls] 'kfDr
dkjd fuèkkZfjr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
okLrfod 'kfDr KW
'kfDr dkjd = = …(leh- 5.30)
vkHkklh 'kfDr KVA
ewy :i ls] 'kfDr] dk eryc foHko vkSj èkkjk dk xq.kuiQy gS] ysfdu AC ifjiFk esa 'kq¼ çfrjksèkd ifjiFk
dks NksM+dj vkerkSj ij foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ chp ,d dyk varj gksrk gS vkSj bl çdkj VI ifjiFk esa okLrfod
;k fjvy 'kfDr ugha nsrk gSA
∴ okLrfod 'kfDr] P = VI cos ø- …(leh- 5.31)
,d 'kq¼ çsjd ;k 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k osQ fy,] ifjiFk esa •ir dh xbZ 'kfDr 'kwU; gksrh gS] D;ksafd dyk dks.k 90°
gSA gkykafd] 'kq¼ çfrjksèkd ifjiFk osQ ekeys esa •ir dh xbZ 'kfDr tks P = VI okV }kjk nh xbZ gSA tgka V vkSj
I r.m.s.] foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ eku gSaA
5.3.7 rhu dyk la;kstu esa 'kfDr

LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu osQ fy, çR;sd dyk esa •ir dh tkus okyh 'kfDr VpIpcosФ gSA ifjiFk esa oqQy 'kfDr]
rhu dyk 'kfDr;ksa dk ;ksx gSA
∴ oqQy •ir dh xbZ 'kfDr nh xbZ gS
W = 3Vp Ip cos ø …(leh- 5.32)
vc Ip = IL_ Vp = VL /√3 LVkj la;kstu osQ fy, vkSj Vp = VL; Ip = IL/√3 MsYVk la;kstu osQ fy,
Vp vkSj Ip osQ bu dyk eku dks ykbu eku ;kuh VL vkSj IL esa ifjofrZr djuk] LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu
nksuksa esa oqQy 'kfDr osQ fy, mijksDr vfHkO;fDr cu tkrh gSA
W = √3 VLIL cos ø- …(leh- 5.33)
xfrfofèk;ka
1. çR;sd cSp] ikl osQ lc&LVs'ku ;k m|ksx dk nkSjk djsxk vkSj 3&dyk ikoj vkiwfrZ vkSj ikoj iQSDVj lqèkkj
dh O;oLFkk dk fujh{k.k djsxkA çR;sd cSp vius voyksdu osQ vkèkkj ij ,d laf{kIr fjiksVZ rS;kj djsxkA
AC Circuits 18
gy fd;s x, ç'u
Solved Problems
mnkgj.k 5.3.1 % fn,5.3.1:
Example x, Observe
MsVk osQ the
lkFkcircuit
fn•k, x, with
shown ifjiFk
the dk
givenfujh{k.k
data anddjs a vkSj fuEufyf•r
determine Kkr djsaA
the following.
(a) Phase current, (b) line current (c) power factor of each phase, and(d) Total power consumed.
(a) dyk èkkjk] (b) ykbu èkkjk (c) çR;sd dyk dk ikoj iQSDVj] vkSj (d) oqQy 'kfDr dh •irA
gy% ;g nsSolution
•k tkrk: ItgS isfd
seenykbu foHko
that line VL V
voltage =L400 V Volts
= 400
çfrjksèk çfrResistance
dyk per phase R = R23=W 23 ohms
vc] dyk Now,foHkophase voltage
Vp =V400p = 400/ √3 = 230 volts
@√3 = 230 V
Current, IP= Vp /R = 230/23 = 10 amps
èkkjk] Now, calculatingIPline= value
Vp /Rof=current
230/23 = 10
from Amp
phase value
vc] dyk Ieku L= √3ls xèkkjk osQ amps.
IP=17.3 ykbu eku dh x.kuk
Total power consumed
IL = √3P ×= I√3V L IL cos ϕ
P = 17.3 Amp
= 3 x 400 x 17.3 x 1 (cos ϕ = 1 because of resistance circuit)
= 12000 watts
= 12 kW.
Example 5.3.2: Look at the circuit diagram. The impedance in each phase consists of 8 ohms resistance and 6
(a) Phase current, (b) line current (c) power factor of each phase, and(d) Total power consumed.
Solution : It is seen that line voltage VL = 400 Volts

Resistance per phase R = 23 ohms
Now, phase voltage Vp = 400/ √3 = 230 volts
Current, oqIPQy
=V p /R dh
'kfDr •ir P==10√3amps
= 230/23 VL IL cos ϕ
Now, calculating line value of current from× phase
= 3 × 400 17.3 ×value
1 (cos ϕ = 1 çfrjksèk ifjiFk osQ dkj.k)
IL= √3 x IP=17.3 amps.
= 12000 watt
Total power consumed P = √3VL IL cos ϕ
= 12 kW
= 3 x 400 x 17.3 x 1 (cos ϕ = 1 because of resistance circuit)
mnkgj.k 5.3.2% ifjiFk vkjs• dks ns•Aas çR;sd dyk osQ çfrckèkk es]a 8 W dk çfrjksèk vkSj 6 W dk çsjd
= 12000 watts
çfr?kkr gSA fuEufyf•r dh x.kuk djsa (i) dyk foHko] (ii) dyk èkkjk] (iii) ykbu èkkjk] (iv) oqQy 'kfDr dh •irA
= 12 kW.
gy% pwafd ifjiFk MsYVk esa tqM+k gqvk gS] dyk foHko (Vp) = 400 V
Example 5.3.2: Look at the circuit diagram. The impedance in each phase consists of 8 ohms resistance and 6
dyk èkkjk dks çkIr djus osQ fy,] çR;sd dyk osQ fy, çfrckèkk dh x.kuk dh tkrh gS] vFkkZr R vkSj X
ohms inductive reactance. Calculate the following (i) Phase voltage, (ii) Phase current, (iii) Line current, (iv) Total
osQ fn, x, ekuksa dk mi;ksx djosQ]
power consumed.  
+ j6= √ 82 + 62 =10 W
z = 8connected,
Solution : As the circuit is delta
The phasedyk èkkjk (Vp) = I400
voltage P = volts.
VP/R = 400 /10= 40 Amp
bl ls ykbu èkkjk IL = √3 × 40 = 69.2 Amp
To find phase
'kfDr current, impedance
dkjd (P.F.) ] cos ø is= calculated
R/X= 6/8=for 0.8each
phase i.e.vc]
z using the given values
oqQy 'kfDr dh •ir] of R and X.
z = 8 +j6= √82 + 62=10 ohms.
P = √3 V IL cos ø
The phase current IP = VP/R = 400L/10= 40 amps
= √3 × 400 × 69.2 × 0.8
From this line current IL = √3= x38400 wattamps.
40 = 69.2 = 38.4 kW
Power
factor, cos ø = R/X= 6/8= 0.8
Now, total power consumed , P = √3 VL IL cos ø
= √3 x 400 x 69.2 x 0.8 = 38400 watts = 38.4 KW ;wfuV lkjka'k
SUMMARY•• r.m.s.] ,d çR;korhZ èkkjk dk eku] ml DC èkkjk }kjk fn;k tkrk gS tks fdlh fuf'pr le; osQ
• The r.m.s.
fy,value
fn, ofx,an ifjiFk
alternating currentgksisugiven
esa çokfgr s ij] by thatghsteady
mruh Å"ek(DC) current
mRiUu djrkwhich when flowing
gS] ftruk mlh le; through
osQ
a given fy,]
circuitmlh
for aifjiFk
given time
esa çokfgr gksus ij çR;korhZ èkkjk }kjk mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA bls çR;korhZflowing
produces the same heat as produced by the alternating current when èkkjk
throughdsthe sameeku
çHkkoh circuit
osQ for
:i the same
esa Hkh time.
tkuk tkrkIt isgSAalso known as the effective value of the alternating current.
• Phase
•• dyk] le; ;k dks.k osQ lanHkZ esa ekihquantity
is a relative position of any electrical xbZ fdlhwith Hkhrespect to a reference
fo|qr ek=kk dh lkis{k measured
fLFkfr gSA in term of time or
angle.
•• çR;korhZ ek=kk osQ èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed ekuksa osQ ,d iw.kZ leqPp; dks pØ dgrs gSaA
• One complete set of positive and negative values of the alternating quantity is called cycle.
•• dyk dks] le; vofèk ;k pØ osQ vkaf'kd Hkkx osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS] ftles ek=kk] lanfHkZr
• Phase is defined as the fractional part of time period or cycle through which the quantity has advanced from
p;fur 'kwU; fLFkfr ls vkxs c<+ tkrk gSA
the selected zero position of reference
•• AC ifjiFk esa lzksr foHko vkSj èkkjk osQ chp ,d dyk dks.k gksrk gS ftls çfrjksèk dks çfrckèkk ls
• There is a phase angle between the source voltage and the current in an ac circuit that can be found by
foHkkftr djds ik;k tk ldrk gSA
dividing the resistance by the impedance.
•• 'kfDr dkjd –1 ls 1 rd gksrk gSA
• The power factor ranges from –1 to 1.
•• ,dy&dyk ç.kkyh dh rqyuk esa rhu&dyk ç.kkyh osQ oqQN ykHk gSaA
• A three-phase system possesses certain advantages over single-phase system.
— 3 dyk okbafMax dks nh tkus okyh rhu dyk èkkjk ,d ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k mRiUu djrh gS tcfd
− Three-phase 1 dykcurrent supplied
dh vkiw frZ dsotoya Lia
3 fphase
nr pqacwinding
dh; {ks=produces
k mRiUu dj a rotating
ldrh gSmagnetic
A field while 1 phase
supply can produce only pulsating magnetic field.
— rhu&dyk ç.kkyh esa ,dy dyk iz.kkyh dh rqyuk esa leku 'kfDr VªkalfeV djus osQ fy, de
− In three-phase pkyd system
lkexzh less
(daMconducting material
fDVax eSVsfj;y) dh isvko';drk
required for
gksrtransmitting
h gSA same power as compared
to 1.— rhu&dyk ç.kkyh esa 'kfDr ,dy dyk ç.kkyh dh rqyuk esa yxHkx rhu xquk gSA
− Power in three-phase system is about three times than that of single phase system.
— ,dy&dyk ç.kkyh esa çsf"kr (VªkalfeVsM) 'kfDr dh rqyuk esa rhu&dyk ç.kkyh esa cM+h ek=kk esa
'kfDr çsf"kr dh tk ldrh gSA
•• rhu cqfu;knh] jSf•d fuf"Ø; ?kVd% çfrjksèk (R)] laèkkfj=k (C)] vkSj çsjdRo (L) dks RC ifjiFk]
RL ifjiFk] LC ifjiFk vkSj RLC ifjiFk osQ :i esa tksM+k tk ldrk gSA-
•• LVkj la;kstu esa] ykbu èkkjk] dyk èkkjk osQ cjkcj gksrk gS vkSj ykbu foHko] dyk foHko osQ √3 xquk
osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
•• MsYVk la;kstu esa] ykbu foHko] dyk foHko osQ cjkcj gksrk gS vkSj ykbu èkkjk] dyk èkkjk osQ √3 xquk
osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
•• LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu osQ fy, çR;sd dyk esa •ir dh tkus okyh fctyh VpIpcosФ gSA ifjiFk esa
oqQy 'kfDr rhu dyk 'kfDr;ksa dk ;ksx gSA
•• 'kfDr f=kHkqt] ,d ledks.k f=kHkqt dks çLrqr djrk gS] bl ledks.k f=kHkqt dk vkèkkj] yacor vkSj d.kZ
Øe'k% okLrfod] çfrdkjd vkSj vkHkklh 'kfDr dks n'kkZrk gSA
vH;kl
A-oLrqfu"B ç'u
1.1 T;k rjax dk ihd eku gksrk gS 1.4 i(t)=100sin314t }kjk nh xbZ ,d çR;korhZ
a. ,d ckj] çR;sd pØ osQ èkukRed vfèkdre èkkjk dk rRdky eku] fdrus le; osQ ckn 'kwU;
eku ijA gks ldrk gS
b. ,d ckj] çR;sd pØ osQ ½.kkRed
1 1
vfèkdre eku ijA a. lsdaM b. lsdaM
300 600
c. èkukRed vkSj ½.kkRed vfèkdre eku ij]
çR;sd pØ esa nks ckjA 1 1
c. lsdaM d. lsdaM
d. èkukRed vfèkdre eku ij] çR;sd pØ esa 1200 150
nks ckjA
1.2 çfrckèkk osQ dkYifud Hkkx dks dgrs gSa % 1.5 vxj V1 = Asinωt vkSj V1 = Bsin(ωt−φ)] rks
a. çfrjksèk a. V1, V2 ls φ ysx djrk gSA
b. fj,DVSul b. V2, V1 ls φ ysx djrk gSA
c. ,MfeVSal c. V2, V1 dks φ ls yhM djrk gSA
d. pkydrk d. V2, V1 osQ lkFk dyk esa gSA
1.3 pwafd T;k rjax dh vko`fÙk 50 gV~tZ gksrh gSA 1.6 ,d LVkj la;kstu osQ fy,] ykbu èkkjk 15 A gSA
jsfM;u@lsdaM esa bldh dks.kh; vko`fÙk gksxh dyk èkkjk dk eku gksxk
a. 50/π b. 50/2π a. 10 A b. 12.5 A
c. 50 π d. 100 π c. 15 A d. 17 A
B-fo"k;kRed ç'u
1. ¶'kfDr xq.kkad¸ 'kCn dks ifjHkkf"kr djsaA 'kq¼ çsjdRo ifjiFk osQ ekeys esa 'kfDr xq.kkad dk eku fuèkkZfjr
djsa\
2. ;fn ,d çR;korhZ foHko 300sinωt dks 15 W osQ fj,DVSul okys 'kq¼ laèkkfj=k ij ç;qDr fd;k tkrk
gSA fuEufyf•r fuèkkZfjr djsa%
(d) èkkjk osQ rkRdkfyd eku dh vfHkO;fDr]
(d) 'kfDr xq.kkad]
(d) èkkjk vkSj foHko osQ chp dyk dks.k varj] vkSj
(d) 'kfDr dh •irA
3. ,d ifjiFk ftlesa 12Ω dk çfrjksèk] 1.15 H dk ,d çsjdRo vkSj Js.kh esa 100μf dk laèkkfj=k gS] 100V,
50Hz vkiwfrZ esa tqM+k gqvk gSA çfrckèkk] èkkjk] vkSj vkiwfrZ foHko osQ chp dyk varj dh x.kuk djsaA
4. Z1 = 10 + j15Ω vkSj Z2 = 6 – j8Ω osQ çfrckèkk okys nks ifjiFk lekukarj esa tqM+s gq, gSaA ;fn vkiwfrZ
èkkjk 20A gSA çR;sd 'kk•k esa vo'kksf"kr gksus okyh 'kfDr dk fuèkkZj.k djsaA
5. MsYVk la;ksftr ç.kkyh esa] dyk foHko] dyk èkkjk vkSj 'kfDr xq.kkad osQ eku Øe'k% 500 V, 20 A vkSj
0.8 gSaA ç.kkyh }kjk •ir dh xbZ oqQy 'kfDr dh x.kuk djsaA
çk;ksfxd
I. P2- ES110: izfrjks/d Hkkj osQ fy, ifjiFk ekinaMksa dk ekiu
P2.1 çk;ksfxd dFku

çfrjks/d Hkkj osQ lkFk ,dy dyk ifjiFk esa foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dks ekisaA
P2.2 çk;ksfxd egRo

use IysV fofunZs'kksa osQ vuqlkj fn, x, Hkkj osQ çn'kZu dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr tSls
ekinaMksa dk ekiu egRoiw.kZ gSA rkid (ghVj) Hkkj tSls vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, eki fctyh vkiwfrZ dscYl osQ vkdkj
vkSj Ý;wt] ifjiFk czsdj bR;kfn tSls lqj{kkRed midj.k dh jsfVax fu/kZfjr djus esa enn djsxkA

fl¼kar osQ fy, fo"k; 5.1.3 (i) 'kq¼ çfrjks/d ifjiFk ns•saA ,dy dyk ,lh vkiwfrZ ls çfrjks/h Hkkj }kjk vo'kksf"kr
'kfDr dks VI cosq osQ :i esa çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS] tgka V vkSj I foHko vkSj /kjk gksrs gSaA ,d çfrjks/d Hkkj
osQ fy, 'kfDr dkjd dk eku] cosq] ,d gksrk gS A blfy,] çfrjks/d Hkkj }kjk vo'kksf"kr 'kfDr VI osQ cjkcj
gksrh gSA
PrO1 ekiu midj.kksa dh mfpr Js.kh dk p;u djsaA
PrO2 ifjiFk vkSj ekiu midj.kksa dks Bhd ls la;ksftr djsaA
PrO3 fn, x, çfrjks/d Hkkj osQ foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dks ekisa-

(Mªkbax@Ldsp@ifjiFk vkjs•@dke dh fLFkfr)
Wattmeter
Single Pole Ammeter
Switch
M L
A
C V
V Resistive
AC Source Load
Voltmeter
fp=k P2.1: foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dh eki osQ fy, ifjiFk vkjs•
P2.6 vko';d lalk/u

lq>k, x, lalk/uksa dh okLrfod lalk/uksa dh vko';drk
ek=kk@ fVIi.kh
1. ,dy dyk AC vkiwfrZ 230V, 50Hz 1
2. dusfDVax ok;j] eYVh LVªSaM] Cu ok;j] LS

1.5 mm2
3. ,dy /zqo oqaQth] 5A 1
4. izfrjks/d Hkkj] 1 KW 1
5. oksYVehVj] 0-300V AC 1
6. ,ehVj] 0–5A AC 1
7. ,dy dyk okVehVj] /kjk oqaQMy 0-5A, 1

foHko oqaQMy 0-300V
P2.7 lqj{kk mik;
1. eki midj.kksa dh jsat dk mfpr p;u lqfuf'pr djsaA
2. ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj dks la;ksftr djsaA
3. fctyh dh vkiwfrZ pkyw djus ls igys ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk dusD'ku dh tkap djsaA
P2.8 iz;ksx fof/

2. ,ehVj] oksYVehVj vkSj okVehVj dk mfpr la;kstu lqfuf'pr djsaA
3. fn, x, çfrjks/d Hkkj osQ çfrjks/ dks ekisaA
4. ,dy pj.k fctyh dh vkiwfrZ la;ksftr djsaA
5. ,dy èkzqo oqaQth ON djsaA
6. p;fur /kjk vkSj foHko dkWby jsfVax osQ vuqlkj okVehVj osQ xq.ku dkjd dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
7. çs{k.k rkfydk esa /kjk] foHko vkSj okVehVj jhfMax fjdkWMZ djsaA
Øekad ,ehVj (A) oksYVehVj (V) okVehVj (W) =kqfV
x.kuk
V2
fn, x, çfrjks/d Hkkj dh 'kfDr dh x.kuk djsa P = vkSj /kjk I = V
R R
tgk¡ V oksYVehVj dh jhfMax gS vkSj R fn, x, çfrjks/d Hkkj dk çfrjks/ gS tSlk fd çfØ;k osQ pj.k 3
esa ekik x;k gSA
Øekad ekinaMksa dk voyksdu ekfir eku ifjxf.kr (Calculated) eku
1. /kjk
2. okVehVj
P2.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

uksV% uhps lanHkZ osQ fy, oqQN mnkgj.k ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfC/ lqfuf'pr
djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks bl rjg osQ vkSj ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1. ns•s x, ekuksa osQ lkFk fn, x, Hkkj dk 'kfDr dkjd fu/kZfjr djsaA
2. ,ehVj dks Js.khØe esa rFkk oksYVehVj dks Hkkj osQ lekukarj tksM+us dk dkj.k crkb,A
fo|qr Hkkj
osQ çdkj
II. P3-ES110: RL Hkkj osQ fy, ifjiFk ekinaMksa dk ekiu
P3.1 çk;ksfxd dFku

R-L Jà•yk ifjiFk esa foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dks ekisaA
P3.2 çk;ksfxd egRo

use IysV fofunZs'kksa osQ vuqlkj fn, x, Hkkj osQ çn'kZu dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr
tSls ekinaMksa dk ekiu egRoiw.kZ gSA ?kjsyw Hkkj tSls ia•s] jsfÚtjsVj] okrkuqowQfyr vkfn osQ fy, ekiu fctyh
vkiwfrZ dscYl osQ vkdkj vkSj Ý;wt] ifjiFk czsdj bR;kfn tSls lqj{kkRed midj.k dh jsfVax fu/kZfjr djus esa enn
djsxkA

fl¼kar osQ fy, fo"k; 5.2.2 ij çfrjks/&çsj.k ifjiFk ns•saA ,d ,dy dyk ,lh vkiwfrZ ls f•yk, x, R-L Hkkj
}kjk vo'kksf"kr 'kfDr dks VI cosq osQ :i esa çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS] tgka o V vkSj I] foHko vkSj /kjk gksrs gSaA
R-L Hkkj osQ fy, 'kfDr xq.kd dk eku cos q 'kwU; vkSj ,d osQ chp gksrk gSA
fn;k x;k R-L Hkkj osQ fy, foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dks ekisa%
PrO3 fn, x, çfrjks/d çsjd Hkkj osQ foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dks ekisaA
fp=k P3.5: foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfDr dh eki osQ fy, ifjiFk vkjs•
P3.6 vko';d lalk/u

ek=kk@ fVIi.kh
1. ,dy dyk AC vkiwfrZ 230V] 50Hz 1
dusfDVax ok;j] eYVh LVªSaM Cu ok;j]

2. LS
1-5 mm2
3. ,dy /qzo fLop] 5A 1
4. çfrjks/d Hkkj] 1 kW 1

ek=kk@ fVIi.kh
5. pksd dkWby 1
7. ,ehVj] 0-5A AC 1
,dy dyk okVehVj] /kjk dkWby 0-5A]

8. 1
foHko oqaQMy 0-300V
P3.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. ekiu midj.kksa osQ mfpr çdkj vkSj jsat dk p;u djsaA
2. ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj oksYVehVj vkSj ,ehVj dks la;ksftr djsaA
3. ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk la;kstu dh tkap djsa vkSj fctyh dh vkiwfrZ pkyw djus ls igys tk¡p
djs fd rkj la;kstu VkbV gSaA
4. ç;ksx osQ ckn fctyh dh vkiwfrZ can dj nsaA
P3.8 iz;ksx fof/

1. ifjiFk dks fp=k P3.1. esa fn•k, vuqlkj la;ksftr djsaA
2. ,ehVj] oksYVehVj vkSj okVehVj dk mfpr la;kstu lqfuf'pr djsaA
3. fn, x, çfrjks/d Hkkj osQ çfrjks/ dks ekisaA
4. ,dy dyk fctyh dh vkiwfrZ la;ksftr djsaA
5. ,dy èkzqo oqaQth pkyw djsaA
6. p;fur /kjk vkSj foHko oqaQMy jsfVax osQ vuqlkj okVehVj osQ xq.ku dkjd dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
7. voyksdu rkfydk la[;k P3-1 esa /kjk] foHko vkSj okVehVj jhfMax fjdkWMZ djsaA

rkfydk P3.1: voyksdu rkfydk
Øekad ,ehVj jhfMax (A) oksYVehVj jhfMax (V) okVehVj jhfMax (W)
VS VR VL
x.kuk
fp=k P3.2: dyk vkjs•

ifjiFk osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh /kjk I gS] çfrjks/d Hkkj esa foHko iru (MªkWi) VR gS] pksd dkWby osQ
lekukarj foHko VC gS] tgka VC = Vr + jVL, pksd dkWby esa çfrjks/ foHko iru rFkk çsj.k foHko iru Vr , VL gSA
P V
1. fn, x, R-L Hkkj osQ 'kfDr xq.kd cosq = vkSj Hkkj çfrck/k Z = S dh x.kuk djsaA
VSI l
VS2 – VR2 – VC2
2. fp=k P3.2 esa fn•k, x, dyk vkjs• ls cos a =
2VCVR
3. lkbu fu;e dk mi;ksx djds 'kfDr dkjd cosq = cos(sin–1(VC sin a /Vs))
4. buiqV 'kfDr = VsI cosq

Øekad ekinaMksa dk voyksdu ekfir eku ifjxf.kr eku =kqfV
1. 'kfDr
2. 'kfDr dkjd
P3.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

uksV% uhps lanHkZ osQ fy, oqQN uewuk ç'u fn, x, gSaA iwoZ&fu/kZfjr ikBÔØe ifj.kkeksa dh miyfC/ lqfuf'pr
djus osQ fy, f'k{kdksa dks ,sls vkSj vf/d ç'u rS;kj djus pkfg,A
1. çsf{kr ewY;ksa osQ lkFk pksd oqaQMy dk çfrjks/ fu/kZfjr djsaA
2. ,d vkn'kZ vkSj çk;ksfxd çsjd esa varj crkb,A
3. flaxy iQst 'kfDr dks ekius osQ fy, bLrseky dh tkus okyh fof/;ksa dh lwph cuk,aA
4. ,d ,ehVj dks ifjiFk osQ lekukarj ugha tksM+us osQ dkj.kksa dk irk yxk,¡\
çsjd dks
le>k;k gS
vfèkd tkfu,
lw{e ifj;kstuk
5-6 Nk=kksa osQ lewg dks ladk; osQ ekxZn'kZu esa ,d ;k nks lw{e ifj;kstuk (vksa) @ xfrfofèk (;ks±) dks 'kq: djuk
pkfg, vkSj bls O;fDrxr Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk lewg osQ :i esa Hkh çLrqr djuk pkfg,A ,d uewuk lw{e ifj;kstuk
leL;k uhps nh xbZ gS%
1. ,dy&dyk vkiwfrZ ij fLop osQ lkFk vkiwfrZ esa 40 watt ySai osQ lkFk vkiwfrZ esa rhu pksd lU;ksftr
djsaA fLofpax fØ;k osQ çHkko dk fo'ys"k.k djsa vkSj le; osQ lkFk foHko vkSj èkkjk dh ifjorZu ij
fVIi.kh djsaA
xfrfofèk;ka
1. fofHkUu ?kjsyw midj.kksa esa ç;qDr gksus okys fofHkUu çdkj osQ çfrjksèkdksa] çsjdksa rFkk laèkkfj=kksa osQ lacaèk
esa lwpuk ,df=kr dhft,A
2. çR;sd cSp vius Lo;a osQ [email protected];d ifjlj@ekWy vkfn esa rhu dyk 'kfDr osQ forj.k iSuy dk
fujh{k.k djsxk vkSj ,d fjiksVZ rS;kj djsxkA
ICT dk mi;ksx
cqfu;knh bysfDVªdy
fo|qr bathfu;fjax
çkS|ksfxdh dh ewy ckrsa

1. V.N. Mittle and A. Mittal, Basic Electrical Engineering, McGraw Education, 2017.
2. M.S. Sukhija and T.K. Nagsarkar, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering , Delhi: Oxford
3. B.L. Theraja, Electrical Technology, Vol. - I, New Delhi: S. Chand and Company, 2015.
4. S.K. Bhattacharya, Basic Electrical Engineering, Pearson Education, 2019.
5. S.B. Lal Seksena and Kaustuv Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Cambridge
ifj.kkfe=k ,oa e'khusa | 193
6 ifj.kkfe=k ,oa e'khusa
;wfuV fof'k"V
 ,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ çeq• Hkkx
 ,d ifj.kkfe=k dk dk;Z fl¼kar
 DC e'khu dh fuekZ.k lacaèkh fo'ks"krk,a
 DC eksVlZ osQ çdkj vkSj mudh fo'ks"krk,a
 AC eksVlZ osQ çdkj vkSj muds vuqç;ksx
fo|kFkhZ Lo&f'k{k.k xfrfofèk;ksa dks leL;k lekèkku mnkgj.kksa vkSj ICT lanHkks± osQ lkFk&lkFk çR;sd fo"k; osQ
var esa vkSj vfèkd ftKklk vkSj jpukRedrk iSnk djus osQ lkFk&lkFk leL;k lekèkku {kerk esa lqèkkj osQ fy,
cuk;k x;k gSA
Cywe dh VSDlksukWeh osQ c<+s gq, Lrjksa osQ ckn dbZ cgqfodYih; ç'uksa osQ lkFk&lkFk fo"k;kRed ç'u] lanHkZ
osQ rgr lwphc¼ iqLrdksa esa çnku dh xbZ dbZ leL;kvksa osQ ekè;e ls vlkbuesaV vkSj lq>k, x, jhfMax ;wfuV esa
fn, x, gSa rkfd dksbZ Hkh muds ekè;e ls vH;kl osQ fy, tk ldrk gSA
lacafèkr ç;ksx osQ ckn ^vfèkd tkusa* vuqHkkx fn;k x;k gS rkfd çnku dh xbZ iwjd tkudkjh iqLrd osQ
mi;ksxdrkZvksa osQ fy, iQk;nsean gksA ;wfuV lkexzh osQ vkèkkj ij bl •aM esa] ^lw{e ifj;kstuk* vkSj ^xfrfofèk;ka*
nh xbZ gSa ftUgsa fofHkUu igyqvksa ij nSfud okLrfod thou ;k@vkSj vkS|ksfxd vuqç;ksxksa dks fodflr djus osQ
fy, foosdiw.kZ rjhds ls fMtkbu fd;k x;k gSA doj fd, x, oqQN mi&fo"k;ksa osQ ckjs esa vfèkd tkuus osQ fy,
vfrfjDr ohfM;ks lalkèku miyCèk djk, x, gSaA
Hkwfedk
vuqç;ksxksa osQ vuqlkj foHko ;k èkkjk Lrjksa dks cnyus osQ fy, fu;ksftr çklafxd ifj.kkfe=k osQ mi;ksx osQ fcuk]
lHkh çdkj dh vkSj lHkh Lrjksa ij fo|qr 'kfDr ç.kkyh vèkwjh gSA m|ksxksa vkSj miHkksDrkvksa esa fo|qr ç.kkyh osQ
vuqç;ksx NksVs vkSj cM+s fo|qr eksVjksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ;g vè;k; Nk=kksa dks ,d ifj.kkfe=k (VªkaliQkeZj) osQ
cqfu;knh dk;Zç.kkyh vkSj vuqç;ksxksa ls ifjfpr djk,xkA ;g vè;k; fof'k"V vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, eksVjksa dk p;u
djus osQ fy,] Nk=kksa dks dkS'ky osQ lkFk l{ke djsxkA
iwoZ visf{kr Kku
VI Transformer and Machines
1- foKku% fo|qr] fo|qr èkkjk osQ pqacdh; çHkko (d{kk X)
2-RATIONALE
vuqç;qDr HkkSfrd 'kkL=k&1% dk;Z] 'kfÙkQ vkSj ÅtkZ (lsesLVj&I)
Electrical power system of all sorts and at all levels are incomplete without the use of relevant transformer
3-employed
xf.kr& I% f=kdks.kfefr (fVªxuksesVªh)] chtxf.kr (lsesLVj I)
to change voltage or current levels according to applications. Electrical system application in industries
and consumer use small and large electric motors. This chapter will make student familiar with the basic working
;wfuVandvkmVdEl
applications of a transformer. This chapter will also enable students with skills to select motors for specific
application.
U6–01: ifj.kkfe=k osQ fuekZ.k vkSj oxhZdj.k dk o.kZu djus esaA
PRE-REQUISITE
1. Applied
U6–02: ifj.kkfe=kPhysics- 1 djus osQ fl¼kar dk o.kZu djus esaA
osQ dk;Z
2. Basic Mathematics
U6–03: Loifj.kkfe=k osQ dkedkt dh O;k[;k djus esaA
U6–04:
LEARNING eksVj OUTCOMES
osQ fuekZ.k vkSj dk;Z fl¼kar dk o.kZu djusesaA
LO - 6.1 Describe the construction and classification of transformers.
LO - 6.2 eksDescribe
U6–05: Vj osQ cqthe
fu;knh lehdj.k
principle vkSj of
of working fo'kstransformers.
"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djus esaA
LO - 6.3 fof'k"V
U6–06: Explainvuq ç;ksxksa osQoffy,
functioning eksVj dk lq>ko nsaus esaA
autotransformer.
LO - 6.4 Describe construction and working principle of motors.
LO - 6.5. Explain basic equations and characteristics of motors.
;wLO - 6.6 Suggest motors for specific applications .
fuV&6 (1- detksj lglacaèk_ 2- eè;e lglacaèk_ 3- etcwr lglacaèk)
vkmVdEl
MAPPING OF UNIT WISE LEARNING OUTCOMES WITH THE COURSE OUTCOMES
Unit Learning EXPECTED MAPPING WITH COURSE OUTCOMES
U6-01 1 Outcome - (1- Weak -Correlation; 2- Medium
3 correlation; 3-3Strong Correlation)3
CO-1 CO-2 CO-3 CO-4 CO-5 CO 6
U6-02 1 - - 3 3 3
LO 6.1 1 - 3 3 3
6.1 Transformer 1
U6-03
LO 6.2
-
1
-
-
3 3
3 3
3 3
U6-04 1 LO 6.3 - 1 - 3 3 3 3 3 3
U6-05 1 LO 6.4 - 1 1 13 3 3 3 33
6.2 Electric Motors LO 6.5 1 13 3 3
U6-06 1 - 1 3 33
LO 6.6 1 1 3 3 3
fudksyk VsLyk (1856–1943)]

,d lfcZ ;kbZ&ves
Nikola Tesla bathfu;j vkSj HkkSfrd foKkuh] 1882 esa Vgyus osQ nkSjku] cz'k
fjdh(1856-1943),
an Serbian-American
jfgr ,lh eksVj osQ fy, fopkj engineer osQandlkFkphysicist, while onjkLrk
vk,] ftlls a walkdhin 1882,
jsr esa came
bldsup?kweus
with the idea for a brushless AC motor, making the first sketches of its rotating
okys fo|q r pqEcdksa dk igyk js•k fp=k cuk;k x;kA ml o"kZ ckn esa og isfjl pys
electromagnets in the sand of the path. Later that year he moved to Paris and
x, vkSgot
j dkWa fjob
UVusrepairing
aVy ,fMlu daicurrent
direct uh osQ power
lkFk fn"V plantsèkkjk
with'kfDr la;a=kksa dh Edison
the Continental ejEer dk
dke feykA
Company. nks lkyTwo ckn later ines1884
years1884 a og helaimmigrated
;qDr jkT; ves fjdk
to the esa vk
United dj He
States. cljoined
x,A og
osfLVaxWestinghouse
gkml esa 'kkfey wheregkshex,invented
tgka mUgks
the aufirst
s igyh çR;korhZcurrent
alternating èkkjk (AC)
eksVj motor
dk vkfo"dkj
and
developed AC generation and transmission
fd;k vkSj AC tfu=k vkSj çlkj.k dh rduhd fodflr dhA 1890 osQ n'kd esa technology. In the 1890s Tesla
VsLyk usinvented
fo|qr nks electric
yd (vkW oscillators,
flysVlZ)meters,
] fo|qrimproved
] csgrj cYc lightsvkSand the high-voltage
j mPp&foHko ifj.kkfe=k
transformer known as the Tesla coil. Together, Tesla and Westinghouse in
dk vkfo"dkj fd;k] ftls VsLyk oqQ.Myh osQ uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA VsLyk vkS josfLVax
partnership with General Electric installed AC generators at Niagara Falls,
gkml creating
us feydj thefu;kxz k iQkWYlpower
first modern esa tujy fo|qr LFkkfir AC tujsVj osQ lkFk lk>snkjh
station.
esa igyk vkèkqfud fctyh dsUæ cuk;kA
6.1 ifj.kkfe=k
6.1.1 çLrkouk
fn"V èkkjk ij çR;korhZ èkkjk osQ lcls egRoiw.kZ ykHkksa esa ls ,d gS] ftlds lkFk de foHko ls mPp foHko ;k
blds foijhr esa ifjorZu ifj.kkfe=k dh enn ls iwjk fd;k tk ldrk gSA ifj.kkfe=k ,d fLFkj midj.k gS (fcuk
?kw.kZu Hkkxksa ds) tks fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ,d çR;korhZ èkkjk ifjiFk ls nwljs esa] foHko ;k èkkjk Lrj esa okafNr ifjorZu
osQ lkFk vkSj vko`fÙk esa fdlh Hkh cnyko osQ fcuk] LFkkukarfjr djrk gSA ifj.kkfe=k dh enn ls mPp&foHko] yach
nwjh osQ çlkj.k us ,d HkkSxksfyd {ks=k esa mRiUu fo|qr ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx nwljs {ks=k esa fLFkr dsaæksa dks djus osQ fy,
laHko cuk fn;k gSA
ifj.kkfe=k dks ,dy&dyk ;k rhu&dyk lIykbZ ij lapkfyr djus osQ fy, fMtkbu fd;k tkrk gS vkSj rnuqlkj
,dy&dyk ;k rhu&dyk ifj.kkfe=k osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA bl vè;k; esa ppkZ dsoy ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k
rd gh lhfer gSA rhu&dyk ifj.kkfe=k] gkykafd] ,dy&dyk ifj.kkfe=k osQ leku fl¼kar ij gh dke djrs gSa
6.1.2 ifj.kkfe=k osQ Hkkx

,d ifj.kkfe=k esa eq[; :i ls fuEufyf•r Hkkx gksrs gSa% igys Hkkx esa pqacdh; ifjiFk cukus okys Hkkx] ;ksd
vkSj dl dj j•us okyh (DySafiax) lajpuk gksrh gS vkSj nwljk Hkkx ;kuh fo|qr ifjiFk esa çkFkfed oqQ.Myh] f}
rh;d oqQ.Myh vkSj çfrjksèku (bUlqys'ku) gksrk gSA vkdkj ({kerk) vkSj vkWijsfVax foHko esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] VSad
ckWMh] cqf'kax] laj{kd (datoZsVj)] 'o'ku ;a=k (czhnj)] foLiQksVu cpko fNæ (osaV)] cq•ksYt oqaQth (fjys)] foHko
ifjorZd (VSfiax) fLop bR;kfn tSls dbZ vU; Hkkx gksrs gSaA fp=k 6-1 ifj.kkfe=k osQ fuekZ.k fooj.k dks fn•krk gSA
fp=k 6-1% ifj.kkfe=k dk lkeus dk n`';

a. vUrHkkZx vkSj oqQ.Myh % ,d ifj.kkfe=k dk vUrHkkZx (dksj) pqacdh; inkFkZ ls cuk gksrk gS vkSj bldk
mi;ksx pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ fy, de pqacdh; vojksèk (çfr"êðaHk ;k fjyDVSa,al) dk ekxZ çnku djus
osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA pqacdh; ifjiFk dk pqacdh; vojksèk dk eku ftruk de gksxk] pqacdh; {ks=k mruk
gh etcwr gksxkA okLro esa vUrHkkZx osQ fy, mi;ksx fd, tkus okys inkFkZ mPp Js.kh (xzsM) flfydkWu
LVhy gS tks yxHkx 0-35 ls 0-5 mm eksVh] iVfyr (ysfeus'ku) osQ :i esa gksrh gSA bu ysfeus'ku
dks] ,d nwljs ls cpkus osQ fy,] okfuZ'k ;k ysfir osQ lkFk esa busey (rkephuh p<kuk) fd;k tkrk gSA
çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d ?kqekonkj cukus okyh oqQ.Myh dks] xksy ;k piVs rkj osQ :i esa vPNh rjg ls
fo|qr&jksfèkr rkacs dk pkyd dk mi;ksx djds yisVk tkrk gSaA bu oqaQMfy;ksa dks fiQj dksj osQ Hkkxksa osQ
vklikl j•k tkrk gSA bu oqQ.Myh dks çsl cksMZ ;k cSdykbV tSls fo|qr&jksèkh inkFkZ dk mi;ksx djds
,d] nwljs vkSj dksj ls çFkd j•k tkrk gSA lkekU; çkjafHkd ifj.kkfe=k esa] ljyrk osQ fy, çkFkfed
vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh dks dksj osQ vyx&vyx 'kk•k (fyac) ij fn•k;k tkrk gSA gkykafd] vxj bl
rjg dh O;oLFkk dk mi;ksx okLrfod O;ogkj esa fd;k tkrk gS] rks çkFkfed oqQ.Myh }kjk mRiUu lHkh
pqacdh; cyjs•kvks f}rh;d oqQ.Myh ls ugha tqM+saxs D;ksafd oqQN pqacdh; cyjs•kvks gok osQ ekè;e ls
ckgj fudy tk,axsA bl rjg osQ pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dks fjlko (yhdst) pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gSA yhdst pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dk eku ftruk vfèkd gksxk] ifj.kkfe=k dk çn'kZu mruk gh
de vPNk gksxkA blfy, bl fjlko pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dks de djus osQ fy, çkFkfed oqQ.Myh vkSj
f}rh;d oqQ.Myh dks okLrfod ifj.kkfe=k esa ,d gh 'kk•k ;k Hkqtk ij ,d lkFk j•k tkrk gSA ;s oqQ.
Myh ;k rks csyukdkj :i esa ;k lSaMfop çdkj osQ gksrs gSa tSlk fd fp=k 6-2 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
fp=k 6-2% ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk dVk gqvk n`';

b. ifj.kkfe=k Vadh% 50 kVA ls vfèkd jsfVax okys ifj.kkfe=k esa] ifj.kkfe=k dh iwjh vlsacyh (bdêòk dj
fofHkUu Hkkxks dks tksM+uk) vFkkZr oqQ.Myh vkSj dksj dks ,d èkkrq osQ píj ls fuekZ.k dh xbZ Vadh esa
j•k tkrk gS vkSj rsy esa Mqcks;k tkrk gS tks bUlqys'ku vkSj owQfyax çnku djus osQ nksuksa mís';ksa dks iwjk
djrk gSA oqQ.Myh vkSj dksj esa mRiUu xehZ dks] rsy }kjk] Vadh dh ckgjh lrg rd ys tk;k tkrk gSA
vfèkd çHkkoh 'khryu osQ fy, Vadh osQ lrg {ks=k dks c<+kus osQ fy, 'khryu ufy;k¡ (owQfyax VÔwc)
miyCèk djkbZ tkrh gSaA
c. VfeZuy cqf'kax% ifj.kkfe=k dh çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh osQ VfeZuyksa dks Vadh ls ckgj yk;k tkrk gS
vkSj iksflZyus cqf'kax dh enn ls Vadh dh ckWMh ls çFkd jgrk gSA bu cqf'kax dks Vadh esa yxk;k tkrk gSA
d. dUloZsVj% ,d ifj.kkfe=k esa] dke djus osQ nkSjku] rkieku esa ifjorZu osQ lkFk rsy osQ foLrkj vkSj
laoqQpu dks ysus osQ fy, rsy osQ Lrj ls Åij oqQN txg dk çkoèkku ges'kk vko';d gksrk gSA tc
ifj.kkfe=k xeZ gks tkrk gS] rks rsy iQSyrk gS vkSj rsy osQ Åij dh gok ckgj fudy tkrh gSA tc
VªkaliQkeZj BaMk gks tkrk gS] rsy floqQM+ tkrk gS vkSj ckgj dh gok ifj.kkfe=k esa vk tkrh gSA bl çfØ;k
dks ifj.kkfe=k dh 'okl osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA vxj mfpr lkoèkkuh ugha cjrh tkrh gS] rks bl
çfØ;k osQ nkSjku ifj.kkfe=k esa ços'k djus okyh ckgjh gok osQ }kjk dkiQh ueh vanj tk ldrh gSA tc
ifj.kkfe=k esa rsy ,slh ue gok osQ laidZ esa vkrk gS] rks ;g gok ls ueh dks vklkuh ls vo'kksf"kr dj
ysrk gS vkSj oqQN gn rd viuk çfrjksèku (balqysfVax) eku •ks nsrk gSA ,d dUloZsVj dk mi;ksx djds
rsy dh bl {kj.k dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA laj{kd (datoZsVj) ,d ok;qjksèkh csyukdkj èkkrq dk Mªe gS
tks ifj.kkfe=k VSad ij yxk;k gksrk gSA ;g Mªe] ikbi }kjk ifj.kkfe=k VSad ls tqM+k gksrk gS vkSj ges'kk
vkaf'kd :i ls rsy ls Hkjk jgrk gSA rkieku esa ifjorZu osQ lkFk eq[; Vadh esa rsy dk foLrkj vkSj
laoqQpu] dUloZsVj }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk osQ lkFk] eq[; Vadh ges'kk rsy ls Hkjk jgrk gS] vkSj
rsy dh lrg lhèks gok osQ laidZ esa ugha vkrh gSA
e. 'o'ku ;a=k% ifj.kkfe=k dh lkal ysus dh çfØ;k osQ nkSjku datoZsVj esa rsy osQ Lrj ls Åij gok dk
foLFkkiu ,d 'o'ku ;a=k (czhnj) uked midj.k osQ ekè;e ls gksrk gSA blesa ,d lq•kus okyk ,tsaV
gksrk gS] tSls dSfY'k;e DyksjkbM ;k flfydk tsy] tks gok ls ueh fudkyrk gSA czhnj mlesa ekStwn èkwy
osQ d.kksa dks gVkdj gok dks lkiQ Hkh djrk gSA bl çdkj] ifj.kkfe=k esa rsy osQ laidZ esa dsoy 'kq"d
vkSj LoPN gok gh vkus nh tkrh gSA
f. cq•ksYt fjys% ;g ,d çdkj dk lqj{kkRed midj.k gS tks eq[; Vadh dks dUloZsVj ls tksM+us okyh
ikbiykbu esa yxk gksrk gSA nks"k (iQkYV) dh fLFkfr osQ nkSjku oqQ.Myh esa uqdlku osQ dkj.k vR;fèkd
xehZ mRiUu gksrh gS] oqQ.Myh osQ vklikl osQ Vadh esa rsy fo?kfVr gks tkrk gS vkSj fofHkUu çdkj dh
xSlsa eqDr gks tkrh gSaA ;s xSlsa cq•ksyt fjys dks lapkfyr djrh gSa tks çkjafHkd fLFkfr esa dk;Z ij mifLFkr
vkWijsVj dks vykeZ nsrh gSA ;fn mRiUu nks"k dks xaHkhj çdkj osQ nks"k esa cny fn;k tkrk gS] rks ;g fjys]
eq[; ifjiFk Hkatd (czsdj) dks foPNsfnr (fVªi) dj nsrk gSA
g. foLiQksVu cpko osaV% Vadh dh Åijh lrg ij >qds (csaV) gq, yxs ikbi dks foLiQksV }kj ;k fjyhiQ
okYo osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA blesa 'kh'kk osQ píj (Xykl 'khV) ;k ,Y;qfefu;e i.kZ (iQkW;y) osQ
píj ls eè;iV (Mk;izQke) cuk;k tkrk gSA iQkWYV dh fLFkfr esa] ;fn BaMk rsy osQ ok"ihdj.k osQ dkj.k
Vadh osQ vanj vR;fèkd ncko mRiUu gks tkrk gS] rks foLiQksVd }kj esa Mk;izQke iQV tkrk gS vkSj ncko
NksM+ nsrk gS] bl çdkj ifj.kkfe=k dks uqdlku gksus ls cpk fy;k tkrk gSA
6.1.3 ifj.kkfe=k osQ çdkj

dksj vkSj oqQ.Myh dh O;oLFkk osQ vkèkkj ij] ifj.kkfe=k osQ nks eq[; çdkj gksrs gSa% dksj çdkj vkSj 'ksy çdkjA
fp=k 6-3 esa nks çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k dks fn•k;k x;k gSA
a. vUrHkkZx ;k dksj çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k

dksj çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k dh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,a bl çdkj gSa%
•• dksj çdkj dk ifj.kkfe=k] ,d vk;rkdkj lajpuk cukus osQ fy, ySfeus'ku ls cuk gksrk gS tSlk fd
fp=k 6-3(a) esa fn•k;k x;k gS vkSj ,d ,dy pqacdh; ifjiFk çnku djrk gSA
•• oqQ.Myh lkekU; :i ls csyukdkj gksrs gSa vkSj O;FkZ O;; dks de djus osQ fy, ladsafær gksrs gSa] fuEu
foHko oqQ.Myh dks dksj osQ ikl j•k tkrk gSA ;s oqQ.Myh] dksj osQ dkiQh fgLls dks ?ksj ysrh gSa
•• çkFkfed@f}rh;d ;k fuEu foHko@mPp foHko oqQ.Myh] dksj osQ nks Hkqtkvksa ij leku :i ls forfjr gksrs
gSaA
•• oqQ.Myh nks Hkqtkvksa ij forfjr gksus ls] çkÑfrd 'khryu vfèkd çHkkoh gks tkrk gSA
•• dsoy Åijh ;ksd dks gVkdj] oqQ.Myh dks ejEer osQ fy, fudkyk tk ldrk gSA
b. vkoj.k ;k 'ka• ;k 'ksy çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k
'ksy çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k dh eq[; fo'ks"krk,a uhps lwph c¼ gSa%
•• bl çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k dk dksj nksgjk pqacdh; ifjiFk çnku djrk gSA
•• oqQ.Myh lkekU; :i ls lSaMfop çdkj dh gksrh gS] ftls ges'kk dksj osQ eè; Hkkx ij j•k tkrk gSA
•• HV (,p-oh-) vkSj LV (,y-oh-) oqQ.Myh dks] fVfd;k (iSu dsd) osQ :i esa ?kqekonkj fcNk fn;k tkrk
gSaA Åij vkSj uhps dh oqQ.Myh tks] dksj osQ ;ksd osQ ikl gksrs gSa] os dsoy LV oqQ.Myh gh gksrh gSaA
•• dksj osQ dsaæh; 'kk•k ij fLFkr oqQ.Myh dks] dksj yxHkx ?ksj ysrk gSA ;g lqfoèkk oqQ.Myh dks ;kaf=kd
lqj{kk çnku djus esa enn djrh gSA
•• oqaQMfy;ka dsoy dsaæh; 'kk•k ij j•h tk jgh gSa vkSj 'kk•k] ckgjh dksj ls f?kjh gqbZ gksrh gSa] blfy,
çkÑfrd 'khryu de gksrk gSA
•• oqQ.Myh dh ejEer mruh vklku ugha gS ftruh fd dksj çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k osQ fy, gksrh gSA
fp=k 6-3% (a) dksj çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k (b) 'kSy çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k
6.1.4 dk;Z djus osQ fl¼kar

ifj.kkfe=k dk lapkyu ,d lkekU; pqacdh; {ks=k ls tqM+s nks ifjiFk osQ chp ikjLifjd çsj.k osQ fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr
gSA ifj.kkfe=k dks mlds çkjafHkd :i esa] fp=k 6-4 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA
fp=k 6-4% çkjafHkd ifj.kkfe=k

blesa vfuok;Z :i ls nks oqQ.Myh gksrs gSa] çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh] fo|qr :i ls vyx ysfdu ,d
lkekU; ysfeusVsM LVhy dksj ij yisVs tkrs gSaA dksj osQ ÅèoZ Hkkx ftl ij ;s oqQ.Myh j•s tkrs gSa] 'kk•k;sa (Hkqtk;sa
;k fyECl) dgykrs gSa vkSj Åij vkSj uhps osQ Hkkx] ;ksd dgykrs gSaA og oqQ.Myh tks ekStwnk vkxr vkiwfrZ ls
tqM+h gksrh gS vkSj tks blls ÅtkZ çkIr djrh gS] çkFkfed oqQ.Myh dgykrh gSA okafNr foHko ij Hkkj dks ÅtkZ nsus
okyh nwljh oqQ.Myh dks f}rh;d oqQ.Myh dgk tkrk gSA
tc çkFkfed oqQ.Myh dks AC vkiwfrZ ls tksM+k tkrk gS] rks ,d çR;korhZ èkkjk blds ekè;e
ls ifjpkfyr gksrh gSA çkFkfed oqQ.Myh ls cgus okyh ;g èkkjk ,d çR;korhZ pqacdh; cyjs•kvks
mRiUu djrh gSA bl ifjorZuh; pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dk vfèkdka'k Hkkx ykSg dksj osQ ekè;e ls f}
rh;d oqQ.Myh ls tqM+rk gS vkSj iQSjkMs osQ fo|qr pqEcdh; çsj.k osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj blesa ,d
VªkaliQkeZj dh
fo|qr okgd cy (fo-ok-c-) mRiUu djrk gSA og ?kVuk] ftlds dkj.k çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa ,d ewy ckrsa
çR;korhZ èkkjk f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa ,d fo-ok-c- mRiUu djrh gS] dks ikjLifjd çsj.k osQ :i esa
tkuk tkrk gS vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr fo-ok-c- dks ikjLifjd :i ls çsfjr fo-ok-c- osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA bl fo-ok-c- dh vko`fÙk vkiwfrZ foHko osQ leku gksrh gSA
6-1-4-1 ifj.kkfe=k osQ fo|qr okgd cy dk lehdj.k

eku yhft, fd çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa N1 vkSj N2 VuZ dh la[;k okyk ,d ifj.kkfe=k tSlk fd
fp=k 6-4 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA tc çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa vko`fÙk f dk ,d çR;korhZ foHko V1 yxk;k tkrk gS] rks
,d èkkjk Im çkFkfed oqQ.Myh ls çokfgr gksxk vkSj ;g çR;korhZ pqacdh; cyjs•kvks mRiUu djsxk tks çkFkfed
vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh nksuksa dks tksM+us okys dksj osQ ekè;e ls viuk iFk iwjk djrk gSA çR;korhZ pqacdh; cyjs•kvks
dk lehdj.k gS
j = jm cos wt ...(6.1)
iQSjkMs osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj çR;korhZ pqacdh; cyjs•kvks (pqacdh; ÝyDl) osQ dkj.k çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa
çsfjr fo-ok-c- dk lehdj.k uhps fn;k x;k gS%
dϕ
e1 = −N1 ...(6.2)
dt
lehdj.k 6-1 osQ pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ eku dks 6-2 esa çfrLFkkfir djus ij lehdj.k cu tkrk gS]
dϕ cos ωt
e1 = −N1 m
dt
e1 = N1wjm sin wt
 π
e1 = N1wjm cos  ωt − 
 2
 π
e1 = Em cos  ωt −  ...(6.3)
 2
tgka Em = 2pf N1 jm, çsfjr fo-ok-c- dk vfèkdre eku
çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr fo-ok-c- dk ewy ekè; oxZ eku }kjk fn;k tkrk gS]
2πf N1ϕm
E1 = = 4.44 f N1 jm...(6.4)
2
blh rjg] f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa fo-ok-c- dk lehdj.k gS]
E2 = 4.44 f N2 jm...(6.5)
6-1-4-2 foHko ifjorZu vuqikr
foHko ifjorZu vuqikr f}rh;d foHko osQ çkFkfed foHko osQ lkFk esa vuqikr osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gSA
bls K ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn K < 1 gS] rks f}rh;d foHko] çkFkfed foHko ls de gksxk vkSj ifj.kkfe=k
dks vipk;h (LVsiMkmu) ifj.kkfe=k dgk tk,xkA ;fn K > 1] rks ifj.kkfe=k ,d mPpk;h (LVsivi) ifj.kkfe=k gSA
E1 N1 1
= =
E2 N2 K
,d vkn'kZ ifj.kkfe=k esa] fuEufyf•r èkkj.kk,¡ cukbZ tkrh gSa%
•• oqQ.Myh dk çfrjksèk ux.; gksrk gSA
•• mRikfnr lHkh pqacdh; cyjs•k;sa] ifj.kkfe=k osQ dksj rd lhfer gksrs gSa vkSj nksuksa oqQ.Myh dks iwjh rjg
ls laidZ (fyad) djrs gSaA
•• dksj dh ikjxE;rk vfèkd gksrh gS ftlls pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dks mRiUu djus vkSj bls dksj esa LFkkfir
djus osQ fy, vko';d pqacdh; èkkjk ux.; gksrh gSA
•• 'kSfFkY; (fgLVSfjlhl) vkSj Hkaoj èkkjk dh gkuh ux.; gksrh gSa A
mijksDr èkkj.kk osQ lkFk] ,d ifj.kkfe=k dks fn;k x;k vkxr oksYV ,Eih;j vkSj fuxZr oksYV ,Eih;j dks cjkcj
;kuh V1 I1 = V2 I2 osQ :i esa vuqekfur fd;k tk ldrk gSA mijksDr lehdj.k cu tkrk gS]
E1 V1 N1 I1 1
= = = = ...(6.6)
E2 V2 N2 I2 K
6-1-4-3 fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr esa ifj.kkfe=k

tc ,d ifj.kkfe=k fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr esa gksrk gS] rks f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa èkkjk I2 dk eku] 'kwU; gksrk gS tSlk
fd fp=k 6-4 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] tcfd çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa èkkjk dk eku] de gksrk gS] ftls I0 fcuk Hkkj (uks
yksM) èkkjk osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA èkkjk I0 esa fuEufyf•r nks ?kVd gSaA
a. fuf"ozQ; ;k pqacdh; ?kVd Im vkSj
b. lfozQ; ;k 'kfDr ?kVd Im
pqacdh; ?kVd] pqacdh; cyjs•kvks (ÝyDl) dks mRiUu djrk gS] blfy, ;g pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ lkFk
dyk esa gksrk gSA lfØ; ?kVd] yksgs osQ dksj esa fgLVSfjlhl vkSj Hkaoj èkkjk dh gkuh dh vkiwfrZ djus dh 'kfDr
dk mRiknu djrk gS] lfØ; ?kVd] vkiwfrZ foHko V1 osQ lkFk dyk esa gksrk gSA çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr fo-
ok-c- E1 pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dks 90° ls ihNs dj nsrk gS tSlk fd lehdj.k 6-3 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA vkerkSj ij
lfØ; ?kVd] fcuk Hkkj dh èkkjk osQ pqacdh; ?kVd dh rqyuk esa cgqr de gksrk gSA fp=k 6-5 ,d ifj.kkfe=k dh
fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr ij dyk vkjs• fn•krk gSA
V1 =E1
f0
I0 Iw
Im fm
E1
fp=k 6-5% fcuk Hkkj osQ dyk vkjs•

dyk vkjs• ls pqacdh; èkkjk Im = I0 sin f0 vkSj dksj gkuh ?kVd Iw = I0 cos f0 gSA ifj.kkfe=k dh fcuk Hkkj
dh fLFkfr ij] nh ;k vkiwfrZr 'kfDr dk ifjek.k fuEufyf•r lehdj.k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk gS]
P0 = V1 I0 cos f0 ...(6.7)
tgka fcuk Hkkj 'kfDr xq.kkad (PF) gS vkSj fcuk Hkkj èkkjk dk eku fuEufyf•r lehdj.k }kjk Kkr fd;k tkrk
gS]
I0 = I2µ + I2ω ...(6.8)
6.1.5 Lo&ifj.kkfe=k
,d ifj.kkfe=k ftlesa oqQ.Myh dk ,d fgLlk] çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d nksuksa ifjiFk osQ fy, mHk;fu"V (dkWeu)
gksrk gS] Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA çkFkfed ifjiFk fo|qr :i ls f}rh;d ifjiFk ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk
gS vkSj lkFk gh pqacdh; :i ls Hkh tqM+k gqvk gksrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 6-6 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA nks oqQ.Myh okys ifj.
kkfe=k osQ foijhr] ,d Lo&ifj.kkfe=k fo|qr :i ls i`Fkd ugha gksrk gSA
I1
(V1 – V2)
N1
I2
V1
Q
I2 – I1 V2
N2
fp=k 6-6% Lo&ifj.kkfe=k

fp=k 6-6 esa] PR, çkFkfed oqQ.Myh gS ftlesa N1 VuZ gSa vkSj QR] f}rh;d oqQ.Myh gS ftlesa N2 VuZ dh
la[;k gSA buiqV foHko vkSj èkkjk V1 vkSj I2 gSa vkSj vkmViqV foHko ozQe'k% V2 vkSj I2 gSaA ;fn vkarfjd çfrckèkk
esa fxjkoV] vkSj gkfu;ksa dh mis{kk dh tkrh gS] rks V1I1 = V2I2
V1 I1 N1 1
== = ...(6.9)
V2 I2 N 2 K
QR] •aM (lsD'ku) esa èkkjk gS (I2 – I1) tgka I2 > I1
,d Lo&ifj.kkfe=k esa ifj.kkfe=k fozQ;k }kjk vkxr 'kfDr] dk dsoy ,d fgLlk çkFkfed ls f}rh;d dh rjiQ
(lkbM) esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA 'ks"k 'kfDr dks lhèks çkFkfed ls f}rh;d i{k esa LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gSA
'kfDr dh lkisf{kd ek=kk dks baMfDVo :i ls LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'kfDr dks cy js•k,adh; (daMfDVo)
:i ls LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS tks ifjorZu osQ vuqikr ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
Lo&ifj.kkfe=k }kjk oksYV ,Eih;j 'kfDr dks Hkkj ij LFkkukarfjr fd;k tkrk gS
= V2 I2
ifjofrZr 'kfDr tks QR] oqQ.Myh esa 'kfDr osQ cjkcj gSA :ikarfjr 'kfDr ;k vkxeukRed 'kfDr bl çdkj
nh xbZ gS
 I 
V2(I2 – I1) = V2 I2  1 − 1 
 I2 
lehdj.k 6-9 dks çfrLFkkfir djrs gq,] lehdj.k
= V2 I2(1 – K) ...(6.10)
tks 'kfDr lhèks lapkfyr dh tkrh gS] og Hkkj osQ fy, nh xbZ 'kfDr ls vkxeukRed 'kfDr dks ?kVkdj] osQ
cjkcj gksrh gS
V2 I2 – V2 I2(1 – K) = K V2 I2 ...(6.11)
nks oqQ.Myh ifj.kkfe=k dh rqyuk esa Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ iQk;ns fuEufyf•r gSa%
•• leku {kerk vkSj foHko vuqikr osQ fy, ,d Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ fy, vko';d rkacs dk otu de gksrk
gSA
•• leku jsfVax osQ fy, Lo&ifj.kkfe=k dk vkdkj de gksrk gSA
6-1-5-1 Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ vuqç;ksx

1. yacs 'kk•kiFk (iQhMj) ifjiFk ij foHko MªkWi dh HkjikbZ osQ fy,A
2. ifjorZuh; foHko fu;a=k.k çnku djus osQ fy,A
3. flLVe foHko dks vyx&vyx Hkkj osQ lkFk fLFkj j•us osQ fy, ifj.kkfe=k fuxZr foHko dks lek;ksftr
djus osQ fy,
xfrfofèk;ka
1- egkfo|ky; osQ eq[; 'kfDr vkiwfrZ 'kfDr ?kj (lc LVs'ku) ij tk,¡A LFkkfir forj.k ifj.kkfe=k dh uke
iV~Vh dk (use IysV) fooj.k dks uksV dj ysaA uke iV~Vh dk esa fn, x, fofunZs'kksa osQ fooj.k ij ,d
fjiksVZ rS;kj djsaA
2- fdlh fn, x,] 1&dyk] nks oqQ.Myh okys ifj.kkfe=k osQ çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh osQ çfrjksèk dks
ekisaA çfrjksèk osQ eku dks fy•sa vkSj vuqeku yxk,a fd dkSu lh ?kqekonkj oqaQMy] HV oqQ.Myh gS A
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 6-1-1% ,d ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k esa 400 VuZ çkFkfed vkSj 1000 VuZ f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa gSaA
ozQksM dk vuqçLFk dkV dk {ks=kiQy 60 cm2 gSA ;fn çkFkfed vkiwfrZ foHko 500 V gS] vko`fÙk = 50 gV~tZ osQ
lkFk] dksj esa pqacdh; cyjs•kvks ?kuRo osQ f'k•j ewY; dk fuèkkZj.k djsaA
gy% çkFkfed oqQ.Myh esa çsfjr fo-ok-c- dk rms eku E1 = 4.44 f N1 jm osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA ,d vkn'kZ
VªkaliQkeZj dks è;ku esa j•rs gq, E1 = V1] çkFkfed vkiwfrZ foHko = 500 VA blfy,
Wb
500 = 4.44 × 400 × Bm × 60 × 10–4, Bm = 0.938
m2
mnkgj.k 6-1-2% ,d 200/100 V, 50 Hz ifj.kkfe=k dks 100 V dh vksj ls 40 Hz ij mÙksftr fd;k tkuk
gSA ;fn mÙksftr èkkjk leku cuh jgs rks de foHko dh rjiQ vkiwfrZ foHko dk irk yxk,aA
gy% eku yhft, fd 50 gV~tZ ij 100 V dh rjiQ çsfjr fo-ok-c- lehdj.k
100 = 4.44 × 50 × fm × N2...(1)
mÙksftr èkkjk dks ns•rs gq, Im dks 40 gV~tZ ij Hkh leku jguk gS blfy, fm leku jgus osQ fy,A
40 gV~tZ ij fo-ok-c- lehdj.k
E2 = 4.44 × 40 × fm × N2...(2)
lehdj.k (1) vkSj (2) ls E2 = 80 oksYV
6.2 fo|qr eksVj

6.2.1 çLrkouk
,d ?kw.kZu fo|qr e'khu esa eq[; :i ls nks Hkkx gksrs gSa] LVsVj] fLFkj Hkkx vkSj jksVj] ?kw.kZu HkkxA LVsVj (fLFkj Hkkx)
vke rkSj ij ,d csyukdkj vkdkj dk pqacdh; vUrHkkZx (dksj) gksrk gS vkSj pqacdh; dksj ls cuk jksVj fiQj
LVsVj osQ vanj ?kwerk gSA LVsVj vkSj jksVj dksj dks ,d] ok;q varjky (,;j xSi) osQ ekè;e ls vyx fd;k tkrk
gSA LVsVj vkSj jksVj esa pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ cy js•k,a dks LFkkfir djus osQ fy, oqaQMfy;ka gksrh gSaA jksVj 'kkÝV
dks] ,d fc;fjax ij LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gS vkSj 'kkÝV] csYV vkSj pj•h O;oLFkk osQ ekè;e ls ;k fx;j isVh osQ
ekè;e ls ;kaf=kd Hkkj ls tqM+k gksrk gSA
6.2.2 DC eksVj
fo|qr eksVj ,d ,slh e'khu gS tks fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA ;fn fo|qr ÅtkZ dh vkiwfrZ]
fn"Vdkjh 'kfDr osQ :i esa dh tkrh gS] rks eksVj dks fn"V (DC) eksVj dgk tkrk gSA
6-2-2-1 DC eksVj dk fuekZ.k

DC e'khu osQ pqacdh; {ks=k èkzqo (iksy)] fLFkj Hkkx (LVsVj) ij fLFkr gksrs gSaA yksgs osQ iksy csyukdkj vkdkj osQ
pqacdh; dksj dh vkarfjd lrg ls] vanj dh vksj ç{ksfir gksrs gSa ftls LVsVj ;ksd dgk tkrk gSA ;ksd] pqacdh;
cyjs•kvks osQ fy, okilh iFk osQ :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA yksgs osQ iksy esa ,d ladh.kZ Hkkx gksrk gS ftl ij {ks=k
oqQ.Myh (iQhYM okbafMax) j•h tkrh gSaA ,d èkzqo 'kw vkerkSj ij ySfeusVsM gksrk gS tks jksVj dh lrg ij èkzqo]
pqacdh; cyjs•kvks dks forfjr djrk gSA csyukdkj flfydkWu LVhy dksj ls cus jksVj ;k vkeZspj esa •kaps (LykWV)
cus gq, ySfeusVsM ifêð;ks dks bdêòk fd;k tkrk gSA dksj dh v{kh; yackbZ osQ lkFk ySfeusVsM dksj dh lrg ij LykWV
dkVs tkrs gSa] ftlesa vkeZspj oqQ.Myh j•s tkrs gSaA pkyd] rkj ;k ckj osQ :i esa rkacs ;k ,Y;wehfu;e ls cus oqQ.
Myh gksrs gSa vkSj pkyd dk vkdkj e'khu dh èkkjk vkSj foHko dh vko';drk ij fuHkZj djrk gSA vkeZspj oqQ.
Myh dks ydM+h osQ iPpj dh enn ls] •kaps dh yackbZ osQ lkFk •kaps esa j•k tkrk gSA oqQ.Myh VfeZuy osQ fljs
dE;wVsVj (fctyh dh èkkjk dk ozQe cnyus dk ;a=k ;k fnD&ifjorZd) ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA dE;wVsVj esa rkacs ls cus o`Ùk
•aM gksrs gSa] tks vkerkSj ij vHkzd inkFkZ ls çfrjksfèkr (bUlqysV) djds ,d nwljs ls vyx gksrs gSaA
dkcZu cz'k }kjk vkeZspj oqQ.Myh esa èkkjk çokfgr gksrh gSA cz'k dks cz'k èkkjd (gksYMj) esa j•k tkrk gS vkSj
bls bl rjg ls tek;k (fiQV) tkrk gS fd os dE;wVsVj lrg ij Lora=k :i ls fiQly (LykbM) ldsA cz'k laidZ
vkSj dE;wVsVj osQ chp mfpr laidZ cuk, j•us osQ fy,] lek;ksT; fLçaXl dks laidZ lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, cz'k
èkkjd esa j•k tkrk gSA cz'kksa dk fu;fer :i ls fujh{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg, vkSj ;fn cz'k esa VwV&iQwV gks rks mls
cny nsuk pkfg,A fp=k 6-7 Mhlh e'khu dk vuqHkkxh; n`'; fn•krk gSA
fp=k 6-7% DC e'khu dk vuqHkkxh; n`';
6-2-2-2 DC eksVj dk dk;Z fl¼kar

DC eksVj ftl fl¼kar ij dk;Z djrh gS og Ýysfeax osQ ck,a gkFk osQ fu;e ij vkèkkfjr gSA tc fdlh èkkjk okgh
pkyd dks fLFkj pqacdh; {ks=k esa j•k tkrk gS] vkSj pkyd pqacdh; {ks=k osQ lkFk ledks.k cukrk gS] rks mls ,d
;kaf=kd cy dk vuqHko gksrk gS] ftldh fn'kk Ýysfeax osQ ck,a gkFk osQ fu;e }kjk nh tkrh gSA pkyd dh pky]
cy dh fn'kk esa gksrh gSA la{ksi esa] tc fo|qr {ks=k vkSj pqacdh; {ks=k ijLij fØ;k djrs gSa] rks ,d ;kaf=kd cy
mRiUu gksrk gSA pkyd }kjk vuqHko fd, x, U;wVu esa ;kaf=kd cy dk ifjek.k lehdj.k 6-12 }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA
tgka] B pqacdh; {ks=k dh rkdr gS Wb/m2 , I ,Eih;j esa pkyd osQ ekè;e ls cgus okyh èkkjk gS vkSj L ehVj
esa pkyd dh yackbZ gSA
F = BIL ...(6.12)
6-2-3-3 DC eksVj dh dk;Zç.kkyh

tc DC eksVj osQ vkeZspj vkSj {ks=k&oqQ.Myh ls fn"V èkkjk çokfgr dh tkrh gS] rks {ks=k èkkjk
(,Eih;j VuZ) }kjk pqacdh; cy js•kvksa (ÝyDl) dks LFkkfir fd;k tkrk gSA pwafd vkeZspj pkyd]
pqacdh; {ks=k osQ yacor gksrs gSa vkSj muesa èkkjk çokfgr gksrh gS] blfy, os ;kaf=kd cy dk vuqHko
djrs gSAa bu cyksa dk ifj.kke ,d cyk?kw.kZ gksrk gSA blds çHkko esa cyk?kw.kZ ls jksVj ?kweus yxrk gSA
blds lkFk ;qfXer dksbZ Hkh ;kaf=kd midj.k (Hkkj) mi;ksxh dk;Z djrk gSA ;fn ;kaf=kd Hkkj c<+k;k DC eksVj
tkrk gS rks DC vkiwfrZ ls vfèkd èkkjk •hapdj vfèkd cyk?kw.kZ dk mRiknu fd;k tk,xkA bl çdkj
eksVj fo|qr ÅtkZ dks ;kaf=kd ÅtkZ esa ifjofrZr djrh gSA
çfrykse ;k cSd fo|qr okgd cy
tc eksVj dk vkeZspj ?kwerk gS] rks pkyd esa ,d fo-ok-c- çsfjr gksrk gS D;ksafd os pqacdh; cy js•kvksa dks dkVrs
gSaA çsfjr fo-ok-c- ç;qDr foHko (V) dk fojksèk djrk gS vkSj bls fojksèkh fo-ok-c- dgk tkrk gSA bldk ifjek.k
lehdj.k 6-13 }kjk fn;k x;k gS
Eb ∝ f N...(6.13)
tgk¡ f {ksf=k; pqacdh; cy js•k,a gS vkSj N vkeZspj xfr gSA
6-2-2-4 DC eksVj osQ çdkj

vkeZspj oqQ.Myh vkSj {ks=k (iQhYM) oqQ.Myh osQ la;kstu dh çÑfr osQ vkèkkj ij] DC eksVj dks nks çdkjksa esa
oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS%
(i) DC Js.kh (lhjht) eksVj
(ii) DC 'kaV (ik'oZiFk) eksVj
,d vU; çdkj dh DC eksVj] DC ;kSfxd (daikmaM) eksVj gS] ftlesa {ks=k oqQ.Myh dks Js.kh esa vkSj lkFk
gh lekukarj esa tksM+k tkrk gS ftldh ppkZ bl iqLrd esa ugha dh tk jgh gSA
i. DC lhjht eksVj% ,d lhjht eksVj og gS ftlesa {ks=k oqQ.Myh dks vkeZspj osQ lkFk lhjht esa tksM+k
tkrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 6-8 esa fn•k;k x;k gS fd eksVj }kjk •haph xbZ èkkjk {ks=k oqQ.Myh osQ lkFk&lkFk
vkeZspj ls gksdj xqtjrh gS {ks=k oqQ.Myh esa oqQN eksM+ gksrs gSa eksVs pkyd osQ pqacdh; cy js•k,a lar`fIr
rd èkkjk osQ lkFk cnyrs jgrs gSA
ii. DC 'kaV eksVj% ,d 'kaV eksVj og gksrh gS ftlesa rqyukRed :i ls irys rkj osQ cM+h la[;k esa ?kqeko
okyh {ks=k oqQ.Myh dks vkeZspj osQ lekukarj tksM+k tkrk gS tSlk fd fp=k 6-9 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA 'kaV
eksVj osQ ekeys esa] DC vkiwfrZ fLFkj gksus osQ dkj.k {ks=k èkkjk fLFkj jgrk gSA blfy,] pqacdh; cy js•k,a
O;kogkfjd :i ls fLFkj jgrs gSA
Series Field
Winding
IL
If Ia
DC Supply Shunt Field DC Supply

Armature Eb Armature Eb
Mains Wings Mains
fp=k 6-8% DC Js.kh eksVj fp=k fp=k 6-9% DC 'kaV eksVj

6-2-2-5 DC eksVj dh fo'ks"krk,¡
DC eksVj dh nks lcls egRoiw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a gSa cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk,¡ vkSj xfr fo'ks"krk,¡A
a. cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk (T cuke Ia)%

cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk] vkeZspj èkkjk osQ lkFk cyk?kw.kZ (VkWoZQ) dh fHkUurk dks çLrqr djrh gSA eksVj esa fodflr cyk?kw.kZ]
{ks=k èkkjk }kjk mRiUu pqacdh; cy js•k,a vkSj vkeZspj pkyd osQ ekè;e ls cgus okys èkkjk osQ chp ijLij fozQ;k
dk ifj.kke gSA ;fn {ks=k èkkjk (If) esa o`f¼ osQ dkj.k pqacdh; cy js•k,a (f) c<+rh gS] rks mlh vkeZspj èkkjk osQ
fy, mRiUu cyk?kw.kZ esa o`f¼ gksxh ;kuh Ia osQ fLFkj eku osQ fy, T ∝ fA blh rjg] ;fn 'kkÝV Hkkj esa o`f¼ osQ
dkj.k vkeZspj èkkjk (Ia) c<+rk gS] rks pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ leku eku ;kuh f osQ fLFkj eku osQ fy, Hkh cyk?kw.kZ
c<+sxk] T ∝ IaA vc ;fn f vkSj Ia nksuksa cny jgs gSa rks lkekU; :i ls bls bl çdkj fy•k tk ldrk gS
T ∝ f Ia...(6.14)
i. DC Js.kh eksVj% cyk?kw.kZ lehdj.k dks T ∝ fIa osQ :i esa çLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d Js.kh eksVj osQ
fy, tSlk fd fp=k 6-8 esa fn•k;k x;k gS] ogh èkkjk] {ks=k oqQ.Myh osQ lkFk&lkFk vkeZspj oqQ.Myh esa
Hkh çokfgr gksrk gSA rks] pqca dh; larf` Ir rd] {ks=k cy js•k,a f ∝ Ia gksxh] vkSj blfy, fodflr cyk?kw.kZ
dk eku uhps fn, x, lehdj.k }kjk çLrqr fd;k x;k gS]
T ∝ Ia2 ...(6.15)
bldk vFkZ gS fd cyk?kw.kZ] pqacdh; fLFkfr rd èkkjk osQ oxZ osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
Speed/
Torque Torque
Speed
Ia
fp=k 6-10% DC Js.kh eksVj dh xfr&cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a

fo'ks"krk oozQ osQ fp=k dk ;g Hkkx] ,d ijoy; gSA gkyk¡fd] pqacdh; lar`fIr osQ ckn] T cuke Ia oozQ]
lhèkh js•k cu tkrk gS D;ksafd pqacdh; cyjs•kvks f] vkeZspj èkkjk ls Lora=k gks tkrk gS vkSj blfy,
vkeZspj èkkjk osQ lkFk gh cyk?kw.kZ c<+rk gSA fo'ks"krk oozQ fp=k 6-10 esa fn•k;k x;k gSA pw¡fd cyk?kw.kZ
èkkjk osQ oxZ osQ lekuqikrh gksrk gS] blfy, vkjafHkd cyk?kw.kZ cgqr vfèkd gksrk gSA oqQN vuqç;ksxksa osQ
fy, mPp çkjafHkd cyk?kw.kZ iQk;nsean gSA blfy, tgka vfèkd 'kq#vkr (LVkfVZax) cyk?kw.kZ dh t:jr
gksrh gS ogka DC Js.kh eksVj dk bLrseky fd;k tkrk gSA
ii. Mhlh 'kaV eksVj% Mhlh 'kaV eksVj osQ ekeys esa] pqacdh; cyjs•k,a f fLFkj gksrh gS blfy, cyk?kw.kZ
T ∝ fIa vkeZspj èkkjk osQ lhèks vkuqikfrd gksrk gS] xfr tks Hkh gksA tSls&tSls vkeZspj èkkjk (Ia) c<+rk gS]
cyk?kw.kZ (T) c<+rk gS vkSj blds foijhrA fp=k 6-11 Mhlh 'kaV eksVj dh cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk dks n'kkZrk gSA
Speed/
Torque Speed
Torque
Ia
fp=k 6.11% DC 'kaV eksVj dh xfr cyk?kw.kZ fo'ks"krk,a

b. xfr fo'ks"krk (N cuke Ia)%
eksVj osQ pyus ;k xfr dh fo'ks"krk vke rkSj ij] vkxr èkkjk osQ lkFk xfr dh fHkUurk dks çLrqr djrh gSA
i. DC Js.kh eksVj% Mhlh eksVj dh xfr lehdj.k gS
Eb
T∝
φ
tgka] Eb cSd fo-ok-c-] f pqacdh; cyjs•k,a gS vkSj N rpm esa eksVj dh xfr gSA vkeZspj çfrjksèk dk
eku cgqr de osQ fy,] fofHkUu Hkkj èkkjkvksa osQ fy, cSd fo-ok-c- esa ifjorZu cgqr de gksrk gS vkSj
blfy, bls misf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA blfy,] jksVj dh xfr] {ks=k pqacdh; cyjs•kvks osQ eku osQ
O;qRozQekuqikrh gksrh gS ;k
1
N∝ ...(6.16)
φ
DC Js.kh eksVj esa] vkeZspj èkkjk esa o`f¼ osQ lkFk] pqacdh; cyjs•k,a (f) c<+rh gS]
;kuh f ∝ Ia] rks lehdj.k 6-16 fuEu çdkj ls la'kksfèkr gksrk gS
1
N∝ ...(6.17)
Ia
bldk eryc ;g gS fd tSls&tSls Hkkj èkkjk ;kuh vkeZspj èkkjk (Ia) c<+rh gS] rks xfr de gksrh tkrh
gS vkSj blds foijhrA fo'ks"krk fp=k 6-10 esa fn•kbZ xbZ gSA vfHkyk{kf.kd oozQ ls ;g ns•k tkrk gS fd
tc Hkkj vfèkd gksrk gS rks xfr de gksrh gSA tc Hkkj gYdk gksrk gS] xfr cgqr vfèkd gksrh gSA blfy,
Js.kh eksVj dks dHkh Hkh fcuk Hkkj osQ ugha pykuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g cgqr vfèkd vidsaæ (lsaVªhÝ;wxy)
cy osQ dkj.k {kfrxzLr gks ldrh gSA
ii. DC 'kaV eksVj% Mhlh 'kaV eksVj esa] pqacdh; cyjs•k,a fLFkj jgrs gSA pwafd pqacdh; cyjs•k,a fLFkj gksrh
gS] blfy, xfr Hkh fLFkj gksrh gSA lS¼kafrd :i ls ;g lp gS ysfdu O;kogkfjd :i ls ;g laHko
ugha gSA njvly] tSls&tSls Hkkj c<+rk gS] cSd fo-ok-c- (Eb) ?kVrk gS vkSj bl rF; osQ dkj.k] xfr
N = Eb/f FkksM+h de gks tkrh gSA xfr esa ;g deh egRoiw.kZ ugha gS vkSj blfy, lHkh O;kogkfjd mís';ksa
osQ fy, Mhlh 'kaV eksVj dks ,d fLFkj xfr eksVj ekuk tkrk gSA
6-2-2-6 DC eksVj osQ vuqç;ksx
DC eksVj dk mi;ksx dbZ vkS|ksfxd vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] fo'ks"k :i ls mUgsa eksVj dh laiw.kZ xfr
lhek osQ fy,] fLFkj cyk?kw.kZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA cSVjh 'kfDr dk mi;ksx djus okys iksVZscy (ys tkus ;ksX;)
vuqç;ksxksa esa] DC eksVj ,d LokHkkfod ilan gSaA DC Js.kh eksVj vkSj DC 'kaV eksVj osQ eq[; vuqç;ksx bl
çdkj gSa%
i. DC Js.kh eksVj
DC Js.kh eksVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tgka mPp çkjafHkd cyk?kw.kZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS] tgka xfr dh fLFkjrk
dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gS vkSj xfr esa cnyko laHko gSA Js.kh eksVj osQ oqQN vuqç;ksx gSa%
•• HkkjksÙkksyu ;a=k (ozsQu)
•• gok laihMd (daçslj)
•• m}kgd vkSj cks> mBkus dk ;a=k (fyÝV vkSj ,fyosVj)
•• fuokZr liQkbZ (oSD;we Dyhuj)
•• fo|qr d"kZ.k
•• cky lq•kus dk ;a=k
•• flykbZ e'khu
•• 'kfDr midj.k
•• fo|qr iQqfVax] vkfnA
ii. Mhlh 'kaV eksVj

'kaV eksVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS tgka fcuk Hkkj ls ysdj iw.kZ Hkkj rd fLFkj xfr dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj
vkjaHk djus dh fLFkfr;ka xaHkhj ugha gSaA Mhlh 'kaV eksVj osQ fofHkUu vuqç;ksx gSa%
•• •jkn (Lathe) e'khusa
•• vidsaæh iai
•• dUos;j
•• ia•k
•• cksfjax e'khusa
•• otu rkSyus dh e'khu
•• drkbZ e'khu
•• Cyksvj
•• ykbu 'kkÝV] vkfnA
6.2.3 AC eksVj
6-2-3-1 eksVj dh lajpuk
fiNys fo"k; esa] DC eksVj dh fo'ks"krkvksa vkSj blds vuqç;ksxksa osQ lanHkZ esa vè;;u fd;k x;k gSA DC eksVj osQ
lapkyu osQ fy, DC 'kfDr dh vkiwfrZ dh vko';drk gksrh gSA blds fy, AC dh vkiwfrZ esa lqèkkj fd;k tkrk
gS] vèkZpkyd midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djds] ,lh vkiwfrZ dks DC esa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA
;g vfèkd lqfoèkktud gksxk ;fn AC eksVj dks lhèks pykus osQ fy, ,dy ;k rhu dyk AC 'kfDr dh
vkiwfrZ dk mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA DC eksVj dh rjg] AC eksVj esa Hkh LVsVj (fLFkj Hkkx) vkSj jksVj (xfr'khy
Hkkx) gksrk gSA LVsVj ij cM+h la[;k esa leku •kaps dkVs tkrs gSa] ftl ij oqaQMfy;ksa dks j•k tkrk gSaA oqQ.Myh osQ
fljs tqM+s gq, gksrs gSa vkSj yhM dks ckgj yk;k tkrk gS] ;g bl ckr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd AC vkiwfrZ dk çdkj
,dy dyk gS ;k rhu dykA rnuqlkj] eksVj dks 3&dyk ;k 1&dyk AC eksVj osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tkrk
gSA jksVj dk fuekZ.k] AC eksVj osQ çdkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA fp=k 6.12, 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj osQ jksVj osQ fuekZ.k
dks n'kkZrk gSA
Rotor
Conductors
Slip Rings Skewed

Slots
Shaft
End
Rings End
Rings
Rotor
Conductors
(a) (b)
fp=k 6-12% 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj (a) fxygjh fiatjk jksVj (b) oqQ.Myh jksVj
rkfydk 6-1] nks eq[; çdkj osQ 3 dyk AC eksVj ;kuh çsj.k eksVj vkSj rqY;dkfyd eksVj osQ jksVj fuekZ.k
dk fooj.k fn•krh gSA blds vykok] fuekZ.k osQ vkèkkj ij 3 dyk çsj.k eksVj osQ nks çdkj gSa% fxygjh fiatjk
jksVj vkSj oqQ.Myh jksVjA blh rjg] jksVj osQ fuekZ.k osQ vkèkkj ij rqY;dkfyd eksVj nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa% lSfy,aV
(ckgj dks fudyk gqvk) èkzqo jksVj vkSj ukWu&lSfy,aV (ckgj dks ugh fudyk gqvk) èkzqo jksVjA
rkfydk 6-1% 3&dyk AC eksVj dk jksVj fuekZ.k fooj.k
ozQekad rhu&dyk AC eksVj jksVj dk çdkj vkSj muds fuekZ.k fooj.k

1- rhu dyk çsj.k eksVj fxygjh dst jksVj oqQ.Myh jksVj
i. •kapk ifjfèk osQ lkFk] jksVj dksj i. •kapk ifjfèk osQ lkFk] jksVj dksj
csyukdkj gksrh gSA csyukdkj gksrh gSA
ii. jksVj pkyd rkacs ;k ,Y;wehfu;e ls ii. jksVj oqQ.Myh] LVsVj oqQ.Myh osQ
cus balqysVsM ckj ;k jkWM ls cuk gksrk leku gh gksrh gSA
gSA iii. rhu dyk jksVj oqQ.Myh osQ lHkh rhu
iii. rkacs osQ cus NYys osQ lapkyu dh fljs LFkk;h :i ls lfiZ (fLyi) fjax
enn ls çR;sd Nksj ij lyk•ksa dks ls tqM+s gksrs gSa
LFkk;h :i ls vkil esa feyk ('kkVZ) iv. lfiZ fjax] jksVj 'kkÝV ij yxs gksrs gSaA
fn;k tkrk gS vkSj bls var osQ NYys v. jksVj osQ fljs (VfeZuyksa) dks lfiZ
osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA fjax ij j•s cz'k èkkjd (gksYMj)
ij yxs cz'k osQ ekè;e ls ckgjh
la;kstu osQ fy, ckgj yk;k tkrk gSA
ozQekad rhu&dyk AC eksVj jksVj dk çdkj vkSj muds fuekZ.k fooj.k

2- rhu dyk rqY;dkfyd ç{ksfir (lSfy,aV~) èkzqo jksVj xSj ç{ksfir (uku&lSfy,aV~) èkzqo jksVj
eksVj
i. lSfy,aV~ 'kCn dk vFkZ gS ç{ksfir i. xSj ç{ksfir èkzqo jksVj dks csyukdkj
djukA ,d ç{ksfir èkzqo esa èkzqo gksrs jksVj osQ :i esa Hkh tkuk tkrk gS
gSa tks jksVj dksj dh lrg ls ç{ksfir ii. jksVj vkdkj esa csyukdkj gksrk gS
gksrs gSa ftlesa dksbZ HkkSfrd èkzqo ugha gksrk gS
ii. pkj ls vfèkd èkzqoksa okys jksVj osQ tSlk fd ç{ksfir èkzqo fuekZ.k esa gksrk
fy, ç;qDr gS
iii. {ks=k oqQ.Myh osQ :i esa tkus tkus iii. jksVj ;k {ks=k oqQ.Myh dks j•us osQ
okys jksVj oqQ.Myh dks èkzqo (iksy) fy, jksVj dh ifjfèk ij •kaps dkV
ckWMh ij j•k tkrk gS fn, tkrs gSaA
iv. {ks=k oqQ.Myh osQ nks fljs fLyi oy; iv. {ks=k oqQ.Myh dk ckgjh la;kstu
(fjax) ls tqM+s gksrs gSa vkSj cz'k osQ ç{ksfir èkzqo jksVj osQ leku gS
ekè;e ls DC vkiwfrZ ls ckgjh :i
ls tqM+s gksrs gSa
6-2-3-2 rhu dyk AC eksVj

AC e'khuksa osQ lapkyu dk ewy fl¼kar ,d ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k dh mRiÙkh gSA tc LVsVj osQ •kaps (LykWV~l) ij
j•s x, rhu dyk oqQ.Myh dks] rhu dyk larqfyr vkiwfrZ nh tkrh gS] tks (120°) }kjk foLFkkfir gksrs gSa] ,d ?kw.
kZu pqacdh; {ks=k cuk;k tkrk gSA ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k] jksVj dks ?kqekrk gS tks ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k dh xfr ij fuHkZj
djrk gSA ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k dh xfr dks rqY;dkfyd xfr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gS vkSj bls fuEufyf•r lehdj.k
ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS]
120 f
Ns = ...(6.18)
P
tgka AC vkiwfrZ dh vko`fÙk f gS vkSj P LVsVj esa ekStwn èkzqoksa dh la[;k gSA ,d eksVj esa fodflr fo|qr
pqEcdh; cyk?kw.kZ gok osQ varjky esa nks pqacdh; {ks=kksa dh ijLij fozQ;k gS] LVsVj èkkjkvksa }kjk fufeZr Fs vkSj jksVj
èkkjkvksa }kjk fufeZr Fr cyk?kw.kZ dks fuEufyf•r lehdj.k ls çLrqr fd;k tkrk gS]
T = FsFr sin l ...(6.19)
,d fLFkj cyk?kw.kZ osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, fuEufyf•r nks 'krks± dks iwjk djuk gksxk vFkkZr
a. nksuksa {ks=k ,d nwljs osQ lkis{k fLFkj gksus pkfg, vkSj
b. nksuksa {ks=kksa esa èkzqoksa dh la[;k leku gksuh pkfg,A
fp=k 6-13 ,d ,lh e'khu osQ cyk?kw.kZ çsj.k dks n'kkZrk gSA
Rotor
Stator Fr Magnetic Axis
l
Stator
Rotor Fs Magnetic Axis
fp=k 6-13% xksy jksVj e'khu esa cyk?kw.kZ

rhu dyk çsj.k eksVj ,d ,dy iQsM e'khu gS] ftl ij] AC vkiwfrZ ls LVsVj mÙksftr gksrk gSA rhu dyk
LVsVj oqQ.Myh esa cgus okyh èkkjk ,d fujarj ?kweus okys pqacdh; {ks=k dks tUe nsrh gSA iQSjkMs osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj
?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k] fLFkj jksVj pkyd esa foHko mRiUu djrk gS tks y?kq ('kkWVZ) ifjiFk gksrk gSA çsfjr foHko ls
jksVj pkyd esa èkkjk çokfgr gksrh gS tks jksVj pqacdh; {ks=k dk mRiknu djrh gS vkSj jksVj vkSj LVsVj pqacdh; {ks=k
dh ijLij fozQ;k ls cyk?kw.kZ dks tUe feyrk gS vkSj jksVj] ysUt osQ fu;e osQ vuqlkj LVsVj oqQ.Myh }kjk mRikfnr
pqacdh; {ks=k dh fn'kk esa ?kweuk 'kq: dj nsrk gSA jksVj vko`fÙk Lopkfyr :i ls jksVj xfr osQ
vuqlkj lek;ksftr gks tkrh gS] bl çdkj fLFkj cyk?kw.kZ osQ fy, vko';d igyh 'krZ dks iwjk
djrh gSA ,d rqY;dkfyd e'khu esa] LVsVj çR;korhZ èkkjk dks ogu djrk gS] tcfd jksVj Mhlh
}kjk mÙksftr gksrk gSA nks {ks=k vis{kkÑr fLFkj gksaxs] ftlls cyk?kw.kZ dk mRiknu gksrk gS] vkSj dsoy
rHkh jksVj rqY;dkfyd (flaozQksul) xfr ls pyrk gS ;kuh LVsVj }kjk mRikfnr ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k çsj.k eksVj
dh xfrA fp=k 6-14] 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj vkSj rqY;dkfyd eksVj dh xfr cuke xfr fo'ks"krkvksa
dks n'kkZrk gSA
Tm
Tem Tem
Tfl
Tm
Tst
Tr=0 Ts Nrfl
Nr Nr
(a) (b)
fp=k 6.14% (a) 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj (b) 3&dyk rqY;dkfyd eksVj
6-2-3-3 3&dyk eksVj osQ vuqç;ksx
(1) 3-dyk çsj.k eksVj

• fxygjh fiatjs çsj.k eksVj ,d cgqr vPNh ikjaifjd xfr fu;a=k.k fofèk ugha gS] blfy, bls fLFkj xfr
vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
• rhu dyk fxygjh dst çsj.k eksVj dk mi;ksx lsaVªhÝ;wxy iai] HkzfedrZu (fefyax) e'khu] •jkn e'khu]
•ksnus okyh (fMªfyax) e'khu vkSj cM+s èkkSaduh (Cyksvj) vkSj ia•s osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
• fLyi fjax çsj.k eksVj esa ,d mPp çkjafHkd cyk?kw.kZ vkSj vPNh xfr fu;a=k.k fofèk gksrh gS] blfy, ;g
de xfr osQ lkFk mPp Hkkj dks lapkfyr dj ldrh gSA
• fLyi fjax eksVj dk mi;ksx mPp Hkkj vuqç;ksxksa tSls m}kgd (fyÝV)] HkkjksÙkksyu ;a=k (ozQsu)] Åij
mBkuk (gksbLV) vkSj çfozQ;k (process) m|ksxksa osQ midj.k osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
(2) 3-dyk rqY;dkfyd eksVj

• rqY;dkfyd eksVj ftldk 'kkÝV ls dksbZ Hkkj ugha tqM+k gksrk gS] dk mi;ksx 'kfDr xq.kkad] lqèkkj osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA bldk mi;ksx fctyh O;oLFkk esa mu fLFkfr;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS tgka fLFkj laèkkfj=k egaxs
gksrs gSaA
• rqY;dkfyd eksVj dks mi;ksx feyrk gS tgka ifjpkyu xfr 500 rpm ls de gksrh gS vkSj 100 fdyksokV
ls 2500 fdyksokV rd dh mPp 'kfDr dh vko';drk gksrh gSA iwoZ&lhesaV la;a=kksa osQ jksVjh Hkêòk osQ
fy,] çR;kxkeh (fjlhçksdsfVax) iai] laihMd (daçslj)] nfy=k (ozQ'kj) eksVj] LVhy yq<+duh (jksfyax)
feyksa esa eksVj vkfnA
6.2.4 ,dy dyk AC eksVj

rhu dyk AC eksVj dk mi;ksx mPp 'kfDr jsfVax vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gSA vkerkSj ij T;knkrj ?kjksa vkSj
nÝrjksa esa ,dy dyk AC dh vkiwfrZ gksrh gSA blus ?kjsyw vuqç;ksxksa tSls ia•s] jsfizQtjsVj] dejs osQ okrkuqowQyd]
jlksbZ vkSj dk;kZy; midj.k vkfn osQ fy, NksVs vkdkj osQ eksVj ;k vkaf'kd (izSQD'kuy) gkWlZ 'kfDr eksVj dh
,d foLr`r fofoèkrk dh miyCèkrk dks tUe fn;k gSA ,dy dyk çsj.k (baMD'ku) eksVj esa LVsVj ij ,dy
dyk oqQ.Myh 'kkfey gS vkSj ,d fxygjh fiatjs okyk jksVjA mRiUu gksus okys Lianu'khy (iYlsfVax) pqacdh;
{ks=k osQ dkj.k ,dy dyk çsj.k eksVj Lo;a pkyw (lsYiQ LVkfVZax) ugha gksrh gSaA bl leL;k dks nwj djus osQ fy,]
2&oqQ.Myh] ,dy dyk eksVj fodflr dh tkrh gSa] ftlesa nks oqQ.Myh] ftUgsa eq[; vkSj lgk;d oqQ.Myh dgk
tkrk gS] dks 90° fo|qr varj ij j•k tkrk gS] ysfdu ,dy dyk vkiwfrZ nh tkrh gSA oqQ.Myh èkkjkvksa esa] le;
varj j•k tkrk gS rkfd ,d ?kw.kZu pqacdh; {ks=k fodflr fd;k tk lds] ftls lgk;d oqQ.Myh osQ lkFk Js.kh
esa mi;qDr çfrckèkk j•dj çkIr fd;k tkrk gSA dyk esa foHkktu (fLIyfVax) dh fofèk osQ vkèkkj ij 2&oqQ.Myh
,dy dyk eksVj dks çfrjksèk dyk foHkkftr (fLIyV) eksVj vkSj laèkkfj=k dyk foHkkftr eksVj osQ :i esa oxhZÑr
fd;k tkrk gSA
6-2-4-1 laèkkfj=k dyk foHkkftr AC eksVj

?kjsyw vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy, lcls O;kid :i ls bLrseky fd;k tkus okyk ,dy dyk AC eksVjA laèkkfj=k dyk
foHkkftr eksVj dks laèkkfj=k çkjaHk (LVkVZ) çsj.k eksVj] LFkk;h (ijekusaV) laèkkfj=k foHkkftr eksVj vkSj laèkkfj=k
çkjaHk laèkkfj=k ju eksVj osQ :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k x;k gSA LFkk;h laèkkfj=k foHkkftr çsj.k eksVj dk la;kstu vkjs•
I Rotor
Im
Single
Phase AC Main
Capacitor
Supply Winding
V
Ia
b V
Ia I
Im
Auxilary
Winding (b)
(a)
fp=k 6-15% 1&dyk laèkkfj=k foHkkftr dyk eksVj (a) la;kstu vkjs• (b) dyk vkjs•
,dy dyk çsj.k eksVj dks Lo;a&çkjaHk djus osQ fy, ,d laèkkfj=k dks lgk;d oqQ.Myh osQ lkFk Js.kh esa
tksM+k tkrk gSA eq[; oqQ.Myh dh rqyuk esa lgk;d oqQ.Myh vkerkSj ij irys rkacs osQ rkj ls cuh gksrh gS tks eksVs
rkacs osQ rkj ls cuh gksrh gSA nks oqQ.Myh ,dy dyk lIykbZ ls tqM+s gq, gSaA lgk;d oqQ.Myh ls cgus okyh èkkjk
laèkkfj=k osQ dkj.k eq[; oqQ.Myh èkkjk Im dks yhd djrh gS tSlk fd dyk vkjs• esa fn•k;k x;k gS bl çdkj
eksVj 90° esa fo|qr :i ls foLFkkfir eq[; vkSj lgk;d oqQ.Myh osQ lkFk ,d 2&dyk eksVj cu tkrh gSA ,d
LVkfVZax cyk?kw.kZ cu tkrk gS vkSj jksVj ?kweus yxrk gSA laèkkfj=k dh fof'k"V jsfVax 40 – 100 mF gksrh gSA
xfrfofèk;ka
1- NEMA ekudksa osQ vuqlkj 3&dyk AC eksVj p;u ij ikoj IokbaV çstsaVs'ku rS;kj djsaA
2- ifjiFk vkjs• rS;kj djsa vkSj çnf'kZr djsa fd fdlh fn, x, 1&dyk çsj.k eksVj osQ ?kw.kZu dh fn'kk dSls
cnyh tk ldrh gSA
gy fd;s x, ç'u
mnkgj.k 6-2-1% vlarÌr pqacdh; {ks=k okyh ,d DC 'kaV eksVj jsVsM foHko osQ lkFk 1000 rpm ij pyrh
gSA ;fn foHko vkiwfrZ jsVsM foHko dk vkèkk gSA eksVj dh xfr Kkr dhft,A
gy % vkeZspj çfrjksèk dh mis{kk djrs gq,] cSd fo-ok-c- dks VfeZuy DC foHko osQ cjkcj ekuk tkrk gSA
vlarÌr pqacdh; {ks=k dks ns•rs gq,] iQhYM cy js•k,a] iQhYM èkkjk osQ cjkcj gksrk gSA
nh xbZ 'krZ osQ lkFk] cSd fo-ok-c- Eb = k × If × N
jsVsM VfeZuy foHko V ij] cSd fo-ok-c- lehdj.k dks fy•k tk ldrk gS]
V = k × If × 1000 ...(1)
VfeZuy foHko osQ jsVsM foHko osQ vkèks ls de gksus ij] lehdj.k
V If
=k× ×N ...(2)
2 2
lehdj.k (1) vkSj (2) ls] gesa N = 1000 rpm feyrk gSA
mnkgj.k 6-2-2% fLyi dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,A ,d 3&dyk I.M. ftles 4 èkzqoksa osQ fy, oqQ.Myh gS vkSj
50 Hz ç.kkyh ls vkiwfrZ dh tkrh gSA Kkr dhft, (1) rqY;dkfyd xfr (2) jksVj xfr] tc fLyi 4» gS (3)
jksVj vko`fÙkA
gy % jksVj dHkh Hkh LVsVj {ks=k osQ lkFk ?kw.kZu esa liQy ugha gksrk gS D;ksafd ,slk djus esa] dksbZ lkis{k xfr
ugha gksxh] dksbZ fo-ok-c- ugha] dksbZ jksVj èkkjk ugha vkSj blfy, dksbZ cyk?kw.kZ ugha gksxkA jksVj ,d fuf'pr xfr ls
pqacdh; {ks=k osQ ihNs okil vk tkrk gS tks ,d çsj.k eksVj osQ lapkyu osQ fy, vko';d gS vkSj xfr esa varj]
eksVj ij Hkkj ij fuHkZj djrk gSA jksVj dh rqY;dkfyd xfr Ns vkSj Nr okLrfod jksVj xfr osQ chp osQ varj dks
fLyi xfr osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk gSA
N s − Nr
fLyi S=
Ns
fn;k x;k P = 4, f = 50 Hz
120 f 120 × 50
blfy, Ns == = 1500 rpm
P 4
mijksDr ifjHkk"kk ls] jksVj xfr Nr = Ns(1 – s) = 1500(1 – 0.04) = 1500 × 0.96 = 1440 rpm
jksVj vko`fÙk fR = s × f = 0.04 × 50 = 2 Hz.
;wfuV lkjka'k
•• ifj.kkfe=k ewy :i ls nks çdkj osQ gksrs gSa] dksj Vkbi vkSj 'ksy VkbiA
•• VuZ osQ vuqikr osQ vkèkkj ij nks oqQ.Myh ifj.kkfe=k dks vipk;h ;k mPpk;h ifj.kkfe=k osQ :i esa ukfer
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
•• VªkaliQkeZj ,d fLFkj midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx foHko ;k èkkjk Lrj dks cnyus osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS]
tcfd vko`fÙk leku jgrh gSA
•• Lo&ifj.kkfe=k esa] 'kfDr dk gLrkarj.k cy js•k,adh; çHkko vkSj çsjd çHkko osQ ;qXeu (difyax) osQ
ekè;e ls gksrk gSA
•• DC Js.kh eksVj osQ ekeys esa] {ks=k (iQhYM) oqQ.Myh esa vkeZspj osQ lkFk Js.kh esa tqM+s eksVs rkj osQ oqQN
eksM+ gksrs gSaA
•• DC 'kaV eksVj osQ ekeys esa] (iQhYM) oqQ.Myh irys rkj osQ dbZ ?kqekoksa ls cuh gksrh gS vkSj ;g vkeZspj
osQ lkekukarj tqM+h gksrh gSA
•• leku jsfVax okyh vU; eksVj dh rqyuk esa DC Js.kh eksVj dk 'kq#vkrh cyk?kw.kZ vfèkd gksrk gSA
•• DC Js.kh eksVj dk mi;ksx d"kZ.k (VªSD'ku)] HkkjksÙkksyu ;a=k (ozsQu)] Åij mBkuk (gksbLV) vkfn osQ fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
•• DC 'kaV eksVj osQ vuqç;ksx •jkn (ysFk)] lsaVªhÝ;wxy vkSj fjlhçksdsfVax iai] èkkSaduh (Cyksvj)] fMªfyax
e'khu vkfn gSaA
•• AC eksVjksa dks LVsVj oqQ.Myh dks nh xbZ vkiwfrZ osQ vuqlkj 3&dyk ;k 1&dyk ,lh eksVj osQ :i esa
yscy fd;k tkrk gSA
•• nks eq[; çdkj osQ 3 dyk ,lh eksVj] çsj.k eksVj vkSj rqY;dkfyd eksVj gSaA
•• 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj dh cyk?kw.kZ LihM fo'ks"krk DC 'kaV eksVj osQ leku gksrh gS
•• izSQD'kuy gkWlZ 'kfDr vuqç;ksxksa osQ fy,] ,dy dyk çsj.k eksVj dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
•• ,dy dyk çsj.k eksVj osQ lcls lkekU; vuqç;ksx lhfyax ia•k] daçslj eksVj vkSj ?kjsyw iai vkfn gSaA
vH;kl
A-oLrqfu"B ç'u
6-1 VªkaliQkeZj dksj lkexzh osQ okaNuh; xq.k gSa% 6-4 fuEu esa ls fdl vuqç;ksx osQ fy, mPp çkjafHkd
1- de ikjxE;rk vkSj de fgLVSfjlhl gkfu cyk?kw.kZ dh vko';drk gksrh gS\
2- de ikjxE;rk vkSj mPp fgLVSfjlhl gkfu 1- gok iQs•us dh e'khu 2- otu djus dh e'khu
3- mPp ikjxE;rk vkSj mPp fgLVSfjlhl gkfu 3- yksdkseksfVo 4- vidsaæh iEi
4- mPp ikjxE;rk vkSj de fgLVSfjlhl gkfu

6-2 ,d ifj.kkfe=k dksj dk vkdkj fuHkZj djrk gS 6-5 mPp çkjafHkd cyk?kw.kZ osQ fy, lcls mi;qDr
1- vkiwfrZ vko`fÙk 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj
2- dksj esa vuqes; (vuqefr ;ksX;) pqacdh; 1- fxygjh fiatjk
cyjs•kvks dk ?kuRo 2- nksgjk fiatjk
3- dksj dk {ks=kiQy 3- fLyi fjax
4- nksuksa (a) vkSj (b) 4- xgjk ckj fxygjh fiatjk
6-3 D.C. eksVj osQ ?kweus dh fn'kk fdl fu;e ls 6-6 ,d laèkkfj=k blds lkFk esa] laèkkfj=k çkjaHk 1&dyk
fuèkkZfjr gksrh gS\ çsj.k eksVj osQ lkFk Js.kh esa tqM+k gqvk gS
1- owQyEc dk fu;e 1- lgk;d oqQ.Myh
2- ysUt dk fu;e 2- {kfriwfrZ oqQ.Myh
3- Ýysfeax osQ nkfgus gkFk dk fu;e 3- eq[; oqQ.Myh
4- Ýysfeax osQ ck,a gkFk dk fu;e 4- fxygjh dst oqQ.Myh
B-fo"k;kRed ç'u
1- nks oqQ.Myh ifj.kkfe=k dh dk;Zç.kkyh le>kb,A
2- forj.k ifj.kkfe=k osQ fuekZ.k esa ç;qDr fofHkUu ?kVdksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
3- dksj Vkbi vkSj 'ksy Vkbi ifj.kkfe=k dh eq[; fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k djsaA
4- ,dy dyk 3000@220 oksYV] 50 gV~tZ dksj Vkbi ifj.kkfe=k dk vuqçLFk dkV {ks=kiQy 400 oxZ lseh
gSA pqacdh; cyjs•kvks ?kuRo gS 1 wb/m2A ifj.kkfe=k dh çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d oqQ.Myh esa VuZ dh
la[;k dh x.kuk djsaA
5- fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr esa ifj.kkfe=k dk dyk vkjs• cukb, vkSj le>kb,A
6- Lo&ifj.kkfe=k dh dk;Zç.kkyh dk o.kZu djsa\ nks oqQ.Myh ifj.kkfe=k ij Lo&ifj.kkfe=k dh •wfc;ksa dh
lwph cuk,aA
7- crk,a fd DC Js.kh eksVj osQ ekeys esa D;k gksrk gS tc Hkkj gVk fn;k tkrk gSA
8- Mhlh 'kaV eksVj ls cyk?kw.kZ cuke xfr fo'ks"krkvksa dks cuk,a vkSj le>k,aA
9- 3&dyk çsj.k eksVj osQ fuekZ.k dk o.kZu djsaA
10- fofHkUu çdkj osQ ,dy dyk çsj.k eksVj dh lwph cuk,a vkSj muosQ vuqç;ksx dks crk,aA
çk;ksfxd
I. P4-ES110: ,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ VuZ osQ vuqikr dk fu/kZj.k djsa
P4.1. çk;ksfxd dFku

,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk VuZ dk vuqikr (K) fu/kZfjr djsaA
P4.2 çk;ksfxd egRo
ifj.kkfe=k esa VuZ dk vuqikr ,d egRoiw.kZ ekinaM (iSjkehVj) gSA VuZ dk vuqikr fu/kZfjr djrk gS fd dkSu ls oqQ.
Myh dk Nksj (VfeZuy) mPp foHko osQ gksaxs vkSj dkSu ls VfeZuy de foHko osQ gksaxsA foHko fofu;eu] ifj.kkfe=k
dh n{krk] oqaQMfyr çfrjks/] yhdst baMDVsUl] çsfjr fo-ok-c-] /kjk vkSj foHko tSls ifj.kkfe=k osQ led{k ifjiFk osQ
çkFkfed ;k f}rh;d i{k dks lanfHkZr djds ifj.kkfe=k dh n{krk fu/kZfjr djus esa VuZ dk vuqikr cgqr mi;ksxh gSA

fl¼kar osQ fy,] mi fo"k; 6.1.3.2 esa ifj.kkfe=k dk fo-ok-c- lehdj.k ns•saA ,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ VuZ dk vuqikr
V1 N 1
bl çdkj çnf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS = 1 =
V2 N2 K

PrO3 fdlh fn, x, ,dy dyk nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k osQ fy, foHko ekisaA
PrO4 ,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ VuZ osQ vuqikr dk fu/kZj.k djsaA
P4.5 çk;ksfxd O;oLFkk (Mªkbax@Ldsp@ifjiFk vkjs•@dke dh fLFkfr)
fp=k P4.1: ifj.kkfe=k osQ VuZ osQ vuqikr dk fu/kZj.k djus osQ fy, ifjiFk vkjs•
P4.6 vko';d lalk/u
ek=kk fVIi.kh
Øekad vko';drk egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa O;kid fof'k"Vrkvksa okyh osQ lkFk
osQ lkFk (Nk=k }kjk Hkjk tkuk gS)
1.
,dy dyk AC vkiwfrZ 230V] 1
50Hz
dusfDVax ok;j] eYVh LVªSaM Cu rkj]

2. LS
1.5 mm2
4.
,dy&dyk Lo&ifj.kkfe=k] 2 KVA, 1
230V/ 270V
5.
,dy&dyk ifj.kkfe=k] 1 KVA, 1
230V/ 115V
P4.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. ekiu midj.kksa osQ mi;qDr çdkj vkSj Js.kh dk p;u djsaA
3. ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk dusD'ku dh tkap djsa vkSj lqfuf'pr djsa fd Lo–ifj.kkfe=k dks fctyh
dh vkiwfrZ osQ fy, fLop S1 pkyw djus ls igys rkj la;kstu VkbV gSaA
P4.8 iz;ksx fof/

2. Lo ifj.kkfe=k vkSj ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk mfpr la;kstu lqfuf'pr djsaA
3. Lo ifj.kkfe=k jksVjh ukWc dks 'kwU; foHko dh fLFkfr esa j•saA
4. ,dy /zqo fLop S1 ON djsaA
5. ,dy /zqo fLop S2 ON djsaA
6 Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ jksVjh ukWc dks /hjs&/hjs ?kqekdj vkiwfrZ foHko dks ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k esa pj.kksa esa
c<+k,aA
7. nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k dh çkFkfed (V1) vkSj f}rh;d foHko (V2) jhfMax dks çs{k.k rkfydk esa fjdkWMZ
djsaA
8. ,dy dyk Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ jksVjh ukWc dks pj.kksa esa pj.k la[;k 6 dks nksgjk,a tc rd fd ,dy
dyk nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k osQ çkFkfed osQ jsVsM foHko rd ugha igqap tkrkA
Øekad çkFkfed foHko (V1) f}rh;d foHko (V2)
x.kuk
N1 V
VuZ dk vuqikr dh x.kuk djsa = p ] tgka Vp vkSj Vs jsVsM çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d foHko gSa ftUgsa ,dy
N2 Vs
dyk nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k osQ uke fooj.k esa fn;k x;k gSA
voyksdu rkfydk esa ntZ V1 vkSj V2 osQ vuqikr dh x.kuk djds VuZ osQ vuqikr dh x.kuk djsaA
ekfir çkFkfed @ jsVsM çkFkfed @ f}rh;d

Øekad iSjkehVj =kqfV
f}rh;d foHko eku foHko eku
1 N1
VuZ osQ vuqikr
N2
P4.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. ,d Lo ifj.kkfe=k vkSj nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k osQ chp varj crk,aA
2. mu dkjdksa dh lwph cuk,a ftu ij ,d ifj.kkfe=k dk çsfjr fo-ok-c- fuHkZj djrk gSA
II. P5-ES110: ifj.kkfe=k dh fon~;qr ek=kkvksa dks ekisa
P5.1 çk;ksfxd dFku

,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dks la;ksftr djsa vkSj vkxr vkSj fuxZr ek=kkvksa dks ekisaA
P5.2 çk;ksfxd egRo
,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ larks"ktud dkedkt dk vkdyu djus osQ fy, eq[; :i ls foHko vkSj /kjk osQ vkxr vkSj
fuxZr ekinaMksa dk voyksdu egRoiw.kZ gSA fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr ij] çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k] ifj.kkfe=k osQ dksj gkfu
vkSj fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr ij çokfgr gksus okyh /kjk osQ ifjek.k dks çnf'kZr djrk gSaA jsVsM Hkkj ij ijh{k.k ;g
vkdyu djsxk fd D;k ifj.kkfe=k osQ çkFkfed vkSj f}rh;d i{k esa ns•s x, foHko vkSj /kjk] fn, x, ifj.kkfe=k
use IysV jsfVax fooj.k osQ vuqlkj gSaA

fl¼kar osQ fy, bl iqLrd osQ vè;k; 6 osQ mi&fo"k; 6.1.3.1 ls 6.1.3.3 dks ns•saA

PrO1 mfpr jsat dk p;u djrs gq, ifjiFk vkSj ekius okys midj.kksa dks la;ksftr djsaA
PrO2 ,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ fcuk Hkkj dh fLFkfr ij] çokfgr gksus okyh /kjk vkSj fcuk Hkkj gkfu osQ eku dks Kkr djsaA
PrO3 fcuk Hkkj ls iw.kZ Hkkj gksus esa] f}rh;d foHko esa gksus okys ifjorZu osQ eku dks Kkr djsaA
PrO4 fdlh fn, x, ,dy dyk nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k osQ fy, foHko ekisaA
fp=k P5.1: ifj.kkfe=k ekinaM fu/kZfjr djus osQ fy, ifjiFk vkjs•
P5.6 vko';d lalk/u

okLrfod lalk/uksa dh vko';drk fVIi.kh
lq>k, x, lalk/uksa dh vko';drk ek=kk
1. ,dy dyk AC vkiwfrZ 230V] 50Hz 1
2. tksM+us okys rkj] eYVhLVªSaM Cu rkj] 1.5 mm2 LS

4. 1&dyk ifj.kkfe=k] 2 KVA, 230V/ 270V 1
5. 1–dyk ifj.kkfe=k] 1 KVA, 230V/ 115V 1
6. oksYVehVj% 0-300 V, AC 2
7. ,ehVj% 0-10 A, AC 2
LPF okVehVj] 0-75-150- 300V,

8. 1
0–2.5-5-10A
UPF okVehVj% 0-75-150- 300V,

9. 1
0–2.5-5-10A
P5.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. eki midj.kksa osQ mi;qDr çdkj vkSj jsat dk p;u djsaA
3. ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk la;kstu dh tkap djsa vkSj lqfuf'pr djsa fd Lo&ifj.kkfe=k dks fctyh
dh vkiwfrZ osQ fy, fLop S1 ON djus ls igys rkj la;kstu VkbV gSaA
P5.8 iz;ksx fof/

2. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k vkSj ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk mfpr la;kstu lqfuf'pr djsaA
3. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k jksVjh ukWc dks 'kwU; foHko dh fLFkfr esa j•saA
4. flaxy iksy fLop S1 dks ON djsaA
5. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ jksVjh ukWc dks /hjs&/hjs ?kqekdj vkiwfrZ foHko dks ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k rd jsVsM
foHko rd c<+k,aA
6. voyksdu rkfydk P5.1 esa çkFkfed foHko (V1), çkFkfed /kjk (I1), vkSj nks oqaQMfyr ifj.kkfe=k dh
LPF okVehVj jhfMax fjdkWMZ djsaA
7. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k jksVjh ukWc dks 'kwU; fLFkfr esa yk,aA
8. flaxy iksy fLop S2 dks ON djsaA
9. Lo&ifj.kkfe=k osQ jksVjh ukWc dks /hjs&/hjs ?kqekdj vkiwfrZ foHko dks ,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k rd jsVsM
foHko rd c<+k,aA
10. voyksdu rkfydk P5.2 esa f}rh;d foHko (V2) dks fjdkWMZ djsaA
11. voyksdu rkfydk P5-2 esa nks oqQ.Myh ifj.kkfe=k osQ çkFkfed foHko (V1), çkFkfed /kjk (I1), f}rh;d
oksYVst (V2)] f}rh;d /kjk (I2) vkSj UPF okVehVj jhfMax dks pj.kksa esa çfrjks/d Hkkj dks cnydj
fjdkWMZ djsaA
12. LVsi 11 dks pj.kksa esa nksgjk,a tc rd fd ,dy dyk nks oqQ.Myh ifj.kkfe=k osQ f}rh;d i{k ij /kjk
dk eku] jsVsM /kjk rd ugha igqap tkrk gSA

voyksdu rkfydk P5.1
Øekad çkFkfed foHko (V1) çkFkfed /kjk (I1) okVehVj jhfMax
1.
voyksdu rkfydk P5.2

çkFkfed çkFkfed /kjk f}rh;d f}rh;d /kjk okVehVj
Øekad
foHko (V1) (I1) foHko (V2) (I2) jhfMax
1.
2.
x.kuk
P
1. rkfydk P5.1 dk mi;ksx dj fcuk Hkkj (uks yksM) 'kfDr dkjd (ikoj iQSDVj) cos q0¾ ] pqacdh;
V1 I1
/kjk Im = I1 cos q0 vkSj dksj gkfu /kjk Ic = I1 sin q0 dh x.kuk djsaA oksYVst V1 fn, x, ifj.kkfe=k osQ
fy, jsVsM çkFkfed oksYVst gS vkSj I1 çkFkfed /kjk gS] fn, x, ifj.kkfe=k osQ f}rh;d ;k fuEu oksYVst
dh lkbM dksbZ Hkkj tqM+k gqvk ugha gSA
2. rkfydk P5.2 esa fLop S2 osQ OFF fLFkfr esa] f}rh;d oksYVst dks] çkFkfed oksYVst osQ lkFk] vius jsVsM eku
ij] ns•sa vkSj fjdkWMZ djsa] bl oksYVst dks V2nl dgk tkrk gSA f}rh;d oksYVst dks] f}rh;d oqQ.Myh ls jsVsM
/kjk osQ çokfgr gksus ij] voyksdu vkSj fjdkWMZ djsaA bl oksYVst dks V2fl dgk tkrk gS
V2nl – V2fl
3. f}rh;d oksYVst osQ çfr'kr esa ifjorZu dh x.kuk djsa tks cjkcj gksrk gS × 100%
V2fl
ekfir çkFkfed@f}rh;d jsVsM çkFkfed@f}rh;d

Øekad iSjkehVj =kqfV
foHko eku foHko eku
N1
1 VuZ osQ vuqikr
N2
P5.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................

1. vkn'kZ vkSj O;kogkfjd ifj.kkfe=k esa varj crkb,A
2. crk,a fd ,d ifj.kkfe=k dk fcuk Hkkj /kjk ,d ifj.kkfe=k osQ jsVsM /kjk dk dsoy 2–5% D;ksa gksrk
gSA
3. mu dkjdksa dh lwph cuk,a ftu ij ,d ifj.kkfe=k dk çsfjr fo-ok-c- fuHkZj djrk gSA
VªkaliQkWeZj dk
vksiu lfoZQV
VsLV
III. P6-ES110: izsj.k eksVj LVkVZj dh ykbu vkSj dyk eku dks ekisa
P6.1 çk;ksfxd dFku

çsj.k eksVj LVkVZlZ esa LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu cuk,a vkSj ykbu vkSj dyk eku dks ekisaA
P6.2 çk;ksfxd egRo

tc f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj dks lh/s fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ij fLop&}kjk pkyw fd;k tkrk gS] rks ;g vius jsVsM /kjk
dk 5 ls 7 xquk vf/d /kjk ysrh gSA mPp çkjafHkd /kjk] vkiwfrZ ykbuksa esa ,d mPp foHko iru mRiUu djrh gS]
tks mlh vkiwfrZ ykbu ls tqM+s vU; [email protected] osQ lapkyu dks çHkkfor dj ldrh gSA LVkj@MsYVk f=k&dyk
çsj.k eksVj LVkVZj] f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj }kjk yh xbZ vkjafHkd /kjk dks de djrk gSA

f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj dks vkjaHk djus osQ fy, vyx&vyx rjhds gSaA ,d çsj.k eksVj] ifj.kkfe=k ftles f}rh;d
oqQ.Myh dks y?kq ('kkWVZ) fd;k x;k gks] osQ leku gksrh gSA f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj dh fofHkUu vkjafHkd fof/;k¡ gSa (i)
lh/k vkWu ykbu (DOL) vkjaHku (LVkfVZax)] (ii) Lo&ifj.kkfe=k LVkfVZax vkSj LVkj @ MsYVk LVkfVZaxA DOL LVkfVZax
esa] eksVj dks jsVsM foHko] lh/s fctyh dh vkiwfrZ ij fLop ON dj çnku fd;k tkrk gSA 25 kW ls de dh NksVh
f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj] lh/k vkWuykbu (DOL) LVkfVZax dk mi;ksx djrh gSA vkerkSj ij DOL LVkVZlZ dk mi;ksx
djrs gq, f=k&dyk eksVj dh LVsVj oqQ.Myh MsYVk ls tqM+h gksrh gSA Lo&ifj.kkfe=k LVkfVZax osQ le; f=k&dyk çsj.k
eksVj osQ LVsVj ij ,d de foHko dh vkiwfrZ çnku djrk gSA eksVj dks de vkiwfrZ foHko] LVkfVZax osQ le; ykbu
/kjk dks de dj nsrk gSA tc eksVj mi;qDr xfr çkIr dj ysrk gS rks vkiwfrZ foHko dks eksVj osQ jsVsM foHko rd
c<+k fn;k tkrk gSA LVkj@MsYVk LVkVZj dk mi;ksx f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVlZ esa fd;k tkrk gS tgka eksVj osQ çR;sd dyk
osQ VfeZuyksa dks ckgj yk;k tkrk gSA LVkVZj esa f}&ekxZ fLop yxk;k tkrk gS tks LVkfVZax osQ le; LVkj esa LVsVj
okbafMax dks tksM+rk gS vkSj lkekU; jfuax osQ nkSjku MsYVk esaA LVkfVZax osQ le; LVkj la;kstu osQ dkj.k de foHko
ykbu@lIykbZ /kjk dks de dj nsrk gSA

PrO1 ekiu midj.kksa osQ mfpr çdkj vkSj Js.kh dk p;u djsaA
PrO3 f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj dh ykbu /kjk vkSj ykbu foHko dks ekisaA
fp=k P6.1: eSuqvy LVkj@MsYVk LVkVZj dk ifjiFk vkjs•

P6.6 vko';d lalk/u
egRoiw.kZ fof'k"Vrkvksa okys midj.k la[;k
f=k&dyk baMD'ku eksVj% 5 HP, 415 V,
1. fxygjh dst IM Ng VfeZuyksa osQ lkFk 1
eksVj VfeZuy CykWd
2. eSuqvy LVkj MsYVk LVkVZj 1
dusfDVax ok;j% eYVh LVªSaM Cu rkj]
3. LS
2.5 mm2
4. f=k&dyk MCB: 25 A 1
5. f=k&dyk vkiwfrZ% 415V 1
6. oksYVehVj% 0-500V AC 2
7. ,ehVj% 0-10A, AC 3
P6.7 lqj{kk mik;

1. ekiu midj.kksa osQ mfpr çdkj vkSj jsat dk p;u djsaA
2. ifjiFk vkjs• esa fn•k, x, vuqlkj ,ehVj vkSj oksYV ehVj dks la;ksftr djsaA
3. ifjiFk vkjs• osQ vuqlkj ifjiFk la;kstu dh tkap djsa vkSj eSuqvy LVkj@MsYVk LVkVZj dks fctyh dh
vkiwfrZ osQ fy, rhu /qzo (iksy) MCB SM pkyw gksus ls igys rkj la;kstu VkbV gSa] tkap djsaA
4. ç;ksx osQ lapkyu osQ ckn f=k&dyk fctyh dh vkiwfrZ can dj nsaA
P6.8 iz;ksx fof/

2. eksVj dyk VfeZuyksa dk mfpr la;kstu A1, A2 dyk A okbafMax osQ lkFk] B1, B2 dyk B okbafMax osQ
lkFk vkSj C1, C2 dyk C okbafMax osQ lkFk] eSuqvy LVkj vkSj MsYVk LVkVZj esa rhu /zqoksa osQ psat vksoj
fLop VfeZuyksa ij] lqfuf'pr djsaA LVkj@MsYVk LVkVZj dk gSaMy ¶lkekU;¸ fLFkfr esa gksuk pkfg,A
3. rhu iksy MCB fLop SM dk fLop ON djsaA
4. LVkj@MsYVk LVkVZj osQ gSaMy dks LVkj iksth'ku ;kuh rhu /zqo osQ fLop SY "ON" dh vksj eksM+saA eksVj
LVsVj okbafMax vc LVkj la;kstu esa gSaA
5. voyksdu rkfydk 6.1 esa ykbu /kjkvksa IR, IY, IB ;k LVsVj dyk /kjkvksa vkSj ykbu foHko VRY vkSj
VYB dks fjdkWMZ djsaA fujh{k.k dh xbZ /kjk,¡ eksVj }kjk yh xbZ vkjafHkd /kjk,¡ gSaA
6. gSaMy dks LVkj ls MsYVk fLFkfr esa ?kqek,a] ;kuh rhu iksy fLop SΔ ¶pkyw¸ gks tk,xk vkSj fLop SY
¶can¸ gks tk,xkA eksVj LVsVj okbafMax vc MsYVk la;ksftr gSA
7. pj.k la[;k 6 nksgjk,a A ekih xbZ /kjk,¡ IR, IY, IB LVsVj ykbu /kjk,¡ gksaxhA rhu vkiwfrZ dyk esa fujh{k.k
dh xbZ /kjk lkekU; pyus dh fLFkfr osQ nkSjku eksVj }kjk yh xbZ /kjk,¡ gSaA
8. rhu iksy fLop "SM" dks ¶can¸ djds eksVj dks can djsaA
P6.9 voyksdu
voyksdu rkfydk P6.1
eSuqvy LVkVZj LVkj fLFkfr esa eSuqvy LVkVZj MsYVk fLFkfr esa
Øekad /kjk foHko /kjk foHko
IR IY IB VRY VYB IB IY IB VRY VYB
1.

Øekad eksVj esa çokfgr vkjafHkd /kjk pkyw eksVj esa çokfgr /kjk
1.
P6.11 fu"d"kZ
....................................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................................
P6.12 çk;ksfxd lacaf/r ç'u

1. crk,a fd f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj dh vkjafHkd /kjk vf/d D;ksa gksrh gSA
2. f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVlZ dks 'kq: djus osQ fy, dk;Z'kkyk esa ç;qDr LVkVZlZ osQ çdkj osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh
,d=k djsaA
3. f=k&dyk çsj.k eksVj (i) LVkj la;ksftr (ii) MsYVk la;ksftr dh LVsVj okbafMax osQ lkFk çokfgr vkjafHkd
/kjk dks fjdkWMZ djsaA eksVj esa çokfgr vkjafHkd /kjk varj ij fVIi.kh djsa ;fn dksbZ ns•k x;k gS
3 dyk
eksVj
LVkVZj
vfèkd tkfu,
lw{e ifj;kstuk
f'k{kdksa osQ ekxZn'kZu esa 5&6 Nk=kksa osQ lewg esa ,d ;k nks lw{e ifj;kstuk (vksa) @ xfrfofèk (vksa) dks 'kq: djsa vkSj
bls O;fDrxr Hkkxhnkjh osQ lkFk lewg osQ :i esa Hkh çLrqr djsaA ,d uewuk lw{e ifj;kstuk leL;k uhps nh xbZ gS%
1- fn, x, nks"kiw.kZ lhfyax ia•k dh •jkch dk irk yxkus osQ fy, ijh{k.k çfozQ;kvksa vkSj ijh{k.k ifjiFk
dk fodkl djukA
xfrfofèk;ka
1- fofHkUu fofuekZrkvksa ls fofHkUu çdkj osQ DC eksVj osQ fofunZs'kksa osQ fooj.k tSlh tkudkjh ,d=k djsa
vkSj ,df=kr tkudkjh osQ vkèkkj ij ,d laf{kIr fjiksVZ rS;kj djsaA
2- ,d ikoj ikWbaV çstsaVs'ku fodflr djsa vkSj DC eksVj vkSj mlds vuqç;ksxksa ij lsfeukj nsaA
3- ,d ikoj ikWbaV çstsaVs'ku fodflr djsa vkSj rhu dyk ,lh eksVj vkSj mlds vuqç;ksxksa ij lsfeukj nsaA
ICT dk mi;ksx
DC fo|qr
eksVj e'khu&I
1. Ritu Sahdev, Basic Electrical Engineering, New Delhi: Khanna Publishing House, 2018.
2. V.N. Mittle, and A. Mittal, Basic Electrical Engineering, McGraw Education, 2017.
3. M.S. Sukhija and T.K. Nagsarkar, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, New Delhi:
Oxford University Press, 2013.
4. B. L. Theraja, Electrical Technology, Vol. - I, New Delhi: S. Chand and Company, 2015.
5. S. B. Lal Seksena and Kaustuv Dasgupta, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Cambridge
lUnHkZ ,oa vè;;u gsrq lq>ko
vuqØef.kdk&1% çk;ksfxd dk;Z dk fjdkWMZ
i`"B fnukad
Øekad ç;ksx dk uke vad gLrk{kj
Øekad okLrfod iqujko`fÙk fjdkMZ
pqacdh; inkFkZ dh ikjxE;rk dk fu/kZj.k blosQ
1- 154
B&H oØ dks vkysf•r djosQ djsaA
çfrjks/d Hkkj osQ lkFk ,dy dyk ifjiFk esa
2- 184
foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfÙkQ dks ekisaA
R&L Jà•yk ifjiFk esa foHko] /kjk vkSj 'kfÙkQ
3- 187
dks ekisaA
,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dk VuZ dk vuqikr (K)
4- 215
fu/kZfjr djsaA
,dy dyk ifj.kkfe=k dks la;ksftr djsa vkSj
5- 218
vkxr vkSj fuxZr ek=kkvksa dks ekisaA
çsj.k eksVj LVkVZlZ esa LVkj vkSj MsYVk la;kstu
6- 222
cuk,a vkSj ykbu vkSj dyk eku dks ekisaA
fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu fuf"Ø; bysDVªkWfud
7- 33
?kVdksa dh igpku djsaA
czsMcksMZ ij Js.kh vkSj lekukarj Øe la;kstu esa
8- 36 çfrjks/ksa dks la;ksftr djsa vkSj eYVhehVj dk
mi;ksx djosQ bldk eku ekisaA
czsMcksMZ ij la/kfj=kksa dks Js.kh vkSj lekukarj
9- 40 la;kstu esa la;ksftr djsa vkSj eYVhehVj dk
mi;ksx djosQ blosQ eku dks ekisaA
fn, x, ifjiFk esa fofHkUu lfØ; bysDVªkWfud
10- 43
?kVdksa dh igpku djsaA
çsj.k vkSj çfrjks/ osQ eku dks ekius osQ fy,
11- 46
LCR ehVj dk ç;ksx djsaA
i`"B fnukad
Øekad ç;ksx dk uke vad gLrk{kj
Øekad okLrfod iqujko`fÙk fjdkMZ
fn, x, la/kfj=k dk eku ekius osQ fy,
12- 49
LCR&Q ehVj dk mi;ksx djsaA
fn, x, çfrjks/d dk eku jax dksM osQ lkFk]
13- 52 iqf"V djus osQ fy, fMftVy eYVhehVj dk
mi;ksx djosQ çfrjks/d dk eku fu/kZfjr djsaA
fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djosQ PN
14- 55
taD'ku Mk;ksM dk ijh{k.k djsaA
15- 57 PN laf/ Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
16- 61 tsuj Mk;ksM osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
17- 64 LED osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
fMftVy eYVhehVj dk mi;ksx djosQ VªkaftLVj
18- 67
osQ rhu VfeZuyksa dh igpku djsaA
19- 70 NPN VªkaftLVj osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k djsaA
CE VªkaftLVj foU;kl dk djaV xsu fu/kZfjr
20- 74
djsaA
VªkaftLVj fLop ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k
21- 76
djsaA
VªkaftLVj ço/Zd ifjiFk osQ çn'kZu dk ijh{k.k
22- 79
djsaA
Op Amp dk ,EiyhiQk;j vkSj baVhxzsVj osQ
23- 106
:i esa ijh{k.kA
iz;ksx'kkyk esa dke djrs le; funsZ'k
f'k{kdksa osQ fy, laf{kIr fn'kkfunZs'k

f'k{kd lHkh fo'ks"krkvksa osQ lkFk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks ç;ksx osQ çn'kZu osQ lkFk fn'kkfunZs'k çnku djsaA
•• f'k{kd çR;sd ç;ksx 'kq: djus ls igys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks iwoZ vo/kj.kk,a le>k,xkA
•• çR;sd ç;ksx osQ çn'kZu esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks 'kkfey djsaA
•• f'k{kd dks ;g lqfuf'pr djuk pkfg, fd çk;ksfxd vH;kl osQ iwjk gksus osQ ckn fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lacaf/r
dkS'ky vkSj n{krkvksa dk fodkl gksA
•• f'k{kdksa dks çn'kZu osQ ckn fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks O;kogkfjd vuqHko dk volj nsuk pkfg,A
•• f'k{kd ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fodflr gksus okys dkS'ky vkSj n{krkvksa dks lk>k djsA
•• f'k{kd fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks vfrfjÙkQ Kku vkSj dkS'ky çnku dj ldrs gSa] Hkys gh eSuqvy esa 'kkfey u gksa]
ysfdu m|ksx }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls vis{kk dh tkrh gSA
•• var esa ç;ksx osQ vlkbuesaV nsa vkSj fn, x, VkLd osQ vk/kj ij fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ çn'kZu dk vkdyu djsa
fd ;g funZs'kksa osQ vuqlkj gS ;k ughaA
•• f'k{kd ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og lacaf/r MsVk eSuqvy vkSj ekudksa dks lanfHkZr djus osQ fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks lanfHkZr vkSj çsfjr djsA
•• f'k{kd ls vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd og laiw.kZ ikBÔØe nLrkost ns•sa vkSj dk;kZUo;u osQ fy, fn'kkfunZs'kksa
dk ikyu djsaA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa osQ fy, funZs'k

•• ikBÔØe] ikBÔp;kZ] lh•us dh lajpuk] fodflr fd, tkus okys dkS'ky osQ ckjs esa f'k{kd }kjk fn, x,
O;k[;ku dks è;ku ls lqusaA
•• lewg esa dke dks O;ofLFkr djsa vkSj lHkh fVIif.k;ksa dk fjdkWMZ cuk,aA
•• fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks m|ksxksa }kjk visf{kr j•j•ko dkS'ky fodflr djuk gksxkA
•• fo|kFkhZ lacaf/r O;kogkfjd dkS'ky fodflr djus vkSj vkRefo'okl gkfly djus dk ç;kl djsxkA
•• fo|kFkhZ vf/d fopkjksa] uokpkjksa] dkS'kyksa vkfn dks fodflr djus dh vknrksa dks fodflr djsxk tks
eSuqvy osQ nk;js esa 'kkfey gSaA
•• fo|kFkhZ rduhdh if=kdkvksa] IS dksM vkSj MsVk iqLrdksa dks ns•saA
•• fo|kFkhZ dks ç;ksx dks frfFk vkSj le; ij tek djus dh vknr fodflr djuh pkfg,A
•• fo|kFkhZ dks lqj{kk çFkkvksa vkSj i;kZoj.k osQ eqíksa] ç;ksx ls lacaf/r vif'k"V çca/u osQ ckjs esa vPNh rjg
ls voxr gksuk pkfg,A
lewg esa ç;ksx@lw{e ifj;kstukvksa@xfrfof/;ksa osQ fy,

lkaosQfrd ewY;kadu fn'kkfunZs'k
çfØ;k lacaf/r dkS'ky

ekunaM vkSj Lrj fodkl'khy l{ke oqQ'ky
lsV&vi dks laHkkyuk
MsVk dh fjdkWfMZax
le; çca/u
lkewfgd dk;Z
O;fÙkQxr dk;Z
lqj{kk lko/kfu;ka
mRikn lacaf/r dkS'ky

fVIif.k;ka (;fn dksbZ) ;fn
ekunaM vkSj Lrj fodkl'khy l{ke oqQ'ky ykxw u gks rks NA
dk mYys• djsa
fo"k;
vuqla/ku@loZs{k.k
uohure rduhd dk mi;ksx
fo"k; ij jgrk gS
rRijrk
çLrqfr dk fo'okl
PPT cukus dk dkS'ky
lfgr ICT dk mi;ksx
le; çca/u
lewg ç;kl
O;fÙkQxr ç;kl
oLrqfu"V iz'uksa osQ mÙkj
;wfuV&1% bysDVªkWfud midj.k ,oa laosQr dk laf{kIr fooj.k

Øekad 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 1-6 1-7 1-8 1-9 1-10
mÙkj a d b d c b d b a c
;wfuV&2% ,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk voyksdu

Øekad 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 2-5 2-6
mÙkj b c b b d d
;wfuV&3% vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu

Øekad 3-1 3-2 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-6
mÙkj c b a c d d
;wfuV&4% fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk

Øekad 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6
mÙkj d b c c d b
;wfuV&5% çR;korhZ /kjk ifjiFk

Øekad 5-1 5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5 5-6
mÙkj c b d a b c
;wfuV&6% ifj.kkfe=k ,oa e'khusa

Øekad 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6
mÙkj d d d c c a
vkxkeh vè;;u gsrq lUnHkZ
iqLrosaQ %
•• D. P. Kothari and I. J. Nagrath, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Tata McGraw
Hill, 2020.
•• D. C. Kulshreshtha, Basic Electrical Engineering, McGraw Hill, 2009.
•• L. S. Bobrow, Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering, Oxford University Press, 2011.
•• K. Murgesh Kumar, DC Machines and Transformers, Vikas Publication House Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
•• J. B. Gupta, A Textbook of Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Kataria & Sons, 2013
•• S. K. Bhattacharya, Basic Electrical Engineering, Pearson Education, 2019
•• Chinmoy Saha, Arindam Halder and Debarati Ganguly, Basic Electronics: Principles and
Applications, Cambridge University Press, 2018
•• E. Hughes, Electrical and Electronics Technology, Pearson, 2010.
•• B. L. Theraja, Electrical Technology, Vol. – II, New Delhi: S. Chand Publications, 2015.
•• R.S. Sedha, A text book of Applied Electronics, New Delhi: S. Chand Publications, 2008.
•• Albert Malvino and Paul David, Electronics Principles, New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education, 2015.
•• V.K. Mehta and Rohit Mehta, Principles of Electronics, S. Chand and Company, New Delhi, 2014.
•• Roger L. Tokheim, Digital Electronics, McGraw-Hill Education, 2013.
•• A.K. Maini, Analog Circuits, Khanna Publishing House, 2018.
•• Albert Malvino and David Bates, Electronic Principles, Tata McGraw Hill Publication, 2015.
•• Jacob Millman, Electronics Devices and Circuits, McGraw Hill Education; 2015.
•• Charles H. Roth Jr., Fundamentals of Logic Design, Cengage Learning, 2020
•• R. Anand, Digital Electronics, Khanna Publications, New Delhi, 2018.
•• V. J.V. Wait, L.P. Huelsman and GA Korn, Introduction to Operational Amplifier Theory and
Applications, McGraw Hill, 1992.
•• Robert F. Coughlin, Fredrick F. Driscoll, Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits,
New Delhi; Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., 2009.
•• Stephen Chapman, Electric Machinery Fundamentals, New Delhi: McGraw Hill Education, 2017
•• Dorf R. C, Svoboda J.C, Introduction to Electric Circuits, John Wiley, 2015
•• Murugeshan. R, Electricity and Magnetism, New Delhi; S. Chand Publishing, 2017.
•• Charles K. Alexander, Mathew N. O Sadiku, Fundamentals of Electric Circuits, McGraw Hill
Education, 2013.
•• Bhimbra P.S, Garg G.C, Electrical Machines-I, New Delhi; Khanna Book Publishing Co.(P)
Ltd., 2019.
•• Dhogal P.S., Basic Practical in Electrical Engineering, New Delhi; Standard Published
Distributors, 2004.
•• Morrison Ralph, Practical Electronics, John Wiley & Sons, 2003
CO vkSj PO vVSuesaV rkfydk
ikBÔØe iw.kZ gksus osQ mijkar dkslZ vkmVdEl (COs) dks çksxzke vkmVdEl (POs) osQ lkFk eSi (ijLij laca/) fd;k tk
ldrk gS rFkk vUrj dk fo'ys"k.k djus osQ fy, POs çkfIr gsrq lglaca/ LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA POs çkfIr esa vUrj
osQ mfpr fo'ys"k.k i'pkr çkIr dfe;ksa dks nwj djus osQ fy, mfpr mik; Hkh fd;s tk ldrs gSaA
izksxzke vkmVdEl (POs) osQ vkisf{kr lacaèk

dkslZ
(1- detksj lglacaèk_ 2- eè;e lglacaèk_ 3- etcwr lglacaèk)
vkmVdEl
(COs)
PO-1 PO-2 PO-3 PO-4 PO-5 PO-6 PO-7
CO-1
CO-2
CO-3
CO-4
CO-5
CO-6
mijksDr rkfydk esa mYysf•r fd;s x, vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx] vUrj osQ fo'ys"k.k djus esa fd;k tk ldrk gSA
vuqØef.kdk
v vkWj (OR) xsV 3-2-2-2

vYiQk 1-2-3-2 vkj&lh (R-C) lekukarj 5-2-4
vodfy=k 2-2-2 vkj&lh (R&C) Js.kh 5-2-3
vodfy=k vkxr çfrjks/ 2-1-2-2 vkj&,y lekukarj 5-2-4
vo{k; {ks=k 1-2-2 b
vlrr ?kVd 1-1-2
bysDVªku 1-1-2
v'kq¼ v/Zpkyd 1-2-1
buofVZax eksM ço/Zd 2-1-5-1
v"Vd la[;k ç.kkyh 3-1-2-3
v/Zpkyd 1-2-1 bZ
vuqØfed ifjiFk 3-3
bZ,e,iQ lehdj.k 6-1-3-2
vof/ 1-3-5-1
m
vk
mRltZd 1-2-3-1
vkxr ck;l /kjk 2-1-2-2
vkxr vodfy=k lhek 2-1-2-2 ,
vkxr çfrck/k 2-1-2-2
,dy dyk ,lh 5-1-3
vkxr vkWiQlsV /kjk 2-1-2-2
,lh (AC) eksVlZ 6-2-4
vkxr vkWiQlsV /kjk fMªÝV 2-1-2-2
,dhÑr ifjiFk 3-4-1
vkxr vkWiQlsV foHko 2-1-2-2 ,aM (AND) xsV 3-2-2-1
vkof/d laosQr 1-3-4 ,uih,u chtsVh (NPN BJT) 1-2-3-1
vk/kj 1-2-3-1 ,uksM 1-1-2
vk;ke 5-1-3 ,flaØksul x.kd 3-3-2-1
vko`fÙk 5-1-3 ,l&vkj ySp 3-3-1-1
vkbZlh 741 2-1-2 ,flaØksul vuqØfed 3-3
vkn'kZ Ïksr 1-3-7 ,evksl (MOS) 1-2-5
vkj&,y Js.kh 5-2-2 ,e,lch (MSB) 3-1-2-2
vkj&,y&lh lekukarj 5-2-4 ,u&pkSuy ts,iQbZVh
vkj&,y&lh Js.kh 5-2-4 (N&channel JFET) 1-2-4-1
vkj,e,l eku 5-1-3
vkWiQlsV uy 2-1-2 vks
vkWi ,ai (Op Amp) 2-1-1 vkse dk fu;e 1-1-3
vuqØef.kdk | 235
vkS t
vkSlr eku 5-1-3 ts&osQ (J&K) fÝyi&ÝykWi 3-3-1-4
tsuj Mk;ksM 1-2-2-5
d
D;w (Q) iQSDVj 1-1-4 V
dVh gqbZ voLFkk 1-2-3-3 Vh (T) fÝyi&ÝykWi 3-3-1-5
dyk varj 5-1-5 VªkaftLVj VªkaftLVj rkfdZd (TTL) 3-4-3
dyk vkjs• (iQstj) 5-1-5 VªkaftLVj 1-2-3
dks.kh; osx 5-1-3
M
dkWeu eksM fjtsD'ku jsf'k;ks (CMRR) 2-1-2-2
dkWeu csl 1-2-3-2 Mk;ksM 1-2-2
dkWeu dysDVj 1-2-3-2 Mh (D) fÝyi&ÝykWi 3-3-1-3
dkWeu ,feVj 1-2-3-2 Mhlh (DC) e'khu 6-2
dksj çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k 6-1-3 Mhlh (DC) eksVj 6-2-1
dSFkksM 1-1-2 Mhlh (DC) Js.kh eksVj 6-2-1
fdjpkWiQ dk /kjk dk fu;e (KCL) 4-1-4 Mhlh (DC) 'kaV eksVj 6-2-1
fdjpkWiQ dk foHko dk fu;e (KVL) 4-1-4 Mh ekWxZu çes; 3-1-5-1
MsYVk la;kstu 5-3-3
• Mªsu 1-2-4-1
•qyk ywi foU;kl 2-1-4-1
r
x rjax 1-3-5-3
x.kd 3-3-2 rhu dyk ,lh (AC) 5-1-3
xsV 1-2-4-1 rkRdkfyd eku 5-1-3
xSj&vkof/d laosQr 1-3-4 rkfdZd xsV 3-2
xSj vkn'kZ Ïksr 1-3-7
xSj&fu/kZjd laosQr 1-3-3 n
fn"V /kjk laosQr 1-3-5
p f}èkzqoh ;qfÙkQ 1-2-3
pØ 5-1-3
pØ 1-3-5-1 /
pkydrk 1-1-3 /ukRed rkfdZd 3-2-1
pqacdh; ifjiFk 4-2-2 /kjk 4-1-2
pqacdh; cy 4-2-1 /kjk Ïksr 1-3-6
u çlkj.k foyac 3-4-2
ukWj (NOR) xsV~l 3-2-2-4 çfrjks/ dk rkieku xq.kkad 1-1-3
ukV (NOT) xsV 3-2-2-3 iw.kZ 'kfÙkQ cSaMfoM~Fk 2-1-2-2
ukWu&buofV±x eksM ço/Zd 2-1-5-2 iQ
fuHkZj /kjk Ïksr 1-3-8-
iQst dks.k 5-1-4
fuHkZj foHko Ïksr 1-3-8-
iQksVks Mk;ksM 1-2-2-5
fu/kZjd laosQr 1-3-3
iQSjkMs osQ fu;e 4-3-1
fuxZr vkWiQlsV foHko 2-1-2-2 fÝyi&ÝykWi 3-3
fuxZr foHko lhek 2-1-2-2 ÝyDl ?kuRo 4-2-1
fuxZr foHko fLoax 2-1-2-2 iQhYM biQsDV VªkaftLVj 1-2-4
fuf"Ø; ?kVd 1-1-2
usaM (NAND) xsV~l 3-2-2-4 c
usxsfVo rkfdZd 3-2-1 cSfj;j foHko 1-2-2
uksM 4-1-3 ck;ujh vadxf.kr 3-1-4
uksbl ekftZu 3-4-2 ckbujh uacj ç.kkyh 3-1-2-2
can ywi foU;kl 2-1-4-2
i cwfy;u chtxf.kr 3-1
ijkoS|qr inkFkZ 1-1-5 cwfy;u osQ fu;e 3-1-5
ifj.kkfe=k 6-1-2 chVk 1-2-3-2
ikjLifjd çsj.k 6-1-3-1
e
ih ,u laf/ Mk;ksM 1-2-2
ih,uih chtsVh 1-2-3-1 ekWM&10 x.kd 3-3-2-2
ihd iQSDVj 5-1-3 ;
çfrck/k 5-1-3
;kstd 2-2-1
çfrjks/ 1-1-3
;wfuVh o`f¼ cSaMfoM~Fk 2-1-2-2
çfrjks/d 1-1-3
;wfuolZy xsV~l 3-2-2-4
çfrck/k f=kHkqt 5-2-4
çsj.k eksVj 6-2-4-3 j
çsjd 1-1-4 fjolZ ck;l 1-2-2-1
çR;korhZ /kjk laosQr 1-3-5
çR;korhZ /kjk 5-1-2 o
çR;korhZ foHko 5-1-2 oksYVst 4-1-2
çdk'k mRlftZr Mk;ksM 1-2-2-5 oksYVst Ïksr 1-3-6
vuqØef.kdk | 237
fo|qr 'kfÙkQ 5-3-5 le; vof/ 5-1-3

fo|qr 'kfÙkQ laosQr 1-3-5 lekdyd 2-2-3
lekukarj ifjiFk 1-1-6
'k
lekgrkZ 1-2-3-1
'kk•k 4-1-3 la[;k ç.kkyh 3-1-2
'kfÙkQ 4-1-2 la;kstu ifjiFk 3-3
'kfÙkQ xq.kkad 5-1-3 lkekU; eksM lhek 2-1-2-2
'kfÙkQ vkiwfrZ vfLodkj vuqikr laosQr 1-3-2
(PSRR) 2-1-2-2
lY;w (slew) jsV 2-1-2-2
'kfÙkQ f=kHkqt 5-3-6
Ïksr 1-2-4-1
'kq¼ v/Zpkyd 1-2-1
LVkj la;kstu 5-3-3
'ksy çdkj osQ ifj.kkfe=k 6-1-3
fLofpax ifjiFk 3-1-1
l flaØksul vuqØfed 3-3
Lo'ku ra=k 6-1-2
g
Loifj.kkfe=k 6-1-4
Lo&çsj.k 4-3-2 gsDlkMsfley la[;k ç.kkyh 3-1-2-3
la/kfj=k fLIyV iQst AC eksVlZ 6-2-4-3 gksy 1-1-2
la/kfj=k 1-1-5
J
lfØ; ?kVd 1-2
lfØ; voLFkk 1-2-3-3 Js.kh ifjiFk 1-1-6
'kCndks"k
v x
viO;; Dissipation xSj&vkof/d Non&periodic
vipk;h Step-Down xSj&fu/kZjd Non&deterministic
vrqY;dkfyd Asynchronous x.kd Counter
vodfy=k Differential
?k
vodyd Differentor
?kVko Subtractor
vodfy=k eksM xsu Differential mode gain
vlrr Discrete p
vf/dre egRoiw.kZ fcV Most significant bit pkyd Conductor
vfHkxzkgh Reciever pkydrk Conductance
v/Zpkyd Semiconductor pqacdh; {ks=k dh rhozrk Magnetic field
vxz i{k Forward bias intensity
pqacdh; vojks/ ;k çfr"êðaHk Reluctance
vk
pqacdh; cyjs•k Magnetic fluñ
vkiwfrZ Supply
vkxs ys tkuk Carry
pqacdh; è#o Magnetic pole
vkxr Input N
vkof/d Periodic Nksj Terminal
m
r
mPpk;h Step-Up
rkfdZd Logic
, rkRdkfyd eku Instantaneous value
,dhÑr ifjiFk Integrated circuit rqY;dkfyd Syncronous
d rqyfu=k Comparator
oqaQMh Latch n
Øec¼ Sequential
fn"V /kjk Direct current (DC)
oqQ.Myh Winding
f}&èkzqoh; taD'ku VªkaftLVj Bi&polar junction
de ls de egRoiw.kZ fcV Least significant bit transistor
dk;ZØe ifj.kke Program outcome f}vk/kjh Binary
'kCndks"k | 239
nksyd Oscillator cyk?kw.kZ Torque
nks"k Fault
Hk
u Hkatd Breaker
fuokZr Vaccum
fujarj Continuous
;
fu/kZjd Deterministic
;qfXer Coupled
fuxZr Output
;kstd Adder
i j
iVfyr Lamination
fjlko Leakage
ijkoS|qr Dielectric
o
i'porhZ i{k Reverse bias
fo|qrjks/d Insulator
ikBÔp;kZ Curriculum
fo|qr okgd cy Electro motive force
ikBÔØe Course
fofu;eu Regulation
ikjLifjd çsj.k Mutual inductance
foU;kl Configuration
ikjxE;rk Permeability
fofunZs'k Specification
çsjd Inductance
foHko Voltage
çfrjks/u Insulation
foPNsfnr Trip
çfrjks/ Resistance
çfrck/k Impedance 'k
çlkj.k Propogation 'o'ku ;a=k Breather
çfrj{kk Immunity 'kfÙkQ Power
çfriq"V Feedback 'kk•k ;k Hkqtk Limb
çR;korhZ /kjk Alternating current 'ks"k iQy Reminder
(AC)
'kksj (vokaNfu; y?kq laosQr) Noise
çdk'k mRltZd Mk;ksM Light emitting diode
'kSfFkY; Hysteresis
ço/Zd Amplifier
ih-oh-lh- Polyvinyl chloride l
iwjd Complementary Le`fr rÙo Memory element
c lkn`'; Analog
laf/ Junction lhfer Finite
lapkyu Operating laoqQy Packages
laj{kd Conservator laosQafær Concentric
lax.kd Computer
{k
la/kfj=k Capacitor
{ks=k çHkko VªkaftLVj Field effect transistor
laosQr Signals
lafØ;kRed ço/Zd Op&Amp =k
lafØ;kRed Operational f=kdks.kfefr Trignometry
lax.kd Computer

DIP183HI - FEEE-Hindi Medium-22-02-2022

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DIP183HI - FEEE-Hindi Medium-22-02-2022

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Dear Readers,

Specimen of Hologram on front Cover title:

µlwlu ,l- eSF;w vkSj lkth Vh- pkdks

dkslZ çksxzke vkmVdEl (POs) osQ lkFk visf{kr laca/

;wfuV 1% bysDVªkWfud midj.k ,oa laosQr dk laf{kIr fooj.k

;wfuV 2% ,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk voyksdu

;wfuV 3% vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu

;wfuV 4% fo|qr ,oa pqacdh; ifjiFk

;wfuV 5% çR;korhZ /kjk ifjiFk

;wfuV 6% ifj.kkfe=k ,oa e'khusa

;wfuV 1% bysDVªkWfud midj.k vkSj ladsr dk laf{kIr fooj.k .................................................... 1–84

;wfuV 2% ,ukykWx ifjiFkksa dk voyksdu ............................................................................... 85–112

;wfuV 3% vadh; bysDVªkWfuDl dk voyksdu ......................................................................... 113–135

;wfuV 5% çR;korhZ èkkjk ifjiFk .............................................................................................. 159–192

vkxkeh vè;;u gsrq lUnHkZ  232

1 bysDVªkWfudh midj.k ,oa

iwoZ visf{kr Kku

tkWtZ lkbe vkse (1789&1854)

1.1.2 ifjiFk osQ rRoksa osQ çdkj

Fixed Value Fixed Value Variable Fixed Value

fp=k 1-4% çfrjksèkksa dk oxhZdj.k

çfrjksèk ij rkieku dk çHkko

çfrjksèk dk rkieku xq.kkad

çrhd vkSj bdkb;k¡

çsjdRo dks çHkkfor djus okys dkjd

çsjd esa ÅtkZ dk HkaMkj.k

çrhd vkSj bdkb;k¡

laèkkfj=k esa ç;qDr gksus okys ijkoS|qr inkFkZ

,d laèkkfj=k osQ dk;Z

1.1.6 Js.kh vkSj lekukarj ifjiFk

fp=k 1-8% Js.kh ifjiFk fp=k 1-9% lekukarj ifjiFk

okLrfod thou esa fuf"Ø; ?kVdksa osQ vuqç;ksx

çfrjksèkksa osQ vuqç;ksx

1.2 lfØ; ?kVd

1.2.2 ih,u lafèk Mk;ksM

1-2-2-1 P–N lafèk Mk;ksM dk lapkyu

fp=k 1-13% Mk;ksM&i'porhZi{k

1-2-2-2 Mk;ksM osQ vfHky{k.k

fp=k 1-14% Mk;ksM V&I vfHky{k.k

1-2-2-4 Mk;ksM osQ vuqç;ksx

1-2-2-5 Mk;ksM osQ çdkj

Øekad Mk;ksM] çrhd osQ lkFk fo'ks"krk,a vuqç;ksx

Øekad Mk;ksM] çrhd osQ lkFk fo'ks"krk,a vuqç;ksx

fp=k 1-15% NPN BJT dk lajpukRed vkjs•

fp=k 1-16% NPN vkSj PNP BJT dk ;kstukc¼ çrhd

1-2-3-2 VªkaftLVj dk foU;kl

Øekad ekinaM dkWeu csl dkWeu ,feVj dkWeu dysDVj

1-2-3-3 VªkaftLVj osQ vuqç;ksx

1 dV vkWiQ dh voLFkk fjolZ ck;l fjolZ ck;l µ

2 lfØ; voLFkk iQkWjoMZ ck;l fjolZ ck;l ,EiyhiQk;j

1-2-4-1 FET dh lajpuk

fp=k 1-17% FET çrhd

1-2-4-2 BJT vkSj FET osQ chp rqyuk

Øekad f}&èkzqoh; lafèk VªkaftLVj (BJT) {ks=k çHkko VªkaftLVj (FET)

11 blesa •jkc rkih; fLFkjrk gSA blesa rkih; fLFkjrk gSA

1-2-4-3 FET osQ vuqç;ksx

1-2-5-1 MOSFET osQ çdkj

fp=k 1-18% fMIyh'ku çdkj dk MOSFET

fp=k 1-19% ,UgkalesaV çdkj osQ MOSFET

1-2-5-2 MOSFET osQ vuqç;ksx

1.2.7 fuf"Ø; vkSj lfØ; ?kVdksa osQ chp rqyuk

Øekad ekinaM fuf"Ø; ?kVd lfØ; ?kVd

1.3.2 laosQrksa dk oxhZdj.k

vkxkeh vè;;u gsrq lUnHkZ 232