SLK Science Grade 8 Q4W2
SLK Science Grade 8 Q4W2
Self-Learning Kit
Science
Quarter 4 - Week 2
ROSAVIE N. PERALTA
Writer
Science – Grade 8
Self-Learning Kit
Quarter 3 – Week 1
First Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work
of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government
agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of
such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a
condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names,
trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these
materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not
represent nor claim ownership over them.
i
Note to the Learner
This Self-Learning Kit is prepared for you to learn the specified competencies
based on the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) for Science 8, Quarter 4,
Week 2. It is designed in a simplified structure to help you easily understand the lesson
for the week. It contains the following parts:
ii
Lesson Title The Cell Cycle
Learning Compare mitosis and meiosis, and their role in the cell
Competency division cycle.
Explain the significance of meiosis in maintaining the
chromosome number.
MELC Code S8LT-IVd-16/ S8LT-IVe-17
I Have Known
Directions: Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
3. Your teacher asked you to identify the stage of mitosis from a specimen under the
microscope. You observed that instead of a typical round cell shape, the cell has a
narrow middle part almost separating in its two bulging ends which looks like the number
8. Which important activity does the cell undergo?
A. anaphase B. metaphase C. cytokinesis D. S Phase
1
8. Meiosis is a type of cell division that produces ______.
A. chromosomes B. DNA C. sex cells D. zygote
I Can Connect
In your Grade 7, you have learned the different parts and functions of the cell.
Can you still identify them? Use the following figure to let you know how much you have
learned from the previous grade level.
https://urlshortner.org/XU2H3
Figure1: Animal Cell
B. Directions: A good analogy to consider with cell and its function is the school. Different
organelles can be used to describe different facilities and/ or personnel of the school. Pair
the words by filling in the blanks with the appropriate word. Choose your answers from the
word bank.
1. mitochondria: _________________ = cafeteria: food
2. principal: head = _______________: control
3. vacuoles: _____________________= locker: safekeeping
4. security guard: monitors safety = ___________________________: protection
5. office: releasing/ receiving = _________________________: packaging/ transporting
WORD BANK
- Storage - powerhouse - nucleus
- Cell membrane - ribosomes - golgi apparatus
2
I Can Learn
Cells are building blocks of life. This implies that all living organisms are composed
of cells. Cells undergo different stages of cellular development which is presented in the
cell cycle.
In this lesson, you will be able to understand the role of each cell organelle in the
reproduction of cell. You will also learn about the similarities and differences of mitosis
and meiosis and their role in the cell division cycle.
The figure above shows the cell’s activities in the Cell Cycle. The entire cycle is
divided into main stages, Interphase, and M-Phase where M stands for either Mitosis or
Meiosis.
The Interphase
During interphase, the cell grows, accumulates nutrients, and replicates genetic
material – all important events that prepare the cell for division. It is the longest phase in
the cell cycle. The interphase is divided into three stages:
Rapid growth of the young cells happen in this stage until the normal size is
attained.
Organelles start to double in number.
Proteins are produced such as the enzymes needed in S Phase.
This is the longest phase in most cells.
3
Stage 2
S (Synthesis) Phase
The DNA, the main composition of the chromosomes inside the nucleus of the cell
doubles at this stage by a process called replication.
At the end of this stage, each chromosome is made up of two sister chromatids
attached at the centromere.
After the three stages of the interphase, the cell is now ready for the actual cell
division.
The M-Phase
MITOSIS – is a process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
MEIOSIS – is a process where sex cells divide to form four haploid cells.
Below is the discussion on how mitosis and meiosis differ from each other.
Stage 1 Prophase
the long thread-like chromatids start to coil and become visible under the
compound microscope as individual chromosomes
each chromosome at this stage contains two identical sister chromatids, the result
of DNA synthesis
the nuclear membrane dissolves and the spindle fibers are formed
centrioles migrate at opposite poles
the nucleolus disappears
Stage 2
Metaphase
chromosomes move and align themselves at the center of the cell called
metaphase plate
Spindle fibers connect each chromosome on its centromere to the centrioles
located at opposite poles
Stage 3 Anaphase
the proteins that bind the two sister chromatids of each chromosome divide
chromosomes separate and are pulled toward the opposite poles as a result of
the shortening of the spindle fiber.
Stage 4 Telophase
the chromatids (now called chromosomes) are located at the opposite poles
nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes which start to uncoil
the spindle fibers disappear
each chromosome in a daughter cell is composed only of one chromatid
Two new daughter cells are formed.
After the division of the nucleus called karyokinesis, the cytoplasm starts to
divide, a process called cytokinesis. Cytokinesis in animal cells and other cells that lack
cell walls starts at the exterior of the cell moving inwards until the cell is divided into two
cells. This process is called cleavage furrow formation. In plant cells and other cells with
5
cell wall, cytokinesis starts at the middle of the cell and moves outward by a process
called plate formation.
https://urlshortner.org/UsBLa
Figure 4: Mitotic Division
MEIOSIS – is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells
containing half the original amount of genetic information producing haploid cells. Sex
cells or reproductive cells known as gametes (sperm cells in males, egg cells in females)
undergo meiosis.
Meiosis is divided into two successive cell divisions. The first part is called meiosis I
called reduction division reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid (2n) to
haploid (n) number. The second part, meiosis II, is very similar to mitosis, thus called
equatorial division. Both meiosis I and meiosis II are subdivided into four stages.
MEIOSIS 1
Stage 1 Prophase I
Stage 2
Metaphase I
Stage 3
Anaphase I
6
Stage 4 Telophase I
MEIOSIS 11
Stage 5 Prophase II
Stage 6 Metaphase II
The chromosomes align at the metaphase plate and are attached to their
chromosomes to the spindle fibers.
Stage 7
Anaphase II
Stage 8
Telophase II
7
The following summarizes the comparison between mitosis and meiosis based on
the given features.
Meiosis is the main event involved in the process of gamete formation called
gametogenesis. Gamete formation in males is called spermatogenesis while gamete
formation in females is called oogenesis. The gametes produced in spermatogenesis are
the sperm cells while in oogenesis are the egg cells or ova (singular: ovum) Both
spermatogenesis and oogenesis are involved in the same steps of meiosis, the resulting
daughter cells are haploid cells. The two processes differ, however, in the number of
gametes produced because four functional sperm cells are produced in
spermatogenesis while
only one functional
ovum is produced in
oogenesis. The other
haploid cells
produced are polar
bodies as shown in the
illustration in Figure 6.
Figure 6:
Spermatogenesis vs. OOgenesis
https://tinyurl.com/ypdtkxwx
8
Genetic variability among
organisms is essential for survival and
reproduction in a changing
environment.
In mathematical expression,
Haploid (n) + haploid (n) = diploid (2n)
For instance, human egg cells and
sperm cells are haploid (n) containing
only 23 chromosome each, so, if 23
chromosomes from an egg cell is
fertilized by 23 chromosomes from a Fig. 7: The fusion of sperm and egg cells during
sperm cell, it gives a total of 46 fertilization produces diploid zygote.
chromosomes, a diploid cell.
https://tinyurl.com/2tx8r329 https://tinyurl.com/ak84b3k5
Figure 8: Chromosome Number of some domestic animals Figure 9: Chromosome number of
Some Common Organisms
9
What happens when something goes wrong during meiosis?
Meiosis is a type of cell division that makes sex cells, or gametes. Errors during
meiosis can lead to mutations in gametes. Defective gametes that undergo fertilization
may result in miscarriages or ultimately lead to genetic disorders. The most likely mistake
to occur during meiosis is chromosomal non-disjunction, which results in the wrong
number of chromosomes in a sex cell.
Non-disjunction
Non-disjunction occurs when the chromosomes fail to separate properly as the cell
divides. The results of non-disjunction are gametes containing the wrong number of
chromosomes. In humans, a sperm or egg cell may contain an extra chromosome (for a
total of 24) or may be missing a chromosome (totaling 22). This would lead to a person
with 47 chromosomes or 45 chromosomes instead of the normal 46. A pregnancy
occurring after non-disjunction could also result in a miscarriage or stillbirth.
If the extra or missing chromosome is a sex chromosome (chromosome 23, X and Y),
the results tend to be less severe than in non-sex chromosomes (chromosomes 1 through
22). Usually, males have the sex chromosomes XY and females have the sex
chromosomes XX. Syndromes resulting from non-disjunction of the sex chromosomes
include:
If the non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) fail to separate properly, the results are
usually fatal, and the pregnancy is not carried out. When autosomal non-disjunctions do
lead to birth, the individual will carry a third chromosome.
Other more severe chromosomal abnormalities that are rarely carried to term
include extra copies of chromosomes 15, 16, and 22.
10
I Can Try
A. Directions: Identify the pictures based on stages of the cell cycle. Use the letters below
to identify each stage. The first one is done for you. Write your answer on the blank.
1. Interphase - ______D_______
2. Prophase - _______________
3. Metaphase - _______________
4. Anaphase - _______________
5. Telophase - _______________
11
Activity 3: Try to Fill
C. Directions: Given the equation n (haploid) + n (haploid) = 2n (diploid), fill in the table
with the correct number of chromosomes of the given organism.
Please refer to figure 8 & 9.
1. Donkey
2. Cat
3. Camel
4. Dog
5. Sunflower
I Can Assess
A. Directions: Read each item carefully and write the letter of the correct answer on your
paper.
2. Humans have 46 chromosomes in their body cells. After mitosis, we expect that the
daughter cells would each have a total of ________ chromosomes. In sex cells undergoing
meiosis I, we expect that the two daughter cells would contain ______ chromosomes, and
after meiosis II _________ chromosomes.
A. 23, 23, 23 B. 46, 12, 12 C. 46, 23, 23 D. 46, 46, 46
4. Which of the following phases in the cell cycle shown represent interphase?
A. phases M, G1, and S C. phases G1, S, and G2
B. phases S, G2, and M D. phases G1 and G2
12
5. Which of the following accurately describes the actions occurring during the
phase entitled G1?
A. Each chromosome is duplicated; each chromosome results in two sister
chromatids attached at a centromere.
B. The chromosome number is halved in preparation for cell division.
C. The cell enlarges, proteins are increased, and organelles duplicated.
D. Cell reaches maximum size and adds more proteins.
A. Prophase
B. Metaphase
C. Anaphase
D. Telophase
13
B. Directions: Determine whether the given cell activities happen during mitosis or meiosis
by placing check (√) on the appropriate column then, identify which stage of the cell
division is described. The first one is done for you.
I Can Do More
Directions: Illustrate the 4 stages of mitosis. Suggested materials to be used are the
following: ¼ illustration board, yarn, glue, or other materials available at home. Be
creative.
14
15
I Can Connect
I Can Try I Can Try:
A.
C.
1. D
2. A,F Organism Haploid Diploid
3. C Donkey 31 62
4. E
5. B Cat 19 38
Camel 37 74
B.
Dog 39 78
MEIOSIS:
- Makes 4 daughter cells Sunflower 17 34
- Cells are haploid
- n
- creates gametes I Have Known
- crossing over
1. B
- synapsis
- reduced number of chromosomes 2. A
3. C
BOTH:
- interphase 4. C
- cellular reproduction Can Assess. 5. C
- cytokinesis together with the I 6. A
submitted
MITOSIS: 7. D
and this should be
- makes 2 daughter cells
the one to check 8. C
- cells are haploid
- body cells
The teacher will be 9. D
- growth I Can Do More 10. B
Answer Key
References
https://byjus.com/biology/significance-of-meiosis/
https://urlshortner.org/TCiIX
https://education.seattlepi.com/can-happen-meiosis-goes-wrong-5596.html
https://tinyurl.com/4v7ee9pu
https://urlshortner.org/XU2H3
https://tinyurl.com/ypdtkxwx
https://tinyurl.com/2tx8r329
https://tinyurl.com/ak84b3k5
Ferriols-Pavico, Ma. Josephina, et.al. Exploring Life Through Science Series. Phoenix
Publishing House
16
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
REGION VII
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF DANAO CITY
Prepared by:
ROSAVIE N. PERALTA
Writer
Answer key:
A. 1. D
2. C
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. B
9. B
10. B
B.
18
19
20
21