Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Las Pr1 - Fri. April 5, 2024
Las Pr1 - Fri. April 5, 2024
After going through this module, you are able and expected to:
1. Chooses appropriate qualitative research design (CS_RS11- IVa-c-1)
2. Describes sampling procedure and sample (CS_RS11- IVa-c-2)
3. Plans data collection, data gathering instrument and analysis procedures
(CS_RS11- IVa-c-3)
4. Presents written research methodology (CS_RS11- IVa-c-4)
Pre-test
Answer the pre-test to measure how much you know about the topic. Choose the
letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1.Which of the following statements described ethnography?
a.Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or
other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods
b.It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.
c.Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group.
d.understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s realistic
dealings with hard facts of life
2.It refers to a sampling method which requires selection of a starting point for
the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals?
a.Simple Random Sampling c. Systematic Sampling
b.Cluster Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling
4.Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on campus. What
sampling technique could you use to build this sample?
a.cluster sampling c.quota sampling
b.purposive sampling d. snowball sampling
What’s In?
In the previous lesson, you learned the importance of knowing and
writing Literature Review. You also learned ethical issues upon emerging into
research.
In this next lesson, it will focus on types and characteristics of a
qualitative research design. What is good in this type of research is that it is
open and flexible allowing researchers modify their design so easy.
What is it?
The following are types of Qualitative Research Design which could
be used as technique in collecting and analyzing data:
1. Case Study
- Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies,
institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more
methods. It investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.
Advantages:
More understanding on complex issue
Apply variety of methodologies and sources to investigate a
research problem.
Extend experience or add strength to what is already known
through previous research.
Most widely used by social scientists to examine contemporary real-
life situations and provide the basis for the application of concepts
It can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.
Disadvantages:
Intense exposure to the study may bias a researcher's
interpretation of the findings
Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect
relationships.
Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret
The case may not be representative or typical of the larger
problem being investigated.
Example:
In the study of Acosta, Imee and Alexander Acosta(2016) entitled “SEEING
THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF
FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES”,
adoption of the 12-year program of formal basic education. This is the readiness of college
faculty members on how to deal the transition years of having no enrolees in college since
high school were being added with 2 years more.
This research provides a real-life understanding on the issue of k-12 implementation
on education.
2. Ethnography
-Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group. It
also involves their beliefs, values and attitudes.
Example:
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled “THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN
ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY” wherein
constructing the issue of men’s identities, men’s health and well-being .The researcher
describe in details the ways which masculinities were observed every day.
The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within the two
groups engaging men’s social worlds, belongingness and sex relationships.
3.Ground Theory
- It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in data
collected by the researcher. It is an approach that generates and modifies a
theory.
Example:
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the meaning of intimate
partner violence from the perceptions of Filipino men and women. A sample consisted of 37
Filipino women and 2 Filipino men who were recruited from a Barangay Center (Health
Center) in Manila, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The
interviews were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped. The description of the study
participants was provided by the quantitative-descriptive data. Constant comparison method
was used in categorizing the narrative data and in examining the data for examples of similar
cases and themes.
The study revealed a rich and contextualized overview that lay a foundation for
understanding the perceptions and experiences of Filipino women and men living with
intimate partner violence. The data point to recurrent themes of poverty, gambling, alcohol
and drug use, poor communication skills, jealousy and philandering. Violation of the dignity of
a person that brought with it children as victims was implicated in the cycle of violence.
4. Narrative Inquiry
-These are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to
human beings.
Example:
In the study of Theresa Andrea Nugent(2007) entitled “A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIENCES”, it describes what is happening or not from the viewpoint of the classroom
teacher towards their teaching experience to their students output. In this research, teachers
then reflect how they applied their learning to support student outcomes, the support that
students received and the barriers encountered. So in this research, there are stories
constructed by the researcher, respondents and the reader.
5. Phenomenology
-A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It
is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that
naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, care giving, defeat,
victory, and the like.
Source: Sanders, "Application Of Colaizzi‘S Method: Interpretation Of An Auditable Decision Trail By A Novice
Researcher
What’s In?
What is it?
1. Probability Sampling
- is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a
method based on the theory of probability.
For instance, a population of 1000 members, each of these members will have
1/1000 chances of being selected to be a part of a sample. It get rid of bias in the
population and gives a fair chance to all members to be included in the sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling – method of collecting data where every single member
of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance and each individual has the
exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of a sample.
b. Cluster Sampling – a method where the researchers divide the entire population into
sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters are identified and included
in a sample on the basis of defining demographic parameters such as age, location,
sex etc.
c. Systematic Sampling - a method where members of a sample are chosen at regular
intervals of a population. It requires selection of a starting point for the sample and
sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals. This type of sampling method
has a predefined interval and hence this sampling technique is the least time-
consuming.
d. Stratified Random Sampling - a method where the population can be divided into
smaller groups, that don’t overlap but represent the entire population together.
While sampling, these groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each
group separately.
2.Non-probability Sampling
- is reliant on a researcher’s ability to select members at random. This sampling method
is not a fixed or pre-defined selection process which makes it difficult for all elements of
a population to have equal opportunities to be included in a sample.
a. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling
-is the most common sampling strategy. In this type of sampling,
participants are selected or sought based on pre-selected criteria based on the
research question.
For example, the study may be attempting to collect data from lymphoma
patients in a particular city or county. The sample size may be predetermined or
based on theoretical saturation, which is the point at which the newly collected
data no longer provides additional insights.
b. Quota Sampling
- is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset prior to
sampling. Typically, the researcher is attempting to gather data from a certain
number of participants that meet certain characteristics that may include things
such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV status, etc.
For example , a cigarette company wants to find out what age group
prefers what brand of cigarettes in a particular city. He/she applies quotas on
the age groups of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+. From this information, the
researcher gauges the smoking trend among the population of the city.
c. Snowball Sampling
- is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the participants refer
the researcher to others who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in
the study. This method often helps researchers find and recruit participants that
may otherwise be hard to reach.
In each of the following examples, identify the Sampling Methods being Used:
1. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average achievement in science of
fifth graders in a city’s public schools. The average fifth grade enrolment in the
city’s elementary schools is 100 students. Thus, 20 schools were randomly
selected and within each of those schools all fifth graders were tested.
2. A researcher is interested in maximum-security inmates. She group inmates by the
type of crime committed, determine the percentage of the total in each crime
category, and uses that percentage to determine the number of inmates randomly
selected from each group.
3. A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major city. Part of the research plan
calls for describing and comparing the opinions of four different ethnic groups:
African Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, and Native Americans.
For a total sample of 300, the researcher selects 75 participants from each of the
four predetermined subgroups.