11

Learning Activity Sheet

Practical Research 1
(Qualitative)

Quarter 4 – Week 1 to Week 2:

Understanding Data and Ways to
Systematically Collect Data
 What I need to Know?
It deals with understanding of qualitative research design. It describes
the principle about description of sample, data collection, and analysis,
procedures in data collection such as survey, interview and observation. It
also involves the application of imaginative research related principles to
create an output.

This learning activity sheet has the following lessons:

Lesson 1 - Qualitative Research Design

Lesson 2 - Description of Sampling and Data Collection

Lesson 3 - Analysis of Procedures such as Survey,

Interview and Observation
Lesson 4 - Application of Creative Design Principles for Execution

What you are expected to learn?

After going through this module, you are able and expected to:
1. Chooses appropriate qualitative research design (CS_RS11- IVa-c-1)
2. Describes sampling procedure and sample (CS_RS11- IVa-c-2)
3. Plans data collection, data gathering instrument and analysis procedures
(CS_RS11- IVa-c-3)
4. Presents written research methodology (CS_RS11- IVa-c-4)

How to learn this learning activity sheet?

Before exploring this LAS, remember to do the following tips to achieve
successfully the objectives of this self-learning material.

1. Read and comprehend the lessons.

2. Read and follow instructions carefully.
3. Answer first the pre-test before you start the lesson.
4. Take note and record points for clarifications.
5. Perform any activities presented in the lesson diligently and
honestly
6. Answer the post-test to measure how much you have gained from
the topics.

Pre-test
Answer the pre-test to measure how much you know about the topic. Choose the
letter that corresponds to the correct answer.
1.Which of the following statements described ethnography?
a.Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies, institutions or
other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods
b.It is an approach that generates and modifies a theory.
c.Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group.
d.understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s realistic
dealings with hard facts of life

2.It refers to a sampling method which requires selection of a starting point for
the sample and sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals?
a.Simple Random Sampling c. Systematic Sampling
b.Cluster Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling

3.Instructors teaching research methods are interested in knowing what study

techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students from each of the sections to comprise
their sample. What sampling method do you think would be the best fit to use?
a.Cluster Sampling c. Systematic Sampling
b.Simple Random Sampling d. Stratified Random Sampling

4.Say you were interested in sampling students who deal drugs on campus. What
sampling technique could you use to build this sample?
a.cluster sampling c.quota sampling
b.purposive sampling d. snowball sampling

5.The following statements described Structured Interview EXCEPT:

a.Additional questions might be asked during interviews to clarify and
expand certain issues
b.Data analysis seems to be straightforward
c.Consist of series of pre-determined questions
d.Can compare and contrast different answers given to the same questions

6. Which of the following is TRUE about self-completion survey?

a.Allows more data to be gathered
b.More expensive than other methodologies
c.Interviewers can reduce non-response by answering respondents queries
concern
d.allow respondents time to consider their answers, refer to records or
consult with others

7.It described as Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods,

policies, institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or
more methods
a.narrative inquiry c. ethnography
b.case study d.ground theory

8.Which of the following statement is true about systematic sampling

a.groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each group separately
b.members of a sample are chosen at regular intervals of a population
c.researchers divide the entire population into sections that represent a
population
d.each individual has the exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of
a sample.

9.It refers to an observational method which involves studies of mechanical

recording or the recording by some of the other means like photographic or
electronic
a.Structured observation c. Indirect method
b.Covert observations d. objective observation.

10.It defined as is a technique of gathering data whereby you personally

watch, interact, or communicate with the subjects of yours.”
a.object c. survey
b.observation d. interview

Lesson 1: Qualitative Research Design

After having a research problem and hypothesis, you need to make an
outline of your research. This blueprint is what we called research design.
Research Design is a type of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and
mixed methods approach that provides specific direction for procedures.
Others have called them strategies of inquiry (Denzin & Lincoln, 2011). It
also includes collection of data, research timeline and respondents used.

What’s In?
In the previous lesson, you learned the importance of knowing and
writing Literature Review. You also learned ethical issues upon emerging into
research.
In this next lesson, it will focus on types and characteristics of a
qualitative research design. What is good in this type of research is that it is
open and flexible allowing researchers modify their design so easy.

What is it?
The following are types of Qualitative Research Design which could
be used as technique in collecting and analyzing data:

1. Case Study
- Analysis of persons, groups, events, decisions, periods, policies,
institutions or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more
methods. It investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.
Advantages:
 More understanding on complex issue
 Apply variety of methodologies and sources to investigate a
research problem.
 Extend experience or add strength to what is already known
through previous research.
 Most widely used by social scientists to examine contemporary real-
life situations and provide the basis for the application of concepts
 It can provide detailed descriptions of specific and rare cases.

Disadvantages:
 Intense exposure to the study may bias a researcher's
interpretation of the findings
  Design does not facilitate assessment of cause and effect
relationships.
 Vital information may be missing, making the case hard to interpret
 The case may not be representative or typical of the larger
problem being investigated.

Example:
In the study of Acosta, Imee and Alexander Acosta(2016) entitled “SEEING
THROUGH A MAGNIFYING LENS: A QUALITATIVE INQUIRY OF K-12 READINESS OF
FACULTY MEMBERS FROM HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS IN THE PHILIPPINES”,
adoption of the 12-year program of formal basic education. This is the readiness of college
faculty members on how to deal the transition years of having no enrolees in college since
high school were being added with 2 years more.
This research provides a real-life understanding on the issue of k-12 implementation
on education.

2. Ethnography
-Study of cultural patterns of people and their perspective as a group. It
also involves their beliefs, values and attitudes.

Example:
In the study of Peter Gill (2008) entitled “THE EVERYDAY LIVES OF MEN: AN
ETHNOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF YOUNG ADULT MALE IDENTITY” wherein
constructing the issue of men’s identities, men’s health and well-being .The researcher
describe in details the ways which masculinities were observed every day.
The researcher took two years as participant in observing the pattern within the two
groups engaging men’s social worlds, belongingness and sex relationships.

3.Ground Theory
- It is a development of theory directly based and grounded in data
collected by the researcher. It is an approach that generates and modifies a
theory.

Example:
Ilagan, Perla R. (2011) acquired an in depth understanding of the meaning of intimate
partner violence from the perceptions of Filipino men and women. A sample consisted of 37
Filipino women and 2 Filipino men who were recruited from a Barangay Center (Health
Center) in Manila, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The
interviews were open-ended, in-depth, and audio-taped. The description of the study
participants was provided by the quantitative-descriptive data. Constant comparison method
was used in categorizing the narrative data and in examining the data for examples of similar
cases and themes.
The study revealed a rich and contextualized overview that lay a foundation for
understanding the perceptions and experiences of Filipino women and men living with
intimate partner violence. The data point to recurrent themes of poverty, gambling, alcohol
and drug use, poor communication skills, jealousy and philandering. Violation of the dignity of
a person that brought with it children as victims was implicated in the cycle of violence.

4. Narrative Inquiry
-These are tales of experience or imagination and come naturally to
human beings.
Example:
In the study of Theresa Andrea Nugent(2007) entitled “A NARRATIVE INQUIRY OF
TEACHERS’ PERCEPTIONS REGARDING THEIR PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
EXPERIENCES”, it describes what is happening or not from the viewpoint of the classroom
teacher towards their teaching experience to their students output. In this research, teachers
then reflect how they applied their learning to support student outcomes, the support that
 students received and the barriers encountered. So in this research, there are stories
constructed by the researcher, respondents and the reader.

5. Phenomenology
-A phenomenon is something you experience on Earth as a person. It
is a sensory experience that makes you perceive or understand things that
naturally occur in your life such as death, joy, friendship, care giving, defeat,
victory, and the like.

-Comparing to ethnography, phenomenology aims at getting a

thorough understanding of an individual’s experience for the same person’s
realistic dealings with hard facts of life. Ethnography aims at defining,
describing or portraying a certain group of people possessing unique cultural
traits.
Example:
Vapor, Victor Rey Cui (2009) explored a new Philippine phenomenon that emerged
involving Filipino physicians who went back to school to take up nursing in the Philippines in
order to migrate to foreign countries to work as nurses. The purpose of his study was to
describe and to interpret the lived experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses in the
United States. Phenomenology was used as research design, with data obtained from a
purposive sample of eight (8) self-identified physician-turned nurses in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Participants were interviewed using a single, open-ended central question. The audio
taped responses that described their lived experiences were eventually transcribed verbatim.
To interpret their experiences, clusters of themes were then generated using the Colaizzi's
(1978) method of Phenomenological Inquiry. The results of the study revealed that the
experiences of Filipino physician-turned nurses involved multidimensional issues, both in the
contexts of emigration and a professional shift from physician to nurse. Being the first of its
kind, this study will enlighten society of the lived experiences of Filipino physicians who
compromise professional integrity by working as nurses just to emigrate to the United States.
Furthermore, this research study will contribute to the existing literature on cross-cultural
adaptation, particularly involving role compromise in an unfamiliar social and cultural context.

Source: Sanders, "Application Of Colaizzi‘S Method: Interpretation Of An Auditable Decision Trail By A Novice
Researcher

What’s More? Activity 1

What’s More?
Classify the following list of research topics according to the 5 types of
qualitative research design:
1. Perception of Filipino Women and Men on Intimate Partner Violence
2. Social Responsibility: Perceived Successful Student Leadership
Experience
3. Study of Experiences of Helping Professionals With Learning
Disabilities
4. Research among Drinking Youth Cultures: Reflections From
Observing Participants
5. Gender and Climate Change Finance
6. Being There: Study of Student Perceptions of Instructor Presence
in Online Classes
7. Leadership Journeys: Research Study exploring women school
superintendent’s meaning-making of Leadership
8. Child Protection and Maltreatment in the Philippines: A Systematic
Review of the Literature
9. The Kinship of Everyday Need: Relatedness and Survival in
a Philippine Fishing Community
10. Biographical Research of Teacher’s Experiences of Supportive
Lesson 2: Description of Sampling and Data Collection
Data Collection is very important in the aspect of research. Researcher should
choose the proper sampling method to answer what was asked in the research problem.
According to Alicia Tuovila(2020), sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in
which a predetermined number of observations taken in larger population. The
methodology used to sample from a larger population depends on the type of analysis
being performed.

What’s In?

In lesson 1, you enabled to understand the nature of qualitative design. Deeper

understanding of the different types of this design helped you led in gathering information for
your research. In this particular lesson, you will learn the methods of sampling for you to
provide the possible answers of your research problem.

What is it?

Types of Sampling: Sampling Methods

1. Probability Sampling
- is a sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a
method based on the theory of probability.
For instance, a population of 1000 members, each of these members will have
1/1000 chances of being selected to be a part of a sample. It get rid of bias in the
population and gives a fair chance to all members to be included in the sample.
a. Simple Random Sampling – method of collecting data where every single member
of a population is chosen randomly, merely by chance and each individual has the
exact same probability of being chosen to be a part of a sample.
b. Cluster Sampling – a method where the researchers divide the entire population into
sections or clusters that represent a population. Clusters are identified and included
in a sample on the basis of defining demographic parameters such as age, location,
sex etc.
c. Systematic Sampling - a method where members of a sample are chosen at regular
intervals of a population. It requires selection of a starting point for the sample and
sample size that can be repeated at regular intervals. This type of sampling method
has a predefined interval and hence this sampling technique is the least time-
consuming.
d. Stratified Random Sampling - a method where the population can be divided into
smaller groups, that don’t overlap but represent the entire population together.
While sampling, these groups can be organized and then draw a sample from each
group separately.
 2.Non-probability Sampling
- is reliant on a researcher’s ability to select members at random. This sampling method
is not a fixed or pre-defined selection process which makes it difficult for all elements of
a population to have equal opportunities to be included in a sample.
a. Purposeful/Purposive Sampling
-is the most common sampling strategy. In this type of sampling,
participants are selected or sought based on pre-selected criteria based on the
research question.
For example, the study may be attempting to collect data from lymphoma
patients in a particular city or county. The sample size may be predetermined or
based on theoretical saturation, which is the point at which the newly collected
data no longer provides additional insights.
b. Quota Sampling
- is a sampling technique whereby participant quotas are preset prior to
sampling. Typically, the researcher is attempting to gather data from a certain
number of participants that meet certain characteristics that may include things
such as age, sex, class, marital status, HIV status, etc.
For example , a cigarette company wants to find out what age group
prefers what brand of cigarettes in a particular city. He/she applies quotas on
the age groups of 21-30, 31-40, 41-50, and 51+. From this information, the
researcher gauges the smoking trend among the population of the city.
c. Snowball Sampling
- is also known as chain referral sampling. In this method, the participants refer
the researcher to others who may be able to potentially contribute or participate in
the study. This method often helps researchers find and recruit participants that
may otherwise be hard to reach.

What’s More? Activity 2

In each of the following examples, identify the Sampling Methods being Used:
1. A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the average achievement in science of
fifth graders in a city’s public schools. The average fifth grade enrolment in the
city’s elementary schools is 100 students. Thus, 20 schools were randomly
selected and within each of those schools all fifth graders were tested.
2. A researcher is interested in maximum-security inmates. She group inmates by the
type of crime committed, determine the percentage of the total in each crime
category, and uses that percentage to determine the number of inmates randomly
selected from each group.
3. A sociologist conducts an opinion survey in a major city. Part of the research plan
calls for describing and comparing the opinions of four different ethnic groups:
African Americans, Asian Americans, European Americans, and Native Americans.
For a total sample of 300, the researcher selects 75 participants from each of the
four predetermined subgroups.

What I can Do? Activity 3

Analyze and answer the following:

Imagine that you have arrived in Malate, Manila to conduct a case study on working street
children. A local social worker introduces you to two former street working children and
you learn that they still have lots of friends still working on the street. As a way to identify
participants for your study, you ask the two former street working children if they can
recommend and invite some of their friends on the street to participate in the study. You
also ask them to spread word of the study in anticipation that their friends will also help
you to identify potential participants.

How would you classify this kind of sampling?

1. Quota sampling?
2. Snowball sampling?
3. Random purposeful sampling? Explain your answer.