Fabrication of Automatic Waste Segregation Using Conveyor Belt

Mini Project
ON
“FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC WASTE
SEGREGATION USING CONVEYOR BELT”
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
AMOGHA Y M DARSHAN K M
(4AI17ME009) (4AI17ME017)
DIXITH B R MANJUNATHA B R
(4AI17ME025) (4AI17ME043)
Under The Guidance of

Mr. SUCHITH KUMAR M T B.E,
M.Tech, (PhD)
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
AIT, Chikkamagaluru.
Contact No: 9844553995 Email Id: [email protected]
Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology

(Affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University)
CHIKKAMAGALURU-577102
(2022-2023)
ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that AMOGHA Y M (4AI17ME009), DARSHAN K M (4AI17ME017),
DIXITH B R (4AI17ME025), MANJUNATHA B R (4AI17ME043), have submitted the Mini
project report entitled “FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATION
CONVEYOR BELT". They have satisfactorily completed the m i n i project work prescribed
by VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELGAVI for 6th semester
B.E
curriculum MECHANICAL ENGINEERING in this institute for the academic year 2022-2023
GUIDE CO-ORDINATOR
Mr.SUCHITH KUMAR B.E.MTech Mr. Madan Kumar K.N
(Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Department of ME
Department of ME
A.I.T. Chikkamagaluru
H.O.D
Dr. G. M. SATHYANARAYANA
BE., M. Tech, PhD
Professor & Head
Department of ME
NAME OF EXAMINER SIGNATURE WITH DATE

1. 1.
2. 2.
ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF
APPROVAL
The Mini-project entitled “------------------------“hereby approved as a creditable study

of an engineering subject carried out & presented in a satisfactory manner to warrant its
acceptance as pre-requisite to the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING during the academic year2-2023.
GUIDE CO-ORDINATOR
Mr. Suchith Kumar M T B.E., Mr. Suchith Kumar M T BE., MTech. (Ph.D.)
M. Tech (Ph.D.)
Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor
Department of ME
Department of ME
H.O.D
Dr. G. M. SATHYANARAYANA
BE., M. Tech, PhD
Professor & Head
Department of ME
ABSTRACT
The rapid growth in the population has also led to the surge in the volume of waste being generated
on a daily basis. This increase in the generation of waste due to continuous growth in the urbanization
and industrialization has become a severe problem for the local and the national government.
It is also posing a serious problem for the local authorities to manage the wastes being dumped
everywhere as landfill. To ensure the minimal risk to the environment and human health, it is necessary
to take meticulous measures when segregating and transporting waste. Segregation of waste in a proper
manner brings to the limelight actual economic value of the waste.
The traditional method used for segregating of waste in India is through rag pickers which are
time- consuming and can have adverse effects on the health of the people who are exposed to such
wastes. Here we propose the use of an Automating Waste Segregator (AWS) which is cheap and also
an easy to use solution for segregation of household waste.
It is designed to segregate the waste into three categories viz. metallic, dry and wet waste. The
system makes use of moisture sensor for the segregation of wet and dry waste and inductive proximity
sensor for the detection of metallic waste and an LCD display for displaying the result of segregation.
[1]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We express my sincere and humble pranamas to his holiness DIVINE SRI SRI SRI
Kalabhiraviakya Padmabhushana Dr. Balagangadharanatha Maha Swamiji and seek their
blessings.
We express my sincere and humble pranamas to his holiness SRI SRI SRI
Dr.Nirmalanandanatha Maha Swamiji and seek their blessings.
The satisfaction that accompanies and completion of any task would be incomplete without
naming the people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and encouragement made the
work seek perfection.
We would specially thank, Mr. SUCHITH KUMAR M. T B.E .,M.Tech, (Phd) Assistant Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, A.I.T. Chikkamagaluru , the concerned guide of this project
for his valuable guidance, time and devotion for helping us with all the intimate technical details of the
project.
We are thankful to Mr. MADAN KUMAR K.N BE. M.Tech. (Phd) Asst. Prof. Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering, and co-ordinator for all the final year projects for his suggestions, encouragement and co-
operation during all stages of development of project.
The co-operation of the Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr.G.M.

SATHYANARAYANA BE.,M.Tech, PhD is beyond comparisons and we are extremely obliged to him.
We owe the success of this project to our respected principal DR. C. T. JAYADEVA without
whose constant encouragement, the completion of the project work would not have been possible.
We also owe the success of this project to our respected Director Dr. C. K. SUBBARAYA
without whose constant encouragement, the completion of the project work would not have been
possible.
We take this opportunity to thank and express my gratitude to my dear parents who have given me
the right education because of which we have been able to reach this stage, and have always been a
source of inspiration.
We are also thankful to all teaching and the non-teaching staff of our department who have made a
concrete contribution to the successful completion of the project by extending their help.
[2]
CONTENTS PAGE
NO.
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
Chapter 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 2
Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY 3-4

Chapter 4 METHODOLOGY 5
3.1 Block Diagram 5
3.2 Algorithm of the project 6
3.3 Model Design 7

Chapter 5 OBJECTIVES 8
Chapter 6 COMPONENTS 9
6.1 Hardware Required 9
6.1.1 Arduino UNO 10
6.1.2 DC Motor 11
6.1.3 IR Sensor 12
6.1.4 LCD Display 13
6.1.5 Servo Motor 14
6.1.6 Motor Driver 15
6.2 Software Required 16
6.2.1 Arduino Microcontroller 16
6.2.1.1 Introduction to Arduino 16
6.2.1.2 Features of Arduino 17

6.2.1.3 Arduino UNO Board Description 17-20
6.2.1.4 Procedure to Install Arduino 21-23
6.2.1.5 program structure 24-25
Chapter 7 PROGRAMMING USING EMBEDDED C 26
7.1 Introduction to Embedded C 26
7.1.1 Basic Structure of Embedded C 26-28
7.1.2 Arduino code Libraries 29
7.1.2.1 Library Structure 29
7.1.2.2 Importing Libraries 29
7.2 Arduino code Explanation 29
7.2.1 Code Structure 29
[3]
[4]
7.2.1.1 Libraries 29
7.2.1.2 Pin Definition

29
7.2.1.3 Declaration 30
7.3 Software to Hardware 30
Chapter 8 COST ESTIMATION 31
Chapter 9 ADVANTAGES 32
Chapter 10 APPLICATION 33
Chapter 11 FUTURE SCOPE 34
Chapter 12 CONCLUSION 35
REFERENCE
[5]
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig .No Page .No

Model Design
3.3(a) 7
6.11(a) Arduino UNO 10
6.1.1(a) DC Motor 11
6.1.3(a) IR Sensor 12
6.1.4(a) LCD Display 12
6.1.5(a) Servo Motor 14
6.1.6(a) Motor driver 15
6.2.1.3(a) Arduino UNO Board 18
6.2.1.4(a) Standard USB Cable 21
6.2.1.4(b) A to mini-B Cable 21
6.2.1.5(a) Structure of Sketch 24
[6]
FABRICATION OF AUTOMATIC WASTE SEGREGATION USING CONVEYOR BELT
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
Waste disposal is a huge cause for concern in the present world. The disposal method of a voluminous
amount of generated waste has had an adverse effect on the environment. Unplanned open dumping at landfill
sites made by municipal is a common method of disposal of waste. Human health, plant and animal life are
affected due to this method.The harmful method used for waste disposal generates harmful chemicals which
contaminate surface and groundwater. It can give rise to disease vectors which spread harmful diseases. This
also degrades the aesthetic value of natural environment can degrade the aesthetic value of the natural
environment and it is an unavailing use of land resources.
In India, rag pickers play an important role in the recycling of urban solid waste. Rag pickers and
conservancy staff have higher morbidity due to infections of the skin, respiratory, gastrointestinal tract and
multisystem allergic disorders, in addition to a high prevalence of bites of rodents, dogs and other vermin.
Dependency on the rag-pickers can be diminished if segregation takes place at the source of municipal waste
generation.The economic value of the waste generated is not realized unless it is recycled completely. Several
advancements in technology have also allowed the refuse to be processed into useful entities such as Waste to
Energy, where the waste can be used to generate synthetic gas (syngas) made up of carbon monoxide and
hydrogen. The gas is then burnt to produce electricity and steam; Waste to Fuel, where the waste can be
utilized to generate biofuels.
When the waste is segregated into basic streams such as wet, dry and metallic, the waste has a higher
potential of recovery and consequently recycled and reused. The wet waste fraction is often converted either into
compost or methane-gas or both. Compost can replace demand for chemical fertilizers, and biogas can be used as
a source of energy. The metallic waste could be reused or recycled.Even though there are large-scale industrial
waste segregators present, it is always much better to segregate the waste at the source itself. The benefits of
doing so are that a higher quality of the material is retained for recycling which means that more value could be
recovered from the waste. The occupational hazard for waste workers is reduced. Also, the segregated waste
could be directly sent to the recycling and processing plant instead of sending it to the segregation plant than to
the recycling plant.
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 1

Chapter 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND
 The mixed waste is sorted based on the following methods at the industrial level. Larger items
are removed by manual sorting.
 Then the refuse is sorted based on its size by using large rotating drums which are perforated with
holes of a certain size.
 Materials smaller than the diameter of the holes will be able to drop through, but larger particles
will remain in the drum.
 For metallic objects electromagnets or eddy, current based separators can be used. Near-infrared
scanners are used to differentiate between various types of plastics based on the ability of the material to
reflect light.
 X-rays can also be used to segregate materials based on their density.
 The methodology adopted in this paper to resolve the issue of waste segregation is by making the
entire process automated and to the reduce cost such that it could be adapted in a household level.

Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY
JOURNAL 1: AUTOMATED WASTE SEGREGATOR (AWS) USED AT THE HOUSEHOLD

(Amrutha Chandramohan Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College Of Engineering (R.V.C.E),
Bangalore, In- dia. 4-5 April 2014)
States there is no such system for segregation of wastes into categories such as dry, wet and
metallic wastes at the household level. An Automated Waste Segregator (AWS) can be used at the
household level so that the waste can be sent directly for processing. The AWS employs inductive sensors
to identify metallic items, and capacitive sensors to distinguish between wet and dry waste depending upon
the threshold values set. However, it cannot segregate ceramic into dry waste because it has the higher
relative dielectric constant as compared to other dry wastes that are segregated. By increasing accuracy and
overall efficiency, we can eliminate noise.
The limitations of this system are it can segregate only one type of waste at a time with an assigned priority
for metal, wet and dry waste. Thus, buffer spaces can be used to segregate a mixed type of waste. Since the
time for sensing metal objects is low the entire sensing module can be placed along a single platform where
the object is stable to ensure better results.
JOURNAL 2: ULTRASONIC SENSORS

(Nishigandha Kothari Waste to Wealth, NSWAI, New Delhi, Jul. 2013)
Ultrasonic Sensors are used to monitor the garbage collection. When the garbage reaches the sensor
level an interrupt is sent to the microcontroller.And capacitive sensors to distinguish between wet and dry
waste depending upon the threshold values set. However, it cannot segregate ceramic into dry waste
because it has the higher relative dielectric constant as compared to other dry wastes that are segregated.

JOURNAL 3: ADVANCED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

(J.S. Bajaj, Urban Solid Waste Management in India, Planning Commission Government of India,NEW
DELHI,1995)
Many upgradations can be done to the existing project. Some of which are listed below: Advanced
processing techniques can be incorporated once the waste has been segregated, methods for individual
material feeding for local use so that the segregation can be performed continuously once the waste is
dumped, image sensing can be used to segregate materials through Image processing technology.
JOURNAL 4: MANAGAGEMENT OF WASTE

(Rashmi M. Kittali an Economic Automatic Waste Segregator using Arduino Archana Babu S1, Arunima SJ2 ,
Athira J3 , Bhavana Chandran4)
PLC can be used for AWS. It has an advantage of reduced manpower, improved accuracy and speed
of management of waste. It also avoids the risk of working in hazardous places. This work can be
implemented by making use of a robotic arm in the future to pick and place certain materials which can be
re-used. The bins can be unloaded by placing limit sensors at the top of each bin.
Depending upon the above survey we will be implementing an AWS using Ar- Arduino UNO with a
feedback system which will be implemented using an Ultrasonic Distance Measure Sensor, and as the
garbage reaches the sensor level which is attached in the bin an interrupt is sent to the microcontroller and a
message is displayed on LCD saying bin is full and the microcontroller enters low power mode till it is not
reset.We had proposed a standing model for the system to be implemented but to improve the accuracy and
feasibility of the system and to make the system cost effective we chose to make a system using a conveyer
belt and mounting different sensors at the sides of the belt so as to segregate waste.

Chapter 4 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Block Diagram
3.1 (a) Block Diagram
The components of the proposed system are:
M1: Motor driving the conveyer belt.
M2: Motor driving the segregator to put metal waste into the bin.
M3: motor driving the segregator to put the wet waste into the
bin.
Once the input waste is placed on the conveyer belt, the conveyer belt starts moving and all the sensors
are turned on and the sensing and segregation start. The metal sensor, the moisture sensor, the feedback
sensors and the motor sensors that are used to get the segregators in place are given as input to Arduino
UNO. The output is the final segregated wastes into different bins

3.2 The algorithm of the project is as follows:
Step-1: When the waste enters the conveyer belt motor turns on and the conveyer belt starts moving.
Step-2: The microcontroller, all the motors, and sensors are turned on.
Step-3: The waste is sensed by the inductive proximity sensor to detect if it is a metal or no.
Step-4: If the waste is metal waste then M1 is turned off and M2 is turned on and the waste is pushed into the
metal waste bin. Also, the counter 1 is incremented (keeps a count of a number of metal waste dumped).
Step-5: If not a metallic waste, M1 is kept on when it comes in contact with the moisture sensor that decides
whether the waste is a wet waste or dry waste by checking the moisture content of the waste.
Step-6: If the waste has some humidity it is detected as wet waste and M1 is turned off and M3 is turned on
and the waste is pushed into the wet waste bin.
Also, the counter 2 is incremented (keeps a count of a number of wet waste being dumped).
Step-7: If not a wet waste M1 is kept on and then the waste is dropped into the dry waste bin placed at the
end of the conveyer belt.
Step-8: Finally the wastes are dropped into the respective bins and the segregation process is completed.

3.3 MODEI DESIGN :
3.3 (a) Model Design

CHAPTER 5 OBJECTIVES
 In this project is to design and build a prototype for an automatic open dustbin that can
automatically open the lid when it detects the people who want to throw out their trash.
 It also can detect the level of the trash that inside the dustbin.
 The automatic waste segregator is one small step towards building an efficient and economic
waste collection system.
 Minimum amount of human intervention and also no hazard to human life.
 By increasing accuracy and overall efficiency we can eliminate noise.

Chapter 6 COMPONENTS
6.1 Hardware Requirement

6.1.1 Arduino
6.1.2 DC motor
6.1.3 IR sensor
6.1.4 LCD Display
6.1.5 SERVO MOTOR
6.1.6 L298N 2A Based Motor Driver
6.2 Software requirement

6.2.1 Arduino microcontroller.

6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
6.1.1 Arduino UNO
Fig 6.1.1 (a) Arduino UNO
The Arduino Uno is an open-source microcontroller board based on the Microchip ATmega328P
microcontroller and developed by Arduino.cc.The board is equipped with sets of digital and analog
input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards (shields) and other circuits.The
board has 14 digital I/O pins (six capable of PWM output), 6 analog I/O pins, and is programmable with the
Arduino IDE (Integrated Development Environment), via a type B USB cable. It can be powered by the USB
cable or by an external 9-volt battery, though it accepts voltages between 7 and 20 volts. It is similar to the
Arduino Nano and Leonardo.
While the Uno communicates using the original STK500 protocol, it differs from all preceding boards in that
it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it uses the Atmega16U2 (Atmega8U2 up to
version R2) programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

6.1.2 DC Motor
Fig 6.1.2 (a) DC Motor
The 300 RPM L-Shape BO Motor Plastic Gear Motor – BO series straight motor gives good torque
and rpm at lower operating voltages, which is the biggest advantage of these motors.
Small shaft with matching wheels gives an optimized design for your application or robot. Mounting holes on
the body & light weight makes it suitable for in-circuit placement. This motor can be used with 69mm
Diameter Wheel for Plastic Gear Motors and 87mm Diameter Multipurpose Wheel for Plastic Gear Motors.
Features :
 Cost-effectiveness of the injection-molding process.
 Elimination of machining operations.
 Low density: lightweight, low inertia.
 Uniformity of parts.
 Capability to absorb shock and vibration as a result of elastic compliance.
 Ability to operate with minimum or no lubrication, due to inherent lubricity.
 The relatively low coefficient of friction.
 Corrosion-resistance; elimination of plating, or protective coatings.
 The quietness of operation.
 Tolerances often less critical than for metal gears, due in part to their greater resilience.

6.1.3 IR Sensor
Fig 6.1.3 (a) IR Sensor
Infrared Obstacle Avoidance IR Sensor Module (Active Low) has a pair of infrared transmitting and
receiving tubes. When the transmitted light waves are reflected back, the reflected IR waves will be received
by the receiver tube. The onboard comparator circuitry does the processing and the green indicator LED
comes to life.
The module features a 3 wire interface with Vcc, GND and an OUTPUT pin on its tail. It works fine with 3.3
to 5V levels. Upon hindrance/reflectance, the output pin gives out a digital signal (a low-level signal). The
onboard preset helps to fine-tune the range of operation, the effective distance range is 2cm to 80cm.
6.1.4 LCD Display
Fig 6.1.4 (a) LCD Display

This is LCD1602 Parallel LCD Display that provides a simple and cost-effective solution for
adding a 16×2 White on RGB Liquid Crystal Display into your project. The display is 16 character by 2 line
display has a very clear and high contrast white text upon a blue background/backlight.
This display overcomes the drawback of LCD1602 Parallel LCD Display in which you’ll waste about 8 Pins
on your Arduino for the display to get working. Luckily in this product, an I2C adapter is directly soldered
right onto the pins of the display. So all you need to connect are the I2C pins, which shows a good library and
little of coding.
The I2C is a type of serial bus developed by Philips, which uses two bidirectional lines, called SDA (Serial
Data Line) and SCL (Serial Clock Line). Both must be connected via pulled-up resistors. The usage voltages
are standard as 5V and 3.3V.
If you already have the I2C adapter soldered onto the board like in this product, the wiring is quite easy. You
should usually have only four pins to hook up. VCC and GND of course. The LCD display works with 5
Volts. So we go for the 5V Pin.
Features :
 Arduino IIC/I2C interface was developed to reduce the IO port usage on Arduino board..
 I2C adapter allows flexibility in connections.
 I2C Reduces the overall wirings.
 16 characters wide, 2 rows.
 White text on the Blue background.
 Single LED backlight included can be dimmed easily with a resistor or PWM.

6.1.5 Servo Motor
6.1.5 (a) Servo Motor
It equips Carbon Fiber Gears which makes the servo motor much lighter than same metal gear motor.
For small load applications using the metal gear servo motor adds on unnecessary weight, so we suggest
using this lightweight plastic gear servo motors.
The TowerPro SG92R Mini Servo is 180° rotation servo. It is a Digital Servo Motor which receives and
processes PWM signal faster and better. It equips sophisticated internal circuitry that provides good torque,
holding power, and faster updates in response to external forces.
The good optimized performance and reliability of our servos have made them the favorite choice of many
RC hobbyists.
They are packed within a tight sturdy plastic case which makes them water and dust resistant which is a very
useful feature in RC planes, Boats, and RC Monster Trucks etc. It equips 3-wire JR servo plug which is
compatible with Futaba connectors too.
Features
 Model: SG92R
 Weight: 9 gm.
 Operating voltage: 3.0V~ 7.2V.
 Servo Plug: JR.
 Stall torque @4.8V : 2.5kg-cm.

6.1.6 Motor Driver
Fig 6.1.6 (a) Motor Driver
L298N 2A Based Motor Driver is a high power motor driver perfect for driving DC Motors
and Stepper Motors (Now find out out a wide range of motors at Robu.in).
It uses the popular L298 motor driver IC and has an onboard 5V regulator which it can supply to an
external circuit. It can control up to 4 DC motors, or 2 DC motors with directional and speed control.
This motor driver is perfect for robotics and mechatronics projects and perfect for controlling motors from
microcontrollers, switches, relays, etc. Perfect for driving DC and Stepper motors for micro mouse, line
following robots, robot arms, etc.
Features:
 Maximum motor supply current: 2A per motor.
 Current Sense for each motor.
 Heatsink for better performance.
 Power-On LED indicator.
 Double H bridge Drive Chip: L298N.

6.2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

6.2.1 Arduino Microcontroller
The Arduino is an AVR processor running special code that lets you use the Arduino
environment. AVR's can be used by themselves with some additional supporting components. Arduino is a
combination of both AVR (chip) and breadboard. AVR is a singlechip, and would require a breadboard.
6.2.1.1 Introduction to Arduino
Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, ora Twitter message - and turn
it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. We can tell our board
what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so we use the Arduino
programminglanguage (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.
Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objectsto complex
scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists,artists, programmers, and
professionals - has gathered around the open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an
incredible amount of accessible knowledge that canbe of great help to novices and experts alike.
Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at
students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the
Arduino board started changing to adapt to newneeds and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-
bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino
boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them
to their particular needs.

6.2.1.2 Features of Arduino
The key features of Arduino have been discussed below as follows:
 Arduino boards are able to read analog or digital input signals from different sensors and
turn it into an output such as activating a motor, turning LED on/off, connect to the cloud
and many other actions.
 You can control your board functions by sending a set of instructions to the
microcontroller on the board via Arduino IDE (referred to as uploading software).
 Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, Arduino does not need an extra
pieceof hardware (called a programmer) in order to load a new code onto the board. You
can simply use a USB cable.
 Additionally, the Arduino IDE uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to
learnto program.
 Finally, Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks the functions of the micro-
controller into a more accessible package.
6.2.1.3 Arduino UNO board description
We chose the Arduino UNO board because it is the most popular board in the
Arduinoboard family. In addition, it is the best board to get started with electronics and
coding.Some boards look a bit different from the one given below, but most Arduino
have majority of these components in common.

Fig. 6.2.1.3 (a) Arduino UNO Board
The pin configuration Arduino UNO Board is discussed in the below Table 6.2.1.3 (b)
.
Pin Description
No.
Power USB: Arduino board can be powered by using the USB cable from
your computer. All you need to do is connect the USB cable to the USB
connection (1).
Power (Barrel Jack): Arduino boards can be powered directly from the
ACmains power supply by connecting it to the Barrel Jack (2).

Voltage Regulator: The function of the voltage regulator is to control the

voltage given to the Arduino board and stabilize the DC voltages used by the
processor
and other elements.
Crystal Oscillator: The crystal oscillator helps Arduino in dealing with time
issues. How does Arduino calculate time? The answer is, by using the crystal
oscillator. The number printed on top of the Arduino crystal is 16.000H9H. It
tells us that the frequency is 16,000,000 Hertz or 16 MHz
Arduino Reset: You can reset your Arduino board, i.e., start your program
from the beginning. You can reset the UNO board in two ways. First, by
using the
reset button (17) on the board. Second, you can connect an external reset
button to the Arduino pin labelled RESET (5).
Pins (3.3, 5, GND, Vin)
3.3V (6) : Supply 3.3 output volt

5V (7) : Supply 5 output volt
(Most of the components used with Arduino board works fine with 3.3 volt and
5 volt.)
GND (8- Ground): There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.
Vin (9) : Even this pin can be used to power the Arduino UNO board
from an external power source, like AC mains power supply.
Analog pins: This board has six analog input pins A0 to A5. These pins can read
the signal from an analog sensor like the humidity sensor or temperature sensor
and convert it into a digital value that can be read by the microprocessor.
Main microcontroller: Each Arduino board has its own microcontroller (11).
You can assume it as the brain of your board. The main IC (integrated circuit)
on the Arduino is slightly different from board to board. The microcontrollers
are usually of the ATMEL Company. You must know what IC your board has
before loading up a new program from the Arduino IDE. This information is
available on the top of the IC. For more details about the IC construction and
functions,
you can refer to the data sheet.

ICSP pin: Mostly, ICSP (12) is an AVR, a tiny programming header for the
Arduino consisting of MOSI, MISO, SCK, RESET, VCC, and GND. It is often
referred to as an SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), which could be considered as
an "expansion" of the output. Actually, you are slaving the output device to the
master of the SPI bus.
Power LED indicator: This LED should light up when you plug your Arduino
into a power source to indicate that your board is powered up correctly. If this
light does not turn on, then there is something wrong with the connection.
TX and RX LEDs: On your board, you will find two labels: TX (transmit) and
RX (receive). They appear in two places on the Arduino UNO board. First, at
the digital pins 0 and 1, to indicate the pins responsible for serial
communication. Second, the TX and RX led (13). The TX led flashes with
different speed while sending the serial data. The speed of flashing depends on
the baud rate used by
the board. RX flashes during the receiving process.
Digital I/O: The Arduino UNO board has 14 digital I/O pins (15) (of which 6
provide PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. These pins can be configured
to work as input digital pins to read logic values (0 or 1) or as digital output
pins to drive different modules like LEDs, relays, etc. The pins labelled “~” can
be used to generate PWM.
AREF: AREF stands for Analog Reference. It is sometimes, used to set an

external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the upper limit for the
Analog input pins.
Table 6.2.1.3 (b) Pin Configuration of Arduino UNO Board

6.2.1.4 Procedure to Install Arduino Software (IDE)
Step 1 − First we must have an Arduino board and a USB cable. In case we use
Arduino UNO, Arduino Duemilanove, Nano, Arduino Mega 2560, or Diecimila, we will
need a standard USB cable (A plug to B plug), the kind we would connect to a USB
printer as shown in Fig. 6.2.1.4 ( a). In case we use Arduino Nano, we will need an A to
Mini-B cableinstead as shown in Fig. 6.2.1.4 (b).
Fig 6.2.1.4 (a) Standard USB Cable (A

plug to B plug) Fig 6.2.1.4` (b) A to Mini-B Cable
Step 2 − Download Arduino IDE Software.

One can get different versions of Arduino IDE from the Download page on the
Arduino Official website. We must select our software, which is compatible with our
operating system (Windows, IOS, or Linux). Unzip the file, after downloading it completely

Step 3 − Power up your board.
The Arduino Uno, Mega, Duemilanove and Arduino Nano automatically draw
power fromeither, the USB connection to the computer or an external power supply. If
you are using an Arduino Diecimila, you have to make sure that the board is configured
to draw power from the USB connection. The power source is selected with a jumper, a
small piece of plastic that fits onto two of the three pins between the USB and power
jacks.
Check that itis on the two pins closest to the USB port.
Connect the Arduino board to computer using the USB cable. The green power
LED(labeled PWR) should glow.
Step 4 − Launch Arduino IDE.
After your Arduino IDE software is downloaded, you need to unzip the folder. Inside
the folder, you can find the application icon with an infinity label (application.exe).
Double- click the icon to start the IDE.
Step 5 − Open your first project.
Once the software starts, we have two options:
 Create a new project.

To create a new project, select File
 Open an existing project example.

To open an existing project example, select File → Example → Basics → Blink.
Here, we are selecting just one of the examples with the name Blink. It turns the
LED onand off with some time delay. We can select any example from the list.

Step 6 − Select the respective Arduino board.
To avoid any error while uploading our program to the board, we must select the
correctArduino board name, which matches with the board connected to our
computer.
Go to Tools → Board and select the board.
Step 7 − Select the serial port.
Select the serial device of the Arduino board. Go to Tools → Serial Port menu.
This is likely to be COM3 or higher (COM1 and COM2 are usually reserved for
hardwareserial ports). To find out, you can disconnect your Arduino board and re-open
the menu, the entry that disappears should be of the Arduino board. Reconnect the
board and select that serial port
Step 8 − Upload the program to the board.
Before explaining how to upload our program to the board, we should know the
functionof each symbol appearing in the Arduino IDE toolbar.

6.2.1.5 Program Structure
In this section, we will study in depth, the Arduino program structure and we will
learn more new terminologies used in the Arduino world. The Arduino software is open-
source. The source code for the Java environment is released under the GPL and the
C/C++ microcontroller libraries are under the LGPL. Arduino programs are called
“sketch”.
Arduino programs can be divided in three main parts: Structure, Values (variables and
constants), and Functions. Let us learn about the Arduino software program, step by
step,and how to write the program without any syntax or compilation error.
Let us start with the Structure. Software structure consist of two main functions:
 Setup( ) function
 Loop( ) function
Fig. 6.2.1.5 (a) Structure of a Sketch

The setup () function is called when a sketch starts. It is used to initialize the variables,
pin modes, start using libraries, etc. The setup function will only run once, after each
power upor reset of the Arduino board.
After creating a setup () function, which initializes and sets the initial values, the
loop() function does precisely what its name suggests, and loops consecutively, allowing
our program to change and respond. It actively controls the Arduino board.

Chapter 7 PROGRAMMING USING EMBEDDED C
C is a high-level programming language intended for system programming. Embedded C

is an extension that provides support for developing efficient programs for embedded
devices. Yet, it is not a part of the C language. In our Internship program, we employed
Embedded C programs to write sketches to be dumped on Arduino Uno.
7.1 Introduction to Embedded C

Embedded C programming language is an extension to the traditional C
programming language that is used in embedded systems. The embedded C programming
language usesthe same syntax and semantics as the C programming language.
The only extension in the Embedded C language from normal C Programming Language
is the I/O Hardware Addressing, fixed-point arithmetic operations, accessing address
spaces, etc.
7.1.1 Basic Structure of Embedded C Program:

The embedded C program has a structure similar to C programming.The five layers
of Embedded C programming structure are:
1. Comments
2. Pre-processor directives
3. Global declaration
4. Local declaration
5. Main function()
The whole code follows the below outline. This is the basic structure of the
embedded c program. Each code has a similar outline. Now let us learn about each of this
layer in detail.

Outline of an Embedded C code is as shown below:
1. Multiline Comments...........Denoted using /*……*/

2. Single Line Comments..........Denoted using //
3. Pre-processor Directives...........#include<…> or #define
4. Global Variables...........Accessible anywhere in the program
5. Function Declarations...........Declaring Function
6. Main Function...........Main Function, execution begins here
7. {
8. Local Variables...........Variables confined to main function
9. Function Calls...........Calling other Functions
10. Infinite Loop...........Like while (1) or for (;;)
11. Statements . . . . .
12. ….
13. ….
14. }
15. Function Definitions...........Defining the Functions
16. {
17. Local Variables...........Local Variables confined to this Function
18. Statements . . . . .
19. ….
20. ….
21. }
 Comment Section: Comments are simple readable text, written in code to make it
more understandable to the reader. Usually comments are written in // or /* */.
Example: //Test program

 Pre-processor Directives Section: The Pre-Processor directives tell the compiler

which files to look in to find the symbols that are not present in the program.
For Example, in 8051 Keil compiler we use,
1. #include<reg51.h>
 Global Declaration Section: The global variables and the user-defined functions are
declared in this part of the code. They can be accessed from anywhere.
1. void delay (int);
 Local Declaration Section: These variables are declared in the respective functions
and cannot be used outside the main function.
 Main Function Section: Every C programs need to have the main function. So does an
embedded C program. Each main function contains 2 parts. A declaration part and an
Execution part. The declaration part is the part where all the variables are declared. The
execution part begins with the curly brackets and ends with the curly close bracket.
Both the declaration and execution part are inside the curly braces.
Example:
1. void main(void) // Main
Function 2. {
3. P1 = 0x00;
4. while(1)
5. {
6. P1 = 0xFF;
7. delay(1000);
8. P1 = 0x00;
9. delay(1000);
10. }
11. }
 Function Definition Section: The function is defined in this section.

7.1.2 Arduino Code libraries
7.1.2.1 Library Structure

 A library is a folder comprised with C++ (.cpp) code files and C++ (.h) header files.
 The .h file describes the structure of the library and declares all its variables and functions.
 The .cpp file holds the function implementation.
7.1.2.2 Importing Libraries

The first thing to do is to find the library we want to use out of the many libraries availableonline.
After downloading it to our computer, we just need to open Arduino IDE and clickon Sketch > Include
Library > Manage Libraries. We can then select the library we want to import. Once the process is
complete the library will be available in the sketch menu.
7.2 Arduino Code Explanation

Arduino code is written in C++ with an addition of special methods and functions. C++ isa human-
readable programming language. When we create a ‘sketch’ (the name given to Arduino code files), it is
processed and compiled to machine language.
7.2.1 Code Structure
The basic concepts which one should know to write a program on Arduino IDE are discussed
below:
7.2.1.1 Libraries
In Arduino, much like other leading programming platforms, there are built-in libraries
thatprovide basic functionality. In addition, it’s possible to import other libraries and expand the
Arduino board capabilities and features. These libraries are roughly divided into libraries that interact
with a specific component or those that implement new functions. To import a new library, we need to
go to Sketch > Import Library In addition, at the top of our file, we have to use ‘#include’ to include
external libraries.We can also create custom libraries to use in isolated sketches.
7.2.1.2 Pin Definitions
To use the Arduino pins, we need to define which pin is being used and its functionality. A
convenient way to define the used pins is by used.

7.2.1.3 Declarations
Whenever we’re using Arduino, we need to declare global variables and instances to be used later
on. In a nutshell, a variable allows us to name and store a value to be used in thefuture. For example, we
would store data acquired from a sensor in order to use it later. Todeclare a variable we simply define its type,
name and initial value. It’s worth mentioning that declaring global variables isn’t an absolute necessity.
However, it’s advisable to declare variables to make it easy to utilize our values further down the line.
In software programming, a class is a collection of functions and variables that are kept together in one place.
Each class has a special function known as a constructor, which is used to create an instance of the class. In
order to use the functions of the class, we need todeclare an instance for it
Every Arduino sketch must have a setup function. This function defines the initial state of the Arduino upon
boot and runs only once.
Here we’ll define the following:
1. Pin functionality using the pinMode function

2. Initial state of pins
3. Initialize classes
4. Initialize variables
5. Code logic
7.3 From Software to Hardware
There is a lot to be said of Arduino’s software capabilities, but it’s important to remember that the
platform is comprised of both software and hardware. The two work in tandem to run a complex operating
system.
Code → Compile → Upload → Run
At the core of Arduino, is the ability to compile and run the code.
After writing the code in the IDE we need to upload it to the Arduino. Clicking the Uploadbutton (the right-
facing arrow icon), will compile the code and upload it if it passed.

Chapter 8 COST ESTIMATION
Sl no Components Cost
1 Material Cost: Frame 6100
2 Shaft and Nylon Belt 2500
3 Bearing 1000
4 Arduino UNO 1000
5 DC Motor 500
6 IR Sensor 250
7 LCD Display 1100
8 Servo Motor 300
9 Motor Drive 400
10 Arduino Microcontroller 850
11 Travelling and Transport Cost 3500
12 Labouring and Programming 3000
13 Total Cost 20000

Chapter 9 ADVANTAGES
 Easy dispose of unnecessary object like metals sand nonmetals.

 Simple in construction and easy to use.
 Power generation using plastic.
 Biogas generation.
 The machine is easy to operate and anyone with a little knowledge also can operate it.
 Easy maintenance and it reduces labour cost.
 Can be used both in large scale and small scale construction purpose.
 Less time consumption.

Chapter 10 APPLICATIONS
 It is used in shopping malls.
 It is used in Dump yard.

 It is used in public places.
 It can be used in office.
 Reduction of waste at source.
 Reduce of material wherever possible.
 Usually, waste from almost all office or companies will be dry, wet or metallic waste . Our
smart dustbin best suits this application.

Chapter 10 FUTURE SCOPE
The future scope of our project fabrication of automatic waste segregation using conveyor belt is listed below
 Smart dustbin can segregate only three types of wastes.

 In future improvement can be done to segregate a greater number of wastes like plastic, glass, toxic
waste, separation of different metals.
 This can be improved to segregate mix waste dumped at a time using different high accurate sensors and
other technologies and segregation of mix waste can also be achieved by using a servo motor to give jerks
to conveyor belt so that mix waste gets separated.
 Size of smart dustbin can be made compact using different technologies and different methodologies.
 Some additional feature can be added like generating power or biogas generation at root source itself.

Chapter 12 CONCLUSION
 Implementation of this system at a local level like societies, educational institutes, etc. can reduce
the burden on the local authorities.
 The automatic waste segregator is one small step towards building an efficient and economic
waste collection system with a minimum amount of human intervention and also no hazard to
human life.
 Using a conveyor belt makes the system far more accurate, cost-effective and also easier to install
and use at a domestic level.
 Segregating all these wastes at a domestic level will also be time-saving.
 While implementing our system we came across many problems like the sensing range of
inductive proximity sensor, the accuracy of the moisture sensor, adjusting the range of IR sensors
and some more, but using some modifications we tried the make the system as reliable as possible
but not completely perfect.
 The main motive of, waste segregation using smart dustbin is to segregate into metallic, dry and
wet waste at root source.
 One of the main problems of bad waste management is, it is hazardous to human health
and environment, smart dustbin will help to overcome this problem.
 The smart dustbin is expected to give fruitful way to come out of this problem making the
whole system automated.
 The smart dustbin is expected to be economical and environmentally friendly.

REFERENCES
1. Amrutha Chandramohan, Joyal Mendonca, Nikhil Ravi Shankar, Nikhil U Baheti, NitinKumar
Krishnan Suma M S, Automated Waste Segrega- tor,Rashtreeya Vidyalaya College Of
Engineering (R.V.C.E), Bangalore, In- dia. 4-5 April 2014.
2. Nishigandha Kothari ,Waste to Wealth, NSWAI, New Delhi, Jul. 2013.
3. J.S. Bajaj, Urban Solid Waste Management in India, Planning Commission Government
of India,NEW DELHI,1995.|
4. Automation of Waste Segregation System using PLC Rashmi M. Kittali* and Ashok Sutagundar,
29 October 2016.
5. An Economic Automatic Waste Segregator using Arduino Archana Babu S1, Arunima SJ2 ,
6. Athira J3 , Bhavana Chandran4 , Naveen S5 Department of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, July 2016.

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Mini Project

Under The Guidance of

Adichunchanagiri Institute of Technology

NAME OF EXAMINER SIGNATURE WITH DATE

The Mini-project entitled “------------------------“hereby approved as a creditable study

manner brings to the limelight actual economic value of the waste.

an easy to use solution for segregation of household waste.

The co-operation of the Head of Department of Mechanical Engineering Dr.G.M.

Chapter 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 2

Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY 3-4

3.1 Block Diagram 5

3.2 Algorithm of the project 6

3.3 Model Design 7

6.2.1.1 Introduction to Arduino 16

6.2.1.2 Features of Arduino 17

7.2.1.2 Pin Definition

Chapter 8 COST ESTIMATION 31

Chapter 11 FUTURE SCOPE 34

Fig .No Page .No

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 1

Chapter 2 TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 2

Chapter 3 LITERATURE SURVEY

JOURNAL 1: AUTOMATED WASTE SEGREGATOR (AWS) USED AT THE HOUSEHOLD

JOURNAL 2: ULTRASONIC SENSORS

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 3

JOURNAL 3: ADVANCED PROCESSING TECHNIQUES

JOURNAL 4: MANAGAGEMENT OF WASTE

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 4

3.1 Block Diagram

3.1 (a) Block Diagram

The components of the proposed system are:

M1: Motor driving the conveyer belt.

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 5

3.2 The algorithm of the project is as follows:

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 6

3.3 MODEI DESIGN :

3.3 (a) Model Design

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 7

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 8

6.1 Hardware Requirement

6.1.4 LCD Display

6.1.5 SERVO MOTOR

6.1.6 L298N 2A Based Motor Driver

6.2 Software requirement

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 9

6.1 HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

6.1.1 Arduino UNO

Fig 6.1.1 (a) Arduino UNO

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, AIT, Chikkamagaluru . Page 10

Fig 6.1.2 (a) DC Motor

 Cost-effectiveness of the injection-molding process.

 Elimination of machining operations.

 Low density: lightweight, low inertia.

 Capability to absorb shock and vibration as a result of elastic compliance.

 Ability to operate with minimum or no lubrication, due to inherent lubricity.

 The relatively low coefficient of friction.

 Corrosion-resistance; elimination of plating, or protective coatings.

 The quietness of operation.

1. Multiline Comments...........Denoted using /……/