Unit 1
Unit 1
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SYLLABUS
What is Image ?
❑ An image is a spatial representation of a two-
dimensional or three-dimensional scene.
❑ An image is an array, or a matrix pixels (picture
elements) arranged in columns and rows.
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WHY…..digital image processing…???
Interest in digital image processing methods stems from
two principal application areas:
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WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING?
DIP Definition:
A Discipline in Which Both the Input and Output of a
Process are Images.
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What Is Digital Image ?
An image may be defined as a two-dimensional function, f(x, y),
where x and y are spatial (plane) coordinates, and the
amplitude of f at any pair of coordinates (x,y) is called the
intensity or gray level of the image at that point.
Digital Image:
When x, y and the intensity values of f are all finite, discrete
quantities, we call the image a digital image.
▪ Color Image:
r ( x, y)
f ( x, y) = g ( x, y)
b ( x , y )
g(x , y)
Discretizatio
n
g(i , j)
Quantizatio
n f(i , j) Digital Image
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f(i0 , j0) : Picture Element, Image Element, Pel, Pixel
WHAT IS DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING?
Image
Processing Image Analysis Vision
Low-Level High-Level
Process Mid-Level Process
Process
• Reduce Noise Making Sense of an
• Segmentation Ensemble of
• Contrast Enhancement
• Classification Recognized Objects
• Image Sharpening
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Origins of Digital Image Processing
One of the first applications of digital images was in the newspaper
industry, when pictures were first sent by submarine cable between
London and New York.
Gamma-Ray Imaging
X-Ray Imaging
Imaging in the Ultraviolet Band
Imaging in the Visible and Infrared Bands
Imaging in the Microwave Band
Imaging in the Radio Band
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Gamma-Ray Imaging
Bone scan PET
Major uses of imaging
based on gamma rays
include nuclear medicine.
Angiogram
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Applications and Research Topics
Document Handling
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Applications and Research Topics
Signature Verification
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Applications and Research Topics
Biometrics
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Applications and Research Topics
Fingerprint Verification / Identification
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Applications and Research Topics
Object Recognition
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Applications and Research Topics
Target Recognition
Department of Defense (Army, Air force, Navy)
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Applications and Research Topics
Interpretation of Aerial Photography
Interpretation of aerial photography is a problem domain in both
computer vision and registration.
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Applications and Research Topics
Autonomous Vehicles
Land, Underwater, Space
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Applications and Research Topics
Traffic Monitoring
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Applications and Research Topics
Traffic Monitoring
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Applications and Research Topics
Face Detection
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Applications and Research Topics
Face Recognition
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Applications and Research Topics
Face Detection/Recognition Research
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Applications and Research Topics
Facial Expression Recognition
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Applications and Research Topics
Hand Gesture Recognition
Smart Human-Computer User Interfaces
Sign Language Recognition
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Applications and Research Topics
Human Activity Recognition
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Applications and Research Topics
Medical Applications
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Applications and Research Topics
Morphing
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Applications and Research Topics
Inserting Artificial Objects into a Scene
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Essential steps when processing digital images:
Acquisition
Enhancement
Outputs are
Restoration
digital
Color image restoration images
Wavelets
Morphological processing
Segmentation Outputs are
attributes of the
Representation image
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Recognition
Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
Image enhancement is the process of manipulating an image
so that the result is more suitable than the original for a specific
application.
There is no general “theory” of image enhancement.
When an image is processed for visual interpretation, the
viewer is the ultimate judge of how well a particular method
works.
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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Fundamental Steps in Digital Image Processing
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General Purpose Image Processing System
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General Purpose Image Processing System
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General Purpose Image Processing System
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General Purpose Image Processing System
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Image Processing Basics
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Image Representation
Pixel
Origin x
(0,0)
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Image Representation
A digital image is
composed of M rows
and N columns of
pixels each storing a
value
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Image Acquisition
Imaging Sensor
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Spatial Resolution
The spatial resolution of an image is determined by
how sampling was carried out
Spatial resolution simply refers to the smallest
discernable detail in an image
Vision specialists will often talk about pixel size
Graphic designers will talk about dots per inch (DPI)
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Spatial Resolution
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Vision specialists will often talk about pixel
size
Spatial Resolution
1024 * 1024 512 * 512 256 * 256
128 * 128 64 * 64 32 * 32
63 Graphic designers will talk about dots per inch
Intensity Level Resolution
Intensity level resolution refers to the number of
intensity levels used to represent the image
The more intensity levels used, the finer the level of
detail discernable in an image
Intensity level resolution is usually given in terms of the
number of bits used to store each intensity level
Number of
Number of Bits Examples
Intensity Levels
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
4 16 0000, 0101, 1111
8 256 00110011,
64 16 65,536 10100110011001100110101
0
Intensity Level Resolution
256 grey levels (8 bits per pixe1l)28 grey levels (7 bpp) 64 grey levels (6 bpp) 32 grey levels (5 bpp)
65 16 grey levels (4 bpp) 8 grey levels (3 bpp) 4 grey levels (2 bpp) 2 grey levels (1
bpp)
Resolution: How Much Is Enough?
The big question with resolution is always how much is
enough?
This all depends on what is in the image and what you
would like to do with it
Key questions include
Does the image look aesthetically pleasing?
Can you see what you need to see within the image?