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    Ln-9 BOOK EXERCISE

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    Ln-9 BOOK EXERCISE

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    of 10

    VELALAR VIDYALAYAA SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOL

    GRADE-X

    BIOLOGY

    9. HEREDITY AND EVOLUTION

    ____________________________________________________________________________________
    1.If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually

    reproducing species and a trait B exists in 60% of the same

    population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier?

    Trait B, because it is present in more members of the


    population. It is likely to have arisen earlier and has now
    spread to 60% of the population. Trait A is new and has
    spread to only 10% of the population

    2. How does the creation of variations in a species promote

    survival ?
    During reproduction(also inaccuracies in DNA
    replication), many variations occur in the offspring. Some
    individuals have more favourable variations than the other. Such
    individuals survive and pass these variations on their progeny.
    Ex: Due to certain conditions, a colour arised during
    reproduction so that one beetle is green in colour(instead of red).
    This beetle can pass this colour to its progeny. Crows now cannot
    see these green-coloured beetles on green leaves and hence, their
    population become more than that of red coloured beetles

    3. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits may be

    dominant or recessive ?
    Mendel took pea plants with contrasting traits of a
    character(Height). Mendel crossed a pure tall pea plant(TT) with
    pure dwarf pea plant(tt) and observed that all the progeny were
    hybrid tall(Tt).ie. only one of the trait was able to express itself in
    the F1generation, which is the dominant trait. The other trait
    called the recessive trait remain suppressed

    Parent generation TT X tt

    Gametogenesis

    Gametes T T t t

    Cross breeding

    F1 generation Tt Tt Tt Tt All hybrid plants

    F1 generation Tt x Tt

    gametogenesis

    Gametes T t T t

    Self breeding

    F2 generation TT Tt Tt tt

    Tall Dwarf
    However, when he self bred plants of F1 generation, he
    observed that one fourth of the plants were dwarf and three
    fourth were tall.

    4. How do Mendel’s experiments show that traits are inherited

    independently?

    Mendel took two pairs of characters with the expression


    of four traits and carried out dihybrid cross by crossing them.
    The traits appeared in first generation were termed as
    dominant. When he used these F1 progeny to generate
    F2 progeny by self-pollination ,plants of different types were
    produced. In some plants both the traits were dominant, while
    in some plants both were recessive and some plants exhibited
    mixed traits. This indicates that traits are inherited
    independently.

    Example:

    The cross is done between plants with round and Yellow


    seeds and those with wrinkled and green seeds. The genotype
    of round and yellow seed is shown by RRYY and that of
    wrinkled and green seed is shown by rryy. In F1 generation, all
    plants produced round and yellow seeds which means
    wrinkled and green colour of seeds are the recessive traits.
    When plants of F1 generation were allowed to self pollinate, it
    was observed that most of the plants in F2 generation
    produced round and yellow seeds.

    Some plants produce round green seeds, some produced


    wrinkled yellow seeds and some produced wrinkled green
    seeds. The ratio was 9:3:3:1
    Parent generation RRYY X rryy

    Gametogenesis

    Gametes RY RY ry ry

    Cross breeding

    F1 generation RrYy RrYy RrYy RrYy

    F1 generation RrYy
    self breeding

    F2 generation

    5. A man with blood group A marries a woman with blood group

    O and their daughter has blood group O. Is this information


    enough to tell you which of the traits – blood group A or O –

    is dominant ? Why or why not ?

    This is because each individual is carrying two alleles.


    The recessive trait can occur only when who alleles are
    similar. If blood group A is dominant and O is recessive, then
    daughter can have blood group O only when both recessive
    alleles occur together in mother, and father has one allele of O
    and other of A.

    Parent generation IAIO X IO IO

    Gametogenesis IA IO IO IO

    Fertilization

    IAIO IAIO IO IO IO IO

    A blood O blood

    6. How is the sex of the child determined in human beings?

    Somatic cells in human beings contain 23 pairs of


    chromosomes. 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes. A
    single pair of chromosomes determine the sex of the
    individual. Out of them the 23rd pair is composed of different
    types of chromosomes which are named as X and Y
    chromosomes in a male. On the other hand, the 23 rd pair in
    female contains X and X chromosomes. Hence all the eggs
    have X chromosome as the 23rd chromosome, While a sperm
    have either X or Y chromosome as 23rd chromosome. When a
    sperm with X chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting
    zygote develop into a female child. When a sperm with Y
    chromosome fertilizes the egg, the resulting zygote develop into
    a male child.

    Thus there are 50:50 for being born boy or girl child

    Book back exercise


    1. A Mendelian experiment consisted of breeding tall pea plants
    bear violet flowers with short pea plants bearing white
    flowers. The progeny all bore violet flowers, but almost half of
    them were short. This suggests that the genetic make-up of
    the tall parent can be depicted as
    (a) TTWW (b) TTww
    (c) T t W W (d) TtWw
    Ans. (c) TtWW
    Parent with genotype TtWw produce two types of gametes
    TW and tW, While the other with genotype ttww produce only
    one type of gamete tw
    TtWW x ttww

    TW tW tw tw

    Progeny TtWW ttWw TtWw ttWw

    Tall with Dwarf with Tall with Dwarf with

    Violet violet violet violet

    2. A study found that children with light-coloured eyes are


    likely to have parents with light-coloured eyes. On this basis,
    can we say anything about whether the light eye colour trait
    is dominant or recessive? Why or why not?
    Let us assume that children with light-coloured eyes can
    either have LL or Ll or ll genotype. If the children have LL
    genotype, then their parents will also be of LL genotype.

    LL ×LL
    ↓
    LL
    If the children with light-coloured eyes have ll genotype,
    then their parents will also have ll genotype.
    ll ×ll
    ↓
    ll
    Therefore, it cannot be concluded whether light eye
    colour is dominant or recessive.

    3. Outline a project which aims to find the dominant coat


    colour in dogs.

    A dog inherits one gene from each of its parents. The


    dominant gene gets expressed in the phenotype. For example,
    a dog can be genetically black or brown.
    Let us assume that one parent is homozygous black (BB),
    while the other parent is homozygous brown (bb)
    homozygous black (BB) male dog and a homozygous white(bb)
    female dog are taken for reproduction and produce off springs
    in F1 generation. In F1 generation all the dogs will be black if
    the black is dominant. If F1 generation dogs are allowed to
    interbreed in F2 generation. If black is dominant, out of every
    4 dogs, 3 will be black

    Parents BB X bb if, BB-black colour

    Gametogenesis bb- Brown colour

    Gametes B B b b

    Cross breeding

    F1 generation Bb Bb Bb Bb

    (male) Bb x Bb (Female)

    Gametogenesis

    Gametes B b B b

    Self breeding

    F2 generation BB Bb Bb bb

    Black Brown
    4. Explain how sexual reproduction gives rise to more viable

    variations than asexual reproduction. How does this affect

    the evolution of those organisms that reproduce sexually?

    In sexual reproduction, two individuals having different


    variations combine their DNA to give rise to a new individual.
    Therefore, sexual reproduction allows more variations,
    whereas in asexual reproduction, chance of variations can
    only occur when the copying of DNA is not accurate.

    Additionally, asexual reproduction allows very less


    variations because if there are more variations, then the
    resultant DNA will not be able to survive inside the inherited
    cellular apparatus. However, in sexual reproduction more
    variations are allowed and the resultant DNA is also able to
    survive, thus making the variations viable.

    Variation and Evolution: Variants help the species to


    survive in all the conditions. Environmental conditions such
    as heat, light, pests, and food availability can change suddenly
    at only one place. At that time, only those variants resistant to
    these conditions would be able to survive. This will slowly lead
    to the evolution of a better adapted species. Thus, variation
    helps in the evolution of sexually reproducing organisms.

    5. How is the equal gametic contribution of male and female


    parents ensured in progeny?
    During sexual reproduction, a female gamete, or egg cell
    fuse with a male gamete or sperm cell (which are haploid) to
    form zygote. Zygote is diploid which contains 23 chromosomes
    from mother, 23 chromosomes from father in humans. In this
    way, an equal genetic contribution of male and female parents
    is ensured in the progeny.
    6. Only variations that confer an advantage to an individual

    organism will survive in a population. Do you agree with this

    statement? Why or why not?

    All the variations in a species do not have equal chances


    of surviving in the environment. Depending on the nature of
    variations different individuals would have different kinds of
    advantages. Selection of variants by environmental factors
    forms the basis of evolutionary process. The variations which
    confer disadvantages to an individual organisms will not
    survive because the environmental factor cannot support this

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