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1702674269revision Notes Language Techniques (Year 6)
1702674269revision Notes Language Techniques (Year 6)
YEAR 6
UNIT THREE
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
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HOW TO USE THIS SHEET
THE SHEET IS DIVIDED INTO TWO CHAPTERS. THE FIRST CHAPTER FOCUSES
ON THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES AND THEIR EFFECTS.
IT PROVIDES EXAMPLES TO HELP ILLUSTRATE THE DIFFERENT TYPES AND
HOW THEY CAN BE USED EFFECTIVELY.
INSTRUCTIONS
1) CAREFULLY READ AND UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF LANGUAGE
TECHNIQUES AND THEIR EFFECT
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
THE WAY WRITERS USE LANGUAGE IS WHAT HELPS TO CREATE
DIFFERENT TONES, MOODS, AND HELPS TO DELIVER VARIOUS
IMPRESSIONS.
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
3- The use of Repetition: This is the use of the same word or phrase multiple times in a
sentence or paragraph.
Effect: It can be used to create emphasis, reinforce a point, link between the paragraphs, or
create a rhythmic effect.
Example: “The wind whispered through the trees, whispering secrets that only the leaves
could hear.
4- The use of Elision: This is the omission of a sound / word or syllable in a word.
Effect: create a sense of informality or emphasize a specific sound or word, engages the
reader, makes the text chatty and closer to the writer.
Example: “Going to the store. Coming?”
Words and phrases elision in this question make the dialogue informal and chatty; thus,
engage the reader more.
5- The use of pronouns to delay the reveal of the information (withholding the information):
It involves intentionally withholding information from the reader or audience to create
suspense and keep them engaged.
Effect: It is often used to build tension and anticipation, arouse the reader’s curiosity, and
keep them engaged.
Example: “With shaking hands she started to unlock the triple-locked box. She was about to
see it, touch it, have it in her fist. With every tick, her heart beats were shaking all her body-a
beat after another was causing her a terrible pain. At last she got it. The paper that proves
her innocence.”
Delaying the reveal of the information by using the pronoun at the beginning creates a sense
of intrigue, suspense, and emotional engagement in the reader, encouraging them to keep
reading to find out what happens next.
6- The use of italics: Italicizationis a typographic feature that slants the text to the right,
creating a visual emphasis that sets it apart from the surrounding content.
Effect: Italics are typically used to convey a range of effects in written text, including
emphasis, titles of works, foreign words, and technical terms.
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
Example: "I cannot emphasize enough how important it is to be prepared for the exam."
(emphasize words or phrases in a sentence, drawing the reader's attention to them.)
- "I just finished reading To Kill a Mockingbird, and I loved it." (Titles of works)
- "The French word for 'cat' is chat." (Foreign words)
- "The process of extracting DNA from cells is called PCR (polymerase chain reaction)."
(Technical terms)
7- The use of bold text: Bold text is a typographic feature that makes the selected text
appear darker and thicker than the surrounding text.
Effect: It is used to make certain words or phrases stand out and draw attention to
important information.
Example usages and their effect:
· Headings and subheadings: Bold text is commonly used to distinguish headings and
subheadings from the body text. This makes it easier for readers to scan through the
content and quickly access the information they're looking for.
· Key points: Bold text can also be used to highlight key points or important information
within a paragraph. This makes it easier for readers to quickly identify the most important
information in the text.
Example: "In order to succeed in business, it is important to be persistent and determined.
These qualities will help you overcome any obstacles you may face."
· Call to Action: Bold text can also be used to create a sense of urgency or to encourage
readers to take action, such as in a call-to-action button on a website.
Example: "Sign up now and get 50% off your first purchase!"
· Quotes or cited text: Bold text can be used to differentiate quoted or cited text from the
rest of the content. This makes it easier for readers to identify where the quoted text begins
and ends.
Example: “According to Jane Doe, "The best way to predict your future is to create it."
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
8- Capitalizing the letters of specific words in the middle of the text: when the whole letters
of a word are capitalized, more emphasis is created on this word.
Usages and Effects:
· Abbreviation: When using abbreviation, the capitalized letters are used to represent each
word in the phrase.
Example: "NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)"
· Emphasis: Capitalized words can be used to draw attention to specific words or phrases,
emphasizing their importance or to convey a sense of intensity, urgency or importance.
Example: "It's not just about being good at your JOB, it's about being passionate about
it."
Example: "The time for ACTION is now!"
· Irony or sarcasm: Capitalized words can also be used to convey irony or sarcasm,
suggesting a different or opposite meaning than the words themselves.
Example: "That's just GREAT. I LOVE getting stuck in traffic for hours."
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
3- If Conditional: "if" introduces a hypothetical situation that may or may not be true, and
the outcome depends on the condition being met.
Effect: Using if conditionals can create a mood of imagination, assumptions, or wonder, and
can engage the audience in a playful or creative way.
Example: "If she had come to the meeting, things would have gone differently."
This conditional statement creates a sense of regret and imagination.
- "If the moon were made of cheese, I'd be the first to take a bite."
This conditional statement is a playful and imaginative way of expressing desire or
curiosity.
- "If I were a bird, I'd fly to the ends of the earth."
This conditional statement is a common way of expressing a hypothetical scenario that is
impossible, but imaginative. It can be used to express longing, freedom, or creativity.
- "If wishes were horses, beggars would ride."
This is a proverbial expression that uses an "if" conditional to suggest that wishing alone
does not make things happen. It can be used to express a sense of disappointment, or to
caution against unrealistic expectations.
4- The use of the three degrees of comparison in adjectives: There are three degrees of
comparison that can be used in adjectives to create different effects:
A- Positive: The positive form of an adjective is used to simply describe the noun or pronoun
without any comparison.
Effect: It creates a neutral or factual tone in writing.
Example:"The sky is blue." (Neutral description)
"The dog is friendly." (Neutral description)
B- Comparative: The comparative form of an adjective is used to compare two nouns or
pronouns.
Effect: it creates contrast, highlight differences, or show a change in the character or
situation.
Example: "The weather is warmer today than yesterday." (contrast)
"She sings better than her sister." (comparison)
C- Superlative: The superlative form of an adjective is used to compare three or more nouns
or pronouns.
Effect: It creates emphasis, exaggeration, or intensify the degree of description.
Example: "That was the best movie I've ever seen." (emphasis)
"She is the most beautiful woman in the world." (exaggeration)
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
In the first example, the complex sentence conveys a more detailed and nuanced idea, and
it shows the reader the character's thought process and the impact of her findings through
using of the subordinate conjunction ‘after’.
In the second example, the complex sentence conveys a cause and effect relationship by
using a dependent clause at the beginning which urges the reader to complete reading to
know what the effect is.
D- Compound-complex sentences: These are sentences with two or more independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
Effect: convey a complex idea with multiple relationships between ideas.
Example: "Although he was tired, he kept working on the project, and he eventually finished
it."
Example: “Exerting her best effort, she failed to reach her target; she became an easy prey
for depression.”
In the first example, the compound-complex sentence conveys a complex idea with multiple
relationships between ideas, showing how the character's fatigue did not prevent him from
completing the project. Using the subordinating conjunction ‘although’ and the
coordinating conjunction ‘and’ helped to convey the contrast and the final result.
In the second example, the compound-complex sentence conveys a complex idea with
multiple relationships between ideas using a dependent clause at the beginning to arouse
the reader’s curiosity and a semi-colon to link the two final related ideas.
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
PERSUASIVE TECHNIQUES
"DAFORESTIH"
D: Directly addressing the reader
Example: "You know you want to try this delicious new recipe. Go ahead, give it a try!"
A: Alliteration and Assonance
Example: "She sells seashells by the seashore."
F: Facts and Figures of speech
Example: "Over 90% of customers reported increased satisfaction after using our product."
Example: “Aruba is a paradise on earth”
O: Opinions
Example: "In my opinion, this is the best coffee shop in town."
R: Repetition and rhetorical questions
Example: Are you tired of feeling tired all the time?
E: Emotive language and exclamation marks
Example: "Our new perfume will make you feel absolutely radiant and confident! You won't
want to leave the house without it!"
S: Statistics
Example: "Our product is proven to reduce wrinkles by up to 50% in just 4 weeks!"
T: Tripling / the rule of three
Example: "Our product is effective, affordable, and easy to use!"
I: imperative verbs
Example: "Try our new skincare line today and see the results for yourself!"
H: Hyperbole
Example: "Experience the thrill of a lifetime with our newest roller coaster ride! With twists
and turns that will take your breath away, you'll feel like you're soaring through the air. Get
ready for the ride of your life and a rush of adrenaline that you'll never forget!"
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE ARE TWO WRITING STYLES THAT
CONVEY DIFFERENT TONES, MOODS, AND IMPACT.
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 1
LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGE
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
Question: Look at lines 15–16. Mr Westcott’s forehead furrowed at the bird. Why is this
sentence on a separate line? Give one reason.
Answer: to change from dialogue to narrative / to shift attention to Mr Westcott
• the next line (‘Shush’) / the line after this is spoken by a different character
• to create suspense / foreboding / tension
Other examples from the text are possible. If a longer quote is used, use of ellipsis (…) is
expected, e.g. “…zooming to work on a speeding rocket?”
It is essential that the question mark is included.
Question: Why has the writer chosen to write in an informal style?
Answer: to entertain / interest the (younger) reader
• engage / connect with the (younger) reader/audience
• to grab / keep the (younger) reader’s attention
• to make it more fun to read
• to make it kid friendly / attractive to a (younger) audience
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
Question: Look at lines 11–16. Sometimes a speaker’s exact words are used. Sometimes
reported speech is used.
(a) Give one example of direct speech from the third paragraph.
(b)Give one example of reported speech from the third paragraph.
(c)Give one example of a passive verb form used in lines 11–16.
“Paul Watson, head of the Lincoln Institute, welcomed visitors. ‘I promise you, you’ll have
fun here!’ he said. But he stressed that robots are not just toys. ‘Robots are going to be a
big part of our lives,’ he told NfK. ‘You can see how they’re helping people already.’ Rupert
the Robot, for example, is used in hospitals to help patients with different needs. This furry
robot feels warm and reacts to touch, and people find this comforting.”
Answer:
(a) Direct speech: I promise you, you’ll have fun here!’ (he said.)
• ‘Robots are going to be a big part of our lives,’ (he told NfK.)
• ‘You can see how they’re helping people already.’
(b) Reported speech:
(But) he stressed that robots are not just toys.
(c) passive verb: is used
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LANGUAGE TECHNIQUES, CHAPTER 2
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THE GATE
STAY CONNECTED
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