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    1619784344

    Uploaded by

    kuteesa collins

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    of 21

    2

    0
    9 Community Dentistry Third class
    ‫ش‬
    ‫با‬
    ‫ط‬ Dental Indices
    ،
    7th lecture
    2 2020_ 2021

    1 By Dr. Adil Ghalib Fadhil


    College of Dentistry
    University of Basrah
    Objectives
    1. Define dental indices
    2. Uses of dental indices
    3. Classification
    4. Periodontal indices
    INTRODUCTION
    To compare the health status of
    different people and the same
    people at different times, it is
    necessary to measure a condition.
    However this measurement must
    be based on standardized and
    agreed set of guidelines.
    measurement of diseases are done
    using INDICES
    Oral health is a part of general health.
    Dental diseases are the most
    prevalent and the most neglected of
    all chronic diseases affecting
    mankind. Prevention of disease rests
    on knowledge of the disease
    occurrence, distribution, etiology, and
    other related factors. Epidemiological
    study of any disease require the
    condition be measured and quantified
    accurately based on scientific
    principles to understand the disease.
    INDICES
    Index is defined as a numerical value
    describing the relative status of a
    population on a graduated scale with
    definite upper and lower limits, which
    is designed to permit and facilitate its
    comparison with other population
    classified by the same criteria and
    methods.
    (is a means of converting a clinical
    diagnosis into a comparable
    statistics).
    Properties of an ideal index

    1.Clarity:The examiner should be able to carry


    out the index rules in his mind.,
    Simplicity: The index should be easily to
    apply, so there is no undue time lost during
    examination.
    and objectivity: The index criteria should be
    clear and unambiguous,
    2.Validity: The index should be measure what it
    is intended to measure.it should accurately
    reflect the extent or degree to which the
    condition or disease is present, ex. number of
    missing teeth in adults is not a valid measure
    of caries activity.
    3.Reliability: The index should measure
    consistently at different times and under a variety
    of conditions, if a researcher examined the same
    patient with the same condition multiple time,
    each times the score or result would be the same.
    4.Quantifiability: The index should be amenable
    to statistical analysis. So that the status of a group
    can be expressed by a number that corresponds to
    a relative position on a scale from zero to the
    upper limit.
    5.Sensitivity: The index should be able to detect
    reasonably small shifts, in either direction in the
    group condition.
    6.Acceptability: The use of the index should not
    be painful or demeaning to the subject.
    Uses of dental indices:
    1. To provide data for epidemiological studies.
    2. To study and compare oral health status of
    individuals and population.
    3. To study prevalence, incidence, and
    severity of disease.
    4. To find out etiological and predisposing
    factors for the diseases.
    5. For planning of oral health policy.
    6. To evaluate the success and effectiveness
    of preventive programs.
    TYPE OF INDICES
    1 )Based upon the direction in which
    their scores can fluctuate, Indices
    are classified as either reversible or
    irreversible.
    A ) REVERSIBLE
    Index that measures conditions that
    can be changed. Reversible index
    scores can increase or decrease on
    subsequent examinations. eg:
    Indices that measure periodontal
    conditions (gingival index) GI.
    B ) IRREVERSIBLE
    Index that measures conditions that
    will not change. Irreversible index
    scores, once established cannot
    decrease in value on subsequent
    examinations.
    eg. An index that measures dental
    caries DMF
    2 ) Depending upon the extent to
    which areas of oral cavity are
    measured.
    Indices are classified into ‘Full mouth’
    or ‘simplified’
    A ) FULL MOUTH
    These indices measure the patient’s
    entire periodontium or dentition.
    eg: Russel’s Periodontal index
    B ) SIMPLIFIED INDEX
    These indices measure only a
    representative sample of the
    dental apparatus.
    e.g: Oral Hygiene Index- Simplified
    (OHI-S)
    3)Indices may be classified in certain
    general categories according to the
    entity which they measure like:
    a) Disease index: The D (decay) portion of
    the DMF index best exempl of a disease
    index.
    b) Symptom index: The indices measuring
    gingival/ sulcular bleeding are
    essentially symptom indices
    c) Treatment index:
    The F(filled) portion of the DMF index best
    exemplifies a treatment index.
    4) Dental indices can also be
    classified under special categories
    as:
    A) SIMPLE INDEX
    Index that measures the presence or
    absence of a condition.
    e.g: An index that measures the
    presence of dental plaque without
    an evaluation of its effect on
    gingiva.
    B) CUMULATIVE INDEX
    Index that measures all the evidence
    of a condition, past and present.
    e.g: DMF index for dental caries
    periodontal indices
    1) Plaque Index (PI) …
    which was introduced by Silness and Loe in 1964
    -Used together with GI, and should be preceded the
    gingival examination.
    -Used on all teeth (28, so wisdom teeth are excluded)
    or selected teeth (6) .
    -No substitution for any missing tooth.
    -Used on all surfaces,( distal, facial or buccal, mesial
    and lingual), Or selected surfaces(M, B, L).
    -This index measures the thickness of plaque at the
    cervical margin of the tooth (on the gingival one
    third).
    -The six index teeth are:

    6 2 4

    4 2 6

    E B D
    D B E
    • Each tooth is dried and examined
    visually using a mirror, an explorer
    and adequate light. The explorer is
    passed over the cervical third to test
    for the presence of plaque.
    • Each of the four surfaces of the teeth
    is given a score from ( 0 to 3)
    • The scores from the four surfaces of
    the tooth are added and divided by
    four in order to give the plaque index
    for tooth with the following criteria
    Score Criteria
    0 No plaque
    1 A film of plaque adhering to the free
    gingival margin and adjacent area of the
    tooth, which can not be seen with the
    naked eye. But only by using disclosing
    solution or by using probe.
    2 Moderate accumulation of soft deposits
    within the gingival pocket, or the tooth
    surfaces and gingival margin and, which
    can be seen with the naked eye.
    3 Abundance of soft matter within the gingival
    pocket and/or on the tooth and gingival
    margin.
    Calculation:
    1- Individual:
    Total scores
    PI =
    No. of surfaces examined
    2- Population:
    Total scores
    PII =
    No. of subjects examined
    Interpretation of PI scores
    Four rating may be assigned: •
    0 = Excellent oral hygiene
    0.1- 0.9 = Good oral hygiene
    1- 1.9 = Fair oral hygiene
    2-3 = poor oral hygien

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