SANDARAH KYLAH M.

DUMAM-AG HE 1A
UNDERSTANDING THE SELF

Category Subcategory Information

Philosophical Self Socrates - Urged examination of life
for self-improvement
- Believed in existence of
soul before body
- Used dialectic method for
knowledge acquisition
Plato - Proposed dichotomy
between ideal world and
material world
- Saw soul as unchanging,
while body as constantly
changing
- Emphasized
contemplation to free soul
from body
Augustine - Influenced by Plato,
emphasized love and
God's role
- Saw God as ultimate
expression of Love
- Stressed moral law and
pursuit of happiness in
God
Descartes - Coined famous phrase "I
think, therefore I am"
- Believed in dualism of
mind and body
- Advocated for
collaboration of empiricism
and rationalism
John Locke - Developed memory
theory of self
- Believed in tabula rasa,
the mind as a blank slate
at birth
- Schemas organize self-
concept based on
experiences
David Hume - Empiricist, emphasized
senses as source of
knowledge
- Divided mind into
impressions and ideas
- Challenged notion of
unchanging self
Immanuel Kant - Argued for universal truth
through reason
- Believed in free will and
inherent dignity of human
being
- Rejected Hume's idea of
no self, emphasized
reason's role
Sigmund Freud - Developed tripartite
division of mind (id, ego,
superego)
- Emphasized role of
unconscious mind-
 Explored impact of sex and
aggression on behavior
Gilbert Ryle - Argued against dualism
of mind and body
- Saw mind as aspect of
behavior, not distinct entity
Paul Churchland - Advocated eliminative
materialism
- Believed brain is the
basis of self and mind
- Suggested self is a
product of brain activity

Maurice Merleau-Ponty - Proposed existential

philosophy of self
- Defined self as product of
conscious human
experience
- Emphasized perception
and interpretation of
experiences
Sociological Self Feral Children - Highlighted importance of
social experience in
personality development
- Showed damage of
isolation in infancy
Social Construction of Self - Self-concept shaped by
social interactions
- Looking glass self theory
by Cooley
- Mead's theory of self
development through
social interaction
Charles Horton Cooley's - Self-image formed based
Looking Glass Self Theory on others' perception
- Three phases: imagining
appearance, imagining
judgment, emotional
reaction
George Herbert Mead's - Self develops through
Theory of Social interaction with others
Behaviorism - Two parts of self: "I" and
"Me"
- Self-concept developed
in childhood stages:
preparatory, play, game
Erving Goffman's - Compared people's
Dramaturgical Analysis behavior to actors on stage
- Frontstage vs. backstage
behavior
- Emphasized role-playing
and impression
management
Anthropological Self Culture - Defined as system of
human behavior and
thought
- Includes material,
cognitive, and normative
components
- Influences self-concept
and behavior
Cultural Influences on the - Material component
Self includes tangible
inheritance
- Cognitive component
includes beliefs and
knowledge
- Normative component
includes social norms
Mechanisms of Cultural - Cultural change due to
Change various factors
- Culture shapes individual
behavior and thought
- Ethnocentrism,
xenocentrism, assimilation,
acculturation, and
amalgamation