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    5 views22 pages

    Unit 3 Linear and Angular Measurements

    Uploaded by

    bhuyanuttam7

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    LINEAR AND ANGULAR

    MEASUREMENTS

    UNIT 3
     Vernier Calipers:

     The vernier, dial, and digital calipers give a direct reading


    of the distance measured to high accuracy.
    Parts of a vernier caliper:
    1. Outside jaws: used to measure external diameter or
    width of an object.
    2. Inside jaws: used to measure internal diameter of an
    object.
    3. Depth probe: used to measure depths of an object or a
    hole.
    4. Main scale: scale marked every mm.
    5. Main scale: scale marked in inches and fractions.
    6. Vernier scale: gives interpolated measurements to
    0.1 mm or better.
    7. Vernier scale: gives interpolated measurements in
    fractions of an inch.
    8. Retainer: used to block movable part to allow the easy
    transferring of a measurement.
     Least Count of Vernier Calliper:
     Micrometer:
     It is one of the most accurate mechanical devices in
    common use.
     Micrometer works on the principle of screw and nut. We
    know that when a screw is turned through a nut through
    one revolution, it advances by one pitch distance i.e. one
    revolution of the screw corresponds to linear movement
    of a distance equal to pitch of the thread.
     U-shaped steel frame: The outside micrometer has U or
    C shaped frame. It holds all the parts of micrometer
    together . The frame is generally made of steel, cast steel,
    malleable C. I. of light alloy. It is desirable that the frame
    of Micrometer be provided with conveniently placed finger
    grips.

     Anvil and Spindle: The Micrometer has fixed anvil


    protruding 3 mm fro the left hand side of the frame. The
    diameter of the anvil is the same as that of the spindle.
    Another movable anvil is provided on the front of the
    spindle. The anvil are accurately ground and lapped. The
    spindle engages with the nut.
     Lock nut: A lock nut is provided on the micrometer
    spindle. It is used to lock the spindle when the
    micrometer is at its correct reading.

     Sleeve or Barrel: The sleeve is accurately divided and


    clearly marks in 0.5 mm division along its length, which
    serves as main scale. It is chrome platted and adjustable
    for zero setting.

     Thimble: Thimble can be moved over the barrel. It has


    50 equal division around its circumference. Each division
    having a value of 0.01mm.

     Ratchet: The ratchet is provided at the end of thimble.


    It is used for accurate measurement.
     Vernier height gauge:

     This is also a sort of vernier caliper equipped with a


    special base block & other attachments which makes the
    instruments suitable for height measurements.

     Along with the sliding jaw assembly, arrangement is


    provided to carry a removable clamp.

     The vernier height gauge is mainly used in the


    inspection of parts and layout work. This can also be
    used as scribing instrument.
     Vernier Depth Gage:
     Measures depths of holes, slots and recesses.
     Vernier height gauge:
    SLIP GAUGES
     Slip gauges: also known as Gauge blocks or Johannson
    gauges are cuboidal-shaped blocks of high-grade steel
    with a high finish. They are used mainly used as
    measuring standards in the engineering field.

     Wringing: The two slip gauges in precision


    measurement are joined by the process
    called “wringing”.
    SLIP GAUGES
     Step 1: This is accomplished by pressing the faces into
    contact keeping them perpendicular such that it appears
    as a cross from the top.
     Step 2: And then imparting a small twisting motion
    whilst maintaining the contact pressure. The contact
    pressure is just sufficient in order to hold the two slip
    gauges in contact and no additional intentional
    pressure.
     Step 3: It is found that the phenomenon of
    wringing occurs due to molecular adhesion between
    a liquid film (whose thickness may be between 6 to 7 x
    10^-6 mm) and the mating surfaces.

     The accuracy of micrometers, vernier calipers, dial


    indicators can be checked by a slip gauge
     Grades or classes of slip gauges:
     There are five grades or classes of slip gauges:

     1. Grade 2: This is the workshop grade. Typical uses


    include setting up machine tools, positioning milling
    cutters, and checking mechanical widths.

     2. Grade 1: Used for more precise work, such as that


    carried out in a good-class toolroom. Typical uses include
    setting up sine bars and sine tables, checking gap
    gauges, and setting dial test indicators to zero.

     3. Grade 0: This grade is used in a confined toolroom or


    for machine shop inspection. This means that it is the
    Inspection Department only who has access to this grade
    of slips.
     4. Grade 00: Grade 00 also known as inspection
    grade is kept in the Standard Room and for work of the
    highest precision only.

     5. Calibration grade: This is a special grade, with


    the actual sizes of the slips stated or calibrated on a
    special chart supplied with the set.
    LIMIT GAUGES
     “Limit gauging is a method of checking dimensions in
    which a fixed gauge is applied to the work in order to
    determine whether a given component lies within its
    limits.”

     Gauges are inspection tools of rigid design, without a


    scale, which used to check the dimensions of
    manufactured components.

     Gauges do not indicate the actual value of the


    dimensions of the component. They are only used to
    check whether the inspected part has been made within
    the specified limits.
     Thus, a limit gauge, unlike a conventional measuring
    tool, simply determines whether, the part is inside or
    outside the tolerance zone.
     The gauge neither measures a value of dimensions, nor
    shows the value of error evolved in the component. It
    simply checks that part is correct or not.
     Advantages of Limit Gauges:
     Quicker Inspection Method: It is quicker than direct
    measurement. The time to inspect on shop-floor is minimized.

     Used In-Mass Production: Limit gauges are conveniently


    used in mass production for checking and controlling various
    dimensions.

     Ensure Interchangeability: A Limit gauge ensures


    interchangeability and hence components can be assembled
    without difficulty.

     Need Semiskilled Operator: Limit gauges can easily be


    used by semi-skilled operators.

     Check both Linear and Geometric Features: A proper


    designed limits gauge can check both linear and geometric
    features simultaneously.

     Economical: Limit gauges are economical in their own cost


    as well as in inspection cost.
     Disadvantages of Limit Gauges:

     Do not Indicate Exact Size: Limit gauges do not


    indicate exact size of the component. They only indicated
    whether the component is within the tolerance zone or
    not.

     Errors due to Wear: Limit gauges are subjected to


    errors due to wear of gauges during use.

     Difficulty in Checking of Finer Tolerance: It is


    generally uneconomical to manufacture a limit gauge
    with 0-0.0013 mm tolerance, to check the work tolerance
    of about 0.013mm. Such fine limit gauges are also
    difficult to use in shop-floor, due to wear.
    OPTICAL FLAT
     Optical flats can be described as an optical grade glass,
    which is polished and made extremely flat on both surfaces.
    They are used for determining the flatness of various optical
    surfaces. Optical flats determine the flatness of surfaces by
    interference.

     Working Principle: Interference is the principle behind the


    working of optical flats. An optical flat is placed on a surface,
    in order to measure its flatness, before a monochromatic light
    is made to pass through the area of contact.

     In cases where the test surface is perfectly flat, there will be


    no gap between the two surfaces. In cases where the test
    surface is not flat, interference fringes will be formed, and will
    be visible in the form of dark and light bands.
     Construction: Most optical flats are made out of
    quartz. Some are made out of glass. Optical flats made
    of quarts are often coated on one side, to give higher
    reflectivity. Optical flats are in the shape of discs,
    having parallel surfaces.

     Applications:
     Calibration of flatness of various optical surfaces

     Inspection of gauge blocks

     Testing of filters, mirrors, and prisms

     Spectrophotometry (is a method to measure how much a chemical


    substance absorbs light by measuring the intensity of light as a beam of
    light passes through sample solution).
    Optical Flat

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