The Palgrave Handbook of

Globalization and Sport Joseph

Maguire
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The Palgrave Handbook of
Globalization and Sport
Edited by
Joseph Maguire · Katie Liston · Mark Falcous
The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization and Sport
Joseph Maguire · Katie Liston · Mark Falcous
Editors

The Palgrave
Handbook
of Globalization
and Sport
Editors
Joseph Maguire Katie Liston
Loughborough University Ulster University
Loughborough, UK Jordanstown, Northern Ireland

Mark Falcous
University of Otago
Dunedin, New Zealand

ISBN 978-1-137-56853-3 ISBN 978-1-137-56854-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56854-0

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To all academics (affiliated and independent) who are coping with the challenges
of globalization accentuated by COVID-19 and those who continue to stand for
equity and justice in relation to global sport, given the current political juncture.
 Acknowledgments

With our grateful thanks to Poppy Hull and to the contributors to this
Handbook.

vii
 Contents

Part I Introduction
1 Introduction: Mapping the Global Sports Sphere 3
Joseph Maguire, Katie Liston, and Mark Falcous

Part II Global Sport: Perspectives and Insights

2 Globalization and Sport: Reflections and Projections 21
Alan Tomlinson
3 “Weaponizing” the Commodity Chain: Sport
Anthropology and Globalization 41
Alan Klein
4 Getting to the Uber-Sport Assemblage 59
David L. Andrews
5 Sport, Globalization, and the Modern World: Zones
of Prestige and Established–Outsider Relations 83
Joseph Maguire
6 The Challenges of Sport and Globalization 111
David Rowe
7 Globalization or Coloniality? Delinking from the Roving
Colonialism of Sport Mega-Events 133
Heather Sykes

ix
x Contents

8 China, Sport, and Globalization 157

Susan Brownell
9 Globalization, Ideology, and Sport 181
Michael D. Giardina, Tarlan Chahardovali,
and Joshua I. Newman
10 Globalization, Sport and Gender Relations 205
Katie Liston and Joseph Maguire
11 Transnational Perspectives On Sport, Globalization
and Migration 229
Sine Agergaard

Part III Global Sport: Flows and Contested Terrain

12 Globalisation and the Economics of Sport Business 249
Hans Westerbeek
13 Economic Globalization of the Sports Industry 271
Wladimir Andreff
14 Financial Fair Play: Problematization in Men’s
Professional Football 297
Stephen Morrow
15 Global Mediasport: Contexts, Texts, Effects 323
Mark Falcous
16 Greening and Cleaning World Football: The
Environment, Clientelism, and Media Failure 341
Toby Miller
17 Mediating Contested Narratives of the Globalization
of Sport: The Case of Surfing 363
Douglas Booth
18 Gianni Infantino and Using ‘The Power of Football’
to Make a Troubled Globalized World ‘A More Peaceful
Place’ 385
Peter J. Beck
19 Origin and Global Spread of the German Form
of Physical Culture: Gymnastics and Turnen 407
Annette R. Hofmann and Michael Krüger
 Contents xi

20 Diasporas in Sport: Networks, Nostalgia, and the Nuances

of Dwelling 433
Janelle Joseph
21 Militarized Civic Ritual: Pentagon, Police, and US
Professional Football 457
Kimberly S. Schimmel

Part IV Global Sport: Development and Governance

22 Globalized Sport and Development
from a Commonwealth Perspective 479
Cora Burnett
23 Voices from the South: Emerging Sport and Development
Trends on the Global Policy Agenda 503
Marion Keim and Christo De Coning
24 Leveling the Playing Field: Investing in Grassroots Sports
as the Best Bet for Sustainable Development 529
Ben Sanders and Jay Coakley
25 The Role of Sport in Refugee Settlement: Definitions,
Knowledge Gaps, and Future Directions 557
Ramón Spaaij, Jora Broerse, Sarah Oxford, and Carla Luguetti
26 The Paradox of Sport for Development: Evangelism
and a Call for Evidence 575
Fred Coalter
27 Revisiting Sport-for-Development Through Rights,
Capabilities, and Global Citizenship 603
Simon C. Darnell, Tavis Smith, and Catherine Houston
28 Sport Governance, Democracy and Globalization 627
Lucie Thibault
29 Ethical Governance and the Olympic Movement 649
Bruce Kidd
30 Sport, Globalization, and Democracy 673
Grant Jarvie

Index 693
 Notes on Contributors

Sine Agergaard holds a doctoral degree in social anthropology from 2004

and has been employed at sport science departments since. In 2018 she took
up a position as a Professor at Aalborg University, where she is now head of
the humanistic and social sport science group. Her research has focused on
the diverse role sports and physical activity play in the lives of various groups
of migrants and their descendants. Agergaard is a co-founder and currently
head of the International Network for Research in Sport and Migration Issues
(spomi-net).
Wladimir Andreff is an Emeritus Professor at the University Paris 1
Panthéon-Sorbonne, President of the Scientific Council at the Observatory
of the Sports Economy, French Ministry for Sports. He held the 2019
Chelladurai Award of the European Association of Sport Management, was
Honorary President and former President (2002–2005) of the International
Association of Sport Economists, Honorary President of the European Sports
Economics Association, former President of the French Economic Association
(2007–2008) and Honorary Member, and former President of the European
Association for Comparative Economic Studies (1997–1998). His research and
teaching areas are: sports economics, economics of (post-communist) tran-
sition, international economics. Andreff sits on 9 scientific journal editorial
boards and serves as a peer-reviewer with 32 scientific journals. He is the
author of 17 books, 440 scientific articles (of which 78 peer-reviewed), and
editor of 17 books, published or translated in 18 languages. His last book

xiii
xiv Notes on Contributors

is An Economic Roadmap to the Dark Side of Sport (3 volumes), Palgrave

Macmillan 2019.
David L. Andrews is a Professor of Physical Cultural Studies in the Depart-
ment of Kinesiology at the University of Maryland, College Park. His research
contextualizes sport and physical culture in relation to the intersecting
cultural, political, economic, and technological forces shaping contemporary
society. His latest books include Making Sport Great Again?: The Uber-Sport
Assemblage, Neoliberalism, and the Trump Conjuncture (2019); The Routledge
Handbook of Physical Cultural Studies (edited with Michael Silk and Holly
Thorpe: 2017); and, Sport, Physical Culture, and the Moving Body (edited with
Joshua I. Newman, and Holly Thorpe: 2020).
Peter J. Beck has a Ph.D. from the London School of Economics and is an
Emeritus Professor of International History at Kingston University, Kingston
upon Thames. The author of Scoring for Britain: International Football and
International Politics 1900–1939 (1999); he has published articles on the
politics and diplomacy of sport in International Affairs, Contemporary British
History, and Historische Sozialforschung as well as in the Journal of Sport
History, Sport in History, and The International Journal of the History of Sport.
His books include The War of the Worlds: From H. G. Wells to Orson Welles,
Jeff Wayne, Steven Spielberg and Beyond (2016) and Presenting History: Past
and Present (2012). Currently, he is writing a sequel to Scoring for Britain
entitled ‘Good Kicking’ was ‘Good Politics’ and ‘Good Diplomacy’ for Britain:
International Football and International Politics, 1939–1958.
Douglas Booth is a Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Adventure, Culi-
nary Arts and Tourism at Thompson Rivers University (Canada). He was
previously Dean of the School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise
Sciences at the University of Otago (New Zealand). He is the author of The
Race Game (1998), Australian Beach Cultures (2001), and The Field (2005).
Douglas currently serves on the editorial boards of Rethinking History and the
Journal of Sport History and is an Executive Member of the Australian Society
for Sport History.
Jora Broerse is a Ph.D. candidate and Sessional Teacher in the Institute
for Health and Sport at Victoria University. In 2017, she completed the
Research Master Social Sciences at the University of Amsterdam, The Nether-
lands. Her research is concerned with lived multiculturalism, migrant inte-
gration, and space making practices in the context of sport in super-diverse
neighborhoods.
 Notes on Contributors xv

Susan Brownell is a Professor of Anthropology at the University of

Missouri-St. Louis. She is the author of Training the Body for China: Sports
in the Moral Order of the People’s Republic (1995) and Beijing’s Games: What
the Olympics Mean to China (2008), and co-author (with Niko Besnier and
Thomas F. Carter) of The Anthropology of Sport: Bodies, Borders, Biopolitics
(2017). She edited The 1904 Anthropology Days and Olympic Games: Sport,
Race, and American Imperialism (2008). With Richard Giulianotti, she co-
edited a special issue of the British Journal of Sociology on ‘Olympic and World
Sport: Making Transnational Society?’ (2012).
Cora Burnett is a Research Professor in the Faculty of Health Sciences,
Department of Sport and Movement Studies at the University of Johan-
nesburg. She is currently the Director of the UJ Olympic Studies Centre
and has done extensive research for international agencies, including the
Australian Sports Commission and the German Development Corporation.
In collaboration with another colleague and the Development Committee
of the Commonwealth Games Federation, she did extensive research at the
2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games. Since 2006, she engaged and led
five national research projects for the Ministry of Sport, Arts and Culture
(previously Sport and Recreation South Africa), Department of Basic Educa-
tion in partnership with UNICEF South Africa. She has published 124
peer-reviewed journal articles and 63 chapters in books, including acting
as co-author with Jay Coakley on Sport in Society: Issues and Controver-
sies in Southern Africa (2014). Main research interests include sport-for-
development/sport development impact assessments and knowledge produc-
tion, gender studies, and strategic research in the Corporate Social Invest-
ment (CSI) domain relating to mainly educational, health, and sport-related
(development) projects.
Tarlan Chahardovali is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Sport
Management at Florida State University. She has published her research in
scholarly journals including Sport Management Review, Sport in Society, and
Michigan State International Law Review. Her dissertation examines women’s
labor in the production and promotion of the U.S. soccer market.
Jay Coakley is a Professor Emeritus of sociology at the University of
Colorado at Colorado Springs, has for nearly five decades done research on
connections between sports, culture, and society with much attention given
to the play, games, and sport participation of young people. Coakley is an
internationally respected scholar, author, and journal editor and has received
many professional awards. His book, Sports in Society: Issues and Controver-
sies (13th edition, 2020), along with adaptations and translations, is used in
xvi Notes on Contributors

universities worldwide. He continues his work to insure that sport partici-

pation is a source of enjoyment and development for young people, and to
make sports more democratic and humane for people of all ages.
Fred Coalter is a Visiting Professor of Sports Policy at the Free University
of Brussels (VUB) and Leeds Beckett University. His research interests relate
to sport-for-development policy and practice and monitoring and evaluation.
Fred has worked on M&E with sport for development organizations in the
UK, seven sub-Saharan African countries, India and Brazil, and was Chair of
the board of the Nairobi-based Mathare Youth Sports Association’s Leadership
Academy. Publications include A Wider Social Role for Sport: Who’s Keeping the
Score? (2007) and Sport for Development: What Game Are We Playing? (2013).
Simon C. Darnell is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Kinesiology and
Physical Education at the University of Toronto. His research focuses on the
relationship between sport, international development, and peacebuilding,
the development implications of sports mega-events, and the place of social
activism in the culture of sport.
Christo De Coning specializes in Public and Development Management
and focuses on Public Policy, Governance as well as Policy Evaluation,
including Results-based Monitoring and Evaluation. He is a Professor
Extraordinaire at the School of Public Leadership, University of Stellenbosch
(January 2018 to December 2020) and the School of Government, UWC
(September 2018 to August 2021). He is the Managing Director of the Insti-
tute for Sport and Development (specializing in M&E of sport initiatives)
who has recently completed evaluation studies for the Commonwealth Secre-
tariat, the IOC, UNESCO, and the IPC. He is a founding member of the
Foundation for Sport, Development and Peace.
Mark Falcous is an Associate Professor in the Sociology of Sport at the
University of Otago, New Zealand. His research focuses on intersections of
sport, globalization, national identity, and media. His work has appeared in
Sociology of Sport Journal , Continuum: Journal of Media and Cultural Studies,
International Review for the Sociology of Sport, Studies in Ethnicity and Nation-
alism, Journal of Sport and Social Issue, Media and Cultural Politics and Sites.
He co-edited (with Joseph Maguire) Sport and Migration: Borders, Boundaries
and Crossings (2011) and The Business and Culture of Sport (2019) with Joseph
Maguire and Katie Liston.
Michael D. Giardina is a Professor of Physical Culture and Qualitative
Inquiry in the Department of Sport Management, College of Education, at
Florida State University. He is the author or editor of more than 20 books,
 Notes on Contributors xvii

including Sport, Spectacle, and NASCAR Nation: Consumption and the

Cultural Politics of Neoliberalism (with Joshua Newman; Palgrave, 2011) and
the forthcoming SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 6th Edition (with
Norman K. Denzin, Yvonna S. Lincoln, and Gaile S. Cannella). He is the
Co-editor of Qualitative Inquiry, Co-editor of Cultural Studies Critical
Methodologies, Co-editor of International Review of Qualitative Research, and
co-editor of three book series on qualitative research for Routledge.
Annette R. Hofmann is a Professor for Sports Studies at the Ludwigsburg
University of Education in Germany, President of the International Society
for the History Physical Education and Sport (ISHPES), and Vice President
of the German Gymnastic Federation (Deutsche Turner-Bund, DTB). She is
former Academic Editor Europe of The International Journal for the History of
Sport and former Review Editor of the Journal of Sport History. Main fields
of research: influence of German immigrants on American sports, ski history,
history of women and sport, the diseased female body, sexualized violence in
physical education. Her new area of research is eSport and physical education.
Catherine Houston is a Ph.D. candidate in the Faculty of Kinesiology and
Physical Education at the University of Toronto. Her research focuses on
sport for development and peace, international relations and the emergence
of international sporting organizations within international development and
humanitarian intervention.
Grant Jarvie is Chair of Sport and Director of the Academy of Sport at
the University of Edinburgh. Grant is also associated with the University of
Toronto. A former University acting Principal and Vice-Principal Grant is also
a Director with Hibernian Women’s Football Club and advisor to the Scottish
Football Association. He has held ministerial portfolios for sport and higher
education and recently authored the Scottish Government’s Review of the
Scottish Sporting Landscape which was named after him. He is responsible
for the University of Edinburgh’s partnership with FC Barcelona.
Janelle Joseph is an award-winning Assistant Professor in Critical Race
Studies in the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education. She is Founder
and Director of the Indigeneity, Diaspora, Equity, and Anti-racism in Sport
(IDEAS) Lab and author of the text Sport in the Black Atlantic: Cricket Canada
and the Caribbean Diaspora. Dr. Joseph’s current research focuses on leader-
ship and learning in Black athletics, martial arts, dance, and fitness in Canada,
the US, and the Caribbean.
xviii Notes on Contributors

Marion Keim is a Professor of Sport, Development and Peace at the Univer-

sity of the Western Cape, South Africa. She is the Chairperson of the Foun-
dation for Sport, Development and Peace and an Advocate of the High
Court. She is a networker and mentor at heart and has coordinated numerous
national and international sport and development and peace projects. She
is the President of the SA Pierre de Coubertin Committee and serves as
an advisor for the Ministry of Sport South Africa. Marion is appointed
to numerous international sport development and education and peace
committees and commissions such as South African Olympic and Paralympic
Committee, IOC, Sportandev, IPRA/AFPREA, Women for Peace as well
as editorial and research boards and she enjoys lecturing facilitating and
mentoring internationally.
Bruce Kidd is a Professor of Kinesiology and Physical Education at the
University of Toronto. He has been involved in the Olympic Movement all his
life. He competed in the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, has conducted research on
many games, led the Olympic Academy of Canada between 1983 and 1993,
and served on the bid committees for Toronto’s 1996 and 2008 Olympic bids.
He is an honorary member of the Canadian Olympic Committee.
Alan Klein has been a key anthropological ally to the sports studies field for
over forty years. Using various sports as a portal, he has looked at masculinity
among California bodybuilders, nationalism on the US-Mexican border, the
contested socio-political terrain of Dominican-US relations, efforts to glob-
alize Major League Baseball, and the ways that native peoples have used
basketball to tend to their social needs. Author of seven books and dozens
of articles and chapters, Klein has been in the Sociology-Anthropology
Department at Northeastern University in Boston since 1979.
Michael Krüger is a Full Professor at the Faculty of Sport Science of the
University of Münster/Germany, Head of the Department of Physical Educa-
tion and Sport History of the Institute of Sport Science at the Univer-
sity of Münster/Germany. The main field of research is the German turner
movement in the context of nation building.
Katie Liston is a Senior Lecturer in the social sciences of sport at Ulster
University (Northern Ireland) since 2008. She completed her Ph.D. in soci-
ology (on women’s sports in Ireland) at University College Dublin and
then worked at the University of Chester, where she also co-directed the
Chester Centre for Research into the Social Sciences of Sport, prior to joining
Ulster. She has published on a wide range of foundational sociological topics,
including figurational sociology and feminisms, as well as varied dimensions
 Notes on Contributors xix

of identity (e.g., gender, pain and injury, concussion, and national identity).
She is a recognized communicator and champion of the social sciences of
sport in Ireland and the UK and a regular contributor to various media
outlets. Her work includes a number of edited books and journal special
issues, book chapters, and peer-reviewed articles. Recently, she co-edited The
Business and Culture of Sport (4 volumes) with Joseph Maguire and Mark
Falcous (2019) and she is co-author of a forthcoming research monograph
on Anglo-Irish relations, sport, identity, and diplomacy with Maguire. Liston
is also a former elite sportsperson, holding national and international honors
in a number of sports.
Carla Luguetti, Ph.D. is a Lecturer in the Institute for Health and Sport
at Victoria University and an expert in sport pedagogy and social justice.
Over the past seven years, her work has focused on understanding and imple-
menting activist approaches within sport and physical education contexts, in
collaboration with researchers and practitioners from all over the globe. Her
research aims to co-create pedagogical models for working with youth from
socially vulnerable backgrounds in sport. Her work uses sport as a vehicle for
assisting youth to become critically aware of their communities’ social issues.
Joseph Maguire completed his Ph.D. in Sociology at the University of
Leicester and is Emeritus Professor at Loughborough University, UK. He is
a two-term former President of the International Sociology of Sport Associ-
ation. He was an executive board member of the International Council for
Sports Science and Physical Education and Velux Visiting Professor at the
University of Copenhagen and a Visiting Professor at the University of the
Western Cape. Professor Maguire has received a number of major accolades
including Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences for his contribution to
sociology and the social sciences of sport and received The International Soci-
ology of Sport Association ISSA Honorary Member’s Award and The North
American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS) The Distinguished
Service Award. His recent publications include: Reflections on Process Sociology
and Sport: ‘Walking the Line,’ Handbook for the Social Sciences of Sport (in
press); and, most recently (with Liston, K. & Falcous, M.). The Business and
Culture of Sport (2019).
Toby Miller is Stuart Hall Professor of Cultural Studies, Universidad
Autónoma Metropolitana—Cuajimalpa, Research Professor of the Graduate
Division, University of California, Riverside, and Sir Walter Murdoch Distin-
guished Collaborator, Murdoch University. The author and editor of fifty
books, his work has been translated into Spanish, Chinese, Portuguese,
Japanese, Turkish, German, Italian, Farsi, French, Urdu, and Swedish. His
xx Notes on Contributors

most recent volumes are The Persistence of Violence (2020), How Green Is Your
Cell Phone? (co-authored, 2020), El trabajo Cultural (2018), Greenwashing
Culture (2018), Greenwashing Sport (2018), The Routledge Companion to
Global Cultural Policy (co-edited, 2018), Global Media Studies (co-authored,
2015), and The Routledge Companion to Global Popular Culture (edited,
2015). Violence is in press.
Stephen Morrow is Senior Lecturer in Sport Finance at the University of
Stirling and Programme Director on the MSc in Sport Management. His
research focuses on financial, accounting, and governance issues arising in
sport. He has written two single-authored books and two monographs on
the finances and governance of professional football and a number of journal
papers. For a number of years, he has led workshops on Management Training
for football managers as part of the Scottish FA/UEFA Pro Licence, and he
recently chaired an expert working group for the Scottish Government on
Supporter Involvement in Football Clubs.
Joshua I. Newman is a Professor of Sport, Culture, and Politics in the
Department of Sport Management at Florida State University (FSU). He
is the author of Embodying Dixie: Studies in the Body Pedagogics of Southern
Whiteness (2010), Sport, Spectacle, and NASCAR Nation: Consumption and the
Cultural Politics of Neoliberalism (with Michael Giardina: 2011), and editor of
Sport, Physical Culture, and the Moving Body: Materialisms, Technologies, Ecolo-
gies (with Holly Thorpe and David L. Andrews: 2020). He has served as Pres-
ident of the North American Society for the Sociology of Sport (NASSS), and
currently serves as Director of the Center for Sport, Culture, and Equitable
Development at FSU.
Sarah Oxford, Ph.D. is a sociologist at Monash University and an expert
on gender and inclusion in sport. Her work examines the intersections of
gender, sexuality, race, and class, with a particular focus on sport for devel-
opment. Her Ph.D. focused on young women’s participation in sport and its
effect on gender relations, with particular reference to processes of inclusion
and exclusion experienced by girls and women who have experienced internal
displacement and reside in low-income communities. Sarah Oxford has been
involved with numerous projects concerning sport, participation, and social
wellbeing.
David Rowe, FAHA, FASSA is Emeritus Professor of Cultural Research,
Institute for Culture and Society, Western Sydney University; Honorary
Professor, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Bath;
and Research Associate, Centre for International Studies and Diplomacy,
 Notes on Contributors xxi

SOAS University of London. His books include Sport, Culture and the Media
(2004, 2nd edition), Global Media Sport: Flows, Forms and Futures (2011);
Sport Beyond Television (co-authored, 2012); Sport, Public Broadcasting, and
Cultural Citizenship: Signal Lost? (co-edited, 2014), and Making Culture:
Commercialisation, Transnationalism, and the State of ‘Nationing’ in Contem-
porary Australia (co-edited, 2018). A frequent expert commentator in the
media, in 2018, Professor Rowe received the Australian Sociological Associa-
tion Distinguished Service to Sociology Award and was named Top Researcher
in the Field of Communication in The Australian’s 2019 Research Maga-
zine. In 2020 he received the International Communication Association’s
Sport Communication Interest Group Legacy Award for lifetime scholarly
achievement.
Ben Sanders is a specialist in sport for development and peace. He has
completed the first Ph.D. by publication in Sport for Development in Africa
and has published and presented widely. He has varied experience and exper-
tise in designing, delivering, managing, and evaluating sport for development
initiatives. This includes public sector experience as well as senior leader-
ship roles at a leading non-profit organization that uses soccer to address
adolescent health challenges. He now works as a specialist consultant in the
field, providing technical expertise to intergovernmental agencies, national
states, and local actors to develop policies and programs using sport for good.
He is also the lead educator for a massive open online course on sport for
development and peace.
Kimberly S. Schimmel (Kent State University) is a Professor of the Soci-
ology of Sport and the Director of the School of Foundations, Leadership and
Administration. Her scholarship is framed by political economic theory that
addresses issues associated with urban redevelopment and large-scale sporting
events in local-global context. Her recent research focuses on security and
anti-terrorism strategies related to those events. Professor Schimmel’s work
has been translated into five languages and she has given invited or refereed
presentations in 17 countries. She has served two terms (2008–2015) as
the Vice President of the International Sociology of Sport Association and
one (2012–2015) as the Associate Editor of the Sociology of Sport Journal .
Professor Schimmel is a recipient of Kent State University’s prestigious Distin-
guished Teaching Award and has also been honored as the University’s Scholar
of the Month.
Tavis Smith is a Ph.D. candidate in the Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical
Education at the University of Toronto. He has published in peer-reviewed
journals on the topics of sport management and the Capability Approach.
xxii Notes on Contributors

His research considers the intersections of sport, social relations, wellbeing,

and sustainability.
Ramón Spaaij is Professor at the Institute for Health and Sport at Victoria
University. He also holds a Professorial Chair in Sociology of Sport at the
University of Amsterdam. His recent books include The Palgrave Interna-
tional Handbook of Football and Politics (2018), The Age of Lone Wolf Terrorism
(2017), Routledge Handbook of Football Studies (2016), Mediated Football:
Representations and Audience Receptions of Race/Ethnicity, Nation and Gender
(2015), and Sport and Social Exclusion in Global Society (2014).
Heather Sykes works at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at
the University of Toronto in Canada. Their research interests focus on issues
of sexuality and settler colonialism in sport and physical education, through
the lenses of post-structural, queer, and feminist theories. Heather’s recent
book The Sexual and Gender Politics of Sport Mega-events: Roving Colonialism
examines sporting homonationalism and anti-colonial resistance, offering a
counter-narrative to the view that gay and lesbian inclusion in sport is simply
a matter of universal human rights. The book calls for LGBT social move-
ments in sport to move away from complicity with neoliberalism, nation-
alism, and colonial-racial logics, particularly Islamophobia, toward a decolo-
nial politics of solidarity. Heather’s first book, titled Queer Bodies: Sexualities,
Genders & Fatness in Physical Education, presents students’ narratives about
homophobia, transphobia, and fat phobia, and raises ethical questions about
how society constructs ideals about ‘healthy’ and ‘athletic’ bodies.
Lucie Thibault is Professor and Dean of the Faculty of Health Sciences at
the University of Ottawa, Canada. Lucie has taught organizational theory,
ethics in sport, globalization of sport, governance and policy, and social issues
in sport. She has previously held the role of editor of the Journal of Sport
Management. She is a member of the North American Society for Sport
Management (NASSM) and was named a NASSM research fellow in 2001.
In 2008, Lucie was awarded the Earle F. Zeigler Award from NASSM for her
scholarly and leadership contributions to the field. Her research interests lie in
cross-sectoral partnerships in sport organizations. She also investigates the role
of the Canadian government involvement in policy and in sport excellence
and sport participation. Her research has appeared in numerous scholarly
journals such as the Journal of Sport Management, Journal of Sport and Social
Issues, European Sport Management Quarterly, and International Journal for
Sport Policy and Politics. She is co-editor of Contemporary Sport Management
(2021) and Sport Policy in Canada (2013).
 Notes on Contributors xxiii

Alan Tomlinson is a Professor of Leisure Studies at the University of

Brighton, UK. He has published widely on cultural and historical sociology,
focusing upon analysis of the sports spectacle, the place of leisure and popular
culture in consumer culture, and the role of sport both within and across soci-
eties. He received his B.A. from the University of Kent (UK), and M.A. and
D.Phil. from the University of Sussex (UK) and has published more than
40 volumes, 80 book chapters, and 45 journal articles. His books include
Consumption, Identity and Style (1990); FIFA and the Contest for World Foot-
ball (with John Sugden, 1998); Sport and Leisure Cultures (2005); A Dictio-
nary of Sports Studies (2010); FIFA: The Men, the Myths and the Money (2014);
Sport and Peace-Building in Divided Societies (with John Sugden, 2017); and
Understanding International Sport Organisations (with Lincoln Allison, 2017).
Hans Westerbeek is a Professor of International Sport Business and he heads
up the Sport Business Insights Group at Victoria University in Melbourne,
Australia. He has Adjunct Professorial appointments in Brussels, Madrid, and
Beijing. Prior to his current responsibilities, he was the founding Director of
the Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) and the inaugural
Dean of the College of Sport and Exercise Science. As Pro-Vice-Chancellor,
Professor Westerbeek was responsible for leading the development of Victoria
University’s sport strategy. Professor Westerbeek has authored more than 25
books and in excess of 200 refereed and popular articles on sport manage-
ment, sport marketing, and sport business. As a business consultant, he has
worked for more than 60 sport organizations around the world and he has
delivered keynote speeches in more than 20 countries.
 Abbreviations

BLM Black Lives Matter

CABS Commonwealth Advisory Body on Sport
CG Commonwealth Games
CGF Commonwealth Games Federation
CONIFA Confederation of Independent Football Associations
Covid-19 Coronavirus Pandemic
CYG Commonwealth Youth Games
DR Dominican Republic
FIFA Fédération Internationale de Football Association
GANEFO Games of the New Emerging Forces
IOC International Olympic Committee
LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MLB Major League Baseball
NFL National Football League
PAR Participatory Action Research
QPE Quality Physical Education
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SDP Sport, Development and Peace
SfD Sport-for-Development
SfDP Sport-for-Development and Peace
SME Sports Mega-Events
UEFA Union of European Football Associations
UN United Nations
UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund
VAR Video Assisted Referees
YMCA Young Men’s Christian Association

xxv
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 The Dominican baseball commodity chain 46

Fig. 7.1 Schematic visualization of the colonial matrix of power
(Mignolo, 2011, 9) 137
Fig. 14.1 FFP aims 300

xxvii
 List of Tables

Table 11.1 Dimensions of super-diversity (reproduced from Agergaard,

2018a) 240
Table 12.1 The development of the sport (event) industry 254
Table 13.1 Global sports goods trade in overall (all goods) global trade* 274
Table 13.2 National sport satellite accounts published in European
countries 275
Table 13.3 Economic accounting of the sport domestic expenditure
and employment, France 2000–2014 (current e billion
and %, employment in thousands) 276
Table 13.4 The economic size of the sports industry and its dark side:
guesstimates (in billion euro) 277
Table 13.5 Globalization of mega-sporting events’ TV viewing: TV
rights revenues (millionUS$) 280
Table 13.6 Multinational sponsors in soccer English Premier League
and French Ligue 1 282
Table 13.7 Foreign ownership of English and French football clubs
(top two divisions) 286
Table 13.8 From SSSL to MCMMG model of professional football
finance 287
Table 21.1 Security activities related to NFL events, 2001–2016 464
Table 24.1 Ideal type descriptions of grassroots and performance sports 537
Table 24.2 Total expenses for the Olympic Games, 2008–2020 544

xxix
Part I
Introduction
 1
Introduction: Mapping the Global Sports
Sphere
Joseph Maguire, Katie Liston, and Mark Falcous

Writing this introduction to the Handbook of Sport and Globalization in the

shadow cast by the COVID-19 pandemic is a profound reminder of both
the global interconnectedness of daily lives, and the fragilities and vulner-
abilities of that interdependent world. Paradoxically, the disruption to what
had become the often-unquestioned ways that people (athletes, coaches, fans,
doctors, scientists), images, ideas, and money traverse the world as part of
the global sports system has reinforced awareness of the extent to which
sport is embedded within worldwide interdependencies. Furthermore, the
controversies and politicking surrounding the impacts, cancellations, and
reconfigurations of various competitions and events are a stark reminder of
the socially contested nature of the global sport sphere.
The concept of globalization refers to the growing network of interde-
pendencies—political, economic, cultural, and social—which bind human

J. Maguire (B)
Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
K. Liston
Ulster University, Newtownabbey, UK
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Falcous
University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 3

Limited 2021
J. Maguire et al. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Globalization and Sport,
https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56854-0_1
4 J. Maguire et al.

beings together, for better and for worse (Appadurai, 1990; Maguire, 2012;
McGrew, 1992). Globalization processes are not of recent origin, nor do
they occur evenly across all areas of the globe. These processes involve
an increasing intensification of global interconnectedness, are long term in
nature, and accelerated during the twentieth and into the twenty-first century
(Maguire, 1999, 2005). It is increasingly difficult to understand local or
national experiences without reference to these global flows. In fact, our living
conditions, beliefs, knowledge, and actions are intertwined with unfolding
globalization processes. These processes include the emergence of a global
economy, a transnational cosmopolitan culture, and a range of international
social movements. A multitude of transnational or global economic and
technological exchanges, communication networks, and migratory patterns
characterizes this interconnected world pattern. As part of early definitional
efforts, Giddens conceived globalization as “[the] intensification of social rela-
tions at the world level, linking distant locations such that local events are
structured by events occurring across the world” (1990, 341).
As a result of this interdependency, people experience spatial and temporal
dimensions differently. There is a ‘speeding up’ of time and a ‘shrinking’ of
space. Bauman (1998) noted that this time–space compression is implicated
in the “ongoing multifaceted transformation of the parameters of the human
condition” (p. 2). Hence, people become more attuned to the notion that
their lives and place of living are part of a single social space: the globe. Glob-
alization, however, is not necessarily linked to harmony or global integration.
Familiar structures and orientations under the ‘logic of globalization’, Robins
(1997, 12) argued, “are weakening, and we are increasingly exposed to new
and disorientating horizons of possibility” as “we come upon new experiences
and encounters, with the promise of new possibilities, but also the prospect
of new uncertainties and anxieties”.
Robins (1997) notes two important qualifications in this regard. First,
globalization does not supersede and displace everything that preceded it.
Alternatively, he argues that “globalization may be seen in terms of an
accumulation of cultural phenomena, where new global elements coexist
alongside existing and established local or national cultural forms” (1997, 19).
The consequence is a juxtaposition of old and new elements and a combina-
tion of continuity alongside change as characteristic of the global condition.
Second, the consequences of globalization are complex and diverse. Processes
of global change, Robins explains, “are multifarious and experienced differ-
entially by all those who confront them” (1997, 20). Globalization then,
may be uneven, unequal, and differential in its consequences in a variety of
 1 Introduction: Mapping the Global Sports Sphere 5

locales. These cautionary points assist the social scientist in attempting to

comprehend ‘what in the world is going on’?
Globalization processes, then, involve multi-directional movements of
people, practices, customs, and ideas underpinned by a series of power
balances always in flux. In different areas of social life, there is a constant
vying for dominant positions among established (core) and outsider (periph-
eral) groups and nation-states (Maguire, 1999, 2005). Given this growth
in the multiplicity of linkages and networks that transcend nation-states, it
is not surprising that we may be at the earliest stages of the development
of a ‘global culture’, of which sport is a part. This process entails a shift
from ethnic or national cultures to supranational forms based upon either
the culture of a superpower or of cosmopolitan communication and migrant
networks. In this connection, there is considerable debate as to whether the
global sport is leading to a form of homogenized body culture—specifi-
cally, along Western lines. There is some evidence to support this. Yet global
flows are simultaneously increasing the varieties of body cultures and iden-
tities available to people in local cultures, in other words, ‘glocalization’.
Global sport, then, may also be leading to a reduction in contrasts between
societies, but also to the emergence of new varieties of body cultures and
identities. In addition, the intensification of national identity, in the form of
populism, has also reinvigorated the long-standing connection between sport
and nationalism.
Though there is debate concerning the genesis of globalization processes,
for some it is clear that they gathered momentum between the fifteenth
and eighteenth centuries (Roudometof & Robertson, 1995). These processes
have continued apace since the turn of the nineteenth century. Several recent
features of these processes stand out: these include an increase in the number
of international agencies, the growth of global forms of communication,
the development of global competitions and prizes, and the development
of notions of rights and citizenship that are increasingly standardized inter-
nationally. The emergence and diffusion of sport in the nineteenth century
are clearly interwoven with this overall process. The development of national
and international sports organizations, the growth of competition between
national teams, the worldwide acceptance of rules governing specific Western
sport forms, and the establishment of global competitions such as the
Olympic Games and the men’s and women’s soccer World Cups, are all
indicative of the occurrence of the globalization of sport.
6 J. Maguire et al.

Conceptualizing Global Sport

While widely recognized to extend several centuries, recent and accelerating
worldwide interdependence gave rise to attempts to conceptualize ‘globaliza-
tion’ within the social sciences. This work accelerated during the 1970s and
1980s. Although frequently ignored by mainstream social scientists, sport
has often been identified as both constituent of and a facilitator of greater
global interdependence; both adding scope to global processes, and also
being shaped by the influences of globalization patterns. Key features of the
global sporting infrastructure include: the emergence of unified international
sports federations facilitating the spread of sport; the worldwide acceptance
of governing bodies; the establishment of global sporting events, such as
the Olympic Games, Football (soccer) World Cup and the proliferation of
annual World Championship titles; the rapid development and growth of
an international sports goods industry, the circulation of athletes, fans and
personnel, and the embrace of sport by global media, television, and internet
in particular (Maguire, 2016). Modern sport, then, is global.
Simultaneously, sport is also a potent symbol of local/national cultures
and identities and provides point of abrasion with global interconnectedness.
Indeed, despite a worldwide ‘reach’ and organizational infrastructure, the
spread of sport is not synonymous with processes of homogenization at the
cultural level. Alternatively, myriad historical antecedents, local distinctions,
and cultural ties constitute important factors in global sport. The capacity
of sport to reinforce and symbolize local cultural distinctiveness led Rowe
(2003) to argue that while sport is often viewed as an exemplar of globaliza-
tion, it also needs to be understood simultaneously as a site of resistance to,
or even an amelioration of, globalizing forces. Hence, careful consideration of
historically formed local characteristics and contexts is essential for a compre-
hension of global sport. The prominent role of games and leisure forms in
the expression of cultural distinctiveness and identity has meant that sport is
highly visible in the transformation of local cultures in the context of global-
ization (Giulianotti & Robertson, 2009). Highlighting the potential for the
examination of sports to shed light on this debate, Tomlinson (1996, 589–
590) suggests “[sports] embody dramatically the tensions of the local–global
dualism, offering as they do forms of sub-global identity and affiliation within
the globalized discourses of international sporting contacts and exchanges".
Consequently, the analysis of global sport provides fertile ground to consider
local–global interplay.
 1 Introduction: Mapping the Global Sports Sphere 7

As historians have long documented, the globalization of sport is not new.

Through waves of uneven diffusion, resistance, modification, and commin-
gling, sport emerges as something inherently global in structure and orga-
nization, yet never independent from power axes. More specifically, global
diffusion followed political-economic-military power vectors. In his five-stage
process of ‘sportization’, Maguire (1994, 1999) identified a global ‘take off ’
between 1870 and 1920. He notes that this epoch was characterized by “the
differential diffusion of ‘English’ sport forms to continental Europe and to
both the formal and informal British Empire” (1994, 405). This was followed
by “the spread of sports to all parts of Europe, Africa, Asia and South Amer-
ica” (1999, 83). Subsequently, between the 1920s and 1960s, he identified
that “sport can be said to have become a global idiom” (Maguire, 1994, 408)
with an emerging ‘global’ sport characterized by a specific ideology of Western
masculine culture and nationalism. Finally, commencing in the 1960s to the
present, non-Western nations begin to rise to sport prominence and even
pre-eminence, as former colonial nations began to beat their former masters,
especially the English. African, Asian, and South American nations came (and
are) increasingly to the fore.
The cultural meanings of sport are never uncontested, and globalization
entails significant complexity and features countervailing trends that defy
simplistic models or schema of understanding. Taking the singular case of
cricket, for instance, its diffusion reveals contestation of the practice of cricket
and contradictory, countervailing and shifting patterns across these sporti-
zation phases (Maguire, 1999, 2005). In the case of its diffusion to India
alone, for example, cricket traversed along British imperial lines of influence
and colonial hierarchies. It was subsequently adopted by local Indian elites
in line with broader imperial dynamics. Such patterns were symptomatic of
patterns of English sports surpassing traditional Indian games in cultural pres-
ence and popularity, again, symptomatic of the cultural collisions and power
imbalances of imperialism. Subsequently, indigenous pastimes, like Kabaddi,
became organized like English sports in the 1920s with rules, formal compe-
titions, and federations. In turn, however, cricket subsequently developed as
a cultural expression of counter-colonial Indian nationalism and, eventually,
in the Third Millennium, emerged as the largest and most lucrative televi-
sion audience in the world via the commercial rise of the Indian Premier
League (IPL). This reverses previous east-to-west player migration trends,
attracting the world’s top players to compete in India on lucrative contracts,
and to some extent, the outcome is a ‘post-Westernization’ effect whereby
the Western aligned strongholds of cricket have been subsumed to the Indian
subcontinent’s economic power (see Rowe & Gilmour, 2008). Thus, in this
Another random document with
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 Sydäntäni tykytti. Minä en voinut enää hallita itseäni.

"Vartokaa, vartokaa!" huusin minä hänelle korottaen käsiäni häntä

kohden, sillä nyt minä tahdoin että hän olisi jäänyt läheisyyteeni.

"Ei nyt on vuoro teidän vartoa", sanoi hän nauraen. "Te

kummallinen mies…"

Ja nauraen poistui hän huoneesta.

Me söimme illallista. Tanja oli iloinen, kuin ainakin; kaksoiset

istuivat ääneti. Mieltäni kirveli, enkä koko aikana puhunut
sanaakaan.

"Lankeenkohan nyt minäkin… olenko jo niin syvälle paatunut?"

Tämä ajatus ja toiset samallaiset pyörivät mielessäni. "Enköhän saa
itseäni hillityksi? Sitten on kaikki mennyttä."

"Jumalani, ovatko sitten kaikki ihmiset voimattomia näissä

tapauksissa!"

Ljudmila Ivanovna kehoitti minua säestämään lauluansa, kunnes

lapset nukkuisivat. Tahdotonna tottelin häntä tohuisen aistillisuuden
valtaamana. Hänen mielensä oli kovin liikutettu ja alinomaa hän
nojasi minuun.

"Hän lauloi joitakuita lauluja, mutta minä olin saanut tarpeeksi

hänen laulustaan; äänensä kuului minusta yksitoikkoiselta enkä
kuunnellut lauluansa. Olihan vaan niin suloista tuntea hänen
ruumiinsa lämmön niin lähellä selkäni takana, ja minä tunsin
polttavan halun saada vetää häntä vielä lähemmäksi itseäni.
 "Me menimme saliin. Ensin täytyi antaa lasten ja Dundjashkan
nukkua… Kuinka Aleksander Dmitrijevitsh sallikaan minun olla
hänen kanssaan kahden? Ehkä hän kuitenkin palaa kotia meidän
sitä aavistamattamme", päätin minä ja ilmoitin Ljudmilalle
epäilykseni.

"Ehkä Aleksander Dmitrijevitsh tulee äkki-arvaamatta kotia

nähdäkseen, miten me täällä aikaamme vietämme", sanoin puoleksi
leikillisesti.

Hän nauroi.

"Ah ei, sitä hän ei tee koskaan; hän ei koskaan valehtele, ja

luulenpa, että hän on jäänyt tänään kaupunkiin minun tähteni, että
minä tänä iltana saisin olla teidän kanssanne kahden kesken ja
hankkisin itselleni huvituksen. Hän on oikullinen, eikä näe mitään,
miesparka."

Hän naurahti taas äänekkäämmin ja teeskennellen.

Aleksander Dmitrijevitshin käytöstapa oli minulle käsittämätön.

Uskoin kuitenkin Ljudmilan sanoja enkä sen enempää puhunut siitä.

"Kuka tiesi?", päätin itsekseni, "vaikkapa hänellä olisikin ollut

kaupungissa tehtäviä, mutta ehkä Ljudmilakin on oikeassa;
mahdoton on tunkeutua ihmissieluun ja sen salaisuuksia tutkia."

Saadakseni aikamme kulumaan, pyysin Ljudmilan pelaamaan

kanssani "tammea." Hän suostui, ja me istuimme sohvaan. Hänen
valkoinen kätensä kosketteli kättäni, hänen napeloita siirtäessään.
Polvemme viistäytyivät. Levotonna hän yhä vääntelihe paikallansa.
Hänen poskillansa puna yhä kirkkaammin hohti ja kosteilla silmillään
hän minua yhä tarkasteli.

Jo kävi kello yhtätoista. Nyt voi varmuudella otaksua, ettei

Aleksander Dmitrijevitsh enää palaisi. Kauhistumistani kauhistuin,
kun täytyi siinä hänen kanssaan kahden olla, mutta en voinut
myöskään mennä tieheni. Ei ollut enää minulla valtaa itseni yli, vaan
kiihoituin vaan kiihoittumistani.

"Mitä te siinä teette?… Pettäjä!.. huudahti Ljudmila, kun leikilläni

otin häneltä napelon.

"En minä…"

"Antakaa se heti takaisin!"

Hän tarttui käteeni koettaen avata nyrkkini.

Tuo kosketus vei minulta viimeisenkin malttini. Minä siirryin ihan

lähelle häntä, kiivaasti tartuin hänen olkapäihinsä ja vedin häntä
luokseni kaikilla voimillani.

"Ei, päästäkää, jääkää paikallenne… tyttö on viereisessä

huoneessa", sanoi hän kuiskaten, riistihe irti ja uhkasi minua
sormellaan.

Terävästi tuijottaen minuun, osoitti hän sormellaan ruokahuoneen

selällään olevaa ovea; siellä oli pöytä vielä katettuna.

Minä päästin hänet, ja huokasin syvään. Hän heittihe loikomaan

sohvan selkää vasten hymyillen teeskentelevästi.
 Minä nousin divoonilta ja rupesin rauhoittuakseni kävelemään
edestakaisin huoneessa.

Ruokahuoneessa näyttäytyi Dunjashka.

"Nukkuvatko lapset?" kysyi Ljudmila Ivanovna niin tyynenä kuin ei

mitään olisi tapahtunut.

"Nukkuvat", vastasi Dunjashka lyhyesti, korjaten ruoat pöydältä.

"Sitten menen minäkin levolle", sanoi Ljudmila, niin että

Dunjashkan piti kuuleman, "minä olen väsynyt."

Mutta hän jäi kuitenkin istumaan paikallensa.

"Aleksander Dmitrijevitshia ei vaan kuulu tänä iltana kotia", sanoi

hän valitellen.

Dunjashka pian katosi ruokahuoneesta, sammutettuaan Ljudmilan

käskystä lamput käytävissä. Minä yhä vaan levottomana kävin
edestakaisin, sillä tunsin, etten voinut olla rauhallisena.

Oi kurjuuttani! Kuinka kipeästi koskeakaan ja kuinka surkeata

onkaan olla eläimenä, tuntea eläimellisen saavan valtoihinsa kaiken
inhimillisen meissä, koko meidän olentomme, tuntea sen tappavan ja
huumaavan meissä kaiken järkevän ja inhimillisen. Eikö millään
tavoin voi sitä voittaa, karkoittaa, kukistaa? Sehän on surkeata ja
masentavaa.

Talossa vallitsi hiljaisuus; levolle oli Dunjashkakin mennyt. Me

vaan olimme kahden. Minä kuulin sydämmeni kovin lyövän. En
tietänyt mikä olisi tapahtuva ja odotin.
 "Tästähän kuitenkin täytyy tulla loppu", lohdutin mieltäni, ihaillen
Ljudmilan rintaa ja kaulaa. "Loppu tästä tulee tavalla tai toisella".

Hetkisen kuluttua Ljudmila Ivanovna nousi seisoallen. Hän oli

nähtävästi odottanut juuri tätä hetkeä.

"Me tavataan vielä", kuiskasi hän äkkiä korvaani; "minä tulen;

menkää vaan huoneesenne."

Hän kiiruhti pois ruokahuoneesta, ja heti sen jälkeen kuulin

lastenhuoneen oven narisevan.

"Jumalani, kuinka syvälle olemme langenneet! Minä tulen…"

kaikui vielä minun korvissani. Minä tunsin olevani niin kiihoittunut,
kuin olisin valmistautunut hirveimpään rikokseen.

Ymmärtämättäni oikein mitä tein, menin huoneeseni, riisuin siellä

kiireesti ja heittäydyin vuoteelleni. Tahallani sammutin kynttilän ja
jätin Aleksander Dmitrijevitshin työhuoneen oven selälleen.

Kuun valo tunkeutui ikkunasta huoneesen. Minä makasin silmät

auki polttaen paperossin toisensa perään. Olin kuumeessa.

"Nythän kaikki on yhdentekevää, on jo myöhäistä…" tämä ajatus

ei jättänyt minua. "Hän tulee kohta, hän tulee kohta! … ah, joudu,
joudu."

Viereisessä huoneessa kuun valo muodosti lattialle ja

huonekaluille kaksi valkoista pilkkua, joissa leveänä ja mustana
akkunapuite kuvastui.

Minä katsahdin tuohon salaperäisesti valaistuun huoneeseen.

Aleksander Dmitrijevitshin kirjoituspöytä, sille asetettuine
kynttiläjalkoineen ja koirineen pronssista, hänen nahalla peitetty
nojatuolinsa ja hänen kirjakaappinsa, kaikki tuo saattoi
käsittämättömän pelon minuun. Koko ruumistani värisytti. Päässäni
sekaisin vierivät ajatukset toisensa perään.

"Hän tulee kohta… kohta… jouduhan… tule, tule… niin kyllä, olen
häijy, irstas, mutta sille nyt en voi enää mitään… joudu, joudu… nyt
on jo myöhäistä."

Kului puoli tuntia täynnä tuskallista ja jännittävää odotusta. En

luullut ajasta tulevan koskaan loppua. Minä kuuntelin. Talossa oli
hiljaa kuin haudassa.

"Heti ovi avataan ja hän tulee. Lapset ja Dunjashka nukkuvat kyllä

raskaasti. Ulko-ovi on lukossa, eikä kukaan voi nähdä meitä…"

"Joudu, joudu… mutta tulehan…" kerroin taukoamatta, tuntien

tuskallisen pistoksen sydämessäni.

Minä kohotin yläruumistani, nojautuen kyynäspäilleni; silloin kuulin

lastenhuoneen oven hyvin hiljaa narisevan.

"Hän on ollut makuuhuoneessaan ja tulee nyt lastenhuoneen

kautta, siellä ensin katsottuaan, että kaikki on kunnossa."

Sydämmeni aaltoili. Olin valmis sulkemaan hänet syliin ja

kohoutuin vielä enemmän. Hirveä kiihoitus sai veren kiehumaan
suonissani.

Mutta silloin tapahtui jotain aavistamatonta. Hiipien tuli joku

ruokahuoneen kautta suoraan minua kohden; kuului niinkuin pienet
avonaiset jalat olisivat hissutelleet lattialla.
 Ensi silmänräpäyksessä en voinut päästä selville siitä, mitä näin;
luulin jo tulevani mielipuoleksi.

Aleksander Dmitrijevitshin huoneesen astui avojaloin pieni olento,

käsivarret ja kaula paljaina. Kuun valaisemalle paikalle se seisahtui,
arasti katsoen ympärillensä huoneessa. Tarkemmin sitä katsottuani,
tunsin sen; se oli Tanja. Hänen mustat silmänsä loistivat kuutamossa
ja olivat auki selällään; tukkansa oli hajallaan. Vielä kerran katsahti
hän hämillään ja peloissaan ympärillensä.

"Isä kulta, kulta isä", kuului hänen äänensä, rauhallisena, mutta

selvänä… "Hän on poissa", lisäsi hän sitten surullisesti, hymyillen
kauhistuneena.

Tuota hymyä en unhoita koskaan… Vielä hetkisen seisoi hän

siinä, sitten hän juosta hissutteli paljailla pikku jaloillaan huoneesta.

Ensin en käsittänyt tuosta mitään; se oli jotain käsittämätöntä.

"Mitä tämä on?" kysyin itseltäni. "Olisikohan tuo ollut pelkkää

mielenkuvitusta? … Tanja?… Isä kulta, kulta isä!… Niin, se oli hän.
Mutta kuinka olisi hän tullut tänne yksin keskellä yötä?… Kuutamo
yössä?… Käyneekö hän unissaan?…"

Muuta selitystä ei ollut.

"Hän on kai noussut vuoteeltaan ja kiiruhtanut tänne. Onhan

Aleksander
Dmitrijevitsh kertonut minulle, että Tanjan on niin tapana tehdä…
Mutta Ljudmila Ivanovna?… Hän lienee vielä makuuhuoneessaan.
Miksei
hän siellä olisi?… Ah niin, hänhän tahtoi tulla minun luokseni…
Jumala, mitä olen aikeissa tekemään?"

"Mitä olen aikonut tehdä?… Mikä minun oikeastaan oli?… Olenko

sairas, vai olenko tullut mielipuoleksi?"

Minua puistatti ja samalla minä selvisin.

Minä en osaa kertoa kaikkea, mikä sinä hetkenä heräsi minussa,

mutta minä häpesin siihen määrään ja tunsin sellaisen kauhun siitä,
mitä olin aikonut tehdä, kuin en ole koskaan ennen elämässäni
tuntenut. Minä juoksin vuoteeltani ja sytytettyäni kynttilän rupesin
kiireesti pukeutumaan.

"Minä lähden heti kohta, tuossa tuokiossa", päätin vahvasti ja

vakavasti. Äkkiä minä taas tulin kokonaan tunnoilleni.

"Oli kuin olisi ollut ilmestys, joka oli ihan minua varten tarkoitettu",
toistin itsekseni.

"Mikä paatunut ilkiö minä olenkaan!" huudahdin itsekseni täydellä

vakaumuksella. "Kuinka olenkaan niin langennut ja ilettävä ja
heikko!… Ja sinä, tyttöseni, sinä puhdas, rakas lapsi, sinä olet
pelastanut minun huudollasi: 'kulta isä, isä kulta'!"

Minä kumarsin ottamaan saappaat vuoteen toisesta päästä.

"Kuinka, oletteko pukeutumaisillanne?" kysyi äkkiä joku vieressäni.

Vavahtaen hyppäsin seisomaan. Ovessa seisoi Ljudmila Ivanovna

tuijottaen minuun. Hänen kasvoissaan ilmeni levottomuus ja
hämmennys. Hän oli heti minusta huomannut, että jotakin oli
tapahtunut.
 "Mitä nyt?" kysyi hän epävarmalla äänellä.

En tietänyt, mitä minun piti hänelle vastaaman.

"Menkää täältä, Jumalan tähden", sanoin hänelle äkkiä

liikutettuna, niinkuin olisin puhunut vaan itsekseni, "minä lähden
heti… Hän tuli työhuoneesen paitasillaan, seisahtui ja huudahti äkkiä
'kulta isä, isä kulta'… hän on poissa… oli kuin ilmestys… hän on
pelastanut meidät… ymmärrättekö?… Mutta menkäähän pois täältä,
minä pyydän teitä".

Ensin alussa hän ei ymmärtänyt mitään, hämmästyneenä vaan

tuijotti minuun. Kuinka kurjalta ja inhoittavalta hän nyt minusta
näyttäkään!

"Kuka tuli tänne? Mitä te puhutte?" kysyi hän minulta hiljaisella

äänellä ja katsellen minua, niinkuin olisin ollut mielipuolena.

"Tanja, Tanja! Ettekö te vieläkään ymmärrä minua? Hän kävi

unissa."

"Tanja?" kertoi hän.

Mutta minä huomasin, että hän vallan hyvin ymmärsi, mitä oli
tapahtunut. Hän kääntyi äkkiä ja katosi työhuoneeseen.

"Odottakaa kaikella muotoa, älkää lähtekö", sanoi hän hetken

kuluttua piilopaikastaan hiljaisella ja rukoilevalla äänellä. "Jumala
tiesi, mitä Aleksander Dmitrijevitsh vielä taitaisi luulla… jättäkää
matkanne ainakin huomisaamuksi. Minä rukoilen teitä, älkää nyt
matkustako!"
 Minä en ottanut huomiooni hänen sanojansa, pikaisesti vaan yhä
pukeuduin. Pian hän vaikeni.

"Voiko luulla lankeavansa niin syvälle", ajattelin halveksien itseäni

ja mieleni ollessa kauhistuneena, "lankeavansa niin syvälle, että
ainoastaan sokea kohtalo voi meitä pelastaa ja avata silmämme."

Olin pukeutunut ja menin työhuoneesen. Nojaten seinää vasten

seisoi siellä Ljudmila Ivanovna ääneti ja odottaen minua. Hän rupesi
taas rukoilemaan minua, etten lähtisi nyt, vaan viipyisin seuraavaan
aamuun. Hän näytti kovin levottomalta ja puhui hiljaa syyllisen
äänellä. Hänen tuskansa vaikutti minuun. Minun tuli häntä sääli,
vaikka hän yhä vielä olikin minusta sanomattoman vastenmielinen.

"Hän on oikeassa", päätin minä, "minkätähden tekisin hänelle

pahaa ja — mikä olisi vielä pahempi — pahoittaisin Aleksander
Dmitrijevitsh paran mieltä herättäen hänen epäilyksiään. Saatanhan
yhtä hyvin lähteä huomenna… Ylipäänsä se ei paljoakaan vaikuta
asiaan."

"Olkoon menneeksi, minä jään vielä huomiseen", sanoin minä.

Ljudmila Ivanovna meni vaieten Aleksander Dmitrijevitshin pöydän

luo ja seisoi siinä vartalo eteenpäin nojautuneena. Kirkas kuutamo
tunkeusi ikkunasta valaisten hänen tuuheata tukkaansa.

Minä menin takaisin huoneeseni. Kynnyksellä seisahduin ja

katsoin vielä kerran taakseni.

"Ihmeellinen nainen", päätin, katsellen Ljudmila Ivanovnan

liikkumatonta, syyntunnon painamaa vartaloa, "minä en ymmärrä
häntä".
 Minun piti juuri vetää ovi lukkoon, kun Ljudmila Ivanovna äkkiä
ojensihe ja kuulumattomin kissantapaisin askelin astui eteeni
korottaen kätensä minua kohden.

"Rakas ystäväni, tämä kaikkihan on vaan tyhmyyttä", sanoi hän

äkkiä ja imarrellen. "Miksi olette niin liikutettu? Älkää ajatelko sitä
enää. Saanenhan nyt tulla?"

Hän lähestyi minua, verkallen nostaen oikeata kättänsä, niinkuin

olisi tahtonut laskea sen rinnalleni ja mielitellen minua katseellaan.
Olin jo vähällä antaa hänelle perää. Silloin tunsin itsessäni
varoituksen ja minä peräydyin hänestä niinkuin paatuneen ihmisen
edestä samalla torjuen häntä kädelläni luotani. Hän horjahtui tuosta
odottamattomasta lyönnistäni, kompastui ja oli jo kaatua. Mutta heti
hän taas pääsi tasapainoon ja juoksi pikaa työhuoneesen.

"Houkkio!" suhisi hän katsellen minua salamoitsevilla silmillään ja

puristaen minulle nyrkkiä, "minä en luullut teidän olevan sellainen
houkkio, niin tuhma, niin sivistymätön ja…"

Minä vedin kiireesti huoneeni oven kiinni ja salpasin sen…

*****

Seuraavana aamuna palasi Aleksander Dmitrijevitsh kaupungista,

ja samana päivänä illalla lähdin minä asemalle, huolimatta hänen
pyynnöstään, että vielä jäisin hänen luoksensa.

Syyksi sanoin vaan ehdottomasti, täytyi olla seuraavana päivänä

läsnä yliopistossa, seikka, jonka muka olin kokonaan unhoittanut.

Aleksander Dmitrijevitsh ei niinmuodoin huomannut mitään, jos

kohta häntä ihmetyttikin äkkinäinen poislähtöni.
 Siten estelyni kyllä kävi täydestä, mutta minä en voinut enää
katsoa häntä suoraan silmiin.

Vähät minä enää Ljudmilan kanssa puhuin, mutta hän oli niinkuin
ei mitään olisi tapahtunutkaan.

Jättäessäni hänelle hyvästi, huomasin katseessa, jonka hän loi

minuun, ainoastaan närkästymistä ja kylmää halveksimista.

Minä palasin Moskovaan, josta olin lähtenyt hakemaan parannusta

taudilleni… Mutta millaisena palasinkaan?… Silminnähtävästi ei
tämä parannustapa ollut oikea tätä tautia varten. Hoidon täytyi alkaa
toiseen tapaan, mutta kuinka?.. Toisentaakko nuorison elämäntavat
ja kasvatuksen?… Niin on!

Mutta minä puolestani olen jo kasvatettu, olen täysi mies, eikä

minun auta muu kuin taistella kovaa ja tuskallista taistelua itseäni
vastaan…

*****

"Tähän päättyy kertomus", sanoi Vasilij Nikolajevitsh, katsellen yhä

sinistä päiväkirjaa, joka minusta näytti vapisevan hänen kädessään.
Minun ei ole ollut helppo lukea sitä, varsinkin tietäessäni, miten poika
paran vastedes kävi.

"Hän kuoli, niinkuin jo kerroin, keuhkotautiin. Pian sen jälkeen, kun

hän oli kirjoittanut tämän kertomuksen, heittäytyi hän
auttamattomasti heikkoutensa valtaan. Silloin en vielä tuntenut
häntä. Kuitenkin kuulin silloin tällöin kerrottavan, että hän eli hyvin
irstaisesti, turmellen siten sekä ruumiinsa että sielunsa. Hän vietti
koko aikansa kapakoissa ja kaupungin syrjäosissa olevissa taloissa,
juoden ja seurustellen siellä kaikemmoisten naisten kanssa. Hän sai
hyvin vaarallisen keuhkotaudin. Silloin hän selvisi jälleen. Siihen
aikaan minä tutustuin häneen. Muistan vielä kuinka, kuin näin hänet
viimeisen kerran vuoteellaan makaavan ja syvästi hengittävän, en
voinut katsella häntä, vaan poistuin huoneesta. Viimeisiä sanoja,
jotka kuulin hänen lausuvan, en unhoita koskaan. Hänen huulensa
olivat kuivat, ja ainoastaan suurella vaivalla hän kuiskasi minulle:

"Näetkö, veliseni, minä en osannut hillitä itseäni, aistillisuuteni on

saattanut minut perikatoon; minun olisi pitänyt taistella."

Sen jälkeen hän ei enää lausunut sanaakaan.

Usein olen päätellyt, että hän yhä eläisi ja taistelisi, jos vaan
aikoinaan olisi löytänyt tuen. Mutta harva meistä se on joka sellaisen
tuen löytää… näemmehän jokainen päivä ympärillämme ihmisten
lankeavan… toinen vetää alinomaa mukaansa toisen… Mieltäni
liikutti varsinkin tuo heikkouden ja ainaisen innostuksen
yhteensovitus hänen luonteessaan sekä ne ankarat vaatimukset,
jotka hän vaati itseltään, ja hänen tahtonsa tehdä oikein. Hän tiesi,
että se oli hänen elämänsä korkein tehtävä, pyrkien alinomaa
voittamaan tuon eläimellisen, joka saattoi hänelle ja meille kaikille
saattaa tuskaa. Mutta onneton nääntyi taistelussa.

Vasilij Nikolajevitsh vaikeni. Kohta kävi keskustelu yleiseksi. Kello

oli jo 12 yöllä, kun uninen Aljoshka sulki oven jälkeemme.

Parin päivän päästä poikkesin Vasilij Nikolajevitshin luo

pyytämään häntä lainaamaan minulle sinisen päiväkirjan,
saadakseni jäljennöksen kertomuksesta.
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