PA Notes by Ayesha Younas
PA Notes by Ayesha Younas
Pakistan Affairs
Revised Syllabus
Ayesha Younas
[Pick the date]
This document is compiled from numerous articles and research papers. Some of the references are
mentioned. I hope you make the best use of this hard work. Wish you all Best of Luck!
Compiled by Ayesha Younas
Contents
1) What is Ideology?
a. A form of social or political philosophy in which practical elements are as prominent as
theoretical ones.
2) Evolution of “Ideology’
a. It was first used in French as ‘idéologie’ at the time of the French Revolution, introduced
by a philosopher, A.-L.-C. Destutt de Tracy, as a short name for “science of ideas” as the
study of the origin, evolution and nature of ideas.
3) Ideology of Pakistan and different Scholars
a. Dr. Aslam Syed: “Ideology of Pakistan is the name of molding of individual and collective
lives according to Islam and also of saving from conflicting ideologies.”
4) Historical aspects of The Ideology of Pakistan
a. Introduction
i. Historical experience provided the base; Subcontinent not only faced a struggle
of political supremacy but was a clash of two social orders
ii. Allama Iqbal gave it a philosophical explanation,
iii. Quaid-i-Azam translated it into a political reality
iv. the Constituent Assembly of Pakistan, by passing Objectives Resolution in March
1949, gave it legal sanction
b. Evolution of ‘Two Nation Theory’;
i. Beginning of Muslim Nationalism; first hindu accepted islam
ii. Muhammad bin Qasim, the first Muslim invader, invadedand captured parts of
India in 712 AD.
iii. Mahmud of Ghazna launched 17 attacks
iv. The Muslim sufi (saints) like Ali Hejveri, Miran Hussain Zanjani etc. entered Sub-
Continent.
v. Qutub-ud-Din Aibuk permanently established Muslim dynasty in India that
followed Sultanate and Mughal dynasties
vi. The War of Independence (1857) was a shattering setback to the Indian
Muslims, who were put in the dark.
vii. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-98) awakened and guided his community through
his educational drive, the Ali-Garh movement.
viii. In 1885 the Indian National Congress was founded to indicate the beginning of
the Indian nationalist movement under the British.
ix. "Two Nations Theory" espoused by the All-India Muslim League, founded in
1906 and led to its demand for a separate state for the Muslims of India.
x. Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal
system of government with powers to the provinces. Later, they demanded a
separate state.
c. Hindi-Urdu Controversy
i. Hindu revivalist movements turned more against the Muslims especially after
1857
ii. There were demonstrations against Urdu by the Hindus in Banaras in 1867
d. Characteristics of The Muslim nationalism
i. Rule of Law, socio-economic justice, equity and fair play.
ii. Equality of opportunity to all citizens irrespective of caste, sect, religion or
region.
iii. Religious and Cultural tolerance.
iv. Respect for human dignity and rights.
v. Protection of the rights and interests of non-Muslims and freedom to practice
their beliefs and religions.
5) Conclusion
ix. Bahadur Shah Zafar (1707-1857) Bahadur was banished to Rangoon, where he
died in 1862. His two sons and grandsons were shot by British. The Mughal
Period was a brilliant chapter of History which ends with the success of British.
2) Causes of Decline of Mughals
a. Majority of Non-Muslim Population
b. Akbar’s religious policy of Tolerance ‘Din-e-ilahi’
c. Untrustworthy Administration
d. Luxurious Living Standards of Mughal Rulers-Lavish spending
e. Lack of military discipline
f. Huge size of the Empire
g. Lack of timely Communication
h. Financial Mismanagement
i. Sectarian jealousy and violence
j. Wars of succession
k. Local Insurections
i. Marathas in Deccan
ii. Rajpoots and movements of Banaras
iii. Sikhs in Punjab
l. Foreign attacks and Colonization
i. 1739-Nadir Shah of Iran attacked and destroyed delhi
ii. Ahmed Shah Abdali attacked India
iii. Third Battle of Panipat defeated Marathas
iv. 1740-1763 colonization under Robert Clive by British, Battle of Buxar (Bengal
and Bihar)
v. 1857, exile of Bahadur Shah Zafar
3) Efforts For Renaissance
a. Role of Sufis
b. Role of Reformists; Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, ShaH Wali Ullah, and Syed Ahmed Shaheed
Barelvi
c. Role of Educationists: Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Allama Muhammad Iqbal
4) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. Sheikh Ahmad Sirhindi ; Hazrat Mujadid Alaf Sani (June 1564 – Dec 1626)
b. Descendant of second caliph Hazrat Umar
c. Father name è Sheikh Abdul Ahad
d. Went to Delhi at age of 36
e. Disciple of Khawaja Baqi Billah
2) Social Conditions during his time
“When seen in the perspective of history, whether accepted by Sufis or not, it is in the rejection of
monism that Sheikh’s claim for being the Mujadad of his age.” IH Qureshi
“Sheikh Ahmad, an individual from Sirhind, rich in knowledge and vigorous in action. I associated him for
few days and found marvelous things in his spiritual life. He will turn into a light which will illuminate the
world.” Khawaja Bakhtiar Kaki quoted by S M Ikram
1) Introduction
a. Hazrat Shah Wali Ullah a.k.a Mohadith Delvi
b. 1703 DELHI – 1762
c. Father of Modern Muslim India
d. Real name Qutabuddin
e. Born at Delhi
f. Son of Shah Abdur Rahim (Fatwa e Alamgeeri) – scholar of Fiqa and Islamic
jurisprudence
g. Got knowledge of Fiqah, Ahadith, Tafsir and Hikmat
h. Completed study in 15 year of age
i. Went to Arabia for higher education and came back in July 1732
j. He taught at Madrasa Rahimia for 12 years
k. Aim was to Revive the past glory of Muslims and purify the society inwardly
2) Conditions
a. Incapable successor of Aurangzeb
b. Un-Islamic trends,
c. Muslim life honour property not secured,
d. Shia-Suni conflicts,
e. Marhats and Sikhs challengers
3) SHAH’S EFFORTS
a. Religious work
i. Translation of Holy Quran in Persian – 1738
ii. Commentary on Hadith collection of Imam Muttah in Arabic and Persian
iii. Urged Muslims to follow Holy prophet & abandon un-Islamic trends
iv. Trained students in different Islamic knowledge
v. Recommended application of Ijtehad
vi. Initiated Tatbiq liberal element
vii. Balance b/w four schools –
viii. Removed misunderstanding b/w Shai & Sunni – Khilafat-al-Khulafa
b. Political work
i. Marathas were threatening the Muslim empire
ii. Wrote letters to seek help from Muslim nobles against Sikhs won over Najib
ud Dola, Shuja ud Daula
iii. Ahmad Shah Abdali defeated Sikhs at the Third battle of Panipat in 1761
c. Social work
i. Strongly opposed integration of Islamic culture in subcontinent
ii. Concept of reorientation of Muslim society
iii. Basic social justice
iv. Removing social inequalities
d. Concept of economy
i. Production of wealth
ii. Consumption of wealth
iii. Distribution of wealth
iv. Exchange of wealth
4) Literary work
a. Izalat-al-Akifa
b. Khalifa-al-Khulafa
c. Al-Insaf-fi-Bayan-Sababa-al-Ikhtilaf
d. Master piece of literature 1738
e. Commentary on Hadith Imam Muttah
f. Quranic translation in Persian
g. Alfauz-ul-Qabir Fi-Usool-e-Tafseer
h. Hujjat-ul-Balagha – about decay, Ijtehad, Mujjad and Ruler
“I was informed through Ilham that I would have to undertake this responsibility. The time has come
when every injunction of the Sharia and instruction of Islam should be presented to the world in a
rational manner.” Quoted by SM Ikram
1) Introduction
a. Syed Ahmad Shaheed Barelvi (1786 – 1831)
b. Inheritor of mantle of Shah Abdul Aziz
c. Birth at Rai Barally in 1786
d. Father Shah Illam Ullah
e. Inspired by Shah Abdul Aziz
f. 1810 – joined Nawab Ameer Khan as Sawar
g. 1818 – wrote Seerat-e-Mustaqeem
2) Condition
a. Punjab ruled by Ranjit Singh who mutilated Muslims
b. NWFP by Sikhs
3) Objective
a. Purification of Muslim society and destruction of British power through armed struggle
b. Establishment of a state based on Islamic principles
4) Jehad Movement
a. HQ at Nowshehra in Dec 1826
b. Battles
i. OKARA 1826
ii. HAZRO 1827
c. Yar Muhammad Conspiracy
i. He joined Mujahideen in Pesh, force arouse to 80,000
ii. Tried to poison Syed Ahmad
iii. Killed by Mujahideen in 1829
d. BATTLE FOR PESHAWAR
i. Ranjit Singh saved Peshawar and gave to Sultan Muhammad
e. HAZARA II 1830
i. Sikh were attacked, Sultan M arrested
ii. Declaration of Khilafat (1830)
f. Sultan M pardoned & withdrew from Pesh
g. BALAKOT BATTLE 1831
h. Sikh attacked, Syed Ahmad killed
5) Causes of Failure
a. Western generals Vantura and Elite in Ranjit’s army – training & modern war strategy
b. Outdated weapons of Mujahideen
“The movement led by Brelvi was a precursor for later Muslim national movements of the
subcontinent.” Dr. Sachin Sen
1) Introduction
a. The War of Independence 1857 ended in disaster for the Muslims.
b. The British had always looked upon the Muslims as their adversaries because they had
ousted them from power
c. The British, implemented a new educational policy with drastic changes
d. Arabic, Persian and religious education banned in schools
e. English made not only the medium of instruction but also the official language in 1835
f. Seeing this atmosphere of despair and despondency, Sir Syed launched his attempts to
revive the spirit of progress through modern education.
2) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (17 Oct, 1817 – 27 Mar 1898)
a. Got knowledge from Farid ud Din (maternal-grandfather – Ex Mughal PM)
b. Got knowledge of Quran, Arabic, Persian, History, Maths and Medicine
c. Joined gov’t in 1839 – after father’s death – in a clerical job 1841 – promoted as Sub-
Judge 1846 – transferred to Delhi Chief judge in 1846 was offered an estate for
services rendered to British during war 1857 but he rejected 1877 – member of
imperial council 1886 – University of Edinburgh – LL.D degree 1888 – Knighthood
3) Educational Aspect of Aligarh Movement
a. Objective:
i. Modern education for Muslims to compete Hindus
ii. Cooperation with the British government
b. Schools
i. Muradabad (1859)
ii. Ghazipur (1863)
c. Scientific society at Gahazipur (1864)
i. (to translate modern work from English to urdu and Persian)
ii. 1866 – Society published Aligarh Gazette (to arouse sentiments of goodwill &
friendship)
d. Muhammadan Educational Conference
i. Established in 1866 held public meetings, discussed modern education
techniques Nawab Mohsan al Malik, Vaqar ul Malik, Maulana Shibli and
Maulana Hali as members
ii. 1869 – went to England, studied education system of Oxford & Cambridge
e. Anjuman-i-Taraqi-i-Musalmanan-i-Hind (1870)
i. to impart modern knowledge to Muslims
f. Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College
i. On pattern of Oxford Fund raising committee formed 24th May, 1874, MAO
High school established 1877 – got status of college western, eastern and
Islamic education 1920 – status of University
4) Political Aspects of Aligarh Movement
a. Muslims should avoid active politics
b. Sir Syed wrote “Risala-i-Asbab-Baghawqat-i-Hind
5) Religious Services of Aligarh Movement
a. Wrote “Essay on the Life of Muhammad & Rebattle” in response to William Muire’s
objectionable remarks in “Life of Muhammad”
b. Philosophical commentary “Tabaeen-al-Kalam” on bible – point out similarities
c. Influenced by MBA Wahab and Shah Ismail Shaheed – having positive attitude towards
religion
6) Social services of Aligarh Movement
a. “Tahzib-ul-Akhlaq” criticized conservative way of life and advised to adopt new trend
b. Established Orphanage houses
c. Founded Anjuman-i-Tariki-i-Urdu protecting Urdu
d. Ahkam-i-Taham-i-Ahle-Kitab Muslims can eat with Christians
e. Pioneer of two nation theory
i. Advocate of Hindu Muslim unity
ii. Urdu Hindi controversy 1867 in Banaras, changed his views
iii. Shakespeare dialogue
7) Features of Aligarh
a. Western & Eastern Education
b. Islamic Education
c. Residential College
d. European and Indian staff
e. Non-Muslim students
f. Loyalist Disposition
8) Aligarh Movement after Sir Syed’s death
a. 1889 – Sir Syed proposed a trustee bill Sir Syed as Sec. of the trust & Syed Mahmud
(son) as joint sec.
b. After Sir Syed’s death (1898), Syed Mahmud as Sec. was a weak manager resigned
c. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk as new sec devoted deposited six lac Rs to gov’t handled
the conflict b/t two groups – Sahibzada Aftab Khan (in favor of European staff) &
Muhammad Ali Johar Died in 1907
d. Nwab Vaqar ul Malik took over tussle on European staff arouse Nawab resigned in
1912 – health
e. Nwab Muhammad Ishaq Khan deposited 20 lac for status of University 1919- college
student played role in Tehrik e Khilafat
9) Causes of WOI 1857
a. Non representation of Indian in legislative councils
b. Conversion of Indian into Christianity
c. Mismanagement of Indian army
d. Ill advised measure of gov’t
e. Consequence: Indian membership in Act 1861
f. 1866 – Sir Syed formed British India Association at Aligarh – to express grievances of
Indians to gov’t
g. wrote Loyal Muhammadans of India
h. Indian Patriotic Association 1888 – forum for those who did not join Congress
i. Muhammadan Political Association 1903 – Against Hindu Revivalist movements
j. Arya Smaj – Hindustan 1977
k. B G Tilak – Cow Slaughter
l. Shudhi –
m. Shangtahn –
10) Conclusion
a. Allama Iqbal: “The real greatness of the man (Sir Syed) consists in the fact that he was
the first Indian Muslim who felt the need of a fresh orientation of Islam and worked for
it.”
b. Jawaharlal Nehru, “Sir Saiyad was an ardent reformer and he wanted to reconcile
modern scientific thought with religion by rationalistic interpretations and not by
attacking basic belief. He was anxious to push new education. He was in no way
communally separatist. Repeatedly he emphasized that religious differences should
have no political and national significance”.
1) Introduction
a. Started at April 1866)
b. Aligarh movement was cooperating with British
c. Christians working to convert Muslims into Christianity
d. Apr 1866 – Madrasah established at Deoband 2nd to Al Azhar Cairo
e. Founder Haji M. Abid floated the idea Collection of fund Managing committee –
Maulana M Qasim , Maulana Fazl ur Rehman, Maulana Zulfiqar, Maulana M Yaqoob
Maulana Shabir A Usmani taught
f. Maulana M Qasim first principal worked devotedly Madrasah came to known as
“Qasim al Uloom I Deoband”
g. Madrasah followed Madrasah I Rahimia (Shah wali Ullah’s father) and British education
system
h. Produced Shah Abdur Rahim, Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi, Maulana
Mehmood ul Hassan
2) Political Services of Deoband
a. Jamiat Ulama I Islam Thanvi group lead by Ashraf Ali Thanvi, Shabir Ahmad Usmani
Muslim league
b. Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Hind Madni group lead by Maulana Hussain Madani, Mufti Kafayat
Ullah influenced by Abu-ul-Kalam Azad Congress
3) Educational Services of Deoband
a. A great religious Madrasah 2nd to Al Azhar
b. Principals Maulana M Qasim (1880) Rashid Ahmad Ganghoi Sheikh ul Hind M.
Mehmood Ul Hassan.
4) Deoband and Aligarh
a. Policy towards British
b. Political role of Muslims
c. Emphasizing area of education
5) Rapprochement with Aligarh
a. Jamiat-ul-Ansar (1906) at Deoband Sahibzada Aftab A Khan attended the meeting
Swap of education – religious and western
b. Jamiat-i-Milia (1920)
6) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. NADVA-TUL-ULEMA OF LUCKNOW (1894)
b. Aligarh acquisition of western education
c. Deoband religious education
d. Need for balanced school
e. Committee was formed in 1892 Nadva-tul-Ulema established in 1894 functioned in
1898
f. Founder Maulana Abdul Ghafoor Shibli Naumani and Mau. Abdul Haq chalked out a
liberal program
2) Objectives
a. Promoting religious knowledge, moral uplift and social regeneration of Muslims, Work
to remove secretarial differences
b. British gov’t opposed the idea (Anthony MacDonal expressed it as a political institute)
3) Nadva-tul-Ulema & Shibli Nohmani
a. Shibli influenced by Maulana M Farooq – opposing Sir Syed while his father influenced
by Sir Syed
b. Joined Aligarh as A Prof of Arabic in 1883 Impressed Sir Syed Asset to Aligarh some
serious differences Man of arrogance and sensitive resigned in 1904
c. Associated with Nadva used his expreince to bring reform gave training in writing
(Syed Suleman Nadvi, Abu-al-Kalam Aza)
d. Established academy “Dar-ul-Musanifin”
e. Differences aroused resigned
1) Introduction
a. The sense of nationhood developed among the Muslims before the establishment of
Pakistan.
b. Their goal was mostly to protect and promote their identity.
c. To shape their lives in accord with their ideals and philosophy of life without being
overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.
2) Separate Recognition of Muslims: “India is not a country, it is a Sub-continent of human beings
belonging to different languages and practicing different religions. Muslim nation has its own
religious and cultural identity.”
3) Condemnation of Western Democratic Concepts: Western democracy is devoid of depth, it has
merely an attractive outlook.
4) Concept of separate Muslim State: “I want to see the Punjab, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan in
the form of one homogenous state. Whether India gets independences under the crown of
England or out of it, I think independent state of western provinces is the destiny of the people
living there.”
5) Acclamation of Idea of Single Nation: “I remained the supporter of this idea but now I am of the
view that preservation of separate nationhood is useful for Hindus and Muslims birth. To have
the concept of single nation in India is no doubt poetic and beautiful but impractical regarding
present circumstances.” (March, 1909 when lqbal refused to address a meeting held by Minvra
Raj Amritsar)
6) Concept of Two Nation Theory: “Despite living together for 1000 years, Hindus and Muslims
have their own individual ideologies so the only solution of political conflict in India is to have a
separate independent parliament for each nation.”
7) Eradication of Racial & Regional Prejudices: “Concept of nation and homeland is confusing the
Muslims. That is why Islamic humane objects are becoming dim. It is also possible that these
concepts may destroy the real concepts of Islam.”
8) Explanation of Relation of Islam & politics: “Islam does not consider matter and soul separate
from each other. Allah, Universe and state all are the basic elements of single unit. Man is not so
alien that he should leave worldly affairs for the sake of religion.”
9) Islam is complete code of life: “Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it is a
compete code of life. In, Europe, religion is every one’s personal matter which divides the
human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body and soul. In contrast to that in Islam, God,
Universe, soul, matter, sate and religions are bound to each other or in other words Muslims are
one nation”
10) Islam is a lively power: “Islam is a lively power which frees human mind from thoughts country
and race. If we understand this thing then we can be the leaders of prominent Indian
civilization.”
11) Islam is the way to success: “The lesson which I learnt from history is that Islam always helped
the Muslims. Even today, Ideology of Islam can save your being from destruction by uniting your
divided powers”.
12) Opposition of Nationalism: “I am opposed to nationalism, not because if it is allowed to develop
in India. It is likely to bring less material gain to Muslims. I am opposed to it because I see in it
the germs of atheistic materialism which I look upon as the greatest danger to modern
humanity”
13) Foundation of Pakistan: “To address this session of All India Muslim League you have selected a
man who is not despaired of Islam as a living force for freeing the outlook of man from its
geographical limitations, who believes that religion is a power of utmost importance in the life
of individual as well as states.”
14) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. He changed the course of history. He was a real charismatic leader possessing a
visionary leadership.
b. Gave practical shape to the ideology given by Sir Syed and Allama Iqbal
2) Quaid e Azam political Life
a. He started his political career in 1906 by joining the Indian National Congress. He was
elected to the Legislative Council in 1909 and in 1913 he also joined the All India Muslim
League (AIML).
b. Having disagreement with Gandhi on the issue of Swaraj (self-rule), complete freedom
from the British and on using extra-constitutional means, Jinnah resigned from the
Congress in 1920.
3) Jinnah and his transition from Hundu-Muslim Unity to Two NationTheory
a. His early efforts to promote Hindu-Muslim unity were materialized when THE LUCKNOW
PACT (1916) was signed. The Hindus accepted the Muslim demands:
i. Separate Electorate
ii. One-third Seats in Central Legislature
iii. protection of minority rights
b. In the Nehru Report, the accepted Muslim rights were ignored. Jinnah retaliated
forcefully by presenting 14 Points in 1929.
c. 1935 onwards Quaid started emphasizing on separate identity of Muslim and a separate
nation. Started mobilizing masses.
d. 1937 there are only two parties in India said Nehru on performance of ML in elections.
Quaid said “Muslims are third party in India”
e. 1939 “Muslim and Hindu are two nations. We are going to live as a nation and play a
role as a nation.”
f. March 9, 1940 Quaid wrote his only article published in British media namely “Time
and Tide”. He discussed 1.How Hindu and Muslims are separate nations? 2. What should
be future of India and how Muslims can be accommodated well?
g. He emphasized on Islam as well as modern democracy, Social economic justice and
rights of minorities.
4) Pakistan as A modern Democracy: “Pakistan was to be a modern democratic state that derived
its ethical foundation from Islam where the source of guidance and inspiration for constitution
making and governance is going to be Islam”
5) Muslims as a Nation: “It has been taken for granted mistakenly that Muslims are a minority, and
of course we got used to it for such a long time that these settled notions sometimes difficult to
remove. The Muslims are not a minority; the Muslims are a nation by every definition. By all
canons of international law we are a nation.” 23rd March 1940
6) India an amalgam of cultures: ““India is not a nation, nor a country. It is a sub continent of
nationalities, Hindus and Muslims belong to the two major nations. The Hindus and the Muslims
belong to two different religion, philosophies, social customs and literature. They belong to two
different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects
on life and of life are different. It is quite clear that both derive their inspirations from different
sources of history” 23rd March 1940
7) Muslims as a distinctive nation
a. “We are a nation with our distinct culture and civilization, language and literature, art
and architecture, sense of values and proportions, legal laws and moral codes, customs
and calendars, history and traditions. In short we have our distinct outlook on life and of
life By all canons of International law we are a separate nation.” 1942
b. The Muslims are nation by every right to establish their homeland” 1942
8) Islam as the binding force:
a. “We should base our democracy on the principals and concepts of Islam” Feb 1942
b. “Pakistan does not mean freedom and independence only, but the Islamic ideology as
well which has to be preserved.” June 1945
c. “I cannot understand a section of people who deliberately want to create a mischief and
make propaganda that the constitution of Pakistan will not be made on the basis of
Shariat. Islamic principals today are as applicable to life as they were 1300 years ago.”
Jan 25, 1948 Eid Milad Un Nabbi Karachi Bar Association
9) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. The science dealing with the description, distribution and interaction of the diverse
physical, biological and cultural features of the earth’s surface.
b. Geography is the study that deals with the location of countries, cities, rivers,
mountains, and lakes etc.
2) Pakistan’s Geography
a. Pakistan is situated between latitude 24 and 37 degrees north and longitude 62 and 75
degrees east.
b. The country borders Iran on the west, India in the east, Afghanistan in the North West,
China in the north and Arabian Sea on the south.
c. The great mountain ranges of the Himalayas, the Karakorum and the Hindu Kush from
Pakistan's northern highlight of the north western frontier and the Northern Area
d. Province of Punjab is flat, alluvial plain with five major rivers dominating the upper
region eventually joining the Indus River flowing south to Arabian sea
e. Sindh is bounded on the west by Kirthar range
f. The Baluchistan plateau is an arid tableland, encircled by dry mountains.
3) POPULATION (1998 Census):
a. Total population: 130.58 million, Growth Rate : 2.61% per annum.
b. Density : 164 person / Sq.kms
c. Sex Ratio : 108 males to 100 females
4) AREA:
a. 8,03,940 Sq.km (including FATA and FANA)
5) CLIMATE:
a. Pakistan has well defined seasons; Winter (December - February), Spring (March - April),
Summer (May - September) and Autumn (October - November).
b. During summer in central and southern parts of the country, the temperature may go as
high as 45oC. However, the northern regions have very pleasant weather during
summers.
c. Between July and August, the season brings an average 38-51cm of rain to plains and
152-203cm in lower Himalayan valleys of Murree, Kaghan, Swat and Azad Kashmir.
6) Physical Features
a. The Northern and Western Highlands
i. Northern Mountain Range
1. The Himalayas (Nanga Parbat-8126 meters)
2. The Karakoram (K-2 – 8611 meters, KKH on Hunza river)
ii. North Western Mountain Range
1. Hindu Kush (Tirichmir-7690 meters)
iii. Western Mountain Ranges
1. The Koh-e-Sufian (Khyber Pass-53 km, trade with Afghanistan khurrai
pass)
2. Suleiman Range (Tukht-e-suleman 3500 meters, Bolan)
3. Kirthar Range (max height 2150 meters, south river Hub and Lyari flow)
4. Salt Range( river swan, Avg height 700 meters)
b. The Indus Plain
i. The Upper Indus Plain (area above Mithan kot, very fertile, low rainfall)
ii. The Lower Indus Plain (Indus delta, very fertile)
c. The Plateaus
i. The Balochistan Plateau (South of coastal Makran Range, Khojak Pass, Sui Gas,
avg height 3000 meters, rivers Gomal, Zhob, and Hingol)
ii. The Pothar Plateau (Kala Chitta and Margalla hills in North, Salt Range in South,
Jehlum flows in East, River Indus in West. Khewra Salt Mine)
d. The Desert Regions
i. Cholistan (Bahawalpur)
ii. Kharan (NW of Balochistan)
e. Coastal Areas (700 km long)
7) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. Agriculture accounted for 20.9 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2014-15
and is a source of livelihood of 43.5 percent of rural population.
b. Majority of the population, directly or indirectly, dependent on this sector as it accounts
for 45 percent of employed labor force and is the largest source of foreign exchange
earnings.
2) Highlights according to the Economic Survey
a. The agriculture growth stood at 2.9 percent during July-March, 2014-15 as compared to
2.7 percent during the last year.
b. Crops witnessed a growth of 1.0 percent, Livestock 4.1 percent, Forestry 3.2 percent and
Fishing 5.8 percent.
c. During 2014-15, cotton production stood at 13,983 thousand bales as compared to
12,769 thousand bales in 2013-14 and registered an increase of 9.5 percent.
d. Wheat production decreased to 25,478 thousand tonnes in 2014-15 as compared to
25,979 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 showing a decrease of 1.9 percent.
e. Rice production has increased to 7,005 thousand tonnes in 2014-15 as compared to
6,798 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 showing an increase of 3.0 percent
f. During July-March, 2014-15 about 446.1 thousand tonnes of improved seeds of various
Kharif/Rabi crops were procured.
3) Problems related to Agriculture
a. Lack of Education
b. Lack of Capital
c. Following of old traditions
d. Water-logging and salinity
e. Uneconomical Land holdings
f. Scarcity of Water
g. Soil Erosion
h. Lack of organized marketing
i. Pests and Crop Diseases
j. Poor means of transportation
k. Lack of Credit Facilities
l. Low Yield per acre
4) Suggestions and remedies
a. Reclamation of Land
b. Irrigation Facilities
c. The Use of fertilizers
d. Credit facilities
e. Better quality seeds
f. Plant protection
g. Mechanization
h. Cooperative farming
i. Higher Education Level
j. Marketing Facilities
k. Improvement in the means of transportation and communication
5) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. Natural Resources occur naturally within environments characterized by amounts of
biodiversity and geodiversity existent in various ecosystems.
b. Pakistan has enormous energy surplus resource potential of both renewable and
nonrenewable, which is greater than that of oil rich countries of Gulf.
2) Natural Resources and their management
a. Contrary to economic potential of its natural resources, Pakistan is a depending on the
following
i. Foreign aid and debt.
ii. Deficit in trade
iii. Acute energy crisis to run industry
iv. Water stress for agriculture
b. Sustainable development required.
3) Richness / abundance of natural resources in Pakistan
a. Among the world's 200 plus countries
b. Second largest salt mines,
c. Second largest coal reserves,
d. Fifth largest copper and gold reserves,
e. Seventh largest wheat and rice production capacity.
4) Pakistan's Natural Resources
a. Energy resources
i. Nonrenewable energy resources
1. Oil and Gas reserves
8) Conclusion
a. country comparison to the world: CC
b. Source CIA factbook
c. Bbl: barrel
1) Introduction
a. Educational indicators of Pakistan are still dismally low, although steady progress has
been noticed during last few decades.
b. Article 25-A of constitution of Pakistan states: “State shall provide free and compulsory
education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such manner as may be
determined by law”.
c. At present, about one third primary school age children are out of school, 42%
population (age 10+) is illiterate.
d. Gender Parity Index in case of participation in primary education is 0.82.
e. Over 6.7 million children are out of school, and majority of them (62%) are girls
2) Current Statistics According To The Economic Survey 2014-2015
a. According to Pakistan Social and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2013-14,
literacy in urban areas is 74 percent and in rural areas (49 percent), and is more
prevalent for men (81.0 percent) compared to women (66.0 percent) in urban areas.
b. Government is spending 2.1 percent of its GDP on education sector.
c. Net Enrolment Rates (NER) at the national level during 2013-14 remained at 57 percent.
d. Under Prime Minister’s “Hunarmand Pakistan Program” short-term skill development
training up to six-month duration courses was conducted in collaboration with public
and private sector training institutes.
e. During the period 2008-14, a total number of 10,376 Scholarships were awarded under
different programmes of HEC.
3) Education System in Pakistan
a. Introduction
i. Education is a provincial subject as a result of the 18 Constitutional Amendment
legislated by the parliament during April 2010
ii. The Ministry of Education and Trainings and Standards in Higher Education
(MET&SHE) at the federal level coordinates with international development
partners.
iii. Public sector formal school system consists of 12 academic years.
iv. It starts from Primary and ends at Intermediate level or Higher Secondary
School Certificate (HSSC).
v. Private sector; one third enrolled children, following either public sector
national curricula or that of Cambridge International Examinations.
b. Primary and Secondary Education
i. 146,185 formal primary, 42,147 middle level (Lower Secondary) and 29,874
secondary schools
ii. 75% are public sector schools; 10% private sector schools; others ‘deeni
madressahs’ and non-formal basic education systems
iii. Enrolment in Middle Schools: 6 million with 57% boys and 43% girls, enrolment
in secondary schools: 2.8 million with 58% males and 42% females
c. Non-Formal Basic Education
i. an extensive network of Non-Formal Basic Education (NFBE) institutions for out-
of-school children; enrolment of at least 2.5 million students
ii. 13,000 Basic Education Community Schools (BECS) are functioning; 0.6 million
enrollment
iii. BECS are financed by the Federal Government and operate directly under
MET&SHE
d. Private Sector Contribution in Primary Education
i. At the primary level, overall 4.8 million (34%) children of 5-9 years age group are
enrolled.
ii. 34% of boys and 33% of girls
e. Religious Education (Deeni Madaris)
i. According to NEMIS data, at present, the total number of Deeni Madarisin
Pakistan is 13,240
ii. These Madaris are run by five different WAFAQS(governing bodies)
iii. 1.79 million students enrolled; 1.1 million boys and 0.66 million girls
4) National Education Policies
a. The National Education Policy (1998-2010)
b. The National Education Policy (2009)
c. Education Sector Reforms (2001-06)
d. National Plan of Action for EFA (2001-15)
e. Provincial Education Sector Plans
f. Free Education and Incentives to Enhance Enrolments and Retention
g. The National Plan of Action for Accelerating Education-Related MDGs (2013-16)
5) Key Education Challenges in Pakistan
a. Lack of Access to Education
b. Poor Quality of Education
c. Budgetary Constraints
d. Weak Governance
e. External Factors
i. Poverty
ii. Law and Order
iii. Natural Disasters
6) Prospects For 2015 and Beyond
a. Expanding and improving comprehensive Early Childhood Education (ECE)
b. Increased Equitable Access
c. Improved Learning Outcomes
d. Literacy
e. Gender Parity
f. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)
g. Education for Culture of Peace
h. Consultative Workshops in Provinces and Areas on Improving Quality Beyond
7) Priority Areas To Be Achieved
a. Basic education
b. Post-basic and Tertiary education
c. Youth and adult literacy
1) Introduction
a. Pakistan's industrial sector accounts for about 24% of GDP.
b. Cotton textile production and apparel manufacturing are Pakistan's largest industries,
accounting for about 66% of the merchandise exports and almost 40% of the employed
labor force.
2) Current Statistics According To The Economic Survey 2014-2015
a. Large Scale Manufacturing (LSM) during July-March 2014-15 registered a growth of 2.5
percent as compared to 4.6 percent in the same period last year.
b. The Year on Year (YoY) growth for March 2015 stood at 4.5 percent as against negative
growth of 1.0 percent in March 2014.
c. Negative Growth: Wood Product declined by 78.46 percent, Engineering Products 10.68
percent, Paper and Board 7.26 percent, Food Beverage and Tobacco 1.03 percent and
Rubber products 0.56 percent.
d. Positive Growth: Iron and Steel Products 35.63 percent, Automobiles 17.02 percent,
Leather Products 9.62 percent, Electronics 8.21 percent, Pharmaceuticals 6.38 percent,
Chemicals 5.94 percent, Non Metallic mineral products 2.56 percent, Coke & Petroleum
Products 4.73 percent, Fertilizers 0.95 percent and Textile 0.50 percent.
e. Automobile sector such as trucks, tractors, cars & jeeps and LCVs registered growth of
53.9 percent, 44.6 percent, 23.1 percent and 31.2 percent, respectively.
f. Mining and Quarrying sector grew by 3.8 percent in 2014-15
3) SWOT Analysis Of Iron And Steel Industry Of Pakistan
a. Strengths
i. Development Projects; Dams, Bridges
ii. Boom in Construction Sector; Real Estate
iii. Defense Production
b. Weaknesses
i. Old depreciated plant and machinery
ii. Limited capacity to fulfill demand
iii. Lack of infrastructure
iv. High taxes
v. Declining Skilled force
c. Opportunities
i. Abundant coal available to power Steel Mills
ii. Abundant Iron ore available domestically
iii. Increase in prices and demand of steel worldwide
d. Threats
i. Political instability
ii. Competition on mainstream
iii. Increase in iron ore prices worldwide
1) Introduction
a. The aggregate of people living together in a more or less ordered community.
b. Pakistan was created in 1947, as a homeland for Muslims in South Asia, and about 97
percent of Pakistanis are Muslim
c. Pakistani society is ethnically diverse.
d. It is largely rural yet beset by the problems of hyper-urbanization.
e. Pakistan has enjoyed a robust and expanding economy, but wealth is poorly distributed
f. A middle-class is emerging, but a narrow stratum of elite families maintains extremely
disproportionate control over the nation's wealth, almost one-third of all Pakistanis live
in poverty.
Topic 17: Nuclear Program of Pakistan, Its Safety and Security; International Concerns
1) Introduction
a. Pakistan; first Muslim country to construct and operate civil nuclear power plants.
b. It is one of the four nuclear armed states that is not a party of the nuclear non-
proliferation treaty.
c. Member on International Atomic Energy Commission (IAEA).
d. Plans on constructing 32 nuclear power plants by 2050.
2) Nuclear Power Program of Pakistan
a. 725 MWe capacity; nuclear arsenal consists of approximately 60-90 nuclear warheads
b. Pakistan's nuclear weapons capabilities have arisen independently of the civil nuclear
fuel cycle, using indigenous uranium.
c. Pakistan is outside the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, due to its weapons program, it
is largely excluded from trade in nuclear plant or materials, and however, China is
positive to cooperate.
d. The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) is responsible for all nuclear energy and
research applications; two divisions; Nuclear Power Generation (NUPG) and Nuclear
Power Projects (NUPP)
e. The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science & Technology (PINSTECH) at Rawalpindi near
Islamabad is managed by the PAEC and is one of the largest science and technology
research establishments in the country
3) General Potential Threat Of Nuclear Terrorism Defined By IAEA:
a. Theft of a nuclear weapon
b. Theft of material to make an improvised nuclear explosive device
c. Theft of other radioactive material for an RDD
d. Sabotage of a facility or a transport
4) Concerns On Security Issues Of Pakistan
a. Extremist government in power.
b. Radicals taking over
i. a strong command and control system led by the National Command Authority
(NCA);
ii. an integrated intelligence system;
iii. a rigorous regulatory regime;
iv. a comprehensive export control regime;
v. and active international cooperation
1) Introduction
a. Governance in Pakistan is a delicate balancing act between the military chiefs and the
elected civilian government
b. It is a power-sharing arrangement whereby the military has important influence over
foreign, security and key domestic issues
c. Soft Military Intervention-The military has repeatedly demonstrated that it can and will
influence the nature and direction of political change without necessarily assuming
power.
d. 'soft' military intervention a common dilemma for civilian leaders
2) The Transition to Civilian Rule
a. The ascendancy of Pakistan's military began in 1947.
b. Direct assumption of power by the Army Chief, General (later Field Marshal) Ayub Khan,
October 1958- June 1962,
c. A second coup was staged in March 1969' by General Yahya Khan, who surrendered
power to an elected civilian leader in December 1971 (1971 Indo-Pakistan war)
d. General Zia ul-Haq reasserted military dominance by overthrowing the civilian
government in July 1977.( July 1977 December 1985)
e. The civilian system that replaced Zia's military rule in 1985 enabled the military to shift
its emphasis from overt 'rule' to a more subtle. Zia introduced far-reaching changes in
the 1973 Constitution, powerful President (Zia himself) and a weak Prime Minister
3) A Pivot in the Power Structure
a. The Army Chief is a pivot in Pakistan's post-1988 power structure.
b. Together with the President and the Prime Minister, he constitutes one-third of the
'Troika' -an extra-constitutional arrangement for civilian-military consensus-building on
key domestic, foreign policy and security issues.
c. Its members not only discuss security and organizational and professional matters, but
also deliberate on domestic issues such as law and order, and general political
conditions
d. A smooth interaction among the Troika members ensures the military's support for the
Prime Minister, which contributes to general political stability.
e. The military's primary consideration is not direct exercise of power, but protection and
advancement of its professional and corporate interests.
4) The Military's Interests
a. National security: nuclear policy, Strong and credible conventional defense and nuclear-
weapons capabilities
b. Overseas weapons and equipment procurement is another military interest with
foreign-policy implications
c. Military autonomy and civilian non-interference in internal organizational matters and
service affairs
d. The military is opposed to any unilateral cut in defense expenditure by civilian leaders
e. Protection of perks and privileges provided to officers along with generally improving
service conditions.
f. The military also expects a civilian government to ensure socio-political stability
5) The Military and the Intelligence Agencies
a. Role of the Military Intelligence (MI)
b. Role of the ISI
c. Role of Intelligence Bureau (IB)
6) Conclusion
a. The military's decision to stay in the barracks after President Zia's death in 1988, began
Pakistan's democratic transition
b. The civilian governments that followed were troubled by the necessity of balancing
democratic imperatives with the legacy of long military rule.
c. The military elite concede that governance is not one of its primary tasks, and gives this
right to the civilian leaders.
d. But the military leadership also firmly believes that it must play an autonomous role
1) Introduction
a. Pakistan has alternated between eras of civilian rule and decades under the control of
its powerful military.
b. First democratic era in 1947,the government is headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as
Governor-General, with Liaquat Ali Khan serving as Prime Minister.
c. First military period: President Iskander Mirza carries out a coup d'etat, suspending the
constitution in 1958
d. The controversy over General Elections in 1970 leads to a war, also involving India that
results in the independence of Bangladesh after a brutal Pakistani army action in East
Pakistan.
2) Second democratic era
a. 1972: Martial Law is lifted. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto is elected as president. He also launches
Pakistan's nuclear programme.
b. 1973: A new constitution is enacted, declaring Pakistan a parliamentary democracy,
with a prime minister as head of state, leading a bi-cameral legislature. Bhutto goes
from president to prime minister.
f. 1997: General elections are held, the fourth time such polls have taken place since 1988.
Nawaz Sharif's PML-N party wins and he is elected prime minister for the second time.
Rafiq Tarar is sworn in as President the next year.
g. 1998: Pakistan conducts nuclear tests in the Chaghai Hills of Balochistan, in response to
similar Indian tests days earlier. The international community imposes strict economic
sanctions on the country in response.
5) Third military period
a. 1999: After the Kargil War, Nawaz Sharif attempts to replace General Pervez Musharraf,
his army chief. Musharraf takes power in a coup.
b. 2000: The Supreme Court validates Musharraf's coup and gives him executive and
legislative authority for a period of three years. Nawaz Sharif and his family flee to exile
in Saudi Arabia
c. 2001: General Pervez Musharraf assumes the office of president, while remaining chief
of army staff.
d. 2002: Musharraf wins a referendum on his presidency, granting him five more years in
the job. The government claims he wins the poll by more than 95 per cent. A general
election is also held, with the PML-Q, a party created by Musharraf and loyal to the
president, winning most seats. The PML-Q's Zafarullah Khan Jamali is elected prime
minister. Musharraf, meanwhile, institutes a raft of amendments to the 1973
constitution.
e. 2004: Zafaraullah Khan Jamali is replaced by Shaukat Aziz, then the finance minister, as
prime minister of Pakistan.
f. 2007: President Musharraf dismisses Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Iftikhar
Muhammad Chaudhry, prompting a nationwide protest movement for his
reinstatement. Chaudhry is eventually restored, but Musharraf imposes a state of
emergency later in the year ahead of a key apex court ruling on the legality of his rule.
The National Assembly, meanwhile, completes its five-year term for the first time in
Pakistan's history. Benazir Bhutto, who returned to the country to campaign in the
general elections after the passage of a controversial blanket corruption amnesty deal, is
killed in a bomb attack in Rawalpindi.
6) Fourth democratic era
a. 2008: General elections are held, with the PPP winning the majority of seats in the
national assembly. Yousuf Raza Gilani is elected prime minister, with Asif Ali Zardari,
Bhutto's widower and now co-chairman of the PPP, replacing Musharraf as president.
b. 2009: After heightening tensions over the issue, Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry and his
colleagues in the judiciary are restored to their positions, having been dismissed by
Pervez Musharraf after his 2007 state of emergency.
c. April 8, 2010 Pakistan's parliament passes the 18th amendment to the 1973 consitution,
which, among other things, reverses some of the changes brought about by Musharraf
and also removes the President's power to dissolve the parliament unilaterally under
Article 58-2(b).
d. December 22, 2010 passing of 19th amendment for the appointment of the Judges of the
Supreme Court of Pakistan and made amendments in the number of members of the
parliamentary committee for the appointment of Chief Electoral Officers at Election
Commission of Pakistan.
e. 2011: Caught amidst scandals involving both corruption probes and the so-called
"Memogate" affair, the PPP government comes under increasing pressure from the
opposition to hold early elections.
f. February 14, 2012 passing of 20th amendment for For Free and Fair Elections
g. 2012: After being found guilty of having committed contempt of court for not
implementing a Supreme Court order to reopen a corruption case involving President
Asif Ali Zardari, Prime Minister Yousuf Raza Gilani is deemed to be ineligible to hold
public office. He loses his seat in parliament, but not before he becomes the longest
serving prime minister in Pakistan's history. He is succeeded as PM by Raja Pervez
Ashraf, another leading PPP member and Zardari loyalist.
h. 2013: The PPP-led coalition government becomes Pakistan's first democratically elected
civilian-led government to complete its five-year term in office. A caretaker government
is appointed and a general election is set for May 11.
i. 2013 June - Parliament approves Nawaz Sharif as prime minister after his Muslim
League-N wins parliamentary elections in May. July - Mamnoon Hussain elected
president by parliament
j. 2013 November - Lt Gen Raheel Sharif takes over as head of the army on the retirement
of General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani.
k. January 7, 2015, passing of 21st amendment for Speedy Trial Military Courts to deal
with terrorism.
7) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. “One man’s terrorist is another’s freedom fighter” reveals the wide range of variations
in the interpretation of the term “terrorism”
b. Simply, ‘terror is extreme or intense fear’
c. It is a psychological state, which combines the physical and mental efforts to create
dread and insecurity.
2) State Terrorism To Counter Terrorism
a. Examples of Kashmir and Palestine speak horrors of inhuman acts. The Chechens have
been branded through the Western media as terrorist movements.
b. Israel as well as India’s state-terrorism falls in this scenario
c. Current imbroglio of Middle East Crisis and Yemen Crisis
3) Ulterior Motives Of US in “War On Terror”
a. Obtaining natural resources of Muslim countries, either by the policy of friendship or
confrontation.
b. To malign Muslim freedom struggles
c. To damage the ideologies of Islam specially Jihad to project Islam as a religion of
intolerance.
d. To stop the rise of orthodox Muslim governments in the name of democracy.
e. To ensure a greater Israel on Arab Land for the satisfaction of American Jewish lobby.
f. To spread its own culture. If a nation dies it’s a national death but if a nation dies of
cultural death, it’s all over.
g. To check the nuclear technology of the Muslim countries like Iran and Pakistan.
4) Cause Of Terrorism In Pakistan
a. Rise of sectarian terrorism through anti-Shiite militant groups such as Sipah-i-Sahaba
Pakistan after the 1979 revolution in Iran.
b. Sunni-dominated Iraq with the backing of the USA and Saudi Arabia waged a war upon
Shiite dominated Iran.
c. The Soviet Afghanistan War; Fighting proxy war, funds for arming the “Mujahideen”
through religious propaganda urging them to expel the infidels from Afghanistan.
d. Soviet withdrawal exposed the damage leading to transformation of violence
e. Armed freedom struggle surfaced in Kashmir during the eighties
f. After 9/11, when a gag was put on the fighters, they turned their guns towards their
adopted country.
5) The Internal Factors
a. The derailing of democracy, political alienation, leading to sense of powerlessness.
b. Economy of Pakistan, replete with corruption, has disturbed the distribution of wealth.
c. Dishonesty, bribery, and drug trade; Black money has disturbed the balance of social
structure.
d. The sense of deprivation and social injustice among the small provinces
e. Polarization based on various castes, classes, religious affinities
f. The prevalent unfulfilling system of education is a colonial legacy
g. The ‘Zamindars’ and ‘Jagirdars’ own 32 per cent of the privately cultivated land. a
suppressed community often rises violently against this injustice leading to extremism in
the society.
h. A weak judicial system and judiciary are also responsible for these unwanted
tendencies. (fear, favor and corruption)
i. Incomplete facility of the national data base is a major security concern.(NADRA)
6) Causes At International Level
a. Unresolved political disputes: e.g. Kashmir, Palestine, Iraq, Afganistan, Chechnya.
b. Ineffectiveness of UNO
c. Universal law of cause-and-effect: State terrorism will produce obviously terrorism.
d. Double standards of the West
e. The pride of US as being Unipolar.
7) Terrorists Groups in Pakistan
a. Harkat-ul-Jihad-i-Islami and Harkat-ul-Mujahideen were formed to wage Afghan Jihad.
merged to form Harkat-ul-Ansar (HUA) redirecting their focus for freedom struggle in
Indian held Kashmir.
b. The Sipah-i-Sahaba Pakistan (SSP)
c. Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
d. Lashkar-e-Omar (LeO)
f. Lashkar-eJhangvi (LeJ)
h. Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM)
i. Lashkar-e-Toiba (LeT)
j. Lashkar-e-Jabbar (LeJ)
8) Pakistan’s Efforts
a. A number of sectarian organizations was banned and their assets frozen
b. Madrassas reforms.
c. Revamping the law enforcement agencies by better equipping and training them,
d. NADRA
e. The government directed the expulsion and extradition of all foreign students.
f. At the international level, the government cooperated with the UN to curb the menace.
9) Counter Terrorism Strategy
a. Obama should avoid Bush’s policies of use of force to avoid further military and financial
losses.
b. Involving UNSC & OIC would be in the interest of US to minmise anti US sentiments in
the Muslim world.
c. Interfaith dialogue can clear the misconceptions against each other.
d. Solution of issues like Kashmir and Palestine
e. The Muslims should discourage extremist groups in their social life.
f. Madressa reforms
g. Positive role of world media
10) Counter Terrorism Strategy By Maleeha Lodhi
a. “There is no silver bullet that can address global terrorism in all its complexity,” writes
Dr Maleeha Lodhi in “The Threats of all Threats”.
b. She proposed a broad-gauge counter-terrorism strategy based on nine ‘Cs’:
i. Comprehensiveness and multifaceted strategy is needed
ii. Consensus at the global level is required
iii. Causes and conditions that breed terrorism
iv. Confusion about the definition of terrorism
v. Capabilities must be improved and national capacities strengthened
vi. Cooperative rather than coercive national and international strategies
vii. Civil liberties and principles of good governance must be
viii. Civilization and cultural: dialogue and understanding
ix. Conference at the summit level must be called
11) Conclusion
a. Today terrorism is complex in scope, even across the continents by non-state actors.
b. Deprivation and an unjust political and socio-economic dispensation rapidly give rise to
frustration.
c. The remedy lies in a tolerant and democratic society.
d. Make a distinction between terrorism and legitimate struggle for freedom and right of
self-determination, the denial of which can breed terrorism and a threat to “peaceful
co-existence”.
1) Introduction
a. Democracy and participatory governance are popular political notions in today’s world.
b. The founders of Pakistan had ardently supported and emphasized for democratic
system that could ideally permeate the governance structure and body politic of
Pakistan.
i. Reforms in Judiciary
ii. Separation of Powers
iii. Devolution of powers
b. Political parties
i. Efficient accountability
c. Civil Society organizations
d. For Youth
6) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. The foreign policy of Pakistan is primarily directed to the pursuit of national goals of
seeking peace and stability through international cooperation.
b. to project the image of the country as a dynamic and moderate society
c. seeks to promote the internationally recognized norms of interstate relations
2) Guiding Principles of Pakistan’s Foreign Policy
a. According to Quaid e Azam
i. “Our foreign policy is one of friendliness and goodwill towards all the nations of
the world.”
ii. We do not cherish aggressive designs against any country or nation
iii. principle of honesty and fair play in national and international dealings
iv. promotion of peace and prosperity
v. Pakistan will never be found lacking in extending its material and moral support
to the oppressed and suppressed peoples of the world
vi. Upholding the principles of the United Nations Charter.
b. The Constitution of Pakistan also lays down guidelines in Article 40
3) Objectives
a. Promotion Pakistan as a dynamic, progressive, moderate, and democratic Islamic
country
b. Safeguarding national security and geo-strategic interests, including Kashmir
c. Consolidating our commercial and economic cooperation
d. Safeguarding the interests of Pakistani Diaspora abroad.
e. Ensuring optimal utilization of national resources for regional and international
cooperation
4) Foreign policy of Pakistan Post 9/11
a. 9/11 attacks proved to turn the foreign policy of Pakistan upside down
b. It was a crucial time that demanded an intelligence filled response.
c. Musharaf was one of the foreign leaders to receive a call from Washington (You are
either with us or against us)
d. Two ways were given,
i. To exigently join US in principle and workout the modalities later on
a. U.S might have bracketed Pak with Taliban while declaring Pak a terrorist state.
b. Our territory would have been subjected to furious onslaughts and airstrikes to
neutralize resistance under the pretext of eliminating terrorist bases.
c. India would have given a green signal to attack Kahuta as it had done previously.
d. Kashmiri freedom struggle might have been labeled as a terrorist insurgency.
6) Pakistan's Choice
a. Taliban refused to hand Osama to America despite Pak's pleadings.
b. Musharaf on 19th Sept,2001 while addressing to nation said,
''Pakistan comes first, everything else is secondary.''
c. Pakistan joined U.S in strategic interest of,
i. territorial security
ii. protection of its own nuclear and missile programs
iii. revival of economy
d. Joining (WOT) was the most appropriate among the available options and was generally,
if not entirely, in national interest.
e. This shift in foreign policy of Pakistan showed the strategic intelligence of government
towards the oncoming hurricane.
7) Demands By U.S After Alliance
a. To stop Al-Qaeda operations at its border.
b. To give blanket over flight and landing rights for military operations.
c. To provide intelligence information.
d. To provide territorial access to allied forces.
e. To continue to publicly condemn the terrorist acts.
f. To sever ties with the Taliban, if they refuse to cope.
g. To cut off all shipments of fuel to Taliban and stop recruits from going to Afghan.
8) Effects of Changing Foreign Policy:
a. Pakistan's decision to join world community in the war against terrorism brought it back
into the international mainstream and won it the revived and stronger support from
major countries of the world.
9) New Strategic Vision Of Foreign Policy Of Pakistan
a. The security of its own country and not the security of others.
b. Peaceful co existence, i.e. further development of regional ties and the strengthening of
their own positions.
10) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. National integration has remained an evolving pursue in all the post-colonial divided
societies.
b. Ethnic heterogeneity and cultural pluralism is the major attribute of Pakistani society
c. Creation of national integration caused problems due to improper handling of
conflicting socio-political fiber of Pakistani Society.
d. The state adopted an authoritarian policy to expand and consolidate its power and
position but ethnic groups provoked ethnic politics (preservation of their identity)
e. For the creation of national integration, assimilationist strategy should be avoided and a
pluralistic approach must be incorporated.
2) Ethnicity, Class, And The State in Pakistan
a. The state is both a resource in itself and a distributor of resources
b. It is of importance to assess how these resources and state power itself are shared by
the different ethnic groups, and how state power might be used
c. The Pakistani state can be seen as a neocolonial state
d. The military and bureaucracy not only command the instruments of state power, but
pursue their own interests almost independently of the dominant capitalist and landlord
classes.
e. Intersection of Ethnicity and Class: Demographically, the Punjabis comprise the largest
single ethnic group (48.2 percent) in Pakistan’s population, followed by Pushtoons (13.1
percent), Sindhis (11.8 percent), Siraikis (9.8 percent), Urdu-speaking (7.6 percent),
Baloch-Brauhis (4.2 percent), and Hindko-speaking (2.4 percent). Mohajir and Siraiki’s
are the other two groups.
3) Ethnic Factors promoting ethno-nationalism
a. Culture
b. Inequalities in different areas
c. Less representation of Baluchis on Influential positions
d. Elitist Policies
e. Scarcity of resources
f. Centralized System
g. Role of military and military operations
h. Underdevelopment
i. Role of externals powers
j. Human rights violations
4) Approaches to National Integration and State Strategies
a. Assimilation Policy: based on social integration, Distinctive cultures are tried to
incorporate fully with the national culture
b. Exclusionary Policy: based on the concept to minimize contacts with ethnic minorities,
explained by differentialist model, whereby conflicts are managed and resolved through
a process of elimination of ethnic minorities
c. Pluralist Policy: “social order, consisting of institutionally segmented cultural groups
living side by side, yet without mingling in one political unit. One cultural section
monopolize power, controls the state apparatus and dominant over others.
d. The Consociational Approach: arrangement to secure the interests of major ethnic
groups; two or more ethnic groups come together and create consensus that they will
recognize each others’ rights and interests.
e. Federalism: used to reconcile diversity within the structure of a single state; applies to
homeland people who seek a significant measure of autonomy and self rule within their
territory
5) Ethnic Politics And The Issue Of National Integration In Pakistan
a. Factor of ethnicity specially history, language and culture are the supportive elements
for creating nation- hood and promoting national integration
b. Pakistanis are the product of many foreign and local influences
c. The instrumentalist’s approach is favored, that ethnicity by itself cannot damage but it is
the state and elite groups who use it and stresses ethnic differences to get share in
power. (Case of East Pakistan)
d. In Pakistan’s history, religion and language are considered two important attributes in
the formation and deformation of nation- hood (creation of ideology of Pakistan)
6) Suggestions for the Creation of Social Cohesion
a. The acceptance of federalism for social and political pluralism
b. Ethnic factor should be considered while shaping up the national policy
c. State has to evolve the strategies based on structural and perceptual perspective
d. Political participation through regular free elections must be ensured in which every
group should have to participate
e. Unity in diversity must be protected. Any policy to create forced assimilation could be
disastrous for federation.
f. State should have to conduct a transparent census with regular intervals that reflect the
evolving demographic trends in Pakistan
7) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. Water issue is a situation where the available water within a region is less than the
regions demand.
b. Water scarcity is among the main problems to be faced by many societies and the world
in the 21st century.
c. Water usage has been growing at more than twice the rate of population increase in the
last century.
d. Around 1.2 billion people, or almost one fifth of the world’s population, live in areas of
physical scarcity, and 500 million people are approaching this situation.
e. Another 1.6 million or almost one quarter of the world’s population are going to face
water shortage.
2) Dynamics of Issue
a. Over use and pollution of water.
b. Regional conflicts over scarce water resources.
c. Groundwater excessive usage.
d. Inadequate access to drinking water for 1.1 billion people.
b. Need of the hour is to make effective policy to save our life from water shortage and
crisis.
c. We should highlight the water issues as a major threat to our existence.
d. We need to have an awareness campaign for future water vision for Pakistan.
A state’s national interest as the name implies, comprises of all the interests of a nation as a whole. Any
country’s primary national interest is ‘survival’. In order to achieve survival, one country has to aim for
other goals such as national security, economic prosperity, seeking alliances among other interests.
Pakistan’s national interest has always been influenced by external powers. Pakistan as a nation must
aim at attaining self-reliance in pursuing its national interests that must relate to the economic vision of
the country.
1) Introduction
a. The national interest is a country's goals and ambitions whether economic, military, or
cultural.
b. Often referred to by the French expression raison d'État ("reason of State")
c. Hans Morgenthau defines the national interest as: "The interest of a nation as a whole
held to be an independent entity separate from the interests of subordinate areas or
groups and also of other nations or supranational groups ; any foreign policy which
operates under the standard of the national interest ."
d. There are external stakeholders, such as nation-states, organisations and external
pressures, economic or political, which are shaping the future of Pakistan.
e. Most of the outside influences are proactive whilst the response by Pakistan’s
Government is reactive
f. National interest should relate to the economic vision of the country and should be
achieved with pragmatism.
2) Pakistan’s National Interests
a. National Security for survival and Safety of the Nuclear Program
b. Economic Prosperity; the nation-state must possess, produce, procure and trade for the
means of survival at a predetermined level which reflects its means and aspirations
c. Sovereignty of the state
i. the ability to resist coercion
ii. the ability to coerce other states
d. Seeking alliances that may break the isolation
e. Attaining the ability to achieve internal reform in order to avoid foreign pressure of all
sorts
f. Avoiding international isolation to prevent other states from getting together within the
United Nations to use international law to harm it
g. Embracing pragmatism in the conduct of the state to come close to a theoretical basis
for the understanding of the conduct of a weak state.
3) Evolution of National Interest of Pakistan
a. Pakistan's primary interest was to remain independent and viable in the face of a much
larger and powerful neighbor.
b. The nation then adopted several other goals;
i. the struggle of Kashmir to join Pakistan - or become independent from India;
ii. a friendly and cooperative Afghanistan to ensure strategic depth vis-a-vis India ;
iii. close relations with Saudi Arabia representing a religious socio-economic nexus
of interests;
iv. affirming itself as a front-line state of the religiously tolerant West pitted
against a God-less USSR.
c. Whilst Pakistan's role as a front line state was galvanized and pivotal during the Russian
invasion of Afghanistan, it became ambiguous and anachronistic in the new world order.
d. Pakistan immediately bolstered its relationship with China, that it had been developing
over many years after the Sino-Soviet split in the seventies as US strengthened its ties
with India.
e. The end of the cold war and the abandonment by the US and its allies of Afghanistan,
and Pakistan, forced the latter to initiate a plan of action
f. It combined its policy objectives of maintaining strategic depth in Afghanistan; in
accordance with its military doctrine of riposte vis-a-vis its arch enemy India, and close
ties with Saudi Arabia
g. Thus enabling the Taliban to become pervasively established, and receiving Saudi
largesse to finance it all, resulting in the eventual dominance of the Taliban in
Afghanistan.
h. America had ignored and distanced itself from all Saudi-Pakistani action in Afghanistan
from 1991 until the late 90's until the emergence of wahabist-jihadists, Al-Qaeda.
i. The test came when, after 9/11, Pakistan had to choose between its interests in
maintaining the Taliban in Afghanistan and that of the US, where the latter's objective
was to oust the government that had provided a safe haven to the alleged perpetrators
of 9/11.
j. Apparently, Pakistan had to forego its interest and bow to US demands, furtively,
however, this did not prove to be the case as the War on Terror developed.
k. After the war had begun, a paradigm shift took place, during the decade, several attacks
and assaults began targeting Pakistan and its armed forces along with Afghan Taliban.
Once NATO's ISAF and other US troops arrived Pakistan had to recalibrate its policy in
Afghanistan.
l. It follows that the country's prime interest, that of Security, is not "secure," that its
other interests such as a stable and friendly Afghanistan, self-determination of Kashmir,
its economic stability, are failing and under attack from exogenous forces."
4) What Pakistan needs to do?
a. Pakistan needs to reaffirm its commitment to maintaining a coherent geo-strategy
towards India; political nationalism is now getting superfluous and obsolete and
economic relations are taking on the driving seat.
b. It must redefine its commitment to Kashmir and redouble its efforts to find a political
solution to the plight of Kashmiri’s
c. It must re-examine its bond with Saudi Arabia and achieve an equitable mix
d. It must capitalise on, and foster the economic and military relationship with China,
Pakistan’s most venerable and valuable ally
e. American and Pakistani interests do not coalesce any longer; therefore, new parameters
should be drawn up by both nations that limit and phase out bilateral security
cooperation
f. Pakistan must seek out its own path; independently, whilst remaining faithful to its
raison d’être; selfishly, whilst maintaining unity amongst its peoples; and confidently,
whilst maintaining discipline in every field of its endeavor.
5) Conclusion
a. In summary, external forces are dictating and organizing Pakistan’s national interests.
Internally there is incoherence in defining the national interest as the various political
and economic elites identify and explain it in terms of alignment with the US, which is
seen as indispensable for progress. Several others, in the country feel that this is a
pernicious attempt to change the norms and values of the country and, therefore, are
partial to realignment, extracting Pakistan from the American sphere of influence.
b. Hence the national interest of Pakistan lies in being a liberal and progressive Islamic
state.
1) Introduction
a. The targeted economic growth for the outgoing year was missed by a long shot as most
of targets were missed
b. Last year, finance minister Ishaq Dar announced a target of five percent GDP growth but
the tally could only muster up 4.24 percent.
c. The performance of the agriculture and manufacturing sector is more revealing of why
targeted growth was not achieved.
d. Agriculture comprises 20.9 percent of GDP where as manufacturing contributes another
13 percent to national income.
e. The share of agriculture sector in total employment has dipped slightly in the outgoing
fiscal from 43.7 percent but, the report card claims that unemployment has dropped
marginally, from 6.24 percent in FY 14.
2) Highlights Of The Economic Survey
a. The economic growth rate is 4.24 percent; broad based and is the highest achievement
since 2008-2009.
b. Major success of the outgoing fiscal year includes
i. picking up economic growth, contained at lowest levels since 2003
ii. improvement in tax collection
iii. reduction in fiscal deficit
c. It is worthy to note over here that the PML (N) government had promised a 4% for the
education.
9) PSDP expenditure: Majority of PSDP projects concentrated in Punjab (Public Sector
Development Programme)
10) Agricultural Growth
a. The 3.3 percent agricultural growth target was missed as the sector grew by 2.9 percent
only.
b. The production targets of important crops; other crops, livestock and forestry were
missed.
11) Services Sector Growth
a. The services sector did the best, growing by 4.95 percent, which is a narrow miss of its
5.2 percent government growth target.
12) Industrial Growth
a. Industrial sector recorded growth at 3.62 percent as compared to 4.45 percent last year.
b. The target for the industrial sector growth was set at 6.8%. Large Scale Manufacturing
has registered growth of 2.38% as compared to the growth of 3.99% last year. The
target was set at 7%.
13) Debt Servicing
a. Pakistan spent 44.5% of its total revenue to service debt payments in first nine months
till March 2015 compared to 47% spent during the same period of previous year.
14) Conclusion
1) Introduction
a. Estimate of income and expenditures
b. Statements whether it is people-friendly or pro rich
c. Current Budget partly people friendly
2) Current Expenditure Break down
a. Rs. 3482 bn (Expenditure in last fiscal year was Rs. 3463 bn)
b. Civil Pension: Rs 56 bn
c. Military Pension: Rs. 174 bn
d. Subsidies: Rs. 137 bn
e. Non salary of civil govt: Rs. 129 bn
f. Civil Govt Allowance: Rs. 120 bn
g. Civil Govt. Salary: Rs. 73 bn
3) Current Revenue Breakdown
a. Rs. 4089 bn
b. Rs. 1.347 trillion: Direct tax
c. Rs. 1.755 trillion: Indirect Tax
d. Rs. 40 bn: Foreign Grant
e. Rs. 280 bn: Profit of State Bank
l. Environment Protection
i. 2014-15: Rs 935 m
ii. 2015-16: Rs. 1055 m
m. Health
i. 2014-15: Rs 10124 m
ii. 2015-16: Rs. 11010 m
n. Education
i. 2014-15: Rs 64519 m
ii. 2015-16: Rs. 75580 m
o. PSDP
i. 2015-16: 1513.7 bn which is 27.4% more than the previous Budget
6) Critical Analysis
a. Reduction in inflation estimate at 4.8 % against 8% of 2014-15
b. Unemployment has decreased by 0.3 %
c. Focus on energy projects like hydro etc.
d. Interest free loans for solar powered tubewells to aid agriculture
e. Public development has been focused
f. Taxation have been a blow for shareholders
7) Conclusion (Habiba Sheikh)
The major sectors of Pakistan include Agriculture, Industry and services. There are numerous sub-
sectors under each main sector. The performance of each sector has been judged according to the
statistics of the Economic Survey FY 2014-2015. Some of the problems of the major sectors have been
mentioned and remedies offered.
1) Introduction
a. The GDP growth accelerates to 4.24 percent in 2014-15 against the growth of 4.03
percent recorded in the same period last year. The growth momentum is broad based,
as all sectors namely agriculture, industry and services have supported economic
growth.
2) Agriculture
a. Current Scenario
i. The agriculture sector accounts for 20.9 percent of GDP and 43.5 percent of
employment, the sector has strong backward and forward linkages. The
agriculture sector has four sub-sectors including: crops, livestock, fisheries and
forestry.
ii. The agriculture growth stood at 2.9 percent during July-March, 2014-15 as
compared to 2.7 percent during the last year.
iii. Crops witnessed a growth of 1.0 percent, Livestock 4.1 percent, Forestry 3.2
percent and Fishing 5.8 percent.
b. Problems related to Agriculture
1) Introduction
2) Current Scenario concerning Pakistan
a. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) agreement; not just a bilateral economic co-
operation project, has imp strategic implications
b. US-Pakistan arms deal:
i. America’s clearance of Foreign Military Sale of Viper Attack Helicopters and
Hellfire II Missiles to Pakistan
ii. U.S pak arm deal delivered a strong message to India that if it continues to shop
elsewhere then America will sell arms to other countries also.
iii. Increased Pressure on India that it cancelled its deal with France.
c. Upward trajectory in Pakistan-Russia relations: Defence Agreement and procurement of
4 MI-35M helicopters
d. Careful avoidance of direct military involvement in Yemen crisis:
i. long term benefit, dip in Pak-saudi relations is temporary;
ii. another theatre of proxy war between Iran and Saudia;
iii. the saudi move has been strongly backed by the U.S, which is providing
"logistical and intelligence support."
iv. Afghan has also announced its support for the military intervention by Saudia
e. Afghanistan’s well thought out foreign policy shift towards Pakistan
f. If the P5+1 and Iran seal the nuclear deal, then Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline project
g. Economist’s report about Pakistan’s economy; growth rate of 4.7 percent.
3) India-Pakistan Relations
a. The brash India of Modi’s early days is likely to mellow down
b. Together Pakistan and India could achieve more for their countries
c. erratic impulsive behavior by Indian policy makers often reflects belligerent and
aggressive mindset nuance than substance but has been disrupting bilateral dialogue
and has often scuttled meaningful peace initiatives by Pakistan
d. arrogant India is certainly a source of regional instability
4) Regional apparatus concerning Afghanistan
a. America has reconciled with the possibility that it could be replaced in Afghanistan by
China with the help of Pakistan
b. President Ashraf Ghani has completed the first trip of the capitals which matter in the
future political and economic settlement of Afghanistan; his desire to to “make
Afghanistan a graveyard of terror” looking for regional assistance
c. New Delhi may be losing influence in Afghanistan because of Ghani’s efforts to forge
closer ties with Pakistan and China, because India has disappointed Afghanistan on
many counts.
d. Modi said that India should join an existing Afghan-Pakistan Trade and Transit
agreement
e. Ghani said: “Our vision today is to be guided by that potential where the energy of
Central Asia will flow to South Asia where pipelines, fiber optics, railways, and
connectivity, air, ground and virtual will connect us.” And this is what CPEC offers
f. India was the first country with which Afghanistan signed a strategic partnership
agreement, but the contour of the relationship has changed. Afghanistan spoke to China
about its new external priorities indicating relegation of India to the outermost circle.
decided not to pursue the request for defence equipment from India
g. Engage Pakistan vigorously and obtain its cooperation; Ghani has also started sending
officer cadets for training at the Pakistani military academy
h. He has concluded that India’s capacity to help is limited and Pakistani and China could
be more productive partners.
i. India may take the trajectories like: coax Iran and play repeat role of 1980s and 90s for
destabilizing central government by provoking ethnic minorities
5) Regional apparatus concerning Iran
a. China will now concentrate on energy-rich Iran that shall emerge much stronger after its
nuclear deal and in the backdrop of the recent events in the Middle East and North
African Region.
b. Russia, with its growing understanding with China is emerging as an important regional
player looking up to revive its stalled S3000 missile deal with Iran.
c. China has also just agreed to build nuclear power plants for Iran.
d. US-Iran nuclear deal:
i. It will send a rolling new power dynamic in Middle East.
ii. Pak-Iran gas pipeline is becoming a reality.
iii. Saudi and Israel are apprehensive of Iran’s increasing power.
6) Conclusion
a. Pakistan needs to follow a prudent policy to capitalize on the advantages that are visible
now.
b. Some of these are transient while some others are fragile.
c. A time bound effort is required to benefit from transient ones and comprehensive
strategy should be evolved to secure the fragile ones.
Topic 30: The Recent Constitutional and Legal Debates, the Latest Constitutional Amendments and
Important Legislations, Legal Cases and the Role of Higher Courts
1) Introduction
a. constitution; back bone of any country
b. Pakistan's dwindling constitution
c. need for amendments and changes
2) Basic structure of doctrine (BSD)
a. Introduction of BSD
i. The basic structure doctrine has gained significant prominence in the
constitutional jurisprudence of Pakistan for last 2 decades.
ii. According to this, the constitution of Pak has some salient features like
federalism, a parliamentary form of govt, fundamental human rights, Islamic
provisions and independence of judiciary which jointly form the framework of
the constitution.
iii. These features are so important and inevitable that even parliament has no
right to modify/destroy them through any constitutional amendment.
iv. It is a conflicting and contradictory judgment in Pakistan on the issue of the so-
called basic structure of constitution.
v. The doctrine has not yet been adopted by our apex court in absolute terms. Nor
has it struck down any constitutional amendment passed by parliament so far .
b. When does it start:
i. first came in lime light when supreme court delivered its judgment in the
Mahmood Khan Achakzai case.
ii. In this case, the apex court did not absolutely restructure the power of
parliament to amend the constitution but merely made it conditional to the
provisions of objectives resolutions.
iii. It mentioned a legal technicality that a constitutional amendment could not
come in conflict with any provision of the objective resolution that was part and
parcel of the constitution.
iv. In case of Pakistan lawyer’s forum vs Federation of Pakistan, apex court tried to
dissipate entire "basic structure" controversy in Pakistan. It maintained that
undoubtedly the constitution of Pak has some features but it was not the job of
judiciary to protect them.
c. Separation of power:
i. It is an important political doctrine that is based on principle of "trias politica"
ii. It contends that all three branches of government, executive, legislature and
judiciary should wield their powers separately and independent of each other.
d. Legislation:
i. An imp and basic function of legislation.
ii. Amending any provision of the constitution is also a prerogative of the
legislature as that is the body that forms the constitution.
i. Appellate jurisdiction
ii. Advisory jurisdiction
iii. Punishment for contempt of court
iv. Code of conduct
v. Enforcement of fundamental right
6) Important Legislations
a. The Pakistan Army (Amendment) Act, 2015 7/1/15
b. The constitution (21st Amendment) Act, 2015 7/1/15
c. The Gas Infrastructure Development Cess Act, 2015 21/06/15
d. The Finance Act, 2015 29/06/15
e. The Finance Act, 2015 29/06/15
f. The Legal Practitioners and Bar Councils (Amendment) Act 23/07/15
g. The Seed (amendment) Act 23/7/15
7) Conclusion (Habiba Sheikh and Rudaina Ali)
1) Introduction
a. Non-traditional security threats are the challenges that arise primarily out of non-
military sources.
b. Non-State Actor is an individual or organization that has a significant political influence
but is not allied to any particular country/state.
2) Non-Traditional Security Threats In Pakistan:
a. Climate change:
i. most fundamental one
ii. frequent extreme weather events and changes in temperature and
precipitation.
iii. produces floods, droughts, cyclones and increased sea levels.
iv. Pakistan is in top 10 countries facing adverse climate change.
b. Increased population:
i. disturbs economy and environment burdening society.
c. Food scarcity
d. Water scarcity:
i. due to increased pressure of population and urbanization
ii. decreased level of precipitation.
e. Resource scarcity
f. infectious diseases
g. poverty
h. deteriorating economic conditions.
3) Positive Non-State Actors
a. NGOs
b. multinational corporations
c. international media
4) Negative Non-State Actors
a. violent non-state actors
b. religious groups
c. international media
5) Role Of Non-State Actors
a. dual role to play
b. Generate a non-traditional threat by manipulating the market dynamics and playing
with the intricacies of stock exchanges.
c. Play a role in mitigating the effects of some of the non-traditional challenges.
d. Could act as a constructive or destructive agent
6) Conclusion (Rudaina Ali)
1) Situated on the western edge of South Asia, Pakistan has a population of about 184 million, with
sex ratio of 105.6: 100. It is estimated that about 62% of the people are residing in rural and 38%
in urban areas. GDP Per Capita Income is US$ 1,368 for 2012-13.
2) rapid population growth, which was 3.1% or more during 1990s, and is still above 2% per annum
3) The TI (Transparency International) described Pakistan’s CPI score of 29 out of 100 and ranking
of 126 among 175 countries as the best in 2013 report.
4) The GDP growth accelerates to 4.24 percent 2014-15
5) Per capita income in dollar terms recorded a growth of 9.25 percent 2014-15
6) Trade account balance recorded deficit of US $ 13,910 million during Jul-April FY15 as against US
$ 13,811 million
7) Inflation rate averaged at 4.8 percent during July-April, 2014-15
To-do (1)
Topic 32: Challenges to Sovereignty, Challenging Security dynamics; Challenges to National Security