Kilimanjaro
Chris1an
Medical
University
College
Four
organisms
of
medical
importance
are
commonly
included
in
the
genus
Echinococcus:
Organism
Disease
caused
1. Echinicoccus
granulosus
cys1c
echinococcosis
(hyda1d
disease)
2. E.
mul1locularis
alveolar
echinococcosis
3. E.
vogeli
polycys1c
echinococcosis
4. E.
oligarthrus
polycys1c
echinococcosis
• This
presenta1on
will
be
on
Echinococcus
granulosus
(hyda1d
disease)
and
E.
mul0locularis
(alveolar
hyda1d
disease)
Echinococcus
granulosus
causes
cys1c
echinococcosis
or
hyda1d
disease.
The
disease
is
common
in
areas
where
sheep
and
caNle
are
raised
• Several
Echinococcus
granulosus
genotypes
have
been
decribed:
• G1
geno
type
is
maintained
in
life
cycles
involving
dogs
and
sheep
and
some1mes
infects
humans.
Its
distribu1on
is
cosmopolitan
• G2
genotype
is
also
maintained
in
sheep
and
dogs
but
has
a
shortened
prepatent
period
in
dogs.
It
occurs
in
Tasmania
• The
G4
genotype
is
common
in
the
UK,
Middle
east
and
is
adapted
to
equines,
including
horses
and
donkeys.
No
human
infec1ons
have
been
iden1fied
• Genotype
5
is
adapted
to
caNle
and
dogs
in
western
Europe
Other
genotypes
including
genotypes
6
through
10
have
been
described
• Echinococcus
granulosus
causes
hyda1d
disease.
The
defini1ve
host
of
the
parasite
is
the
dog
and
humans
become
infected
by
being
in
close
contact
with
infected
dogs
• Echinococcus
granulosus
is
a
small
parasite,
3-‐6
mm
long
and
consists
of
4
parts:
scolex,
neck
and
an
immature,
mature
and
gravid
segments
•
The
gravid
protogloZd
contains
100-‐1
500
eggs.
It
detaches
from
the
mature
progloZd
and
is
voided
with
dog
fees.
•
Eggs
in
the
environment
can
be
swallowed
by
intermediate
hosts,
including
humans
• Following
exposure
to
gastric
and
intes1nal
enzymes
onchosphere
is
released.
It
penetrates
duodenal
mucosa,
reaches
the
bloodstream
which
carries
it
to
various
body
parts
mainly
the
liver
• In
the
liver
the
onchosphere
grows
and
differen1ates
into
an
outer
and
inner
layer
•
Numerous
daughter
cells
(brood
capsules)
bud
off
from
the
inner
germinal
layer.
Brood
capsules
are
either
aNached
to
the
inner
layer
or
float
free
in
the
cys1c
fluid.
• Individual
scolices
and
daughter
cysts
budding
off
from
the
cyst
inner
layer
are
known
as
hyda1d
sand
• Each
scolex
invaginates
in
order
to
protect
its
hooklets
• Cysts
grow
at
rate
of
1
cm
per
month
• The
human
intermediate
host
is
a
dead
end
host
When
dogs
consume
viscera
of
intermediate
hosts,
e.g.
sheep,
containing
the
hyda1d
cyst,
adult
Echinococcus
granulosus
develop
in
the
intes1nes.
• Because
Echinococcus
granulosus
is
a
parasite
of
dogs,
humans
become
infected
by
swallowing
E.
granulosus
eggs
released
in
dog
feces
• Therefore
in1mate
associa1on
of
dogs
with
humans
is
a
risk
factor
of
infec1on
with
E.
granulosus
• Clinical
manifesta1ons
of
hyda1d
disease
depend
on
the
loca1on
of
the
cyst
in
the
body.
Majority
of
cysts
occur
in
the
liver
and
lungs.
• This
is
the
end
of
part
1
of
the
presenta1on