Draft Report of EE Solarisation of Street Lighting - Rev4 - 04.07.2022 - No Markup

SAARC Energy Centre
Islamabad
Efficiency Enhancement and

Solarization of Streetlights in
SAARC Region
September-2021
Study on Efficiency Enhancement and Solarization of Streetlights in SAARC Region
Foreword
The urbanization and aspirations of people in SAARC region is posing
both challenges and opportunities in terms of increased requirement
of energy to maintain a reasonable and acceptable levels of citizen
services such as street lighting. Efficiency enhancement and
solarization of street lighting in SAARC Member States helps the
cities to reduce energy cost, improve financial status and meet NDCs
of the Member States. LED based street lighting and smart controls
based on information and communication technologies are
becoming standard technology approach for efficiency enhancement
in street lighting. Many SAARC Member States have implemented
such energy enhancement projects for street lighting.
Similarly, the solarization of street lighting has been of interest to Member States which is seen as
an effective solution for areas that have limited or no grid access. The solar based street lighting
has matured technologically in terms of performance of individual system components and waiting
to be a viable solution with gradual reduction in capital cost as the demand increases, just as was
the case with LED based street lighting a few years ago.
This research report presents the techno-financial viability of projects with key technological
pathways that are presently pursued by various cities in SAARC Member States and reflects the role
of SAARC Energy Center being a regional center of excellence that develops capacity and expertise
for the region for the matters relating to energy efficiency and climate change.
The study is to carry out the detailed cost benefit analysis of replacing existing street lighting system
with efficient LED systems/solarization. The techno-financial analysis of various technology options
are made available in this study report with case studies from selected cities in each Member State
to enable the Member States take informed decisions on implementing similar projects in future.
Page i
Acknowledgement
The development of this study report was managed by Mr. Ahsan Javed, Research Fellow
(Renewable Energy) under the overall guidance of Dr Nawaz Ahmad, Director SEC. The study report
was authored and developed with the expert assistance of East Coast Sustainable Pvt. Ltd., India.
SEC would especially like to acknowledge Mr. G Srinivasa Rao, Mr. T Sankaranarayanan, Mr. Nar
Bahadur from East Coast Sustainable, India for their contributions as authors of the report.
Page ii
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background and Introduction ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Rationale and Objectives of the Study ...................................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope of the Study .................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Approach and Methodology ..................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Limitations and Assumptions .................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Currency Exchange Rates .......................................................................................................... 5
2 Technology Status of Street Lighting.............................................................................................. 6
2.1 Existing Technologies for Street Lighting ................................................................................... 6
2.1.1 Basic Terminology of Lighting System ....................................................................................... 6
2.1.2 Lamp / Luminaire Technologies ................................................................................................ 8
2.1.3 Street Lighting Control Systems .............................................................................................. 14
2.1.4 Street Lighting Control Strategies ........................................................................................... 14
2.2 Global Practices in Smart Street Lighting Systems ................................................................... 17
2.2.1 Status of Global Practices in Smart Street Lighting Systems .................................................... 17
2.2.2 Success Drivers for EE Street Lighting ..................................................................................... 17
2.2.3 Street Lighting Poles for Technology Convergence .................................................................. 18
2.3 Energy Efficiency Practices in SAARC Region ........................................................................... 19
2.3.1 Afghanistan ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.3.2 Bangladesh ............................................................................................................................. 21
2.3.3 Bhutan ................................................................................................................................... 22
2.3.4 India ....................................................................................................................................... 24
2.3.5 Nepal...................................................................................................................................... 28
2.3.6 Pakistan.................................................................................................................................. 29
2.3.7 Sri Lanka ................................................................................................................................. 31
2.3.8 Implementation Status of Technologies in SAARC Member States .......................................... 33
2.3.9 Electricity Demand and Energy Saving Potential of Street Lighting in SAARC Region................ 34
2.4 Implementation Models for EE in Street Lighting Projects ....................................................... 36
2.5 Life Cycle Costs of Street Lighting Systems in SAARC Region ................................................... 38
2.5.1 Capital Cost ............................................................................................................................ 38
2.5.2 Operating & Maintenance Cost............................................................................................... 39
2.6 Quality Control and Standards ................................................................................................ 40
2.6.1 International Standards Relating to Street Lighting ................................................................. 41
2.6.2 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Standards for LED testing ............. 41
2.6.3 Standards for LED based Lighting: ........................................................................................... 42
2.6.4 Road Classification, Recommended Lux levels and Luminaire Mounting Height ...................... 43
Page iii
2.6.5 Typical Specifications of Street Lighting System ...................................................................... 44

2.7 Selection of Municipality and SWOT Analysis .......................................................................... 45
2.8 Street Lighting Electricity Consumption of Selected Municipalities.......................................... 49
3 Techno-Financial Assessment of Street Lighting Project............................................................... 50
3.1 Case Study on Kabul City, Afghanistan .................................................................................... 52
3.1.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System without CCMS .................................. 54
3.1.2 Case:2 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System with CCMS ....................................... 55
3.1.3 Case:3 Solar Based EE Lighting System with CCMS .................................................................. 56
3.2 Case Study on Chittagong City of Bangladesh.......................................................................... 59
3.3 Case Study on Gelephu City of Bhutan .................................................................................... 66
3.3.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System without CCMS ................................. 68
3.4 Case Study on Hyderabad City, India ....................................................................................... 73
3.5 Case Study on Male City of Maldives ...................................................................................... 80
3.5.3 Case:3 Solar Based Energy EE Lighting System with CCMS ....................................................... 84
3.6 Case Study on Kathmandu City of Nepal ................................................................................. 86
3.7 Case Study on Islamabad City of Pakistan ............................................................................... 93
3.7.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System ......................................................... 95
3.8 Case Study on Colombo City of Sri Lanka .............................................................................. 100
3.8.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System ....................................................... 102
3.8.2 Case:2 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System with CCMS ..................................... 103
3.8.3 Case:3 Solar Based EE Lighting System with CCMS ................................................................ 104
3.9 Summary Of Techno-Financial Analysis ................................................................................. 107
Page iv
4 Recommendations and Conclusions .......................................................................................... 109

4.1 Recommendations................................................................................................................ 109
4.1.1 Afghanistan .......................................................................................................................... 109
4.1.2 Bangladesh ........................................................................................................................... 109
4.1.3 Bhutan ................................................................................................................................. 110
4.1.4 India ..................................................................................................................................... 110
4.1.5 Maldives............................................................................................................................... 110
4.1.6 Nepal.................................................................................................................................... 111
4.1.7 Pakistan................................................................................................................................ 111
4.1.8 Sri Lanka ............................................................................................................................... 112
4.2 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 113
5 Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 115
Annexure-1: .............................................................................................................................. 117
Annexure-2: .............................................................................................................................. 120
Annexure-3: .............................................................................................................................. 136
Annexure-4: .............................................................................................................................. 137
Annexure-5: .............................................................................................................................. 144
Annexure-6: .............................................................................................................................. 153
Annexure-7: .............................................................................................................................. 161
Annexure-8: .............................................................................................................................. 170
Annexure-9: .............................................................................................................................. 178
Annexure-10: ............................................................................................................................ 186
Annexure-11: ............................................................................................................................ 194
Annexure-12: ............................................................................................................................ 202
Page v
List of Tables
Table ES: 1 Summary of Key Technologies in SAARC Region ................................................................ xiii
Table ES: 2 Energy Saving Potential in Street Lighting SAARC Region ................................................... xiv
Table ES: 3 Selected Municipalities for Case Study .............................................................................. xv
Table ES: 4 Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-1............................................................................ xvi
Table ES: 5 Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-2............................................................................ xvi
Table- 1: Currency Exchange Rates ........................................................................................................ 5

Table- 2: Performance Parameters of Various type of Lamps .............................................................. 13
Table- 3: Prioritization of mitigation measures for human settlements in Bhutan ................................ 23
Table- 4: Details of LED street lights installed in India .......................................................................... 24
Table- 5: LED Equivalents of Typical Conventional lighting fixtures used in SLNP ................................. 27
Table- 6: Details of Lamp Fixtures used in Sri-Lanka Street lighting survey ........................................... 31
Table- 7: Key technologies under implementation in various SAARC Member States ........................... 33
Table- 8: Energy saving potential with respect to BAU street lighting energy consumption ................. 34
Table- 9: Capital costs of LED Fixtures and CCMS ................................................................................. 38
Table- 10: Rating of Module size and Battery storages for different lamp sizes.................................... 39
Table- 11: Electricity tariff for street lighting in SAARC Member States................................................ 39
Table- 12: International standards and guidelines applicable for street and outdoor lighting .............. 41
Table- 13: General Lighting Standards ................................................................................................. 42
Table- 14: Classification of the Roads .................................................................................................. 43
Table- 15: Specifications for Street Lighting Poles ................................................................................ 43
Table- 16: Recommended Levels of Illumination and Mounting Height of Luminaires ......................... 44
Table- 17: SWOT Analysis of Selected Municipalities ........................................................................... 46
Table- 18: Existing Energy Consumption of Street lights in SAARC Member State. ............................... 49
Table- 19: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Kabul Municipality, Afghanistan ................................. 53
Table- 20: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Kabul Municipality ...................................... 54
Table- 21: Details of Energy Consumption & Savings of Case-1 for Kabul Municipality ......................... 54
Table- 22: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Kabul Municipality....................................... 55
Table- 23: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Kabul Municipality ............................... 55
Table- 24: Details of Energy Consumption & Savings of Case-2 for Kabul Municipality ......................... 55
Table- 26: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units of SSL in Case-3 for Kabul Municipality ..................... 56
Table- 27: Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kabul Municipality...................................... 57
Table- 29: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Chittagong City, Bangladesh ....................................... 60
Table- 30: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Chittagong City............................................ 61
Table- 31: Details Energy Consumption & Savings of Case-1 for Chittagong City .................................. 61
Table- 32: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Chittagong City ............................................ 62
Table- 33: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Chittagong City .................................... 62
Table- 34: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Chittagong City........................................... 63
Table- 35: Results of Case-2 techno financial analysis for Chittagong City ............................................ 63
Table- 36: Details Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Chittagong City ........................................ 63
Table- 37: Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Chittagong City........................................... 64
Table- 38: Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Chittagong city ............................................ 65
Table- 39: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Gelephu City, Bhutan................................................. 67
Table- 40: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Gelephu City ............................................... 68
Table- 41: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Gelephu City .......................................... 68
Table- 42: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Gelephu City................................................ 69
Table- 43: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Gelephu City ........................................ 69
Page vi
Table- 44: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Gelephu City .............................................. 70
Table- 46: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Gelephu City ........................................ 70
Table- 47: Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Gelephu City ..................... 71
Table- 49: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Hyderabad City, India. ................................................ 74
Table- 50: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Hyderabad City ........................................... 76
Table- 51: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Hyderabad City....................................... 76
Table- 52: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Hyderabad City............................................ 76
Table- 53: Details Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Hyderabad City ........................................ 77
Table- 54: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Hyderabad City........................................... 77
Table- 56: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Hyderabad City .................................... 78
Table- 57: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Hyderabad City....................................... 78
Table- 59: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Male City, Maldives .................................................... 81
Table- 60: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Male City..................................................... 82
Table- 61: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Male City ................................................ 82
Table- 62: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Male City ..................................................... 82
Table- 63: Details Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Male City ................................................. 83
Table- 64: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Male City .................................................... 83
Table- 66: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Male City ............................................. 84
Table- 67: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Male City ................................................ 84
Table- 69: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Kathmandu City, Nepal ............................................... 87
Table- 70: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Kathmandu City .......................................... 88
Table- 71: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kathmandu City...................................... 88
Table- 72: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Kathmandu City ........................................... 89
Table- 73: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Kathmandu City ................................... 89
Table- 74: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kathmandu City.......................................... 90
Table- 76: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Kathmandu City ................................... 90
Table- 77: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kathmandu City...................................... 91
Table- 79: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Islamabad City, Pakistan ............................................. 94
Table- 80: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Islamabad City............................................. 95
Table- 81: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Islamabad City........................................ 95
Table- 82: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Islamabad City ............................................. 96
Table- 83: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Islamabad City ..................................... 96
Table- 84: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Islamabad City ............................................ 97
Table- 86: Details of SSL and CCMS units in Case-3 for Islamabad City ................................................. 97
Table- 87: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Islamabad City........................................ 98
Table- 89: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Colombo City, Sri-Lanka............................................ 101
Table- 90: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Colombo City ............................................ 102
Table- 91: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Colombo City........................................ 102
Table- 92: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Colombo City............................................. 103
Table- 93: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Colombo City ..................................... 103
Table- 94: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Colombo City............................................ 104
Page vii
Table- 96: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Colombo City ..................................... 104
Table- 97: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Colombo City........................................ 105
Table- 99: Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-1 ........................................................................... 107
Table- 100: Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-2 ......................................................................... 107
Page viii
List of Figures
Figure- 1: Cut-off arrangements of Street Lighting................................................................................. 7

Figure- 2: A Typical Incandescent Lamp ................................................................................................. 8
Figure- 3: A Typical Fluorescent Lamp (FTL) ........................................................................................... 9
Figure- 4: A Typical Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) ............................................................................ 9
Figure- 5: A Typical Mercury Vapour Lamp (MV) ................................................................................. 10
Figure- 6: A Typical Sodium Vapour Lamp (SV) .................................................................................... 11
Figure- 7: A Typical Metal Halide Lamp (MH)....................................................................................... 12
Figure- 8: A Typical LED Street Light .................................................................................................... 12
Figure- 9: 60W LED Lamp retail price trend 2015-2018 ........................................................................ 18
Figure- 10: Street Lighting for Technology Convergence ...................................................................... 19
Figure- 11: Solar Street Lighting of Kabul City Roads ............................................................................ 20
Figure- 12: Solar Street Lighting of Chirirbandar roads, Bangladesh ..................................................... 22
Figure- 13: Street Lighting of Bhutan roads ......................................................................................... 23
Figure- 14: CCMS Dashboard of Visakhapatnam city of India ............................................................... 26
Figure- 15: Street Lighting of Male city of Maldives ............................................................................. 27
Figure- 16: Solar Street Lighting of Kathmandu city of Nepal .............................................................. 28
Figure- 17: Road Lighting of Islamabad city of Pakistan ....................................................................... 29
Figure- 18: Road Lighting Galle Road in Colombo City of Sri Lanka ....................................................... 32
Figure- 19: Energy saving potential with respect to BAU street lighting energy consumption .............. 35
Figure- 20: ESPC Shared Saving Model ................................................................................................ 37
Figure- 21: ESPC Guaranteed Saving Model ......................................................................................... 37
Figure- 22: Electricity tariff pattern of street lighting in SAARC Member States ................................... 40
Figure- 23: Kabul City Roads ................................................................................................................ 52
Figure- 24: SSL of Chittagong City Corporation roads ........................................................................... 59
Figure- 25: Street Lighting in Gelephu City .......................................................................................... 66
Figure- 26: Road Lighting Hyderabad City ............................................................................................ 73
Figure- 27: Street Lighting of Male City ............................................................................................... 80
Figure- 28: SSL of Kathmandu City ....................................................................................................... 86
Figure- 29: Road Lighting of Islamabad City ......................................................................................... 93
Figure- 30: Road Lighting of Colombo City ......................................................................................... 100
Page ix
List of Acronyms
ADB Asian Development Bank

AEEP Afghanistan Energy Efficiency Policy
AEPC Alternate Energy Promotion Council
AJAY Atal Jyoti Yojana
BAU Business as Usual
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
CAGR Compound Annual growth Rate
CCMS Centralised Control and Monitoring System
CCT Correlated Colour Temperature
CDA Capital Development Authority
CEB Ceylon Electricity Board
CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp
CIE Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage
CMC Colombo Municipal Council
CMS Control and Monitoring System
CPI Consumer Price Index
CRI Colour Rendering Index
DCC Dhaka Municipal Corporation
DPR Detailed Project Report
EE Energy Efficiency
EEI Energy Efficiency Improvement
EESL Energy Efficiency Services Limited
ESCO Energy Service Company
ESPC Energy Service Performance Contract
FTL Fluorescent Tube Lamp
GHMC Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HID High Intensity Discharge
HPMV High Pressure Mercury Vapour
HPSV High Pressure Sodium Vapour
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
INDC Intended Nationally Determined Contributions
IoT Internet of Things
IRR Internal Rate of Return
KMC Kathmandu Municipal Corporation
LED Light Emitting Diode
LM Lumen Maintemanace
MCI Metropolitan Corporation of Islamabad
MH Meta Halide
MU Million Units
Page x
NDC Nationally Determined Contributions

NEECA National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority
NEES National Energy Efficiency Strategy
NMEEE National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency
NPV Net Present Value
O&M Operation & Maintenance
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
PPP Public Private Partnership
RGoB Royal Government of Bhutan
SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation
SEC SAARC Energy Centre
SLNP Street Lighting National Programme
SREDA Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development Authority
SSL Solar Street Lighting
TM Temperature Maintenance
ULB Urban Local Body
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VAS Value Added Services
WACC Weighted Average Cost of Capital
Page xi
Executive Summary
i. Global Overview of Street Lighting:
a) There are around 320 million street lighting poles in the world in which Asia accounts for 25%
and Europe & North America accounts for 20% and South America of 10% and the rest of the
world (Australia & Africa) accounts for 45% of street lighting poles (Little, 2019). The World
average lighting density is about 13 people per pole (Little, 2019). The lighting density ranges
from 7 people per pole in Europe to 20 people per pole in Asia Pacific (Little, 2019).
b) LED street lighting is now being considered the most energy efficient. Many cities across the
world have completed replacing conventional street lighting fixtures (e.g., HPSV, HPMV, FTLs,
CFL and MH) with LED fixtures. Examples of cities with 100% LED street lighting include Milan
(Italy), New York (USA) and Visakhapatnam (India). The LED penetration differs widely primarily
an account of financial barriers and administrative inabilities of municipalities in adopting
suitable business models.
c) The overall average LED penetration (i.e., number of LED fixtures to the total number of fixtures)
is still less than 15% globally with Japan and Canada showing highest LED penetration of 44 –
50%. The LED penetration in Europe is around 10% with only Germany having a penetration
above the European average. The LED penetration in USA is 26% and that of South America is
less than 5%. (Little, 2019).
d) Asia Pacific region leads the solarization of street lighting system followed by Africa (Intelligence,
2020). The key driver for the leadership in solarization of street lighting in Asia and Africa
appears to be the resolve of the respective national governments to provide street lighting in
geographically difficult areas. The solarization of street lighting is based on energy efficient LED
lights which also meets the energy efficiency and sustainability aspects of street lighting service.
e) The key drivers that are promoting the energy efficient street lighting at global level are given
below:
Regulatory Policies: Street lighting energy efficiency and solarization projects are one of the
fast, replicable projects to meet the commitments as per NDCs under Paris Agreement of
UNFCCC. All the national governments globally have taken steps to implement energy
efficient street lighting both in urban areas as well as rural / county side. Regulatory
requirements at global level have helped creation / availability of technical and financial
resources. This has helped participation of public and private sector to innovate on
implementation models, financial engineering for energy efficiency project. Thus, regulatory
requirements at global level are helping local government systems to overcome the issues
with the limited technical and financial resources in the implementation of EE in street
lighting.
Financial Viability and Innovative Business Models: The financial viability of energy efficient
street lighting itself pays for the project cost with paybacks ranging from few months to 3 –
4 years depending on the electricity tariff. Various business models such as ESCO route have
been successful in many cities which enabled implementation of energy efficient and smart
street lighting without any upfront cost to the municipalities.
Page xii
IoT convergence: Smart city development and advanced remote-control systems drive the
growth of the Value-Added Services (VAS) segment. The Internet of Things is the connection
of everyday products such as cars, alarm clocks, and lights to computing devices via the
internet to allow them to exchange data.
LED prices drop: The quality improvement and reduced costs are making LED the viable
option for lighting
f) The poles equipped with street lights are most suitable infrastructure and can be also used for
the other purposes such as video surveillance services, Weather monitoring, to host a fiber
network, used EV charging points and etc.
ii. Efficiency enhancement and Solarisation of street lighting in SAARC Region:
a) The penetrations of technology and implementation status of Efficiency enhancement and

solarization of street lighting in Member States is summarized in the Table ES: 1
Table ES: 1 Summary of Key Technologies in SAARC Region
Control & Monitoring

LED lighting Solarisation of
S No Country Other
Fixtures Smart Control Street Lighting
Controls
✓ ✓ (pilot
1 Afghanistan ✓ -
(Manual) studies)
✓ ✓ (pilot
2 Bangladesh ✓ ✓
(Manual) studies)
✓
3 Bhutan ✓ ✓ -
(Manual)
✓
4 India ✓ ✓ ✓
(Manual)
✓ ✓ (under
5 Maldives ✓ ✓
(Manual) planning)
✓ ✓ (pilot
6 Nepal ✓ ✓
(Manual) studies)
✓ (pilot studies
and outdoor
✓
7 Pakistan ✓ ✓ lighting of
(Manual)
gated
communities)
✓ ✓
✓
8 Sri Lanka (Under (Under -
(Manual)
implementation) implementation)
Source: Research by East Coast Sustainable
b) Electricity demand for street lighting in SAARC region has been estimated for the period 2021 –
2030 considering 3 scenarios as under:
Scenario-1: Business As Usual (BAU)

The electricity consumption for street lighting in base year has been projected for the period
2021 – 2030 considering CAGR based on actual data, CAGR of road length or urbanisation.
Page xiii
Scenario-2: Efficiency Enhancement with LED based EE fixtures with CCMS

This scenario projects the energy consumption for street lighting considering a conservative
savings of 50%1 from baseline for the fixtures converted from conventional lamps to LED based
lamps with smart control and monitoring system. It is assumed that the Member States would
achieve 100% of this conversion by 2027 and all new additions of street lights would be based
on this technology.
Scenario-3: Solarization of street lighting with LED based lighting and CCMS
This scenario is based on assumption that the solarization will be adopted by Member States
commencing from 2024 and would reach 90% by 2029. It is assumed that remaining 10% of
street lights may not be amenable for solarization and would remain to be fed by the grid.
c) The energy saving potential with respect to baseline street lighting energy consumption in
Scenario-2 and Scenario-3 over a period of 10 years is summarized for SAARC Member States
presented in the Table ES: 2
Table ES: 2 Energy Saving Potential in Street Lighting SAARC Region
Energy Saving Potential Energy Saving

Country with LED and smart Potential with
control (%) Solarisation (%)
Afghanistan 29.14 42.29
Bangladesh 28.60 41.36
Bhutan 28.52 41.22
India 29.87 43.53
Maldives 28.77 41.66
Nepal 28.52 41.22
Pakistan 29.14 42.29
Sri Lanka 31.81 47.73
iii. Selection of municipality for Case Study
One city town / municipal area has been selected from each of the SAARC Member States for
preparing case studies for each of the major technological interventions. The selection of cities
for each Member State is based on ease of access of the data, impact of EE improvements. Cities
which are yet to implement EE projects or where implementation is in planning/underway have
been preferred over cities which have completed the LED based EE improvement projects in
street lighting. Further, the cities selected for case studies are also diverse in terms of size (i.e,
population, number of street lights and existing lighting technologies) that would validate the
relevance and viability of EE improvement in street lighting in SAARC region. The details of cities
selected are presented in the Table ES: 3.
1 Based on presentation received from Mr Srinivasa Chari E of GHMC who verified the savings of EESL project in Hyderabad,
India
Page xiv
Table ES: 3 Selected Municipalities for Case Study
S No Country City selected Municipality Name
1 Afghanistan Kabul Kabul Municipality

2 Bangladesh Chittagong Chattogram City Corporation
3 Bhutan Gelephu Gelephu Thromde (Municipal Office)
4 India Hyderabad Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation
5 Maldives Male Male City Council
6 Nepal Kathmandu Kathmandu Metropolitan City
7 Pakistan Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation Islamabad
8 Sri Lanka Colombo Colombo Municipal Council
iv. Techno-financial Analysis of selected municipalities:
a) The techno-financial analysis tool based on MS-excel has been developed for each selected
municipality from SAARC Member States for the following cases:
Case-1: Replacement of conventional lighting fixtures with LED based EE lighting system
without CCMS.
Case-2: Replacement of conventional lighting fixtures with LED based EE lighting system with
CCMS.
Case-3: Solar Based EE Lighting System with CCMS
b) The summary of techno-financial analysis for selected municipalities is presented in the Table
ES: 4 and Table ES: 5.
Page xv
Table ES: 4 Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-1
Case-1 Case-2
Payback Payback
Country Municipality IRR IRR
Period Period
(%) (%)
(years) (years)
Afghanistan Kabul 1.25 79 1.30 76
Bangladesh Chittagong 2.96 34 3.29 30
Bhutan Gelephu 4.76 16 4.99 14
India Hyderabad 0.80 127 1.23 84
Maldives Male 1.26 78 1.31 75
Nepal Kathmandu 5.22 15 5.42 18
Pakistan Islamabad 1.10 95 1.15 91
Sri Lanka Colombo 2.68 38 2.79 36
c) In respect of solarization (under Case-3) of various cities, the financial results are summarised in
the following table with the details of subsidy requirement (from government and other donors)
for a reasonable IRR.
Table ES: 5 Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-2
Case-3
Payback
Country Municipality Subsidy IRR
Period
(%) (%)
(years)
40 6.0 7
Afghanistan Kabul
50 5.0 12
80 6.1 10
Bangladesh Chittagong
90 3.1 33
88 6.1 10
Bhutan Gelephu
90 5.0 16
60 7.5 4
India Hyderabad
70 5.7 12
70 5.4 8
Maldives Male
80 3.6 21
70 7.9 3
Nepal Kathmandu
80 5.3 14
50 7.1 10
Pakistan Islamabad
60 5.7 16
70 6.4 9
Sri Lanka Colombo
80 4.3 21
Page xvi
v. Conclusions:
a) LED based street lighting system with or without CCMS is being implemented in all SAARC
Member States. The CCMS system for street lighting can be seen more as a productivity
multiplier reducing manpower deployment for control and monitoring of street lighting systems
resulting in low O&M cost besides energy saving. The productivity improvement on account of
smart controls increases with the scale of operation (number of street lights connected).
b) The ROI/Payback period and internal rate of return for efficiency enhancement in street lighting
are very attractive. The ROI/payback and IRR are in the range of 0.8 – 5.2 years and 15% - 127%
respectively under Case-1 i.e., efficiency enhancement with LED based street lighting without
smart control. The higher payback periods for Case-1 in few Member States (e.g., Bangladesh,
Bhutan and Nepal) is primarily on account of lower electricity tariff and higher capital cost of
equipment due to procurement in small quantity. Similarly, where the capital cost of
implementation is relatively lower on account of large-scale procurement by aggregating
procurement quantity of multiple municipalities (e.g., India), the project payback period is low
and IRR is high.
c) In respect of efficiency enhancement under Case-2 i.e., LED based street lighting with smart
control, the ROI/Payback and IRR of the project are estimated to be ranging from 0.9 to 5.42
years and 14% - 105% respectively. The additional savings from smart controls (e.g., CCMS)
improve the project NPV. The biggest driver for smart control implementation is in terms of
improved service level of street lighting system.
d) The most popular smart controls (e.g., CCMS) are IoT based control and monitoring system
where it is possible to dynamically programme the street light operations, monitor operating
status, burning hours that would enable to expedite fault/failure detection and corrective
action. The smart controls are amenable for additional features such as dimming based on time
or traffic detection.
e) Solarization of street lighting is under pilot studies in various Member States of SAARC region.
The key driver for solarization presently is lack of or limited access to grid in few Member States
especially in rural areas and remote areas. The techno-financial analysis indicates that a capital
subsidy/grant ranging between 50% to 90% for a reasonable minimum IRR of 8% - 10%. This is
on account of higher initial cost and replacement cost of batteries during the project life.
f) The financial viability of solar based street lighting can improve with price reduction as the
adoption of the technology increases as was the case with LED based street lighting.
g) The donor agencies are required to contribute the subsidy component for few pilot projects
with the aim of breaking the price barrier of the technology so that the subsequent solarization
projects would become viable without any requirement of subsidy. Another well-known method
of breaking the price barrier for market transformation is the bulk procurement by aggregating
the demand of multiple municipalities as was done by EESL (India) for many EE technologies such
as LED street lighting, LED lamps, star labelled electrical appliances.
h) SAARC Member States are at different level in respect of penetration of efficiency enhancement
and solarization of street lighting. India which is largest electricity consumer of SAARC region
Page xvii
has already replaced more than 100 million street lights with LED based street lighting with IoT
based smart controls in most of the municipalities and implementing similar projects in rural
areas. Other SAARC Member States are also implementing similar projects in different phases.
Such efficiency enhancement is expected to be completed in 4 to 5 years and the average energy
savings over 10 years period (2021 – 2030) is estimated to be between 28% - 32% for various
Member States. Similarly, the solarization is estimated to bring an average energy saving of 41%
to 47% over a period of 2021 – 2030 under assumption that the solarization will be viable and
penetration would gradually reach 90% in 2029. Given such energy efficiency potential, the
municipalities and concerned agencies are required to work towards creating an enabling
environment for expedited implementation.
i) Some of the key factors for successful implementation of EE and solarization in street lighting
are given below:
i. Improve capacities of municipalities in terms of technical, financial and organizational factors
that would enable them implement EE projects in street lighting with various financial
mechanisms including Public-Private-Partnership (PPP) and ESCO.
ii. Take advantage of latest Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for objective
verification of energy savings that are crucial in PPP/ESCO model to cover technical risks.
iii. The municipalities or other project proponents may utilize risk management instruments
such as Partial Risk sharing Facility (PRSF) made available in India with the support of the
World Bank. PRSF provides partial credit guarantees to Participating Financial Institutions
(PFIs) to cover a share of default risk faced by them in extending loans to Energy Efficiency
(EE) projects implemented by the Host entity through Energy Service Companies (ESCOs)2.
iv. The respective governments of the Member States may designate or create nodal agencies
to implement EE projects for multiple municipalities through demand aggregation. This
would enable to bring in economy of scale towards reducing procurement cost. This would
also enable to harmonize the technical and quality specifications of hardware, software,
installation and O&M practices.
j) The cities selected for case study under this research represents diversity in terms of population,
time, geographical terrain. Despite such diversity the aspiration and competitive spirit are the
same when it comes to implementing efficiency enhancement and solarization in street lighting.
The different penetration of such EE projects is primarily on account of issues related to
availability of financial resources and governance that can be overcome with the regulatory
force of NDCs, adoption of financial mechanisms / business models involving public/private
owned specialized agencies such as ESCO.
2
http://prsf.sidbi.in/user/pages/viewpage/p_brief
Page xviii
1 Introduction
1.1 Background and Introduction
There are around 320 million street lighting poles in the world in which Asia accounts for 25% and
Europe & North America accounts for 20% and South America of 10% and the rest of the world
(Australia & Africa) accounts for 45% of street lighting poles (Little, 2019). The average lighting
density in terms of urban population per each lighting point is about 13% in the world (Little, 2019).
The lighting density ranges from 7 people per pole in Europe to 20 people in Asia Pacific (Little, 2019)
Street Lighting is one of the major components of electricity consumption in SAARC Member States.
The street lighting electricity consumption ranges between 11% to 21% of total electricity
consumption of individual Member States and the average hovers around 15% (TERI, 2014) . The
street lighting services are mostly provided by city administration (e.g., municipalities / local bodies).
Often, these services are burden for local bodies which are financially strained with competing
services such as water pumping, sanitation and roads. Streetlighting services is often a looser in the
pecking order of municipalities. Hence although significant energy savings are possible with
technological interventions, the street lighting function has remained a neglected area for long time.
With the concerns of climate change and reducing financial burden for the local bodies, SAARC
Member States have been working to introduce suitable institutional framework and innovative
financing mechanisms to fund efficiency enhancement in street lighting function of the local bodies.
Various technological interventions such as replacing inefficient luminaire with efficient one (e.g.,
HPSV to LED), on-off control (e.g., time based, almanac based and nature switch) are becoming
popular with funding from private and government owned ESCOs in SAARC Member States. For
example, Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), which is a Super ESCO of Government of India is
running very successful energy efficiency programme for street lighting in most of Indian cities and
villages as well. Under this programme, EESL is investing in LED based street lighting with timer-based
control and providing O&M service which has resulted in improved service levels to the citizens (EESL
Report).
Other technological developments include LED lighting with dimming facility that can be deployed
with motion and infrared sensor to vary the light intensity as per requirement. Besides, grid-
independent / autonomous solar LED street lighting systems are now available in the market with
the potential to completely reduce electricity for street lighting consumed from the grid.
Solarization of Street Lighting, in SAARC region or globally has significant impacts in terms of reducing
grid electricity consumption by 15% (TERI, 2014), reducing financial burden for municipalities and
other local bodies, GHG reductions, reducing economic costs of grid extension for street lights, ability
to provide street lighting service at where grid access is difficult.
Given such benefits, many SAARC Members States have piloted the feasibility studies for solarization
of street lighting. The present study is aimed at providing information regarding various technology
options for enhancement of efficiency and solarization of street lighting with techno-financial
analysis based on the case studies from selected cities of the Member States.
Page 1
1.2 Rationale and Objectives of the Study

SAARC Member States have deployed variety of luminaires as street light fittings. These include
incandescent bulbs, FTLs (T12, T8 & T5), HPMV & HPSV and metal halide (MH) and LED based
lighting3. The replacement costs and issues could be different from existing technology type to LED
based street lighting system.
Further, solarization of street lights is another aspect of the present study. There are cases of both
successful and failed projects of solarization of street lighting in SAARC Member States. The primary
barriers to solarization of street lighting are initial cost of the system, requirement for replacement
of batteries during the project period, lack of contractual clauses and enforcement in the agreements
relating to battery replacement. A project financial analysis considering the life cycle costing would
help to determine the project viability, extent of grant/subsidy required for the solarization projects.
As of now, we are of the considered opinion that solarization of street lights would equally gain
popularity and get implemented.
Given this background, the objective of the study is to carry out the detailed cost benefit analysis of
replacing existing street lighting system with efficient LED systems/solarization. The techno-financial
analysis of various technology options are made available in this study report with case studies from
selected cities in each Member State to enable the Member States take informed decisions.
1.3 Scope of the Study
The study has been envisaged as a specific and focused study on street lighting efficiency
enhancement and solarization. The study has been envisaged to use case study-based methodology
to bring out cost benefit analysis of technological interventions.
Based on the above, the following scope has been considered.
a. One city town / municipal area has been selected from each of the SAARC Member States
for preparing case studies for each of the major technological interventions. The selection of
cities for each Member State is based on ease of access of the data, impact of EE
improvements, annual energy consumed, the total number and types of streetlights in its
jurisdiction etc. Cities which are yet to implement EE projects or where implementation is in
planning/underway have been preferred over cities which have completed the EE
improvement street lighting. Further, the cities selected for case studies are also diverse in
terms of size (i.e, population, number of street lights and existing lighting technologies) that
would validate the relevance and viability of EE improvement in street lighting in SAARC
region.
b. Data collection and analysis of existing technologies in street lighting from primary and
secondary sources. This includes the number of street lights, type of luminaire, wattage, and
baseline energy consumption for at least one municipality from each Member State.
c. On the similar lines mapping of O&M practices including smart control systems for identifying
and estimating energy saving opportunities.
3
Kindly refer to List of Acronyms at the beginning of the report
Page 2
d. Study of the significant aspects of solarization of street lights based on available case studies
in SAARC Member States.
e. Preparation of detailed techno-financial analysis for each or combination of technology

interventions providing details of energy savings and cost savings over the life of the project.
1.4 Approach and Methodology
To meet the objectives of the study, the following methodology has been adopted.
a. Task-1: Collection of data and information on street lighting in SAARC Member States:
The team has used data and information published by the governments and municipalities
and other agencies related to the status of street lighting. Desktop-based research has been
used with suitable communication with the agencies having such data as the case may be.
Both primary and secondary data sources have been relied on. Wherever possible the
concerned officers have been contacted by WhatsApp / Skype / Email / Digital meeting
platforms to explain the objective of the study and requested them for providing the
information in an expedited manner.
b. Task-2: Data analysis for identification of municipalities for case study:
Municipalities have been selected based on ease of access to data, impact of EE
improvements and considering diversity of cities in terms of size of population/street lights.
c. Task-3: Mapping current trends in efficiency improvements and solarization of street
lighting:
This task involves study of various innovative technologies that are available and proven for
efficiency improvement in street lighting. Products related information have been collected
from OEMs and technology vendors which includes typical product specifications and prices.
d. Task-4: Development of case study based detailed cost benefit analysis:

This task would involve development of MS-excel based cost benefit analysis tool for various
technological interventions carried out at selected municipalities. The tool has been
prepared separately for each of SAARC Member States incorporating respective currencies
for easy understanding of the users.
e. Task-5: Report Preparation:

The report also contains country wise conclusions, barriers and hurdles faced by respective
municipalities, innovative financial mechanisms to overcome barriers, case study-based cost
benefit analysis, pictures of actual implementation, collation of best practices, etc.
Page 3
1.5 Limitations and Assumptions

In the estimates of energy consumption and cost data, the following assumption/considerations have
been made.
Assumptions:
a. The street lights are assumed to be burning for 12 hours a day (based on general practice of
municipalities in India) unless the actual burning hours are indicated by the selected
municipalities.
b. The energy consumption for street lighting with existing street light fixtures is based on
wattage of the luminaires, number of luminaires and burning hours of the luminaires.
c. The LED failure rate has been considered at 2% 4 per year unless specific information has been
provided by the selected municipalities. This is based on data from large scale EE
implementation in street lighting from SAARC region
d. Recommended LED lamp rating is under assumption that the lux levels from existing
conventional fixtures are sufficient / meets the minimum lux level requirement.
e. The capital cost considered are based on eihter actual cost or from OEM price list provided
as Annexure:1.
f. In case of solar street lighting system, it is assumed5 that battery requires replacement during
5th year and would cost 50% of total system cost.
g. The cost benefit analysis is prepared for existing conventional fixtures. In practice the
number of fixtures would increase due to city development.
h. The electricity tariffs and maintenance cost are assumed to be increase as per Consumer
Price Index (CPI)
i. Discounting factor used in estimation of Net Present Value (NPV) of the project is based on
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) of respective Member State.
Limitations:
a. In cases where the installation cost, maintenance cost for conventional system and LED with
smart control are not available for any Member State, then such information from
neighboring countries have been used.
b. Installation cost and maintenance cost for the Maldives was considered the same as India
since the project was implemented by EESL of India and there was no information received
4
Based on telephonic discussion with officer of EESL, India
5 Street Lighting Solarisation projects in Nepal and Bangladesh have been abandoned/discontinued after failure of battery
in 4 to 5 years. The municipalities did not attend the batteries for maintenance. In Nepal the 3rd party agency responsible
for O&M of batteries exited the project despite the agreement of 10 years due to poor enforcement clauses. The
information is available formally and informally and accordingly the assumption is made that once in 5 years the battery
needs replacement. With better O&M and technology development, this time may be extended and municipalities can
revise this number in the MS excel tool when they evaluating the project
Page 4
from the Maldivian Authorities. Similarly, these costs for Afghanistan were considered the
same as that of Pakistan as there was no information received from Afghanistan.
c. Only direct benefits and costs have been considered and any cost of externalities have not
been considered
1.6 Currency Exchange Rates

The cost data related to street lighting system and techno-financial evaluation has been prepared in
respective currencies of SAARC Member States. However, for understanding of wider audience the
same is also reported in USD with exchange rates in Table- 1 below:
Table- 1: Currency Exchange Rates
Equivalent Currency accessed on Google
USD
(As on 16 September 2021)6
85 Afghan Afghani (AFN)
85 Bangladeshi Taka (BDT)
73 Bhutan Ngultrum (BTN)
74 Indian Rupees (INR)
1 US Dollar (USD)
15.4 Maldivian Rufiyaa (MVR)
118 Nepalese Rupee (NPR)
168 Pakistani Rupee (PKR)
200 Sri Lankan Rupee (LKR)
6
https://www.xe.com/
Page 5
2 Technology Status of Street Lighting

2.1 Existing Technologies for Street Lighting
The street lighting technologies in municipalities have been changing over last 25 years with advent
of more efficient technologies. The incandescent lamps were replaced with Fluorescent Tube lamps
(FTLs). The high-ways which were lit with High Pressure Mercury Vapour (HPMV) were mostly
replaced by High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV) lamps. The residential areas were generally
provided with FTLs and replaced with more efficient T5 FTLs and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFLs).
While all such upgradation in street lighting technologies had been happening till the first decade of
the 21st century, the use of Light Emitting Diode (LED) based lighting system has brought in a
paradigm shift in lighting technology covering domestic, commercial and street lighting segments
across the world. Despite such continuous upgradation of technologies, street lighting systems in
most municipalities of the developing countries including SAARC Member States have obsolete
technologies and practices. Municipalities are still having vintage technologies such as HPMV, HPSV
and CFLs and manual control for switching ON and OFF. Thus, it may be prudent to have a brief look
at the technologies and its typical energy performance indicators which are presented as under.
2.1.1 Basic Terminology of Lighting System

The terminology of lighting system are discussed as follows
 Lumen output (Lm): Amount of light emitted by the light source.
 Candela (cd): Candela is the unit of luminous intensity. Candela is the amount of light a light
source emits in a particular direction
 Lamp wattage (W): Amount of electricity required by the lamp to emit the lumen output
 Luminous efficacy (Lm/W): Luminous or lumen efficacy measures the efficacy of the light
source. It measures how much light is being emitted by the light source per unit of power
and is expressed in lumen per watt of electricity used.
 System wattage (W): Amount of electricity required by the system to emit the lumen output.
 System efficacy (Lm/W): Luminaires include ballasts, drivers, heat management systems,
optics, all of which can diminish the original luminous efficacy of the light source. Since the
road surface is being lit up by the luminaire as a whole, system efficacy is a better metric to
use than luminous efficacy when making comparisons.
 Watts per square meter (W/m2): The amount of power required for each lighting appliance
to illuminate a road surface to the required light level. For road lighting, this is the most
appropriate way to measure the efficiency of a light source, though lumen efficacy or lumen
output are often considered easier to measure.
 Lifetime (hours): Lifetime of LEDs is measured differently than conventional lighting

technologies, which reach end of life at the point when they stop producing light entirely.
However, LEDs typically do not stop producing light completely, but depreciate or dim over
Page 6
time to a point where the lumen output is insufficient to meet the required light levels. For
LEDs, industry defines lifetime as the point when the LEDs lumen output reaches 70% of the
original (Glamox, n.d.).
 Color Rendering Index (CRI): An index used to measure an artificial light’s ability to
reproduce the colors of an object, relative to the natural light source (the sun) with CRI of
100. Higher CRI means better visibility.
 Correlated Color Temperature (CCT): It is a measure of light source color appearance defined
by the proximity of the light source's chromaticity coordinates to the blackbody locus, as a
single number rather than the two required to specify a chromaticity.
 Full Cutoff: With full cutoff, no light is emitted at or above an angle of 90 degrees from the
nadir (horizontal plane). The intensity does not exceed 100 Candela per 1000 lamp Lumens
(10 percent) at a vertical angle of 80 degrees from the nadir (Sky, 2021)
 Cutoff: A small amount of up lighting is permitted with cutoff light fixtures. The intensity does
not exceed 25 Candela per 1000 lamp Lumens (2.5 percent) at a vertical angle of 90 degrees
from the nadir. The intensity does not exceed 100 Candela per 1000 lamp Lumens (10
percent) at an angle of 80 degrees from the nadir (Sky, 2021)
 Semi-Cutoff: Semi-cutoff light fixtures emit more light directly into the sky and provide little
control at the property line. The intensity does not exceed 50 Candela per 1000 lamp Lumens
(5 percent) at an angle of 90 degrees from the nadir. The intensity does not exceed 200
Candela per 1000 lamp Lumens (20 percent) at an angle of 80 degrees above nadir (Sky, 2021)
 Non-Cutoff: Non-cutoff light fixtures distribute light without Candela limitation in the zone
above the max Candela (Sky, 2021).
Figure- 1: Cut-off arrangements of Street Lighting
Source: https://www.blancocountynightsky.org/guidelines.php
Page 7
2.1.2 Lamp / Luminaire Technologies

Various types of lamp technologies are prevalent in the market today. These technologies greatly
vary in their luminous efficacy, color rendering properties, and lamp life. A brief description of types
of lamp technologies currently used is provided below.
i. Incandescent Lamps:
Incandescent lamps produce light by means of a filament heated to incandescence by the flow of
electric current through it. The principal parts of an incandescent lamp, also known as GLS
(General Lighting Service) lamp include the filament, the bulb, the fill gas and the cap (BEE, Guide
Book-3 for Certified Energy Auditor/Managers, 2015).
Figure- 2: A Typical Incandescent Lamp
Source:http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Documents/IN%20Introduction.htm
ii. Gas Discharge Lamps:
The light from a gas discharge lamp is produced by the excitation of gas contained in
either a tubular or elliptical outer bulb. The most commonly used discharge lamps
are as follows:
a) Fluorescent Tube Lamps (FTL):
A fluorescent lamp is a low weight mercury vapour lamp that uses fluorescence to deliver
visible light. An electric current in the gas energizes mercury Vapour which delivers
ultraviolet radiation through discharge process and the ultraviolet radiation causes the
phosphor coating of the lamp inner wall to radiate visible light (BEE, Guide Book-3 for
Certified Energy Auditor/Managers, 2015).
Page 8
Figure- 3: A Typical Fluorescent Lamp (FTL)7
A fluorescent lamp changes electrical energy into useful light energy more efficiently than
incandescent lamps. The normal luminous efficacy of fluorescent lighting is 50 to100 lumens
per watt, which is few times higher the efficacy of incandescent lamps with equivalent light.
b) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL):
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is a lamp that combine the energy efficiency of fluorescent
lighting with the convenience and popularity of incandescent fixtures.
CFLs can replace incandescent that are roughly 3–4 times their wattage, saving up to 75% of
the initial lighting energy. Although CFLs cost 10–20 times more than comparable
incandescent bulbs, they last 10–15 times as long (BEE, Guide Book-3 for Certified Energy
Auditor/Managers, 2015).
Figure- 4: A Typical Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)8
7
Source:https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Structure-of-double-capped-linear-fluorescent-lamp-CREE-Inc-
2015_fig5_330468620
8
Source: https://circuitglobe.com/difference-between-cfl-and-led-bulbs.html
Page 9
CFLs work much like standard fluorescent lamps. They consist of two parts: a gas-filled tube,
and a magnetic or electronic ballast. The gas in the tube glows with ultraviolet light when
electricity from the ballast flows through it. This in turn excites a white phosphor coating on
the inside of the tube, which emits visible light throughout the surface of the tube.
c) Mercury Vapour Lamps (MV):
In mercury Vapour lamp, electromagnetic radiation is created from discharge within mercury
Vapour, but the regime is different than that in the normal FTLs. During operation, the
pressure within the lamp is in the range of 200 – 400 kPa. It is not possible to achieve the
mercury Vapour discharge in a cold lamp. For this reason, the lamp also includes Argon, and
the initial arc is struck as an argon arc (BEE, Guide Book-3 for Certified Energy
Figure- 5: A Typical Mercury Vapour Lamp (MV)
Source: http://lamptech.co.uk/Documents/M1%20Introduction.htm
The MV lamp produces a much greater proportion of visible light than FTL and gives off a
bluish white light. Phosphor coating can be given to improve the color rendering index.
d) Sodium Vapour Lamps (SV):
The arc tube consists of frame and is highly pressured with sodium for better efficiency. The
arc tube is made of aluminum oxide ceramic which is resistant to the corrosive effects of
alkalis like sodium. The start of lighting up process begins through pulse start. High voltage
energy is sent through ignitor through the arc tube. Firstly, the pulse starts an arc through
the xenon gas which makes the lamp turns sky blue due to xenon lighting up. After that the
arc then heats up the mercury and the mercury Vapour then lights, giving the lamp a bluish
color. Sodium is the last material to Vapourize as sodium Vapour strikes an arc over 240 0C.
The sodium is mixed with other impurities to create a whiter light. The mercury helps add a
blue spectrum light to the pure yellow of the sodium (BEE, Guide Book-3 for Certified Energy
Page 10
Figure- 6: A Typical Sodium Vapour Lamp (SV)
Source: http://www.lamptech.co.uk/Documents/SO%20Introduction.htm
For maintaining a vacuum, oxygen and other gasses can seep in over time. The getter keeps
a stable vacuum by sucking out remaining oxygen and unwanted gas elements. The sodium
is stored often stored in the amalgam reservoirs on the ends of the arc tube when it is cool
unlike the LPS lamp where the sodium is stored in the bumps on the side of the tube
Low Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (LPSV): LPSV lamps are similar to that of FTLs. LPSV
lamps are the most efficacious light sources, but they produce poorest quality light of all the
lamp types. Being a monochromatic light source, all colours appear black, white, or shades
of gray under an LPSV source. LPSV lamps are available in wattages ranging from 18 – 180.
LPSV lamps use has been generally limited to outdoor applications such as street lighting and
indoor, low wattage applications where color quality is not important.
High Pressure Sodium Vapour Lamp (HPSV): The HPSV lamps are widely used for outdoor
lighting and industrial applications as the light is yellowish. HPSV lamps has high efficacy and
used when good color rendering is not a priority.
e) Metal Halide Lamps (MH): MH lamp can be considered as high-pressure mercury Vapour
lamp (HPMV). In addition to mercury Vapour and argon, this lamp contains metal halide.
The mercury Vapour radiation is augmented by that of the metals. A highly compact
electric arc is produces in a discharge tube. A starter is needed to switch on the lamp. The
use of ceramic discharge tube further improves the lamp properties (BEE, Guide Book-3
for Certified Energy Auditor/Managers, 2015). Metal-halide lamps are used for general
lighting purposes both indoors and outdoors, such as commercial, industrial, and public
spaces, parking lots, sports arenas, factories, and retail stores.
Page 11
Figure- 7: A Typical Metal Halide Lamp (MH)
Source: https://www.superiorlighting.com
MH lamps have a significantly better color rendering index than MV and can be tailored by
the choice of halides.
iii. Light Emitting Diode (LED Lamps):
The fast-growing technology in the street lighting system is Light-emitting Diode (LED) with
significant amount of energy savings. The energy consumption of LED s is half of the conventional
lighting and lasts for about 50000 burning hours depending on quality of LED, system design,
operating environment and etc (BEE, Guide Book-3 for Certified Energy Auditor/Managers, 2015).
Figure- 8: A Typical LED Street Light9
Advantages of LED street lighting:

 LEDs are one of the most energy efficient and environmentally friendly lighting
technology
 Reduced maintenance costs due to long lifetimes
9
Source: https://www.industricals.com/crompton-60w-cdl-nexus-street-light
Page 12
 No warm up needed (no time delay to reach optimum brightness levels)

 Can be dimmed (unlike CFLs), allowing for flexibility in controlling light levels
 High colour index, providing bright, true colour during night time hours
 No glare effect, reducing visual fatigue for both drivers and pedestrians
Disadvantages of LED street lighting:
 High initial costs than the conventional lights and can lead to long paybacks
 Provision of only directional light limits usefulness to only streetlights that are hanging
or facing downward
 Adequate heat-sinking is required to ensure long life with high-powered LEDs
Typical lighting performance parameters of various type of lamps are presented in Table- 2
below:
Table- 2: Performance Parameters of Various type of Lamps
Luminous Color
Lamp life in
Type of Lamp Efficacy Rendering Remarks
hrs.
(lm/W) Properties
High Pressure High energy use, poor
35-36 lm/W Fair 10000-15000
Mercury Vapour (MV) lamp life
High luminous efficacy,
Metal Halide (MH) 70-130 lm/W Excellent 8000-12000
poor lamp life
High Pressure Sodium Energy-Efficient, poor
50-150 lm/W Fair 15000-24000
Vapour (HPSV) color rendering
Low Pressure Sodium 100-190 Energy-Efficient, very
Very Poor 18000-24000
Vapour (LPSV) lm/W poor color rendering
Low Pressure
Poor lamp life, medium
Mercury Fluorescent
30-90 lm/W Good 5000-10000 energy use, only
Tubular Lamp (T12 &
available in low wattages
T8)
EE Fluorescent 100-120 EE, long lamp life, only
Very Good 15000-20000
Tubular Lamp (T5) lm/W available in low wattages
Compact Fluorescent 40 - 100 EE, long lamp life, only
Very Good 15000-20000
Lamp (CFL) lm/W available in low wattages
High energy savings, low
O&M, long life, no
Light Emitting Diode
70-160 lm/W Good 40000-90000 mercury, high capital
(LED)
cost and evolving
technology.
(Source: Energy Efficient Street Lighting Guidelines, BEE)
Page 13
2.1.3 Street Lighting Control Systems

Besides energy efficiency improvements at device level, various control systems are also used in
street lighting system to control switching of the device as per the requirement, dimming the light as
per the traffic conditions. The developments in sensor and communication technologies also made
their way into street lighting system that enabled real time status of individual lamp / luminaire,
improving the service levels to the citizens in terms of expedited repair and maintenance.
a) Autonomous control
This type of control system, the luminaires are pre-programmed with fixed time periods for operation
and does not require further control. There is no way to adjust the control often. Furthermore,
internal timers may not be accurate, and any upgrade of the system requires changes in every lamp
post. Alternatively, sensors might detect the ambient light at every light post and decide on whether
to activate the lamps. However, this causes additional expenses (inteli, n.d.).
b) Centralized control and Monitoring system with IOT

Group Control & Monitoring System is a GSM/GPRS/2G/3G/4G/Equivalent proven technology
installed in a feeder or switching point for remote monitoring and controlling group of lights. It is
group wise central monitoring system. Group Controller is an Automatic light control throughout the
year on the basis of precise sunrise and sunset time depending on the geographical location (EESL,
2021).
Features:
 Schedule the timing of lights (pre-programmed based on astronomical clock or on field or

through central control)
 ON / OFF Switch (on field or centrally)
 CCMS System to Capture the energy usage and other parameters at predetermined interval
and store data for 30 days
 Ability to connect with a communication device
 Ability to download data in field
 System protection against surges
 Ability to upgrade firmware on field using a communication device
2.1.4 Street Lighting Control Strategies
a) Astronomical / Almanac timer
Astronomical timers have precise information about sunrise and sunset times for any given
geographical position. These can be calculated in advance with a very high level of accuracy for long
time spans. However, lighting control strategies based on astronomical timers might not take specific
geographic aspects into account, such as large hills or mountains blocking the sun at dawn or dusk.
Furthermore, astronomical timers can make no predictions about weather conditions such as storms
which might require artificial lighting even during daylight hours.
Page 14
Astronomical timers might establish a simple on-/off scheme for illumination that specifies the time
of activation of the lighting in the evening and the deactivation in the morning. Alternatively, it might
specify periods later at night during periods when less traffic is expected during which the lighting
remains active but at reduced operating intensity.
One of the main advantages of astronomical timers is that they do not require any complex ICT
systems to operate (inteli, n.d.).
b) Daylight harvesting
In contrast to using astronomical timers, daylight harvesting strategies use photo sensors to detect
the ambient light and adjust the artificial lighting if the ambient light levels fall or increase beyond
certain threshold values. This approach works especially well with dimming and can adjust to
extended periods of twilight as well as inclement weather. However, the photo sensors require
regular cleaning in order to ensure their proper function. Furthermore, it must be decided whether
a single photo sensor is controlling the lighting for a large area or whether each group of lamps or
even each individual lamp has its own sensor. The first option reduces the system complexity but
cannot reflect all localized conditions (such as especially shaded areas or smaller weather systems)
and represents a single point of failure for the system
The second option allows for more flexibility, but also requires the purchase of a large number of
additional sensors and requires more maintenance for keeping the sensors clean.
The photo sensors can be embedded into a larger ICT infrastructure, which (depending on setup) can
enable real time monitoring of the road illuminance. Thereby any problems with insufficient lighting
can be quickly identified and addressed (inteli, n.d.).
c) Traffic detection
On many roads, traffic may be consistently low, especially late at night. Thus, reducing their level of
illumination in compliance with the requirements stipulated in EN 13201 offers potentially large
energy savings. In order to ensure that traffic participants can still navigate these roads safely, traffic
detection systems can be installed which increase the level of illumination again when needed. The
most common technology for detecting traffic – whether motorized vehicles, cyclists, or pedestrians
– are motion sensors. Types of motion detectors include the following (inteli, n.d.).:
Ultrasonic motion detectors detect the shift in sound waves bouncing back from a moving object.
This type of sensor does not require line of sight. It is cheap, can detect objects irrespective of their
materials, and is little affected by air flows of up to 10 m/s (36 km/h). However, they have a low
detection range and can be affected by humidity and high temperatures.
Microwave motion detectors detect shifts in microwaves bouncing back from a moving object,
similar to radar speed guns. They are able to detect even small motions and are not affected by the
ambient temperature of objects. However, they are costly and may cause false detection due to
movements outside the specified zone.
Page 15
Infrared sensors detect the heat of an object or a person relative to their surroundings. They are
purely passive sensors – thus, they do not emit sound or radiation in order to collect information.
However, they might trigger false detection from warm air, rainfall, or hot objects.
Video processing uses video cameras as smart sensors, identifying moving objects via smart
algorithms. They can monitor a larger area than other detection system and detect not only the
motion but also the presence of objects. They also have a low probability of false responses.
However, the data processing algorithms are fairly complex, resulting in both added cost for the
software as well as added electricity consumption due to their processing power requirements. Fur-
thermore they are dependent on light, though this can be compensated with infrared filters to some
degree. Motion detection systems can also be combined so that the disadvantages of one type are
compensated by the capabilities of another.
Once the need for added illumination is detected by the sensors, the system should ensure that the
usual requirements for the relevant street lighting class are met. This means that a motion sensor
attached to a particular lamp pole generally should not just be used to activate that particular lamp,
but also one or more adjacent lamps so that traffic participants are not subject to glare from rapidly
changing lighting conditions.
Any motion detector-based systems that are intended to cover more than pedestrian-only areas
almost invariably require integration into a larger ICT setup. However, this has the added advantage
of allowing traffic information data which can be useful to traffic controllers, urban planners,
emergency services and other agencies.
d) Dimming
Depending on traffic, weather, and ambient lighting conditions it may not be necessary to operate
lamps at full power throughout the night. By combining proper astronomical timers, daylight
harvesting, and traffic detection schemes with dimming, huge energy savings can be attained – in
some projects, up to 85 % savings were achieved (inteli, n.d.). Furthermore, gradually increasing and
decreasing the illumination reduces discomfort glare for nearby residents. LEDs are especially
suitable for dimming-based strategies as they can be dimmed smoothly with almost no technical
complications, whereas other lamp types used in street lighting cannot be dimmed, produce drastic
color shifts when dimmed (high-pressure mercury and metal halide lamps) or are limited in how far
they can be dimmed (inteli, n.d.).
Page 16
2.2 Global Practices in Smart Street Lighting Systems
2.2.1 Status of Global Practices in Smart Street Lighting Systems

There are around 320 million street lighting poles in the world in which Asia accounts for 25% and
Europe & North America accounts for 20% and South America of 10% and the rest of the world
(Australia & Africa) accounts for 45% of street lighting poles (Little, 2019). The average lighting
density in terms of urban population per each lighting point is about 13 peopleper pole in the world
(Little, 2019). The lighting density ranges from 7 people per pole in Europe to 20 people in Asia Pacific
(Little, 2019).
LED based street lighting is now being considered the most energy efficient. Many cities across the
world have completed replacing conventional street lighting fixtures (e.g., HPSV, HPMV, FTLs, CFL
and MH) with LED fixtures. Examples of cities with 100% LED street lighting include Milan (Italy), New
York (USA) and Visakhapatnam (India) (Little, 2019). The LED penetration differs widely primarily on
account of financial barriers and administrative inabilities of municipalities in adopting suitable
business models.
The overall average LED penetration (i.e., number of LED fixtures to the total number of fixtures) is
still less than 15% globally with Japan and Canada showing highest LED penetration of 44 – 50%. The
LED penetration in Europe is around 10% with only Germany having a penetration above the
European average. The LED penetration in USA is 26% and that of South America is less than 5%.
(Little, 2019).
The technology development in solar PV and energy storage/ battery have resulted in multiple end
use applications including street lighting. The solar PV panel with battery storage supplying electricity
to LED based street lighting system is emerging as the next ‘’big thing’’ in street lighting systems.
Asia Pacific region leads the solarization of street lighting system followed by Africa (Intelligence,
2020). The key driver for the leadership in solarization of street lighting in Asia and Africa appears to
be the resolve of the respective national governments to provide street lighting in geographically
difficult areas. The solarization of street lighting is based on energy efficient LED lights which also
meets the energy efficiency and sustainability aspects of street lighting service. The value of
worldwide solar street lighting market is estimated to be $5.7 billion. The number of solar street
lighting systems sold during 2019 was 1.454 million units and the sales are expected to increase at a
CAGR of 9.4% during 2020 – 2030 (Intelligence, 2020).
Most of the solar street lighting projects are for road ways and high ways in terms of application and
for retrofitting existing systems in terms of installation. Various multi-lateral financing institutions
such as the Asia Development Bank (ADB), The World Bank, International Finance Corporation (IFC)
have been introducing subsidies/grants in Asian and Africa to promote solarization of street lighting.
2.2.2 Success Drivers for EE Street Lighting

The key drivers that are promoting the energy efficient street lighting at global level are:
 Regulatory Policies: Street lighting energy efficiency and solarization projects are one of the
fast, replicable projects to meet the commitments as per NDCs under Paris Agreement of
Page 17
UNFCCC. All the national governments globally have taken steps to implement energy
efficient street lighting both in urban areas as well as rural / county side. Regulatory
requirements at global level have helped creation / availability of technical and financial
resources. This has helped participation of public and private sector to innovate on
implementation models, financial engineering for energy efficiency project. Thus, regulatory
requirements at global level are helping local government systems to overcome the issues
with the limited technical and financial resources in the implementation of EE in street
lighting
 Financial Viability and Innovative Business Models: The financial viability of energy efficient
street lighting itself pays for the project cost with paybacks ranging from few months to 3 –
4 years depending on the electricity tariff. Various business models such as ESCO route have
been successful in many cities which enabled implementation of energy efficient and smart
street lighting without any upfront cost to the municipalities.
 IoT convergence: Smart city development and advanced remote-control systems drive the
growth of the VAS10 segment. The Internet of Things is the connection of everyday products
such as cars, alarm clocks, and lights to computing devices via the internet to allow them to
exchange data. Street lighting will benefit from this, as lighting poles will become hosting
infrastructure for several connected devices (e.g., sensors, video cameras, EV chargers).
 LED prices drop: The quality improvement and reduced costs are making LED the default
option for lighting. The following Figure- 9 provides the price drop trend for a 60 W
equivalent LED lamp during 2015-2018.
Figure- 9: 60W LED Lamp retail price trend 2015-201811
2.2.3 Street Lighting Poles for Technology Convergence

The poles equipped with street lights are most suitable infrastructure and can be also used for the
following purposes (Little, 2019).
10 VAS – value added service

11 Source: https://www.ledinside.com/news/2018/8/global_led_lighting_products_price_trend
Page 18
 Poles’ capillarity is extremely relevant for video surveillance services and autonomous
driving.
 Weather monitoring (by installing suitable sensors). Figure- 10 shows the street lighting pole
mounted weather monitoring in Delhi (India).
 Poles are the most convenient infrastructure on which to host a fiber network, and they can
also be used for hosting small cells/antennas to meet 5G densification.
 Poles are already equipped with electricity connection, and can host EV charging points with
relevant cost benefits compared to traditional low-charge EV stations. Figure- 10 shows the
street lighting pole mounted EV charging station at Kozhikode (India).
Figure- 10: Street Lighting for Technology Convergence
Source: (India.com, 2018) Source: (Hindu, 2021)
2.3 Energy Efficiency Practices in SAARC Region
2.3.1 Afghanistan
The grid access in Afghanistan has improved from mere 16% (WB, 2009) circa 2010 to 44% (RISE,
2021) presently. Most of this improvement has come in urban centers whereas most of the rural
population is without grid access. Even the areas with grid access face severe constraints when hydro
power generation which is about 40% (WB, 2009) of total electricity generation, reduces during
winter months. The operation of diesel-based power plants during winter months results in overall
increase in the average tariff as well as high marginal cost.
The poor status of supply side position in terms of infrastructure, availability and reliability of network
and high prices of electricity provide good opportunity for Afghanistan cities to leap-frog in improving
energy efficiency in street lighting. The Afghanistan Energy Efficiency Policy (AEEP) of 2016 has
mentioned energy efficiency in public lighting as one of the components for implementation of
suitable actions to realize the strategy (AEEP, 2016). The argument in favor of EE in public lighting as
per AEEP 2016 is that it is simple to achieve EE in public lighting that would reduce 30% - 50% (AEEP,
Page 19
2016) of the cost for municipalities. Accordingly, AEEP recommended that 50% of public lighting be
upgraded with EE fixtures and 50% of public lighting asset be powered by solar energy (AEEP, 2016).
This would auger well for Afghanistan cities which are struggling with insufficient grid access and
supply.
Figure- 11: Solar Street Lighting of Kabul City Roads
Source: https://www.zularistan.com
A number of projects, mostly based on standalone solar based LED street lighting systems have been
initiated in various municipalities with the support of donor organizations. The cities where such
projects were implemented include Kandahar, Kabul, Bamian, Badakhshan, Ghor, Bandi Barq,
Helmand. Although Afghanistan appears to be lagging in terms of overall penetration of EE fixtures
in street lighting at present, the overall policy direction and the projects implemented so far indicate
that, the country has potential to take advantage of solar based street lighting (with LED fixtures) to
leap-frog to a leadership level in terms of technology adoption. Since 80% of Afghanistan population
lives in rural areas and AEEP requires 50% of public lighting based on EE lighting and 50% solarisation
of public lighting, it may be concluded that the technology adoption, local capacity building of
municipalities in Afghanistan is necessary to implement the same in rural areas.
Page 20
2.3.2 Bangladesh
Bangladesh has initiated its Energy Efficiency Improvement (EEI) Projects for street lighting under
City Region Development Project (CRDP) with financial support of Asian Development Bank (ADB).
The energy efficient technologies chosen that time were T5 FTLs 12, LED and standalone solar street
lighting. The pilot project at Tongi pourashava (municipality) was successfully completed that
involved replacement of 2,745 number of conventional lights (FTLs, CFLs) to T5 and LED with voltage
regulator for 10 lighting circuits, Photo-electric timer controls in 10 feeders for automatic ON/OFF,
that resulted in 0.179 MU of electricity savings (ADB, Bangladesh: Energy Efficiency Improvement ,
2013).
On account of the quality improvement and price drop in LED street lighting Bangladesh is now having
plans to replace street lights with LED technologies. Sustainable and Renewable Energy Development
Authority (SREDA) of Bangladesh has signed an MoU with India’s EESL for technical cooperation to
implement LED based street lighting with IoT enabled Centralized Controlling & Monitoring System
(CCMS)13. Under this programme SREDA with the support of EESL has completed replacing 519
conventional street lights with LED based street lights connected with 24 numbers of CCMS modules
in Tungipara Municipal Corporation in March 2017 (EESL, 2021).
Ever since, various municipalities in Bangladesh are taking up conversion of conventional street
lighting with LED based street lighting. The Chittagong city intends to replace a total of 39950
conventional street lights comprising of Incandescent bulbs, FTLs, Halogen lamps, HPSV and Metal
halide lamps (CCC, 2021) with LED lamps.
Solarization of Street Lighting in Bangladesh:
Bangladesh’s tryst with solar street lighting started way back in 2009 with installation of 355 number
of solar street lights in Chittagong Hill Tracts region by Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB)
with the support of ADB. The low maturity levels of LED technology at that time, lack of maintenance
have made these installations out of order well before its expected life (ADB, Energy Efficiency
Improvement TA-7642-Bangladesh, 2013). In 2014, Dhaka Municipal Corporation (DCC) had installed
122 number of solar street lights under the project ‘’Solar Photovoltaic-Powered LED (Light Emitting
Diode) Street Lighting’’ launched by Government of Bangladesh with the support of ADB (IEEE, 2014).
Further replication was stopped due to poor financial viability on account of high prices of system
components (solar panel, battery and LED) prevailing at that time vis-a-vis the lower cost savings on
account of lower electricity tariffs.
12
EE variant of Fluorescent Tube Light. T5 with diameter of 0.625 inch
13 Please refer to Section 2.1.3 for brief explanation
Page 21
Figure- 12: Solar Street Lighting of Chirirbandar roads, Bangladesh14
Ministry of Disaster Management and Relief set up 120 solar street lights on 40-km roadsides under
the Taka for Work and Test Relief projects during FY 2017-2018 -. Ministry has also installed 600 solar
street lights in various places such as huts, bazaars, hospitals, traffic junctions, educational
institutions, mosques, temples and other religious institutions of Chirirbandar upazila under the Rural
Infrastructure Maintenance Programme during the 2017-2018 fiscal (Expert, 2018).
2.3.3 Bhutan
The vast areas of forestry and green supply side of primary energy (hydro power and fire wood) have
helped the Bhutan remain carbon neutral on net basis. The Royal Government of Bhutan (RGoB) has
also committed to remain carbon neutral since 2009. RGoB communicated its INDCs under Paris
Agreement in September 2015. Bhutan has also adopted National Energy Efficiency & Conservation
Policy (EE&C) and National Energy Efficiency Roadmap in 2019 (NEE&C, 2019).
Bhutan being dependent on tourism as one of its economic activities, the building sector, appliances
and industrial process would be major sectors for GHG emissions in time to come and would result
in increase in urbanisation. Keeping this in view, the RGoB policy and roadmap relating to energy
efficiency is specifically focused on these sectors. The 12th plan of Bhutan (2018-2023) had identified
13 Low Emission Development Strategies (LEDS) of which energy efficiency in street lighting is one of
the mitigation measures focusing on urban areas (RGoB, 2019). The following Table- 3 presents
details of LEDS under 12th plan of Bhutan.
14
Source: https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/country/solar-power-street-lights-illuminate-chirirbandar-
1531913365
Page 22
Table- 3: Prioritization of mitigation measures for human settlements in Bhutan
Recommended for
Mitigation measure Ranking Priority rural (R) or urban
(U) areas
Waste composting 1 U+R
Energy efficient buildings 2 U+R
Reduce, reuse and recycle solid waste (3R) 3 U
Energy efficient Street lighting 4 U
Electric mass public Transport 4 U
Wastewater Management 4 U
Cable cars 4 U
Energy efficient appliances 5 U+R
Electric Vehicles 5 U
Source: Urban and Rural Settlements in Bhutan: A low emissions development strategy, 2017
The capital city Thimphu has commenced its energy efficiency improvement projects in street lighting
way back in 2015 by replacing existing HPSV with LED lamps and Induction lamps on Thimphu-Babesa
expressway (Kuensel, 2017). As of date, all 4,864 street lights in capital city of Thimphu are replaced
with LED based street lighting (Authors). In 2017, Phuentsholing Thromde (which is biggest city after
Thimphu) has commenced its EE initiatives in street lighting by replacing 29 HPSV lamps with LED and
had plans to replace the entire city street lighting with LED based street lighting (Kuensel, 2017). The
city of Gelephu is in the process of replacing its street lights based on 90W CFL with LED based street
lighting (Authors).
Figure- 13: Street Lighting of Bhutan roads
Source: untoldbhutan.com
The solarization of street lighting in Bhutan is yet to start. The proposals for solar based street lighting
is under preparation for budget allocation 15.
15 Based on telephonic discussion with Mr. Minjur, Department of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Economic Affairs RGoB
Page 23
2.3.4 India
The energy efficiency improvements in street lighting is a continues activity wherein municipalities
and Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India have been replacing inefficient lighting fixtures with efficient
ones. However, with signing of Paris Agreement and communication of INDC / NDCs, India
commenced National Mission on Enhanced Energy Efficiency (NMEEE). Street Lighting National
Programme (SLNP) is one of the flagship programme under NMEEE wherein the government owned
Super ESCO (EESL) has been implementing LED based energy efficiency upgradation. The SLNP
programme is being implemented by EESL without any burden of upfront cost on municipalities. The
EESL has also put in place IoT based Central Control and Monitoring System (CCMS) to connect the
street lights using GIS based group controllers. The EESL also made public a GPS based Dashboard
with city wise and area wise details / status of street lights, energy savings presented in Figure- 14.
The indexing of the group controller and poles also helps in identification of failed street lights and
remedial action within 24 – 48 hours. This has improved the quality of services for the citizens.
EESL has covered more than 95% of cities in India under SLNP programme and installed about 10.1
million LED based street lighting system with CCMS during the period of 2016 – 2020. The total energy
savings estimated from SLNP programme by EESL has been 6841 MU (BEE, Impact of Energy Efficiency
Measures, 2019-20) of electricity over the 4-year period. The total investment has been funded by
EESL as ESCO with O&M responsibility for 7 years. The state wise LED installations and Energy saving
from SLNP programme is presented in the Table- 4.
Table- 4: Details of LED street lights installed in India
No. of LED street Energy Savings

States/Union Territories lights installed in in FY 2016-20
FY-2016-20 (MU)
Andaman & Nicobar Islands 14,737 9.89
Andhra Pradesh 2,666,836 1789.45
Assam 40,737 27.33
Bihar 443,991 297.92
Chandigarh 43,476 29.17
Chhattisgarh 405,947 272.39
Delhi 211,161 141.69
Goa 209,657 140.68
Gujarat 888,579 596.24
Haryana 80,341 53.91
Himachal Pradesh 56,209 37.72
Jammu & Kashmir 86,719 58.19
Jharkhand 484,352 325
Karnataka 12,310 8.26
Kerala 88,020 59.06
Lakshadweep 1,000 0.67
Madhya Pradesh 117,438 78.8
Maharashtra 818,225 549.03
Page 24
No. of LED street Energy Savings

States/Union Territories lights installed in in FY 2016-20
FY-2016-20 (MU)
Odisha 335,226 224.94
Puducherry 150 0.1
Punjab 107,306 72
Rajasthan 869,725 583.59
Sikkim 868 0.58
Tamil Nadu 7,699 5.17
Telangana 996,471 668.63
Tripura 41,551 27.88
Uttar Pradesh 1038,629 696.92
Uttarakhand 47,683 32
West Bengal 80,229 53.83
Total 10,195,272 6841.03
Source: Impact of Energy Efficiency Measures, BEE 2019-20
Centralized Control & monitoring System (CCMS) dashboard is presented in the Figure- 14
Page 25
Figure- 14: CCMS Dashboard of Visakhapatnam city of India
Source: http://dashboard.CCMS.tech/andhrapradesh?cname=Vizag
Page 26
LED Equivalents (for same lumen output) of Typical Conventional lighting fixtures used in SLNP is
presented in the Table- 5.
Table- 5: LED Equivalents of Typical Conventional lighting fixtures used in SLNP
Conventional Fixtures LED Fixtures
FTL 40W LED 18W
HPSV 70W LED 35W
HPSV/HPMV 150W LED 62W
HPSV/HPMV 250W LED 110W
HPSV (High Mast) 400W LED 200W
Source: East Coast Research
Solarization of Street Lighting in India:
EESL is implementing Atal Jyoti Yojana (AJAY), a sub-scheme under Off- Grid and Decentralized Solar
Application Scheme of MNRE. Under AJAY, Solar LED Lights are being installed in rural, semi-urban
and urban areas which don’t enjoy adequate coverage of power. Under AJAY phase-I and II, EESL has
installed around 200,000 Solar LED Street lights in rural areas of Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Odisha,
Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Rajasthan and Gujarat. (EESL, 2021)
The dashboard of ATAL JYOTI YOJANA can be accessed at Source: http://ajay.eeslindia.org/
Maldives
The Maldives have joined en.lighten initiative of UNEP in 2013 and commenced its journey of energy
efficiency improvements in street lighting by replacing existing HPSV and T12 FTLs with LED based
lamps and T5 FTLs (IEA, 2010).
Maldives being a chain of islands with about 40% of population living in capital city of Male. The
street lighting in Male city which primarily consist of 40W FTLs has been upgraded to 24W LED based
street lighting with the support of government of India in 2017. EESL of India has successfully
implemented the energy efficiency street lighting project in the Male city (EESL, 2021).
Figure- 15: Street Lighting of Male city of Maldives
Source:https://en.sun.mv/65357
For other island, the Maldives is planning to install 25,000 solar based street lighting with the support
of EESL of India (EESL, 2021).
Page 27
2.3.5 Nepal
Nepal has adopted its National Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES) in 2013, in which lighting was one
of the focus areas along with other sectors such as power generation & distribution, industries,
building, transportation. With regard to street lighting Alternate Energy Promotion Council (AEPC) of
Nepal has developed Project Management, Technical & Procurement Guidelines for Municipalities
for solar street lighting in 2014. AEPC has also developed Technical Guidelines for solar steer lighting
in 2016. Kathmandu Metropolitan City (KMC) has implemented solar street lighting project by
replacing 1600 street lights with solar street lighting in 2014 with the support of ADB. It also installed
1,285 solar based street lights in 2016 with Public-Private Partnership (PPP) model (Post, 2021). Other
cities like Lalitpur and Pokhara had also installed solar street lighting during 2014 to 2016. However,
many of these street lights are dis-functional due to lack of maintenance especially with respect to
battery replacement. At present solar street lighting is pursued by AEPC in rural municipalities such
as Phikkal in 2019 (RERL, 2019).
Figure- 16: Solar Street Lighting of Kathmandu city of Nepal 16
The apparent failure of solar street lighting projects in Nepal cities appear to be more on account of
lack of suitable contractual frame work and enforcement to maintain the solar street lighting assets
and replacement of batteries during the agreed project period of 10 years in PPP model. It is not clear
as to whether the ADB supported street lighting project of 2014 had provisions for battery
replacement. The crucial lessons from Nepal’s solar street lighting projects are in respect of
contractual and budgetary provisions for O&M of system components and replacement of batteries
during the project period. Such requirements had been clearly documented in AEPCs Project
Management, Technical & Procurement Guidelines for Municipalities for solar street lighting of 2014.
The municipalities could have taken enough steps based on the advice of AEPCs document.
Presently, the major cities of Kathmandu, Lalitpur, Barthpur, Pokhara have been perusing EE street
lights with smart controls. The existing metal halide and HPSV lamps are replaced with LED lamps.
16Source: https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/07/29/lalitpur-to-install-669-smart-electric-street-lamps-on-three-
routes
Page 28
Solar street lighting can still be pursued given the technology development and price drops in LED
lamps and solar panels and battery. The suitable enforcement mechanisms and budget in contracts
for end-of-life replacement of batteries could ensure that project would be operated for the agreed
time period (10 years) after which fresh contracts can be executed based on the best available
technology and prices at that point.
2.3.6 Pakistan
In 2021, Pakistan communicated its INDCs and mentioned that it intends to reduce up to 50% of its
2030 projected GHG emissions. The INDC communication mentioned replacement of incandescent
bulbs with energy efficient LED lamps as one of the mitigation measures from Energy Sector to meet
the target towards its INDCs.
National Energy Efficiency and Conservation Authority (NEECA) has conducted Market Assessment
for Lighting Sector in Pakistan in 2018. As per the market-based survey of NEECA, only 1.2% of LED
components imported are for street lighting and the balance is for other sectors such as domestic
and commercial buildings. The street lights imported are mostly from China (83%). Pakistan also
imports LED lights from other countries such as Finland, Germany, Thailand, Japan, UAE and Korea.
The data indicates that Pakistan has already initiated energy efficiency projects in street lighting.
Capital Development Authority (CDA) has replaced 339 number of conventional street lights with
modern LED Road lights in the areas of Islamabad (Today, 2017). CDA also installed 516 number of
LED street lights on different roads of Islamabad city in 2017 (Today, 2017). CDA also intends to
replace the conventional lamps with energy efficient LED lights throughout the city of Islamabad in
different phases. Presently CDA is considering replacement of about 38,000 conventional street lights
with LED based lamps (with smart controls) under ESCO model (NEECA, 2020).
Figure- 17: Road Lighting of Islamabad city of Pakistan17
17 Source: http://www.cbc.gov.pk/en/street-light
Page 29
Source: http://www.cbc.gov.pk/en/street-light
The government of Pakistan had installed 563 number of LED based street lights of 180W each along
the Peshawar Karachi Motorway (PKM) expressway in 2019 built by 7th Bureau of Hydropower
(iFLUX, 2021). Cantonment Board of Clifton, Karachi has 12,990 number of street lights in which 876
numbers are replaced with LED (CBC, 2021). Similarly, Cantonment Board of Lahore has also replaced
260 number out of 11750 number of conventional street lights with LED street lights.
In 2015, 14 W solar street lights were installed at commn places of village Shafi Muhammad and
village Hashim Mir Bahar, UC Gharo, Tehsil Mir Pur Sakro, District Thatta under Sindh Coastal
Development Programme (SCAD) funded by The World Bank. In 2020, Government of Khyber
Pakktunkhwa initiated the project to install 105 solar street lighting systems in merged districts of
Khyber Pakktunkhwa (KPK, 2020). Government of Balochistan has also plan to install solar street
lighting systems in the main cities of province (Business Recoder, 2021).
Page 30
2.3.7 Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka has formed its National Energy Policy & Strategy (NEP&S) in 2008, which specified the
energy efficiency in street lighting as one of the focus areas for energy efficiency besides household,
industries and commercial sectors. A strategic plan for street lighting was intended to form to ensure
proper management of street lighting that will contribute to energy conservation.
The Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) has conducted a street lighting lamps survey in 2010, which releals
that there are 390,000 street lights (IEI, 2015). The details of lamp fixtures in Sri Lanka as per the
street lighting survey are presented in Table- 6
Table- 6: Details of Lamp Fixtures used in Sri-Lanka Street lighting survey18
Incandescent
Type of fixture FTL CFL MV SV
Bulbs
Number 33,024 84,825 120,567 133,044 16,635
Wattage 100 40 23 150 250
From the street lighting survey, CEB identified three options which helps to reduce the street lighting
energy consumption, such as
 Replacement of all existing street lamps by equivalent LED fixtures;
 Replacement of all existing street lamps by solar powered LED lighting system;
 Introduction of proper street lighting control system.
As per NEP&S of 2019, the government of Sri Lanka intends to introduce and enforce standard for
street lighting, in rural, urban and major roads and public spaces on a mandatory basis by 202019
(MoPEBD, 2019).
Energy Sector Assessment, Strategy, and Road Map of 2019 mentions the key issues relating to street
lighting in Sri Lanka which are as under:
 The majority of street lighting equipment are of poor quality and badly maintained resulting
in very high energy wastage;
 Use of incandescent lamps with very poor efficacy;
 A high portion of lamps are fitted in very poor-quality luminaires with a very low coefficient
of utilization;
 There is no consistency in types of lamps, luminaire, overhang arms, and height of luminaires;
 Poor quality and use of manual control and quite often indoor-quality control equipment
exposed to rain, for controlling the street lighting result not only in creating life hazard
situations, but also wasting energy by leaving the lights on during the daytime;
18Source: Analysis on Energy Efficiency and Optimality of LED and Photovoltaic Based Street Lighting System (IEI, 2015)
19 At the time of preparation of report, the said enforcement standard has not been prepared.
Page 31
 Very high uniformity ratio level;
 Very low lamp life and very high lumen depreciation factor;
 Absence of separate feeders for street lighting which make it difficult to control and meter;
 Majority of street lighting lamps are controlled individually either through daylight sensors
or by manually controlled switches;
 Manually controlled lights operated by either local government staff or volunteers, are
usually turned on early and turned off later than necessary.
On account of poor financial situation of municipalities, the cost of electricity supplied for street
lighting was not recovered by electricity utility (CEB). Instead CEB recovers cost of energy
supplied for street lighting from other consumer categories. Thus, the municipalities do not feel
the heat of higher cost of operation of street lighting due to inefficient fixtures. However, the
concerns of climate change, mandate of lighting standards for street lighting and pressure from
consumer groups are driving cities in Sri Lanka to implement EE in street lighting.
In 2020 Colombo Municipal Council (CMC) initiated project to upgrade 12,000 conventional
street lighting system to LED based street lighting system with IoT based smart controls under
PPP model (Morning, 2021).
Figure- 18: Road Lighting Galle Road in Colombo City of Sri Lanka20
20
Source: https://www.ft.lk/propertyconstruction/CMC-s-energy-efficient-Smart-LED-street-lighting-drive-
progressing/10516-707809
Page 32
Presently, there have been no major initiatives in respect of solarization of street lighting in Sri
Lanka. However, the PPP model of CMC can pave way for similar initiatives in solar based street
lighting projects in Sri Lanka.
2.3.8 Implementation Status of Technologies in SAARC Member States
Efficiency enhancement and solarisation of street lighting in Member States in terms of guiding
policies, penetration of technology and implementation status has been discussed in previous
sections. The Table- 7 summarises the overall status of key technologies under implementation in
various SAARC Member States.
Table- 7: Key technologies under implementation in various SAARC Member States
Control & Monitoring Solarisation

and Country LED lighting Fixtures Other of Street
Smart Control
Controls Lighting
✓ ✓ (pilot
1 Afghanistan ✓ -
(Manual) studies)
✓ ✓ (pilot
2 Bangladesh ✓ ✓
(Manual) studies)
✓
3 Bhutan ✓ ✓ -
(Manual)
✓
4 India ✓ ✓ ✓
(Manual)
✓ ✓ (under
5 Maldives ✓ ✓
(Manual) planning)
✓ ✓ (pilot
6 Nepal ✓ ✓
(Manual) studies)
✓ (pilot
studies and
✓ outdoor
7 Pakistan ✓ ✓
(Manual) lighting of
gated
communities)
✓ ✓ ✓
8 Sri Lanka -
(Under implementation) (Under implementation) (Manual)
Page 33
2.3.9 Electricity Demand and Energy Saving Potential of Street Lighting in SAARC Region
Electricity demand for street lighting in SAARC region has been estimated for the period 2021 – 2030
considering 3 scenarios as under:
 Scenario-1: Business As Usual (BAU)

The electricity consumption for street lighting in base year has been projected for the period
2021 – 2030 considering CAGR based on actual data, CAGR of road length or urbanisation.
 Scenario-2: Efficiency Enhancement with LED based EE fixtures with smart controls
This scenario projects the energy consumption for street lighting considering a conservative
savings of 50%21 from baseline for the fixtures converted from conventional lamps to LED
based lamps with smart control and monitoring system. It is assumed that the Member
States would achieve 100% of this conversion by 2027 and all new additions of street lights
would be based on this technology.
 Scenario-3: Solarisation of street lighting with LED based lighting and smart controls
This scenario is based on assumption that the solarisation will be adopted by Member States
commencing from 2024 and would reach 90% by 2029. It is assumed that above 10% of street
lights may not be amenable for solarisation and would remain to be fed by the grid.
Based on assumptions in above scenarios, the energy saving potential with respect to baseline street
lighting energy consumption in Scenario-2 and Scenario-3 over a period of 10 years is summarised
for SAARC Member States and presented in the Table- 8 and the detailed energy demand projection
and saving potential is presented as Annexure:2.
Table- 8: Energy saving potential with respect to BAU street lighting energy consumption
Scenario-2 Scenario-3
(Energy Saving (Energy Saving
Country
Potential with LED and Potential with
smart control) (%) Solarisation) (%)
Afghanistan 29.14 42.29
Bangladesh 28.60 41.36
Bhutan 28.52 41.22
India 29.87 43.53
Maldives 28.77 41.66
Nepal 28.52 41.22
Pakistan 29.14 42.29
Sri Lanka 31.81 47.73
21Based on presentation received from Mr Srinivasa Chari E of GHMC who verified the savings of EESL project in
Hyderabad, India
Page 34
Figure- 19: Energy saving potential with respect to BAU street lighting energy consumption
Energy Saving Potential

60
50
Savings %
40
30
20
10
0
Country
Scenario-2
(Energy Saving Potential with LED and smart control) (%)
Scenario-3
(Energy Saving Potential with Solarisation) (%)
Page 35
2.4 Implementation Models for EE in Street Lighting Projects
Despite good potential for EE improvements, municipalities face significant challenges in the
implementation. These challenges primarily related to project funding/financing, contractual
enforcement to cover technical performance risks, ownership of the project throughout the project
life. Various implementation models have been in use for EE improvements in street lighting and the
same are discussed briefly in this section.
The implementation models for the EE street lighting projects largely vary by the type of financing
models chosen. The primary financing options available for cities to finance EE projects are via
internal funding through capital budgets, debt financing (mostly loans and lease) and via energy
performance contracts (shared and guaranteed savings). The Municipal EE Street lighting project
implementation can be financed in three ways
 The municipality uses its internal funds such as O&M budget and capital budget
 The municipality borrows from financial institutions
 The Energy Saving Company (ESCO) brings the finance and implements agreed upon energy
saving measures
This section focuses on two implementation models as under (Bank W. , Energy-Efficient Street
Lighting—Implementation and Financing Solutions, 2015)
a. Model-1: Municipality procuring finance from a financial institution to contract with an

ESCO/OEM to implement the Energy Efficiency Project on a turnkey basis.
b. Model-2: Public-Private Partnership–based Models- ESPC22 approach (ESCO financing the

Energy Efficiency Project implementation under an Energy Performance Contract). Under this
the following models are used for implementation
i. ESPC Shared Saving Model: The ESCO takes on the risk of third-party financing from a
lender, putting the loan on ESCO’s balance sheet. The savings are shared between the
municipality and ESCO with the pre-defined and agreed contract stipulating that the
municipality will receive a certain percentage of savings, but it does not guarantee the
magnitude of those savings.
22
Energy Service Performance Contract
Page 36
Figure- 20: ESPC Shared Saving Model
Source: (Bank W. , Energy-Efficient Street Lighting—Implementation and Financing Solutions,

2015)
ii. ESPC Guaranteed Saving Model: The ULBs takes on the third party financing from a
lender, putting the loan on its own balance sheet. The ESCO guarantees that savings will
be sufficient to cover the investment cost, and if they are not the ESCO pays the
difference between the realized savings and project payments. Excess savings can be
shared between municipality and ESCO.
Figure- 21: ESPC Guaranteed Saving Model
Source: (Bank W. , Energy-Efficient Street Lighting—Implementation and Financing Solutions, 2015)
iii. Annuity-Based Deemed Saving Model: Under this model it can be ensured that the best
available technology is retrofitted with an overall cost saving to the Municipal
Corporations (MCs)/ ULBs. This model does not require periodic demonstration of
energy and cost savings. The cost saving is recovered from the combined expenditure
of MC/ULB on electricity bill and O&M charges. This model is used by EESL of India,
which is successfully implementing SLNP programme for all cities in India and also rural
areas in India (Bank W. , 2015). The key steps involved in EESL’s implementation model
is presented as Annexure:3.
Page 37
2.5 Life Cycle Costs of Street Lighting Systems in SAARC Region
Evaluation of EE improvement project in street lighting system would require cost information
related for LED luminaires with fixtures, Control & Monitoring system and solar based street lighting
package. The operating cost would involve cost of electricity, replacement cost of conventional
lighting fixture with LED fixtures, O&M cost for man power and spares to attend repairs and
maintenance.
2.5.1 Capital Cost
The capital cost information for various wattage of LED based street lighting fixtures, CCMS and solar
based street lighting have been collected from OEMs, municipalities and other government agencies
working, bidding results of EESL (India) and presented in the Table- 9
Table- 9: Capital costs of LED Fixtures and CCMS
Item Units Price range23

18 W LED USD 12 - 25
20 W LED USD 13 - 28
32 W LED USD 14 - 43
35 W LED USD 16 - 46
40 W LED USD 17 - 58
45 W LED USD 17 - 62
60 W LED USD 25 - 88
70 W LED USD 26 - 96
90 W LED USD 33 - 125
110 W LED USD 37 - 145
190 W LED USD 65 - 300
200 W LED USD 66 - 305
Control & Monitoring System 1-phase USD 237
Control & Monitoring System 3-phase USD 272
It is observed that the price of LED based street lighting varies widely with price dependent on
quantity purchased. The lower price of the band is mostly from EESL procurement of large quantities.
The pricing of CCMS varies with quantity and warranty required. For example, CCMS with 10 years
warranty may cost 15 to 20% more compared to that with warranty of 7 years 24.
The capital cost of solar PV based standalone system with 2 days battery backup has been collected
from OEMs. The prices may drop depending on the order quantity.
23
OEMs, municipalities and other government agencies
24
East Coast Research
Page 38
Table- 10: Rating of Module size and Battery storages for different lamp sizes 25
Minimum Minimum Minimum

Minimum
Lamp Solar PV Battery Battery Height of Price Range
Charge
Size Module Size for Size for pole in (USD)
Controller
(Watt) Size Lead Lithium meter approx.
Size (A)
(Wp) Acid (AH) Ion (AH)
10 50 40 30 5 7 475
20 100 60 45 10 7 665
30 150 80 60 12 7 926
40 200 100 75 15 8 or 9 959
60 300 150 115 25 8 or 9 1048
80 400 200 150 30 10 1088
100 500 250 180 40 10 1288
Source: (AEPC, 2016) and OEMs
2.5.2 Operating & Maintenance Cost

Electricity is one of the major costs in operation of street lighting system and often the reason for
financial hot-ship of municipalities and one of the major drivers for EE projects in municipal sector.
The electricity tariff for street lighting in SAARC Member States is presented in the Table- 11.
Table- 11: Electricity tariff for street lighting in SAARC Member States
Country Electricity Tariff26

Afghanistan 13.8 AFN/kWh 0.16 USD/kWh
Bangladesh 7.7 BDT/kWh 0.09 USD/kWh
Bhutan 4.1 BTN/kWh 0.06 USD/kWh
India 7.5 INR/kWh 0.1 USD/kWh
Maldives 4.4 MVR/kWh 0.28 USD/kWh
Nepal 7.3 NPR/kWh 0.06 USD/kWh
Pakistan 20.6 PKR/kWh 0.12 USD/kWh
Sri Lanka 17 LKR/kWh 0.09 USD/kWh
25
Battery capacities are estimated based on 80% DOD for Li Ion and 50% for Lead Acid batteries respectively and 2 day
autonomy with 12 hours/day operation
26 Afghanistan: https://main.dabs.af/KabulElectricitytariff
Bangladesh: https://dpdc.org.bd/article/view/52/Tariff
Bhutan: https://www.bpc.bt/electricity-tariff/
India: GHMC officials’ data
Maldives: https://www.stelco.com.mv/tariff-rates#tariff-rates-government-institutes
Nepal: Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Report 2020-21
Pakistan: https://iesco.com.pk/index.php/customer-services/tariff-guide
Sri Lanka: https://ceb.lk/tariff_catergory/en
Page 39
Figure- 22: Electricity tariff pattern of street lighting in SAARC Member States
Electricity Tariff (USD/kWh)
0.28
0.16
0.12
0.09 0.1 0.09
0.06 0.06
Afghanistan Bangladesh Bhutan India Maldives Nepal Pakistan Sri Lanka
The variation in electricity tariff among SAARC Member States is the single most reason that would
dictate the financial viability of EE / solarization projects.
The EE / solarization in street lighting would involve replacement of old conventional fixture with LED
fixtures that would be part of O&M cost. The longer life of LEDs and CCMS would ensure a cost-
efficient maintenance for LED based street lighting visa-vi the conventional lamps with manual
control. The typical cost for replacement is around 4 USD per fixture. This may increase when number
of fixtures to be replaced reduces. Similarly, the O&M cost for repairs and maintenance for
conventional lighting fixtures with manual control is ranges between 10 - 25 USD per fixture and that
for LED with smart control ranges between 2 – 15 USD27.
The experience with large scale LED street lighting with smart control projects reveal that the O&M
cost for repairs and maintenance can reduce by 5 times on account of longer life of LED and the
productivity improvement with IoT based CCMS. The benefit of CCMS increases as the scale of
operation increases. This is an additional benefit of CCMS / smart controls in addition to incremental
energy savings.
2.6 Quality Control and Standards

Quality and performance standards are of importance for EE projects in street lighting whether they
are implemented through funding of municipalities, through support of external agencies or through
ESCO / PPP model. The quality and performance standards have been developed to ensure safety of
motorized and pedestrian traffic, improving comfort to drivers in terms of lighting and glare
reduction and energy efficiency.
27
Refer Chapter-3
Page 40
2.6.1 International Standards Relating to Street Lighting

International standards and guidelines applicable for street and outdoor lighting and traffic lighting
are listed in the Table- 12 (PWC, 2017):
Table- 12: International standards and guidelines applicable for street and outdoor lighting
Description Standard
Glare and Uniformity in Road Lightings Installations CIE 31-1976
Depreciation of Installation and their Maintenance (in Road Lighting) CIE 22-1977
Road Lighting for Wet Conditions CIE 47-1979
Light Signals for Road Traffic Control CIE 48-1980
Road Surfaces and Lighting (Joint Technical Report CIE/PIARC) CIE 66-1984
Road Lighting as an Accident Countermeasure CIE 93-1992
Design Methods for Lighting of Roads CIE 132-1999
Road Lighting Calculations CIE 140-2000
Guide to the Lighting of Urban Areas CIE 136-2000
Road Surface and Road Marking Reflection Characteristics CIE 144-2001
Recommendations for the Lighting of Motorized Traffic (updated) CIE 115-2007
Technical Report: Road Transport Lighting for Developing Countries CIE 180-2007
Lighting of Roads for Motor and Pedestrian Traffic CIE 115-2010
Recommended System for Mesopic Photometry Based on Visual
CIE 119-2010
Performance
Road Lighting—Part 1: Selection of Lighting Classes CEN/TR 13201-1
Road: Lighting—Part 2: Performance Requirements EN 13201-2
ANSI/IESNA RP-8-
American National Standard Practice for Roadway
00
AS/NZS 1158.1/1-
Road Lighting—Vehicular Traffic Lighting
1997
Standards Association of Australia (SSA) Public Lighting Code—Lighting of
AS 1158.2-1971
Minor Streets
Australian Standard Rules for Street Lighting AS CA19-1939
Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design IEC 61215 (2nd
Qualification and type approval Edition)
PV module safety qualification IEC 61730
Source (PWC, 2017)
2.6.2 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) Standards for LED testing
 LM 79-08 and CIE S025/E:2015:
Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA) has developed a global test standard of
LM 79-08 for photometric and electrical properties of LED.
Many of the national standards could not opt the IESNA LM79-08. Hence CIE has published CIE S
205/E:2015 based on global representation and covers more measurement instruments and has
greater depth.
Page 41
 LM 79-08: It is used to measure lumen maintenance of LED light sources. The report provides
luminous flux for a given current over a 6000-hour period. It is conducted for 3 different LED
case temperatures: 55℃, 85℃ and a 3rd temperature selected by the manufacturer.
 TM 21-11: It is the approved method by IESNA for taking LM-80 data and make useful lifetime
projections for LED luminaires
In Situ Temperature Measurement Test (ISTMT): It is the measure of the LED source temperature
within the LED system. It is used to check whether the temperature of the luminaire is within the
temperature of the LM 80-08 report and it forms the basis for determination of LED lifetime based
on TM 21-11 or any other method.
2.6.3 Standards for LED based Lighting:

Some of the specific standards for LED lighting for safety and performance of LED luminaire listed in
the Table- 13. These standards have been adopted by SAARC Member States such as India for their
SLNP programme by EESL.
Table- 13: General Lighting Standards
International
Sr No Standards Title
Standards
1 Terms and Definition IEC 62504 TS
Self-ballasted LED lamps for general lighting
2 IEC 62560
services Part 1, Safety Requirements
Self-ballasted LED lamps for general lighting
3 IEC 62612
services Part 2, Performance Requirements
LED modules for general lighting—
4 IEC 62031
Safety Specifications
LED modules for general lighting Part 2,
5 IS 16103(Part2)
Performance Requirements
DC- or AC-supplied electronic control gear for LED
6 IEC 62384
modules—Performance Requirements
Method of measurement of lumen maintenance of
7 LM 80
solid-state light (LED) sources
Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-
8 LM 79
State Lighting Products
LED luminaires for general lighting purpose’s part 1,
9 34D/950/NP
safety requirements
LED luminaires for general lighting Part 2,
10 34D/977/DC
Performance requirements
11 Photo biological Safety of LED and LED systems IEC 62471
Source: BIS 1981 (PWC, 2017)
Page 42
2.6.4 Road Classification, Recommended Lux levels and Luminaire Mounting Height
Based on various international standards, the SAARC Member States have adopted standards for pole
height and lux level for various types of roads. The following Table- 14, Table- 15, Table- 16 provide
details of road classification, specification for street lighting poles and recommended lux level with
mounting height of luminaire adopted in India. Most of SAARC Member States also follow the same
standards and specifications as they have been adopted from international standards.
Table- 14: Classification of the Roads
Group Description
For very important routes with rapid and dense traffic where the only
A1 considerations are the safety and speed of the traffic and the comfort of
drivers
For main roads with considerable mixed traffic like main city streets, arterial
A2
roads, and thoroughfares
For secondary roads with considerable traffic such as local traffic routes, and
B1
shopping streets
B2 For secondary roads with light traffic
C For residential and unclassified roads not included in the previous groups
D For bridges and flyovers
E For towns and city centres
For roads with special requirements such as roads near airports, and
F
railways
Table- 15: Specifications for Street Lighting Poles
Overall length 11 m + 25 mm (base Overall length 9.5 m +25 mm

plate) (base plate)
Section Outside Length Outside Length
Thickness Thickness
Diameter (mm) Diameter (mm)
(mm) (mm)
(mm) Outside D (mm) Outside D
Bottom section 139.7 4.85 5600 165.1 4.85 5000
Middle section 114.3 4.5 2700 139.7 4.5 2250
Top section 88.9 3.25 2700 114.3 3.65 2250
Planting depth 1800 mm 1800 mm
Nominal weight
160 kg 147 kg
of the pole
Tolerance on mean weight for bulk supply is 7.5 %
Tolerance for single pole weight is 10%
Page 43
Table- 16: Recommended Levels of Illumination and Mounting Height of Luminaires
Average
Level of Ratio of Type of
Type Type of
Road Illumination Minimum Min: Luminaire
of Luminaire
Characteristics on Road /Average Max (%) Preferred
Road Preferred
Surface Illumination (m)
(Lux)
Important traffic
A1 routes carrying 30 0.4 Cut-off 33 9 to 10
fast traffic
Main roads
carrying mixed
traffic like city
A2 main 15 0.4 Cut-off 33 9 to 10
roads/streets,
arterial roads,
throughways
Secondary roads
with
considerable Cut-off or 7.5 to 9
B1 8 0.3 20
traffic like local semi-cut-off meters
traffic routes,
shopping streets
Secondary roads Cut-off or
B2 4 0.3 20 7.5 to 9
with light traffic semi-cut-off
2.6.5 Typical Specifications of Street Lighting System
This section provides typical specifications of street lighting system components such as LED,
Control & Monitoring System (CCMS) and Solar panel and Battery (in case of solar based street
lighting system) that are being used in few SAARC Member States such as India and Nepal. The
specifications for LED based street lighting, IoT based Centralized Control and Monitoring System
(CCMS) have been derived from the international competitive bidding documents of EESL (of
India) which has successfully implemented EE in street lighting in India and other SAARC countries
by installing more than 100 million street lights and more than 3 million CCMS units to connect
and control the street lights with IoT based systems. Similarly, Nepal has taken lead in
development of specifications and system configuration for solar based street lighting which have
been used in the bidding process. The SAARC Member States can take advantage of such
specification as a ready reckoner. Such specifications would help to emulate in improving the EE
in street lighting based on learning from other Member States. The detailed technical
specifications for LED, CCMS and SSL is presented as Annexure:4.
Page 44
2.7 Selection of Municipality and SWOT Analysis
One city town / municipal area has been selected from each of the SAARC Member States for
preparing case studies for each of the major technological interventions under Case-1 (LED based EE
lighting fixtures), Case-2 (LED based EE lighting fixtures with smart controls) and Case-3 (Solarization
of street lighting with LED and smart control). The selection of cities for each Member State is based
on ease of access of the data, impact of EE improvements. Cities which are yet to implement EE
projects or where implementation is in planning/underway have been preferred over cities which
have completed the LED based EE improvement projects in street lighting. Further, the cities selected
for case studies are also diverse in terms of size (i.e, population, number of street lights and existing
lighting technologies) that would validate the relevance and viability of EE improvement in street
lighting in SAARC region. The details of cities selected with their respective strengths and weakness
are presented in the following Table- 17.
Page 45
Table- 17: SWOT Analysis of Selected Municipalities

S City
N Country /municipality Selection Criteria SWOT
o selected
Strengths: Capital and largest city of Afghanistan and municipality in Kabul province.
Weakness: The primary weakness of the city may be the poor availability of Grid electricity and poor
availability of funds
Opportunities: EE improvements in street lighting not only improves the financial status of the
Ease of Access of municipality but also provides a positive image of the Capital city besides GHG reduction. The energy
1 Afghanistan Kabul
Data savings from street lighting project also mean that the saved energy can be distributed to other
consumers improving the access to electricity. The energy savings in municipality also would improve
ability of the municipality to extend and improve street lighting services in the city.
Threats: Afghanistan also indicated that implementation of its INDCs/NDCs is conditional on
receiving external funding for such climate change related projects.
Strengths: Chittagong is the largest port city in Bangladesh and second largest city after the Capital
Ease of Access of city of Dhaka. Chittagong thrives on the business and industry houses.
Data and Second Weakness: The low electricity tariff may be the only impediment that may come in the way for EE
2 Bangladesh Chittagong largest city after improvement projects in Bangladesh especially for solar street lighting.
Capital city of Opportunities: Partnership with ESCOs and private sector companies from SAARC Member States
Dhaka funding for large scale replication from international organisations.
Threats: High subsidy/grant required for viability especially for solarization projects.
Strengths: Gelephu municipality is one of the few urban centres in Bhutan. It represents small town
aspirations of SAARC Member States wherein it is competing with other bigger towns and cities in
terms of EE improvements in street lighting. Despite low electricity tariffs and funding issues,
Small City with
Gelephu is on its way in implementing EE projects in street lighting in a phased manner.
less than 2000
Weakness: Limited financial resources forcing the implementation in phases despite size of the
street lights. EE in
3 Bhutan Gelephu municipality is small in comparison to other cities. Difficult geographical terrine that may come in
street lighting is
the way of solarization.
under
Opportunities: The success of Gelephu in EE street lighting projects is vindicates that the barriers to
implementation
EE (such as lower scale of operation, funding issues, difficult geographical terrain) can be overcome
by the determination of municipal administrators.
Threats: Difficult weather conditions especially in winter that may effect solarization.
Page 46
S City
N Country /municipality Selection Criteria SWOT
o selected
Strengths: Hyderabad is one of the largest metro cities in India and Capital of a State/Provence of
Telangana. The large scale of operation of municipal systems of Hyderabad has been beneficial in
breaking the price barriers of LED lighting and helped EESL to replicate the success in other cities.
Weakness: The key issues faced by the city were lack of accurate data about fixture wattage and
number and lack of energy meters for bill payments. The city was paying electricity bills based on
One of the estimates by Distribution company/electrical utility. This is overcome by the energy meters and
4 India Hyderabad
projects of EESL validation by fixture data and operating hours data from CCMS.
Opportunities: Development of innovate indigenous control and monitoring system based on IoT
technology for street lighting that has helped to automate the controlling functions required for
street lighting and as productivity multiplier resulting in reduction in O&M cost.
Threats: Inadequate and improper baseline. Mixed load feeders resulting in voltage surges effecting
the lighting and control system.
Strengths: Male is the Capital city and also tourist city where the 40% of the total population lives.
Weakness: Maldives needs financial assistance to upgrade its street lighting infrastructure. The other
major barrier/weakness is the number of islands with limited access to electricity which the Maldives
may turn into an opportunity for solar based street lighting systems.
Opportunities: Tourism being one of the key economic activities of the Maldives, the street lighting
Ease of Access of
5 Maldives Male is a key and strategic infrastructure in providing safe, secure environment for the city. The
Data
upgradation of street lighting infrastructure is also key to reducing energy consumption which is
mostly generated by Diesel Engines.
Threats: Poor financial status. Prone to cyclones/typhoons that may effect the street lighting
infrastructure especially with respect to solar PV panel of street lighting. Poor internet connectivity
that may effect operation of smart controls.
Strengths: Kathmandu is the Capital city of Nepal and represents aspirations of people of Nepal.
Ease of Access of Nepal has hands on experience both EE projects and solarisation projects. It has been very
6 Nepal Kathmandu Data and Capital progressive by implementing pilot projects on solar street lighting system and now perusing EE
City projects based on LED lamps with smart controls.
Weakness: Poor financial status of municipality.
Page 47
Opportunities: The lessons from Kathmandu in respect of solar street lighting are relevant for all
SAARC Member States in respect of consideration of costs for battery replacement, contractual
enforcement of conditions on partners in PPP model. Despite initial setbacks of solar street lighting
projects, Nepal can still pursue such projects by learning lessons from its own failures.
Threats: No established ESCOs in government and private sector.
Ease of Access of
Strengths: The Federal Capital of Pakistan represents one of the largest cities of Pakistan.
Data and Capital
Weakness: Lack of sufficient funds for large scale implementation of EE/solarization of street
City and EE in
lighting.
7 Pakistan Islamabad street lighting is
Opportunities: EE projects in street lighting can be implemented both with the funds of CDA and
under active
private sector ESCOs.
consideration by
Threats: Dependent on few ESCOs in private sector.
CDA
Strengths: Colombo is the Capital and largest city of the Island Nation and key to the economy of the
country.
Weakness: The electricity charges of street lighting are not paid by the municipality but by electricity
Ease of Access of
consumers through the retail tariff. Thus, the municipalities do not have financial driving force to
Data and Capital
make the system energy efficient. But the pressures of climate change and consumer group are
8 Sri Lanka Colombo City and EE in
driving EE projects in street lighting in Colombo and other cities of Sri Lanka.
street lighting is in
Opportunities: EE implementation through ESCO/PPP model that is expected to bring in latest
the initial state
technologies such as IoT based smart controls to the street lighting sector.
Threats: There is no financial driver or force on municipalities to enhance EE in street lighting as cost
is born by other electricity consumers.
Page 48
2.8 Street Lighting Electricity Consumption of Selected Municipalities

The existing electricity consumption of street lighting in municipalities selected for case study is
estimated from lighting fixtures data (wattage and number) and average burning hours and
presented in the following Table- 18.
Table- 18: Existing Energy Consumption of Street lights in SAARC Member State28.
Number of Street
Energy Consumption
S City/municipality Lights
Country for Street Lighting
No selected (approximate
(MU/year)
Number)
1 Afghanistan Kabul 16,500 10.84
2 Bangladesh Chittagong 33,950 8.85
3 Bhutan Gelephu 1,652 0.54
4 India Hyderabad 420,927 245.00
5 Maldives Male 2,500 0.33
6 Nepal Kathmandu 16,100 7.29
7 Pakistan Islamabad 38,000 10.95
8 Sri Lanka Colombo 23,238 13.21
The detailed breakup of lighting fixtures for different types of luminaires is presented as part of case
study in Chapter-3.
28
Refer Chapter-3 for detailed sources of data and calculations
Page 49
3 Techno-Financial Assessment of Street Lighting Project
The techno-financial analysis has been carried out for the following cases:
Case-1: Replacement of conventional lighting fixtures with LED based EE lighting system without
CCMS: Under this case, the conventional lamps would be replaced with LED based lamps. It is
assumed that the existing lux levels delivered by conventional lamps are sufficient and the rating of
LED is chosen to maintain the same lux level. The energy savings would accrue from difference in
wattage of the lamps. No separate smart control system has been considered under this case. The
control of the individual lamps after implementation would be same as it was in the baseline case
which may be manual switch ON/OFF.
The energy savings and cost savings are estimated for project period of 10 years. With regard to
investment, we need to consider investment towards replacement of failed lamps as well as
investment for end-of-life replacement besides the original investment. In this case it has been
assumed that the failure rate of LED lamps is 2%. There is no investment required for replacement at
end-of-life as the life of LED (in terms of burning hours) is more than project life of 10 years.
Case-2: Replacement of conventional lighting fixtures with LED based EE lighting system with
CCMS: Under this case, the conventional lamps would be replaced with LED based lamps. It is
assumed that the existing lux levels delivered by conventional lamps are sufficient and the rating of
LED is chosen to maintain the same lux level. The system would also consist of an IoT based group
controller connecting 40 to 50 lamps for controlling and monitoring. The energy savings would accrue
from difference in wattage of the lamps as well as from automated and accurate switching ON and
OFF based on the time, resulting in additional energy savings. Based on the experience of
implementing IoT based control system for street lighting, energy savings on account of avoidance
of unnecessary burning of lamps for about 30 – 60 minutes can be achieved. This is due to the fact
that manual switching ON/OFF would take some time as well as there are chances of missing
switching OFF of few lights due to manual errors or inclement weather conditions or negligence. The
additional savings from implementation of control and monitoring system, are estimated at a
conservative value of energy corresponding to 30 minutes avoided additional burning per day vis-a-
vis the manual switch ON/OFF.
The energy savings, cost savings are estimated for project period of 10 years. With regard to
investment, we need to consider investment towards replacement of failed lamps as well as
investment for end-of-life replacement besides the original investment of LED. In this case it has been
assumed that the failure rate of LED lamps is 2% and the failure rate of CCMS units is 2%. There is no
investment required for replacement at end-of-life as the life of LED (in terms of burning hours) is
more than project life of 10 years.
Page 50
Case-3: Solar Based EE Lighting System with CCMS: Standalone retrofit solution based on LED lamps
powered by solar PV panel with 3 days power autonomy29 / backup with 11 hours per day operation
is considered under this case. Li-Ion based battery with 80% Depth of Discharge (DoD) The system
components of LED lamp and solar panel would outleap the project period of 10 years considered
for techno-financial evaluation. Hence no investment has been considered towards end-of-life
replacement for these components (except for failed LEDs). However, battery is required to be
changed one time during the project life. The system would also consist of an IoT based group
controller connecting 40 to 50 lamps for controlling and monitoring of solar based street lights.
29
Solarization of street lighting is considered with autonomy from grid since poor/low is the main driving force for
solarization. There is a viability gap that needs to be funded through subsidy by the governments or grant from the donors.
Net metering based solar street lighting system is another technical option where grid is available and reliable. However,
the regulatory issues pertaining to energy accounting (i.e., generation in day time and consumption in night time) may not
permit net metering for street lighting. Also, the mammoth task of meter installation, meter reading, processing of bills for
individual street lights makes net metering based solar street lighting an unpractical option. With net metering, each street
light would become a consumer of electricity utility and transaction costs related to meter reading and energy accounting
makes this option unviable. However, some municipalities (e.g., Visakhapatnam, India) have installed centralised solar PV
power plants to offset part of their electricity consumption (including consumption for street lighting) from the grid. Such
option, a supply-side solution, is not specific to street lighting.
Page 51
3.1 Case Study on Kabul City, Afghanistan
Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan. The city is spread over 1028.24 sq. km. Kabul is located high
up in a narrow valley between the Hindu Kush mountains and bounded by the Kabul River, with an
elevation of 1,790 metres (5,873 ft) making it one of the highest capitals in the world.
Figure- 23: Kabul City Roads
Source: https://www.unops.org/afghanistan
The city is in the process of upgrading its street lighting infrastructure from conventional lamps
comprising of HPSV/HPMV lamps with LED based efficient street lighting. The techno-financial
analysis for Kabul Municipality is based on following macro data and assumptions.
Page 52
Table- 19: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Kabul Municipality, Afghanistan
Parameter Units Value

Exchange rate (1USD) AFN 85
AFN/kWh 13.8
Electricity Tariff30
USD/kWh 0.16
CAGR of CPI for maintenance cost increase 31 % 2.3
LED Cost Information
AFN 8,265
Cost of 70 W LED32
USD 97.24
AFN 23,277
Cost of CCMS Unit33 (5 kW)
USD 273.85
AFN/LED 300
Installation Cost of LED34
USD/Unit 4
AFN/Unit 600
Installation Cost of Solar Street Lighting Unit35
USD/Unit 7
AFN/Unit 91,066
Cost of 70W Solar Street Lighting Unit36
USD/Unit 1,071
Failure rate of LEDs37 % 2
Failure rate of CCMS Unit38 % 2
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the Country39 % 2.95%
Discounting Factor40 % 2.95%
The techno-financial analysis has been carried out for the following cases:
30 https://main.dabs.af/KabulElectricitytariff
31 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?locations=BD-AF
32 https://www.havells.com/content/dam/havells/brouchers/dealer/price-list/Havells_ProfessionalLuminaires.pdf
33 EESL (India)
34 Based on Market trend in SAARC region
37 Assumption based on general Trend of LED failure
38 Assumption based on general Trend of CCMS failure
39 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/44444-013-fa.pdf
40 Considered same as WACC
Page 53
3.1.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System without CCMS
The details of existing and proposed luminaires for the case are presented under Table- 20.
Table- 20: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Kabul Municipality
Existing/Baseline/BAU Luminaires
Type - HPSV
Number Nos 16,50041
Wattage W 150
Proposed Luminaires
Type - LED
Number Nos 16,500
Wattage W 70
The details of energy savings, cost savings, investment and results of financial analysis are presented
in the Table- 21 and Table- 22.
Table- 21: Details of Energy Consumption & Savings of Case-1 for Kabul Municipality
BAU Units Value

Average Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 10,840.50
Average Operating Cost AFN (Million)/year 209.56 (USD 2.47 Million)
Proposed
Savings
Average Annual Energy Savings MWh/year 5,782
Total Cost Savings AFN (Million)/year 125.90 (USD 1.48 Million)
41
There is no authentic data available on number of street lights in Kabul city. Authors depended on population of Kabul
city of 30 – 33 million and people to street lighting pole ration of 200 (typical in medium sized cities of SAARC region)
Page 54
Table- 22: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Kabul Municipality

Total Investment Required AFN (Million) 171.32 (USD 1.96 Million)
Simple Payback Period Years 1.25
Internal Rate of Return % 79%
Net Present Value AFN (Million) 1,050.64 (USD 12.36 Million)
The detailed techno-financial analysis for the project period of 10 years is presented as Annexure:5
to this report
3.1.2 Case:2 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System with CCMS
Table- 23: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Kabul Municipality
Type - HPSV
Number Nos 16,500
Wattage W 150
Proposed Luminaires
Type - LED
Number Nos 16,500
Wattage W 70
No of CCMS Units Nos 23142
The details of energy consumption, energy savings, cost savings, investment and results of techno-
financial analysis is presented in Table- 24and Table- 25.
Table- 24: Details of Energy Consumption & Savings of Case-2 for Kabul Municipality
BAU Units Value

Proposed
Average Operating Cost43 AFN (Million)/year 83.66 (USD 0.98 Million)
Savings
Average Annual Energy Savings MWh/year 5,782.95
42
CCMS are rated for 5 kW or 10 kW. Authors considered 5 kW CCMS to estimate number of CCMS units required
43
The cost of CCMS includes the cost of hardware, software, data and storage. Hence Operating cost under Case-1 and
Case-2 are the same. However, the investment required under Case- 1 and Case-2 would be different.
Page 55

Total Investment Required AFN (Million) 178.14 (USD 2.10 Million)
Net Present Value AFN (Million) 1,049.68 (USD 12.35 Million)
to this report
3.1.3 Case:3 Solar Based EE Lighting System with CCMS
Table- 26: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units of SSL44 in Case-3 for Kabul Municipality
Type - HPSV
Number Nos 16,500
Wattage W 150
Proposed Luminaires
Type - LED
Number Nos 16,500
Wattage W 70
Rating of Solar PV module Wp 300
Rating of battery for storage Ah 240
System Voltage V 24
44
Solar Street Lighting
Page 56
Details of energy consumption and cost savings for Case-3 is presented in the following Table- 27.
Table- 27: Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kabul Municipality
BAU case Units Value

Average Annual Energy
MWh/year 10,841
Consumption
Savings
Page 57
The Table- 28 provides details of IRR at different subsidy/grant from donor agencies and net investment (i.e., total investment minus subsidy) for project developer.
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Kabul Municipality

Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy
Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback Period Years 9.95 8.96 7.96 6.96 5.97 4.97 3.98 2.98 1.99 0.99
Internal Rate of
%
Return -5% -3% 0% 3% 7% 12% 19% 30% 49% 101%
AFN (Million)
922.30 974.45 1,026.59 1,078.74 1,130.88 1,183.03 1,235.17 1,287.32 1,339.46 1,391.61
Net Present Value
USD (Million)
10.85 11.46 12.08 12.69 13.30 13.92 14.53 15.14 15.76 16.37
AFN (Million)
Total investment by 2,121.21 1,909.09 1,696.97 1,484.84 1,272.72 1,060.60 848.48 636.36 424.24 212.12
end user
USD (Million)
24.96 22.46 19.96 17.47 14.97 12.48 9.98 7.49 4.99 2.50
Total AFN (Million)

2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21 2,121.21
programme/Project
cost USD (Million)
24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96
The IRR becomes positive at around 30% of subsidy/grant. Thus, a minimum of 30% subsidy/grant is required to make the project viable. Further 40% - 50% of
subsidy/grant is required for the project proponent/investor to earn an IRR of around 10%. However, the level of subsidy may be determined by the Member State
depending on what it considers as reasonable IRR. The detailed techno-financial analysis for the project period of 10 years is presented as Annexure:5 to this report
Page 58
3.2 Case Study on Chittagong City of Bangladesh
Chittagong is large port city on the southeastern coast of Bangladesh. The city is spread over 168 sq.
km.
Figure- 24: SSL of Chittagong City Corporation roads45
comprising of Incandescent bulbs, FTLs, HPSV/HPMV and Metal Halide lamps with LED based efficient
street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Chittagong city is based on following macro data and assumptions.
45
https://www.daily-sun.com/printversion/details/325380/2018/07/28/Chittagong-City-Corporation
Page 59
Table- 29: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Chittagong City, Bangladesh

Exchange rate (1USD) BDT 85
BDT/kWh 7.7
USD/kWh 0.09
CIGR of CPI for maintenance cost increase 47 % 5.7
LED Cost Information48
BDT 2,533
Cost of 20 W LED
USD 29.8
BDT 5,758
Cost of 50 W LED
USD 68
BDT 8,177
Cost of 70 W LED
USD 96
BDT 14,960
Cost of 120 W LED
USD 176
BDT 23,034
Cost of CCMS Unit49
USD 271
BDT/LED 300
USD/LED 4
BDT/Unit 600
USD/Unit 7
Solar Street Lighting Cost Information52
BDT/Unit 56,160
Cost of 20W Solar Street Lighting Unit
USD/Unit 661
BDT/Unit 89,803
USD/Unit 1,057
BDT/Unit 90,836
USD/Unit 1,069
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the Country 55 % 2.1%
Discounting Factor (same as WACC) % 2.1%
46 https://dpdc.org.bd/article/view/52/Tariff
47 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?locations=BD
49 EESL (India)
Page 60
The details of existing and proposed luminaires for the case are presented under Table- 30
Table- 30: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Chittagong City56
Incandescent
Type FTL Halogen HPSV/HPMV Metal Halide
Bulbs
Number 3,500 23,250 3,500 3,500 200
Wattage 100 40 150 100 250
Proposed Luminaires
Type LED LED LED LED LED
Number 3,500 23,250 3,500 3,500 200
Wattage 20 20 70 50 100
Table- 31: Details Energy Consumption & Savings of Case-1 for Chittagong City
BAU Units Value

Average Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 8,853
Average Operating Cost BDT (Million)/year 101.76 (USD 1.20 Million)
Proposed
Savings
Total Cost Savings BDT (Million)/year 55.71 (USD 0.66 Million)
56
Source: http://ccc.org.bd/street_lighting
Page 61
Table- 32: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Chittagong City

Total Investment Required BDT (Million) 156 (USD 1.84 Million)
Net Present Value BDT (Million) 473.07 (USD 5.57 Million)
to this report
Table- 33: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Chittagong City
Incandescent
Type FTL Halogen HPSV Metal Halide
Bulbs
Number 3,500 23,250 3,500 3,500 200
Wattage 100 40 150 100 250
Proposed system
Type LED LED LED LED LED
Number 3,500 2,3250 3,500 3,500 200
Wattage 20 20 70 50 120
Number of CCMS units (nos) 196
Source: http://ccc.org.bd/street_lighting
financial analysis is presented in Table- 34 and Table- 35.
Page 62
Table- 34: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Chittagong City
BAU Units Value

Proposed
Savings
Table- 35: Results of Case-2 techno financial analysis for Chittagong City

Total Investment Required BDT (Million) 171.95 (USD 2.02 Million)
Net Present Value BDT (Million) 472.13 (USD 5.55 Million)
to this report
The details of existing and proposed luminaires for the case are presented under Table- 36
Table- 36: Details Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Chittagong City
Incandescent Metal
Type - FTL Halogen HPSV
Bulbs Halide
Number Nos 3,500 23,250 3,500 3,500 200
Wattage W 100 40 150 100 250
Proposed system
Type - LED LED LED
Number Nos 26750 3500 3900
Wattage W 20 70 60
Rating of Solar PV module Wp 30 300 240
Rating of battery for storage Ah 150 240 200
Number of CCMS units Nos 196
Page 63
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation for Case-3 is presented in the Table- 37
Table- 37: Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Chittagong City
BAU case Units Value

MWh/year 10,841
Consumption
Savings
Page 64
Table- 38: Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Chittagong city
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Chittagong City, Bangladesh

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Internal Rate of
% -23% -21% -19% -17% -14% -10% -6% 0% 10% 33%
Return
BDT (Million) 44.62 123.24 201.87 280.49 359.11 437.74 516.36 594.99 673.61 752.24
Net Present Value
USD (Million) 0.52 1.45 2.37 3.30 4.22 5.15 6.07 7.00 7.92 8.85
Total investment by BDT (Million) 3,074.83 2,767.35 2,459.87 2,152.38 1,844.90 1,537.42 1,229.93 922.45 614.97 307.48
end user USD (Million) 36.17 32.56 28.94 25.32 21.70 18.09 14.47 10.85 7.23 3.62
Total BDT (Million) 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34 3,054.34
programme/Project
USD (Million)
cost 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93
The IRR becomes positive at around 70% - 80% of subsidy/grant. Thus, a minimum of 70% - 80% subsidy/grant is required to make the project viable. Further 80% of
depending on what it considers as reasonable IRR. The detailed techno-financial analysis for the project period of 10 years is presented as Annexure:6 to this report
Page 65
3.3 Case Study on Gelephu City of Bhutan
Gelephu, is a town or Thromde in Sarpang District in Bhutan. The city is spread over 11.5 sq. km. The
Gelephu city has an elevation of 221 metres (725 ft).
Figure- 25: Street Lighting in Gelephu City
Source: https://mapio.net/pic/p-77663150/
comprising of CFL lamps with LED based efficient street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Gelephu City is based on following macro data and assumptions.
Page 66
Table- 39: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Gelephu City, Bhutan

Exchange rate (1USD) BTN 73
BTN/kWh 4.1
USD/kWh 0.1
CAGR of increase in street light energy Consumption58 % 3
BTN 3,590
Cost of 40 W LED
USD 49
BTN 20,512
Cost of CCMS Unit61
USD 281
BTN/LED 300
USD/LED 4
BTN/Unit 500
USD/Unit 7
BTN/Unit 31,488
USD/Unit 431
LED Failure rate65 % 5
Weighted average cost of capital (WACC) for the
% 7.78%
Country67
Discounting Factor (same as WACC) % 7.78%
57 https://www.bpc.bt/electricity-tariff/
58 https://www.ceicdata.com/en/pakistan/energy- consumption-and-supplies-annual/electricity-consumption-street-light
61 EESL (India)
65 Assumption based on Primary Data sources
66 Assumption based on Primary Data sources
Page 67
Table- 40: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Gelephu City 68
Type CFL
Number 1,222
Wattage 90
Proposed Luminaires
Type LED
Number 1,222
Wattage 40
Table- 41: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Gelephu City
BAU Units Value

MWh/year 401.43
Consumption
Average Operating Cost BTN (Million)/year 2.42 (USD 33.08 Thousand)
Proposed
MWh/year 178.41
Consumption
Savings
Average Annual Energy Savings MWh/year 223.02
Total Cost Savings BTN (Million)/year 1.30 (USD 17.74 Thousand)
68
Source: Received from Primary Data sources
Page 68
Table- 42: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Gelephu City
Total Investment Required BTN (Million) 17.17 (USD 98.17 Thousand)
Net Present Value BTN (Million) 7.07 (USD 96.78 Thousand)
to this report
Table- 43: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Gelephu City
Type CFL
Number 1,222
Wattage 90
Proposed Luminaires
Type LED
Number 1,222
Wattage 40
Number of CCMS units (nos) 10
Page 69
Table- 44: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Gelephu City
BAU Units Value

Average Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 401.43
Proposed
Savings

Total Investment Required BTN (Million) 17.71 (USD 105.61 Thousand)
Net Present Value BTN (Million) 6.86 (USD 93.93Thousand)
to this report
Table- 46: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Gelephu City
Type - CFL
Number Nos 1,222
Wattage W 90
Proposed Luminaires
Type - LED
Number Nos 1,222
Wattage W 40
Rating of battery for storage Ah 300
System Voltage V 24
Page 70
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation for Case-3 is presented in Table- 47.
Table- 47: Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Gelephu City
BAU Units Value

MWh/year 401.43
Consumption
Savings
to this report
Page 71
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Gelephu City, Bhutan

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Internal Rate of Return % -32% -30% -28% -26% -23% -20% -16% -10% -2% 16%
BTN (Million) -9.22 -6.81 -4.41 -2.00 0.40 2.81 5.21 7.62 10.02 12.43
Net Present Value
USD (Million) -0.13 -0.09 -0.06 -0.03 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17
BTN (Million) 122.62 110.36 98.09 85.83 73.57 61.31 49.05 36.79 24.52 12.26
Total investment by end user
USD (Million) 1.68 1.51 1.34 1.18 1.01 0.84 0.67 0.50 0.34 0.17
BTN (Million) 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62
Total programme/Project cost
USD (Million) 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68
The IRR becomes positive at around 90% of subsidy/grant. Thus, a minimum of 90% subsidy/grant is required to make the project viable. Further 16% of subsidy/grant
is required for the project proponent/investor to earn an IRR of around 10%. However, the level of subsidy may be determined by the Member State depending on
what it considers as reasonable IRR
Page 72
3.4 Case Study on Hyderabad City, India
Hyderabad is the capital of southern India's Telangana state. A major centre for the technology
industry, it's home to many upscale restaurants and shops. The Hyderabad city is spread over 650 sq.
km. and an elevation of 542 metres (1,778 ft)
Figure- 26: Road Lighting Hyderabad City69
comprising of FTL, HPSV/HPMV and CFL lamps with LED based efficient street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Hyderabad City is based on following macro data and assumptions.
69
Source: https://www.en.etemaaddaily.com/world/hyderabad/hyderabad-to-install-led-streetlights-by-ugadi:20678
Page 73
Table- 49: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Hyderabad City, India.

Exchange rate (1USD) INR 74
INR/kWh 7.1
USD/kWh 0.1
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption71 % 4.2
INR 945
Cost of 18 W LED
USD 12.8
INR 1,250
Cost of 35 W LED
USD 16.9
INR 1,288
Cost of 45 W LED
USD 17.4
INR 1,800
Cost of 62 W LED
USD 24.3
INR 1,860
Cost of 70 W LED
USD 25.1
INR 2,718
Cost of 110 W LED
USD 36.7
INR 4,764
Cost of 190 W LED
USD 64.4
INR 4,852
Cost of 200 W LED
USD 65.6
INR 20,000
Cost of CCMS Unit74
USD 270.3
INR/Fixture 288
USD/Fixture 3.9
Number of CCMS units installed76 No 23,450
INR/Unit 300
USD/Unit 4.1
SSL Cost Information78
INR/Unit 48,500
Cost of 20W Solar Street Light
USD/Unit 655.4
INR/Unit 68,500
USD/Unit 925.7
INR/Unit 77,555
USD/Unit 1,048
70 https://tserc.gov.in/file_upload/uploads/Tariff%20Orders/Tariff%20Schedule/Tariff%20Schedule%20for%20FY2018-
19.pdf
71 https://indiacsr.in/total-road-length-in-india-increased-at-4-2-cagr/
72 http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/CPI%20Press%20Release%20January%202021.pdf
73 EESL India
74 EESL India
75 GHMC, Hyderabad, India
76 GHMC, Hyderabad, India
78
https://www.havells.com/content/dam/havells/brouchers/dealer/price-list/Havells_ProfessionalLuminaires.pdf
Page 74

INR/Unit 95,330
USD/Unit 1,288
Discounting Factor (considered same as WACC) % 8.29%

81 http://www.waccexpert.com
Page 75
Table- 50: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Hyderabad City
Values
Parameter Units
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4 Type-5 Type-6
Type of existing Street HPSV/H HPSV/HP HPSV (High
FTL HPSV LED
Lighting Fixture PMV MV Mast)
Typical Rating of existing
W 40 70 150 250 400 120
Street Lighting Fixture
Total number of street lights No 14,365 84,718 216,797 86,257 17,853 937
Proposed Luminaires
Proposed LED Fixture rating W 18 35 62 110 200 -
Total number of street lights No 14,365 84,718 216,797 86,257 17,853 -
Source: Received from Primary data sources
Table- 51: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Hyderabad City
BAU Units Value

Average Operating Cost INR (Million)/year 2,814 (USD 38.03 Million)
Proposed
Savings
Total Cost Savings INR (Million)/year 1,484 (USD 20.05 Million)
Table- 52: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Hyderabad City
Total Investment Required INR (Million) 1,134 (USD 15.33 Million)
Net Present Value INR (Million) 9,477 (USD 128.07 Million)
to this report
Page 76
Table- 53: Details Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Hyderabad City
UOM Values
Parameter
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4 Type-5 Type-6
Type of existing Street HPSV/H HPSV/HP HPSV (High
FTL HPSV LED
Lighting Fixture PMV MV Mast)
Typical Rating of existing
W 40 70 150 250 400 120
Street Lighting Fixture
Proposed Luminaires
Proposed LED Fixture rating W 18 35 62 110 200 -
Number of CCMS Units No 23450
Source: GHMC Officials data
Table- 54: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Hyderabad City
BAU Units Value

Proposed
Savings
Total Cost Savings INR (Million)/year 1,479 (USD 20 Million)
Total Investment Required INR (Million) 1,706.90 (USD 23.07 Million)
Net Present Value INR (Million) 9,376 (USD 126.71 Million)
to this report
Page 77
Table- 56: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Hyderabad City
UOM Values
Parameter
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3 Type-4
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture FTL HPSV HPSV/HPMV HPSV/HPMV
Typical Rating of existing Street Lighting Fixture W 40 70 150 250
Total number of street lights No 14,365 84,718 216,797 86,257
Proposed Luminaires
Proposed LED Fixture rating W 20 30 60 100
Total number of street lights No 14,365 84,718 216,797 121,963
Rating of Solar PV module Wp 100 100 240 333
Rating of Battery for storage Ah 75 120 200 400
System Voltage V 12 12 24 24
No of CCMS Units No 23,450
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation for Case-3 is presented in the Table- 57.
Table- 57: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Hyderabad City
BAU Units Value

Average Operating Cost INR Million/year 2,814 (USD 38.03 Million)
Savings
Total Cost Savings INR Million/year 2,393 (USD 32.35 Million)
to this report
Page 78
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Hyderabad City, India

Parameters UOM
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback
Years 18.83 16.94 15.06 13.18 11.30 9.41 7.53 5.65 3.77 1.88
Period (per end user)
Internal Rate of
Return (per end % -15% -13% -11% -8% -5% -1% 4% 12% 24% 55%
user)
Net Present Value INR (Million) -29017.02 -24442.81 -19868.59 -15294.37 -10720.15 -6145.94 -1571.72 3002.50 7576.72 12150.93
(per end user) USD (Million) -392.12 -330.31 -268.49 -206.68 -144.87 -83.05 -21.24 40.57 102.39 164.20
Total investment by INR (Million) 49583.43 44625.09 39666.74 34708.40 29750.06 24791.71 19833.37 14875.03 9916.69 4958.34
Total INR (Million) 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47
programme/Project
USD (Million) 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03
cost
depending on what it considers as reasonable IRR.
Page 79
3.5 Case Study on Male City of Maldives
Male is the capital and most populous city in the Republic of Maldives. With a population of
2,27,486 and an area of 8.30 square kilometres (3.20 sq mi) with an elevation of 2.4 metres (7.9 ft),
it is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The city is geographically located at
the southern edge of North Male Atoll (Kaafu Atoll). Administratively, the city consists of a central
island, an airport island, and four other islands governed by the Male City Council.
Figure- 27: Street Lighting of Male City
Source: https://en.sun.mv/65357
comprising of Halogen lamps with LED based efficient street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Male City is based on following macro data and assumptions.
Page 80
Table- 59: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Male City, Maldives

Exchange rate (1USD) MVR 15.4
MVR/kWh 4.4
USD/kWh 0.28
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption83 % 2.4
85
LED Cost Information
MVR 380
Cost of 18 W LED
USD 25
MVR 4,200
Cost of CCMS Unit86
USD 273
MVR/LED 100
USD/LED 6.49
MVR/Unit 200
USD/Unit 13
MVR/Unit 10,135
USD/Unit 658
82 https://www.stelco.com.mv/tariff-rates#tariff-rates-government-institutes
83 https://knoema.com/atlas/Maldives/Urban-population
86 EESL (India)
Page 81
Table- 60: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Male City
Parameter UOM Type-1

Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture Halogen
Typical Rating of existing Street Lighting Fixture W 30
Total number of street lights No 2,500
Proposed Luminaires
Proposed LED Fixture rating W 18
Source: EESL (India)
Table- 61: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Male City
BAU Units Value

Average Operating Cost MVR (Million)/year 2.25 (USD 146 Thousand)
Proposed
Average Operating Cost MVR (Million)/year 1.27 (USD 82 Thousand)
Savings
Total Cost Savings MVR (Million)/year 0.98 (USD 63 Thousand)
Table- 62: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Male City
Total Investment Required MVR (Million) 1.41 (USD 91.49 Thousand)
Net Present Value MVR (Million) 8.22 (USD 533.63 Thousand)
to this report
Page 82
Table- 63: Details Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Male City

Proposed Luminaires
Source: EESL India
Table- 64: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Male City
BAU Units Value

Average Operating Cost MVR (Million)/year 2.25 (USD 146,000)
Proposed
Average Operating Cost MVR (Million)/year 1.27 (USD 82,000)
Savings
Total Cost Savings MVR (Million)/year 0.98 (USD 633,500)

Total Investment Required MVR (Million) 1.50 (USD 97.48 Thousand)
Net Present Value MVR (Million) 8.18 (USD 531 Thousand)
to this report
Page 83
3.5.3 Case:3 Solar Based Energy EE Lighting System with CCMS
Table- 66: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Male City
Proposed Luminaires
Rating of Battery for storage Ah 150
System Voltage V 12
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation and savings for Case-3 is presented in the
following table.
Table- 67: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Male City
BAU Units Value
Average Operating Cost INR (Million)/year 2.25 (USD 145.97 Thousand)
Savings
Total Cost Savings INR (Million)/year 1.46 (USD 94.85 Thousand)
to this report
Page 84
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Male City, Maldives

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback
Years
Period 18.05 16.24 14.44 12.63 10.83 9.02 7.22 5.41 3.61 1.80
Internal Rate of
%
Return -20% -18% -15% -13% -9% -5% 0% 8% 21% 53%
MVR (Million) 3.61 4.50 5.39 6.28 7.17 8.06 8.95 9.84 10.73 11.62
Net Present Value
USD (Million) 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.70 0.75
Total investment by MVR (Million) 36.19 32.57 28.95 25.33 21.71 18.09 14.48 10.86 7.24 3.62
Total MVR (Million) 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69
programme/Project
USD (Million)
cost 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
Page 85
3.6 Case Study on Kathmandu City of Nepal
Kathmandu officially the Kathmandu Metropolitan City is the capital and most populous city of
Nepal. It is located in the Kathmandu Valley, a large valley in the high plateaus in central Nepal, at an
altitude of 1,400 meters (4,600 feet) and the city is spread over 49.45 Sq. km (19.09 sq. mi)
Figure- 28: SSL of Kathmandu City93
comprising of CFL lamps, HPSV lamps and HPMV lamps with LED based efficient street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Kathmandu City is based on following macro data and assumptions.
93
Source: https://kathmandupost.com/valley/2015/01/02/kmc-plans-more-solar-street-lamps
Page 86
Table- 69: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Kathmandu City, Nepal

Exchange rate (1USD) NPR 118
NPR/kWh 7.3
USD/kWh 0.06
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption95 % -0.021
NPR 8,032
Cost of 50 W LED
USD 68
NPR 13,011
Cost of 70 W LED
USD 110
NPR 20,867
Cost of 120 W LED
USD 177
NPR 32,128
Cost of CCMS Unit98
USD 272
NPR/LED 500
USD/Unit 4
NPR/Unit 1,000
USD/Unit 8
NPR/Unit 77,467
USD/Unit 656
NPR/Unit 125,299
USD/Unit 1,062
NPR/Unit 123,875
USD/Unit 1,050
% 0.75%
Country104
Discounting Factor % 0.75%
94 Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Report 2020-21

95 Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Report 2020-21
98 EESL, India
104 https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/linked-documents/41155-013-nep-fa.pdf
Page 87
Table- 70: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Kathmandu City
Values
Parameter Units
Type-1 Type-2 Type-3
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture CFL HPMV HPSV
Typical Rating of existing Street Lighting Fixture W 90 150 250
Total number of street lights No 14,000 1200 900
Proposed Luminaires
Proposed LED Fixture rating W 50 70 120
Total number of street lights No 14,000 1,200 900
Source: The Kathmandu Post
Table- 71: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kathmandu City
BAU Units Value

Average Operating Cost NPR (Million)/year 76.59 (USD 0.65 Million)
Proposed
Savings
Total Cost Savings NPR (Million)/year 34.59 (USD 0.29 Million)
Page 88
Table- 72: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Kathmandu City

Total Investment Required NPR (Million) 178.57 (USD 1.51 Million)
Internal Rate of Return % 15.24%
Net Present Value NPR (Million) 304.54 (USD 2.58 Million)
to this report
Table- 73: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Kathmandu City
Values
Parameter Units
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture - CFL HPMV HPSV
Proposed Luminaires
Total number of street lights No 14,000 1,,200 900
Page 89
Table- 74: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kathmandu City
BAU Units Value
Proposed
Savings

Total Investment Required NPR (Million) 180.90 (USD 1.58 Million)
Net Present Value NPR (Million) 359.83 (USD 3.05 Million)
to this report
Table- 76: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Kathmandu City
Values
Parameter Units
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture CFL HPMV HPSV
Proposed Luminaires
Total number of street lights No 14,000 1,200 1,800
Rating of Battery for storage Ah 75 240 200
System Voltage V 12 24 24
No of CCMS Units No 178
105
Two number of 60W LED fixtures are proposed as equivalent to 250W. Hence the number of fixtures are double
Page 90
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation and energy savings for Case-3 is presented in
Table- 77.
Table- 77: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Kathmandu City
BAU Units Value

Savings
to this report
Page 91
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Kathmandu City, Nepal
Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy SUbsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback Period
Years 26.43 23.79 21.15 18.50 15.86 13.22 10.57 7.93 5.29 2.64
(per end user)
Internal Rate of Return
% -21% -19% -17% -15% -12% -8% -3% 3% 14% 38%
(per end user)
Net Present Value (per NPR (Million) 113.53 169.90 226.28 282.65 339.02 395.39 451.77 508.14 564.51 620.88
end user) USD (Million) 0.96 1.44 1.92 2.40 2.87 3.35 3.83 4.31 4.78 5.26
Total investment by NPR (Million) 2,064.22 1,857.80 1,651.38 1,444.96 1,238.53 1,032.11 825.69 619.27 412.84 206.42
Total NPR (Million) 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02 2,049.02
programme/Project
USD (Million) 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36 17.36
cost
Page 92
3.7 Case Study on Islamabad City of Pakistan
Islamabad is the capital city of Pakistan, and is administered by the Pakistani federal government as
part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. It is the ninth-largest city in Pakistan, while the
larger Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area is the country's third-largest with a population of
about 4.1 million people (Wikipedia, 2021). Built as a planned city in the 1960s to replace Karachi as
Pakistan's capital, Islamabad is noted for its high standards of living, safety, and abundant greenery.
Figure- 29: Road Lighting of Islamabad City
Source: https://www.dawn.com/news/1180962
comprising of HPSV lamps and HPMV lamps with LED based efficient street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Islamabad City is based on following macro data and assumptions.
Page 93
Table- 79: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Islamabad City, Pakistan
Exchange rate (1USD) PKR 168
PKR/kWh 20.6
USD/kWh 0.123
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption107 % 3
108
CAGR of increase in maintenance cost (CPI) % 9.7
PKR 11,500
Cost of 50 W LED
USD 68.5
PKR 29,877
Cost of 125 W LED
USD 177.8
PKR 45,347
Cost of CCMS Unit110
USD 269.9
PKR/fixture 500
USD/fixture 3
PKR/Unit 1,000
USD/Unit 6
PKR/Unit 173,643
USD/Unit 1,033.6
PKR/Unit 176,904
USD/Unit 1,053
LED Failure rate of LEDs 114 % 2
% 7.71%
Country116
106 https://iesco.com.pk/index.php/customer-services/tariff-guide (accessed on 16th Sep 2021)

107 https://www.ceicdata.com/en/pakistan/energy-consumption-and-supplies-annual/electricity-consumption-street-light
110 EESL, India
Page 94
3.7.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System
Table- 80: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Islamabad City
Units Values Values

Parameter
Type-1 Type-2
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture HPSV / HPMV HPSV / HPMV
Typical Rating of existing Street Lighting Fixture W 125 250
Total number of street lights No 30,000 8,000
Proposed Luminaires
Proposed LED Fixture rating W 50 125
Source: NEECA-Pakistan ESCO Model
Table- 81: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Islamabad City
BAU Units Value

Average Operating Cost PKR (Million)/year 1,170.46 (USD 6.97 Million)
Proposed
Average Operating Cost PKR (Million)/year 551.22 (USD 3.28 Million)
Savings
Total Cost Savings PKR (Million)/year 619.24 (USD 3.69 Million)
Page 95
Table- 82: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Islamabad City

Total Investment Required PKR (Million) 552.1 (USD 3.29 Million)
Net Present Value PKR (Million) 3,960.50 (USD 23.57 Million)
to this report
Table- 83: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Islamabad City
Units Values Values

Parameter
Type-1 Type-2
Proposed Luminaires
Number of CCMS units No 500
Page 96
Table- 84: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Islamabad City
BAU Units Value
Proposed
Average Operating Cost PKR (Million)/year 551.22 (USD 3.28 Million)
Savings

Total Investment Required PKR (Million) 530.30 (USD 3.45 Million)
Net Present Value PKR (Million) 3,957.53 (USD 23.56 Million)
to this report

Table- 86: Details of SSL and CCMS units in Case-3 for Islamabad City
Units Values Values

Parameter
Type-1 Type-2
Proposed Luminaires
Rating of Solar PV module WP 225 240
Rating of Battery of storage Ah 195 200
System Voltage V 24 24
Number of CCMS units No 500
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation and cost savings for Case-3 is presented in the
Table- 87.
Page 97
Table- 87: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Islamabad City
BAU Units Value
Savings
to this report
Page 98
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Islamabad City, Pakistan

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback
Period (per end Years 14.436 12.992 11.549 10.105 8.661 7.218 5.774 4.331 2.887 1.444
user)
Internal Rate of
Return (per end % -5% -3% -1% 2% 6% 10% 16% 25% 39% 77%
user)
Net Present Value PKR (Million) 3,545.1 3,770.6 3,996.2 4,221.7 4,447.2 4,672.8 4,898.3 5,123.9 5,349.4 5,575.0
(per end user) USD (Million) 21.1 22.4 23.8 25.1 26.5 27.8 29.2 30.5 31.8 33.2
Total investment PKR (Million) 10,348.5 9,198.6 8,048.8 6,899.0 5,749.2 4,599.3 3,449.5 2,299.7 1,149.8
11,498.3
by end user
USD (Million) 68.44 61.60 54.75 47.91 41.07 34.22 27.38 20.53 13.69 6.84
Total PKR (Million) 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9 11,423.9
programme/Project 11,423.9
cost USD (Million) 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0 68.0
depending on what it considers as reasonable IRR
Page 99
3.8 Case Study on Colombo City of Sri Lanka
Colombo is the commercial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to
the Brookings Institution, Colombo metropolitan area has a population of 5.6 million, and 752,993 in
the Municipality. It is the financial centre of the island and a tourist destination. The Colombo city
has an elevation of 1 meter (3 feet) and the Commercial capital spread over 37.31 Sq. km (14.41 sq.
mi).
Figure- 30: Road Lighting of Colombo City117
comprising of CFL lamps, HPSV lamps and HPMV lamps with LED based efficient street lighting.
The techno-financial analysis for Colombo City is based on following macro data and assumptions.
117Source: https://www.ft.lk/propertyconstruction/CMC-s-energy-efficient-Smart-LED-street-lighting-drive-
progressing/10516-707809
Page 100
Table- 89: Street Lighting Commercial Data for Colombo City, Sri-Lanka

Exchange rate (1USD) LKR 200
LKR/kWh 17
USD/kWh 0.09
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption119 % -0.02
LKR 5,951
Cost of 20 W LED
USD 30
LKR 19,205
Cost of 70 W LED
USD 96
LKR 35,138
Cost of 125 W LED
USD 176
LKR 54,100
Cost of CCMS Unit122
USD 271
LKR/LED 500
USD/LED 3
LKR/Unit 1,000
USD/Unit 5
LKR/Unit 131,369
USD/Unit 657
LKR/Unit 212,485
USD/Unit 1062
LKR/Unit 210,069
USD/Unit 1,050
118
https://ceb.lk/tariff_catergory/en
119
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/sri-lanka/road-statistics/length-of-public-road-sri-lanka
120
https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.ZG?locations=BD
122 EESL, India
Page 101
3.8.1 Case:1 Replacement with LED based EE Lighting System
Table- 90: Details of Existing and proposed luminaires in Colombo City
Values
Parameter Units
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture Fluorescent HPMV HPSV
Proposed Luminaires
Source: CEB Lighting population survey (IEI, 2015)
Table- 91: Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings for Colombo City
BAU Units Value
Average Operating Cost LKR (Million)/year 336.32 (USD 1.68 Million)
Proposed
Savings
Total Cost Savings LKR (Million)/year 171.85 (USD 0.86 Million)
Page 102
Table- 92: Results of Case-1 techno financial analysis for Colombo City

Total Investment Required LKR (Million) 432.94 (USD 2.16 Million)
Net Present Value LKR (Million) 1,422.28 (USD 7.11 Million)
to this report
Table- 93: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-2 for Colombo City
Values
Parameter Units
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture - Fluorescent HPMV HPSV
Proposed Luminaires
Page 103
Table- 94: Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings for Colombo City
BAU Units Value
Proposed
Savings

Total Investment Required LKR (Million) 452.61 (USD 2.26 Million)
Net Present Value LKR (Million) 1,419.35 (USD 7.10 Million)
The detailed techno-financial analysis for the project period of 10 years is presented as Annexure: 12
to this report
Table- 96: Details of Luminaires and CCMS units in Case-3 for Colombo City
Values
Parameter Units
Type of existing Street Lighting Fixture Fluorescent HPMV HPSV
Proposed Luminaires
Rating of Battery for storage Ah 75 240 200
System Voltage V 12 24 24
No of CCMS Units No 286
Page 104
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation and savings for Case-3 is presented in the
Table- 97.
Table- 97: Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings for Colombo City
BAU Units Value

Savings
to this report
Page 105
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Colombo City, Sri Lanka
Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Years 21.47 19.32 17.17 15.03 12.88 10.73 8.59 6.44 4.29 2.15
(per end user)
Internal Rate of
% -16% -14% -12% -10% -7% -3% 2% 9% 21% 49%
Return (per end user)
Net Present Value (per LKR (Million) 943.63 1122.83 1302.03 1481.23 1660.43 1839.63 2018.84 2198.04 2377.24 2556.44
end user) USD (Million) 4.72 5.61 6.51 7.41 8.30 9.20 10.09 10.99 11.89 12.78
Total investment by LKR (Million) 7156.37 6440.73 5725.10 5009.46 4293.82 3578.19 2862.55 2146.91 1431.27 715.64
Total LKR (Million) 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37
programme/Project
USD (Million) 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78
cost
Page 106
3.9 Summary Of Techno-Financial Analysis
Based on techno-financial analysis of individual cities discussed in previous sections, the summary
is prepared and presented in Table- 99.
Table- 99: Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-1
Case-1 Case-2
Payback Payback
Country Municipality IRR IRR
Period Period
(%) (%)
(years) (years)
Afghanistan Kabul 1.25 79 1.30 76
Bangladesh Chittagong 2.96 34 3.29 30
Bhutan Gelephu 4.76 16 4.99 14
India Hyderabad 0.80 127 1.23 84
Maldives Male 1.26 78 1.31 75
Nepal Kathmandu 5.22 15 5.42 18
Pakistan Islamabad 1.10 95 1.15 91
Sri Lanka Colombo 2.68 38 2.79 36
In respect of solarisation (under Case-3) various cities, the financial results are summarised in the
Table- 100 with the details of subsidy requirement (from government and other donors) for a
reasonable IRR.
Table- 100: Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-2
Case-3
Payback
Country Municipality Subsidy IRR
Period
(%) (%)
(years)
40 6.0 7
Afghanistan Kabul
50 5.0 12
80 6.1 10
Bangladesh Chittagong
90 3.1 33
88 6.1 10
Bhutan Gelephu
90 5.0 16
60 7.5 4
India Hyderabad
70 5.7 12
70 5.4 8
Maldives Male
80 3.6 21
70 7.9 3
Nepal Kathmandu
80 5.3 14
50 7.2 10
Pakistan Islamabad
60 5.7 16
70 6.4 9
Sri Lanka Colombo
80 4.3 21
Page 107
Summary of techno-financial analysis:
 Afghanistan: The EE projects with LED street lighting are financially viable with IRR ranging
between 76% to 79%. The solar based LED projects are viable with 40% to 50% subsidy/grant
from donors.
 Bangladesh: The financial viability of LED based street lighting in terms of IRR is in the range
30% to 31%. The lower electricity tariff in Bangladesh is one of the primary reasons for lack
of viability for solar street lighting. The solar street lighting projects are viable with a
minimum subsidy/grant of 80%.
 Bhutan: Bhutan is having lowest electricity tariff among SAARC Member States. The IRR for
LED based street lighting projects is in the range of 14% to 16%. However, the solar based
street lighting would be viable with subsidy/grant of around 90%.
 India: The IRR of solarisation becomes positive at around 60% of subsidy/grant. Thus, a
minimum of 36% subsidy/grant is required to make the project viable. Further 60% - 70% of
subsidy/grant is required for the project proponent/investor to earn an IRR of around 10%.
 Maldives: The IRR of solarization becomes positive at around 70% of subsidy/grant. Thus, a
minimum of 70% subsidy/grant is required to make the project viable. Further 70% - 80% of
subsidy/grant is required for the project proponent/investor to earn an IRR of around 10%.
 Nepal: The lower electricity tariff is the primary reason for lack of viability of solar street
lighting in Nepal wherein the financial viability come with 70% to 80% subsidy/grant from
the donors. In such a situation and keeping in view the concerns of climate change, it is
recommended that Nepal take suitable steps to bring in targets for solarization of street
lighting and allocate budgets.
 Pakistan: LED based EE improvement projects have IRR of 90% to 95% that can be taken up
by private sector/ESCOs. This would avoid the financial burden on the municipalities.
Pakistan may take appropriate steps to bring in PPP/ESCO model of implementation for EE
improvements in street lighting. The solarization of street lighting is viable with around 50%
of subsidy/grant (that would provide 10% IRR). Pakistan may take suitable steps to allocate
budget from internal sources or external donors for the targeted solarisation.
 Sri Lanka: The financial viability of solarization is possible with about 70% subsidy/grant. Sri
Lanka may take appropriates steps to implement solarization of street lighting which may
include setting minimum targets for solarization of street lighting in municipalities, arranging
the subsidy/grant to bridge the viability gap.
Page 108
4 Recommendations and Conclusions

4.1 Recommendations
4.1.1 Afghanistan
i. The policy recommendation under AEEP 2016 provides overall direction to EE and
solarization projects in street lighting in Afghanistan. On account of poor grid access
(especially in rural areas) and high electricity tariffs are working favourably for EE
improvements in street lighting in Afghanistan.
ii. The EE projects with LED street lighting are financially viable with IRR ranging between 76%
to 79%. The solar based LED projects are viable with 40% to 50% subsidy/grant from donors.
iii. In view of the AEEP direction that 50% of street lighting be converted with EE fixtures like
LED and balance 50% with solar LED based street lighting, Afghanistan may take suitable
actions to implement EE projects on expedited manner. With regard to solarization of street
lights, which is relevant for rural areas (with limited grid access), Afghanistan is required to
enlist the support from international donors.
iv. In both EE and solarisation of street lighting, economy of scale brings down the project cost.
It is recommended that Afghanistan initiate a national level programme for street lighting,
designate/appoint dedicated agency to oversee the implementation. The designated
agency may also act as demand aggregator for various municipalities and region to brin
down the project cost and improve the financial viability of the project especially for
solarization of street lights.
v. Afghanistan is required to have special focus on rural areas where 80% of the population
lives but with limited grid access. Solar based street lighting for rural areas would realise
the objectives of AEEP 2016.
vi. The introduction of new technologies for street lighting especially solar based street lighting
would require new skills and capacities for municipalities. The skill development and
capacity building in these areas are crucial for faster technology adoption in Afghanistan.
4.1.2 Bangladesh
i. The financial viability of LED based street lighting in terms of IRR is in the range 30% to 31%.
The lower electricity tariff in Bangladesh is one of the primary reasons for lack of viability
for solar street lighting. The solar street lighting projects are viable with a minimum
subsidy/grant of 80%.
ii. Energy Efficiency and Conservation Master Plan (2015-2030) of Bangladesh does not have
any reference with respect to street lighting. Most of the EE and solarization projects
implemented in Bangladesh have been through project mode without any policy backup.
In view of climate change concerns, municipal energy efficiency shall be made part of the
master plan.
iii. The partnership with EESL (India) is expected to bring in the benefits of economy of scale
for street lighting projects in Bangladesh. For cities/areas which are not covered for
implementation under this partnership, it is suggested that the Bangladesh take
appropriate steps towards demand aggregations for EE/solarisation projects by combining
Page 109
requirements of multiple municipalities into one project. The Bangladesh may also take
suitable steps to designate an agency to handle such demand aggregation.
iv. The concerns of climate change require implementation of solar based street lighting that
requires significant amount of subsidy/grant. Bangladesh may take suitable actions to bring
down the total project cost through bulk ordering so that the available subsidy/grant from
the donors is put to effective use.
4.1.3 Bhutan
i. All four major municipalities/cities Bhutan are in the advanced stages of implementing EE
street lighting.
ii. Bhutan has lowest electricity tariff among SAARC Member States. The IRR for LED based
street lighting projects is in the range of 14% to 16%. However, the solar based street
lighting would be viable with subsidy/grant of around 90%.
4.1.4 India
i. India achieved coverage of more than 95% of cities for LED street lighting implementation.
Strong legal and policy backup coupled with creation of dedicated and specialised agencies
to oversee and implement EE can be attributable to the success of street lighting
programme in India.
ii. The demand aggregation and bulk procurement by National ESCO (i.e., EESL) have helped
reduce the project cost for EE in street lighting. A similar outcome is expected from solar
street lighting projects being piloted by EESL. The commercial success of the EE projects of
EESL is largely on account of the business model and contractual arrangements with
respective municipalities and State (Provincial) governments. EESL shall disseminate such
information with concerned authorities in other Member States.
iii. India may extend support of EESL in capacity building of other Member States in the areas
of contractual arrangements for EE in street lighting. This would help the other Member
States to avoid any mistakes while entering similar contracts with ESCOs.
iv. The EE enhancements such as dimming facility for LED based street lighting are expected
to increase the energy savings and improve the financial viability. India may take up few
demonstration projects and establish the viability of the technology.
4.1.5 Maldives
i. Maldives have already implemented EE street lighting in the city of Male where 40% of the
population lives. With regard to islands, Maldives is planning to install solar street lights in
other islands.
ii. Maldives may take appropriate actions to develop skills among the local municipalities to
attend operation and maintenance issues related to solar street lighting system
components. This would enable to attend any O&M requirements and improve service
levels to the citizens.
Page 110
4.1.6 Nepal
i. National Energy Efficiency Strategy of 2013 focused on replacing inefficient lighting fixtures
in domestic and commercial sectors with efficient fixtures like LED lamps. It also intended
to ban incandescent lamps in a phased manner. However, no specific direction or targets
for EE/solarization in street lighting have been envisaged in NEES.
ii. Most of the solar street lighting projects that have been implemented without policy
backing by NEES but were based on operational factors such as availability of funds from
donors (e.g., ADB) when load shedding was prevailing. It is recommended that Nepal may
take appropriate steps to include municipal/street lighting sector in NEES with specific
targets for penetration of EE/solar street lighting over a period of time.
iii. The lower electricity tariff is the primary reason for lack of viability of solar street lighting
in Nepal wherein the financial viability come with 70% to 80% subsidy/grant from the
donors. In such a situation and keeping in view the concerns of climate change, it is
recommended that Nepal take suitable steps to bring in targets for solarization of street
lighting and allocate budgets.
iv. The municipalities in Nepal are implementing EE projects in street lighting individually in
phased manner. Each of such phased implementation is having separate
tendering/procurement process. Apparently, this is done keeping in view the budget
constraints of individual municipalities. Such an approach is not efficient both in terms of
time and cost. It is recommended that Nepal to procure EE street lighting on a bulk basis by
aggregating demand of various municipalities.
v. Nepal may take suitable steps to build capacities of municipal administrators in the areas
of business models for EE implementation especially in ESCO model to overcome
constraints related to the budget. This would expedite the implementation of EE street
lighting in Nepal.
4.1.7 Pakistan
i. EE/solarization in street lighting has regulatory force in the form of INDCs and National
Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act, 2016 of Pakistan. EE in street lighting is also a focus
are in Sustainable Energy Efficiency Development Program of Pakistan prepared by ADB in
2009 (ADB, Sustainable Energy Efficiency Development Program, 2009). However, in terms
of specific actions and time lines, the street lighting sector is not included in the Energy
Efficiency Roadmap for Pakistan129 (2019). It is recommended to include targets in terms
of time lines for EE and solarisation of street lights in the roadmap. This would enable
municipalities to complete the EE/solarization of street lighting in an expedited manner.
ii. LED based EE improvement projects have IRR of 90% to 95% that can be taken up by private
sector/ESCOs. This would avoid the financial burden on the municipalities. Pakistan may
take appropriate steps to bring in PPP/ESCO model of implementation for EE improvements
in street lighting.
129 Prepared by World Bank
Page 111
iii. The solarization of street lighting is viable with around 50% of subsidy/grant (that would
provide 10% IRR). Pakistan may take suitable steps to allocate budget from internal sources
or external donors for the targeted solarisation.
iv. NEECA and its provincial partners may take appropriate steps to bundle EE/solarization
projects in street lighting for multiple municipalities to bring in economy of scale that would
benefit the projects in terms of time and cost efficiency. This would further improve the
financial viability.
4.1.8 Sri Lanka
i. Sri Lanka has introduced PPP/ESCO model for EE improvements in street lighting for its
Capital city. It is recommended that Sri Lanka may take appropriate steps to implement EE
in street lighting by introducing roadmap with time-based targets that would enable Sri
Lanka to complete the EE projects in street lighting in all municipalities in expedited
manner.
ii. The financial viability of solarization is possible with about 70% subsidy/grant. Sri Lanka may
take appropriates steps to implement solarization of street lighting which may include
setting minimum targets for solarization of street lighting in municipalities, arranging the
subsidy/grant to bridge the viability gap.
Page 112
4.2 Conclusions
I. LED based street lighting system with or without CCMS is being implemented in all SAARC
Member States which is also a global practice. The CCMS system for street lighting can be
seen more as a productivity multiplier reducing manpower deployment for control and
monitoring of street lighting systems resulting in O&M cost besides energy saving. The
productivity improvement on account of smart controls increases with the scale of operation
(number of street lights connected).
II. The ROI/Payback period and internal rate of return for efficiency enhancement in street
lighting are very attractive. The ROI/payback and IRR are in the range of 0.8 – 5.2 years and
15% - 127% respectively under Case-1 i.e., efficiency enhancement with LED based street
lighting without smart control. The higher payback periods for Case-1 in few Member States
(e.g., Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal) is primarily on account of lower electricity tariff and
higher capital cost of equipment due to procurement in small quantity. Similarly, where the
capital cost of implementation is relatively lower on account of large-scale procurement by
aggregating procurement quantity of multiple municipalities (e.g., India), the project payback
period is low and IRR is high.
III. In respect of efficiency enhancement under Case-2 i.e., LED based street lighting with smart
control, the ROI/Payback and IRR of the project are estimated to be ranging from 0.9 to 4.9
years and 14% - 105% respectively. The additional savings from smart controls (e.g., CCMS)
improve the project NPV. The biggest driver for smart control implementation is in terms of
improved service level of street lighting system.
IV. The most popular smart controls (e.g., CCMS) are IoT based control and monitoring system
where it is possible to dynamically programme the street light operations, monitor operating
status, burning hours that would enable to expedite fault/failure detection and corrective
action. The smart controls are amenable for additional features such as dimming based on
time or traffic detection.
V. Solarisation of street lighting is under pilot studies in various Member States of SAARC region.
The key driver for solarisation presently is lack of or limited access to grid in few Member
States especially in rural areas and remote areas. The techno-financial analysis indicates that
a capital subsidy/grant ranging between 50% to 90% for a reasonable minimum IRR of 8% -
10%. This is on account of higher initial cost and replacement cost of batteries during the
project life.
VI. The financial viability of solar based street lighting can improve with price reduction as the
adoption of the technology increases as was the case with LED based street lighting. The
donor agencies are required to contribute the subsidy component for few pilot projects with
the aim of breaking the price barrier of the technology so that the subsequent solarisation
projects would become viable without any requirement of subsidy. Another well-known
method of breaking the price barrier for market transformation is the bulk procurement by
aggregating the demand of multiple municipalities as was done by EESL (India) for many EE
technologies such as LED street lighting, LED lamps, star labelled electrical appliances.
VII. SAARC Member States are at different level in respect of penetration of efficiency
enhancement and solarisation of street lighting. India which is largest electricity consumer
of SAARC region has already replaced more than 100 million street lights with LED based
Page 113
street lighting with IoT based smart controls in most of the municipalities and implementing
similar projects in rural areas. Other SAARC Member States are also implementing similar
projects in different phases. Such efficiency enhancement is expected to be completed in 4
to 5 years and the average energy savings over 10 years period (2021 – 2030) is estimated to
be between 28% - 32% for various Member States. Similarly, the solarisation is estimated to
bring an average energy saving of 41% to 47% over a period of 2021 – 2030 under assumption
that the solarisation will be viable and penetration would gradually reach 90% in 2029. Given
such energy efficiency potential, the municipalities and concerned agencies is required to
work towards creating an enabling environment for expedited implementation.
VIII. Some of the key factors for successful implementation of EE and solarisation in street lighting
are:
a) Take advantage of latest Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for objective
verification of energy savings that are crucial in PPP/ESCO model to cover technical risks.
b) The municipalities or other project proponents may utilise risk management instruments
such as Partial Risk sharing Facility (PRSF) made available in India with the support of the
World Bank. PRSF provides partial credit guarantees to Participating Financial Institutions
(PFIs) to cover a share of default risk faced by them in extending loans to Energy Efficiency
(EE) projects implemented by the Host entity through Energy Service Companies (ESCOs)130.
c) The respective governments of the Member States may designate or create nodal agencies
for implementation with demand aggregation of EE fixtures for multiple municipalities to
bring in economy of scale towards reducing procurement cost, develop and harmonise
technical and quality specifications of hardware, software, installation and O&M practices.
IX. The cities selected for case study under this research represents diversity in terms of
population, time, geographical terrine. Despite such diversity the aspiration and competitive
spirit are the same when it comes to implementing efficiency enhancement and solarisation
in street lighting. The different penetration of such EE projects is primarily on account of
issues related to availability of financial resources and governance that can be overcome with
the regulatory force of NDCs, adoption of financial mechanisms / business models involving
public/private owned specialised agencies such as ESCO.
130 For details please visit: http://prsf.sidbi.in/user/pages/viewpage/p_brief
Page 114
5 Bibliography
ADB. (2013). Bangladesh: Energy Efficiency Improvement .
ADB. (2013). Bangladesh: Energy Efficiency Improvement .
ADB. (2013). Energy Efficiency Improvement TA-7642-Bangladesh. ADB.
ADB-EESL. (2020). International Competative Bidding Document of EESL.
AEEP. (2016). Afghanistan Energy Efficiency Policy.
AEPC. (2016). Technical Guidelines for Solar Street Lighting systems in Nepal.
Bank, W. (2015). Energy-Efficient Street Lighting—Implementation and Financing Solutions.
Bank, W. (2015). Republic of India Energy-Efficient Urban Street Lighting.
https://www.esmap.org/sites/esmap.org/files/DocumentLibrary/India%20EE%20Street%20
Lighting%20Implementation%20and%20Financing%20%28P149482%29%20June%2027%20
2015_Optimized.pdf.
Bank, W. (2019). Energy Efficiency Roadmap for Pakistan.
BEE. (2015). Guide Book-3 for Certified Energy Auditor/Managers. In BEE, Energy Efficiency in
Electrical Utilities (p. 234 (lighting chapter: 223 to 245)).
BEE. (2019-20). IMPACT OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY MEASURES. BEE.
Business Recoder. (2021). p. https://www.brecorder.com/news/40096495.
CBC. (2021, September 14). Retrieved from http://www.cbc.gov.pk/en/street-light
CCC. (2021). Retrieved from Chittagong City Corporation: http://ccc.org.bd/street_lighting
EESL. (2021, September 8). Retrieved from https://eeslindia.org: https://eeslindia.org/en/atal-jyoti-
yojana/
Expert, T. F. (2018, July 18). Retrieved from
https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/country/solar-power-street-lights-illuminate-
chirirbandar-1531913365
Glamox. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://glamox.com/gsx/led-lifetime-and-the-factors-that-affect-
it#:~:text=The%20lifetime%20of%20a%20LED,do%2C%20it%20slowly%20dims%20down.
Glamox. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://glamox.com/gsx/led-lifetime-and-the-factors-that-affect-
it#:~:text=The%20lifetime%20of%20a%20LED,do%2C%20it%20slowly%20dims%20down.
Hindu, T. (2021). Pole-mounted EV charging stations set up in Kozhikode.
IEA. (2010). Retrieved from https://www.iea.org/policies/2215-promote-energy-conservation-and-
energy-efficiency-policy-no-3-maldives-national-energy-policy-and-strategy-2010
IEA. (2021). India Energy Outlook.
IEEE. (2014). Electrification of streets of Dhaka city using solar and piezoelectric energy. Retrieved
from https://ieeexplore.ieee.org: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6850746
IEI, S. L. (2015). Analysis on Energy Efficiency and Optimality of LED and Photovoltaic based Street
Lighting. In E. -V. XLVIII.
iFLUX. (2021, September 14). Retrieved from http://www.ifluxlighting.com:
http://www.ifluxlighting.com/index.php?g=portal&m=news&a=show&id=135
India.com. (2018). Delhi Street Lights Will Now Feature Pollution Monitors, CCTV & WiFi To Combat
With Air Pollution.
inteli. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://intelilight.eu/smart-street-lighting/
Intelligence, P. &. (2020, June). Solar Street Lighting Market Research Report.
https://www.psmarketresearch.com/market-analysis/solar-street-lighting-market.
KPK, G. O. (2020). Technical Evaluation Report.
Kuensel. (2017, May). kuensel. Retrieved from https://kuenselonline.com:
https://kuenselonline.com/streetlights-make-pipaldara-road-safe/
Little, A. D. (2019). The evolution of the Street Lighting Market.
MoPEBD. (2019). National Energy Policy and Strategies.
Morning, T. (2021, September 13). Retrieved from themorning.lk:
https://www.themorning.lk/transforming-colombo-with-smart-street-lighting/
Page 115
(2019). NEE&C.
NEECA. (2020). NEEKA-Pakistan, ESCO Model. Signify.
NEES. (2013). National Energy Efficiency Strategy .
Post, T. K. (2021, September 13). Retrieved from https://kathmandupost.com:
https://kathmandupost.com/national/2020/07/29/lalitpur-to-install-669-smart-electric-
street-lamps-on-three-routes
PWC. (2017). Handbook on Quality Control for Street Lighting Projects of EESL.
RERL. (2019). MUNICIPAL ENERGY PLAN PHIKKAL RURAL MUNICIPALITY.
RGoB. (2019). TWELFTH FIVE YEAR PLAN 2018-2023. Gross National Happiness Commission Royal
Government of Bhutan.
RISE. (2021, September 12). Retrieved from https://rise.esmap.org/country/afghanistan
SEC. (2018). SAARC Energy Outlook 2030. SAARC Energy Center/CRISIL.
Sky, B. C. (2021, September 24). Retrieved from
https://www.blancocountynightsky.org/guidelines.php
TERI. (2014). Regional Report on the Transition to Efficient Lighting in South Asia.
Today, P. (2017). Retrieved from https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/03/05/islamabad-
glitters-with-led-street-lights/
Today, P. (2017). pp. https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/03/31/mci-replaces-339-
conventional-street-lights-with-leds/. Retrieved from
https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk:
https://archive.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/03/31/mci-replaces-339-conventional-street-
lights-with-leds/
WB. (2009). Energy Efficient Lighting Options for Afganistan.
Wikipedia. (2021). Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamabad
Page 116
Annexure-1:
OEM price list:
Page 117
Page 118
Page 119
Annexure-2:
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Afghanistan:
Macro Data
Description Units Value Source of Data
CAGR of increase in street light energy
% 3.00
consumption
CAGR of Electrical Energy Demand Growth % 6.20 SAARC Energy Outlook 2030 (2018 data)
Annual Energy Consumption MU 4981 SAARC Energy Outlook 2030 (2018 data)
% 0.40
Street Lighting Energy Consumption
MU 19.9
Percentage Energy Savings with EE fixtures
% 50 Assumption
with Smart Control
Energy Demand Projection and Saving Potential

Description Units BAU Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 Year-10 Total
Scenario-1: BAU Case 0 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030
Total Energy Consumption MU/year 4981 5290 5618 5966 6336 6729 7146 7589 8060 8559 9090 75363
Street Lighting Energy
MU/year 20 20.52 21.14 21.77 22.42 23.10 23.79 24.50 25.24 26.00 26.78 255
Consumption (BAU case)
Scenario-2: EE lighting fixtures with smart controls

Cumulative percentage of
Replacement with EE fixtures with % 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 100 100
Smart Control
Energy Consumption for Street
Lighting with EE Fixtures and Smart MU/year 20.52 21.14 19.59 17.94 16.17 14.27 12.25 12.62 13.00 13.39 160.89
Control
Page 120
Scenario-3: Solarisation based on LED with Smart Control

Solarisation of Street lighting with % 0 0 0 1 5 10 30 50 70 90
EE fixtures with Smart Control
MU/year 20.52 21.14 19.59 17.76 15.36 12.85 8.58 6.31 3.90 1.34 127.34
Lighting with Solarisation
Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year 0.00 0.00 2.18 4.48 6.93 9.52 12.25 12.62 13.00 13.39 74.37
% 29.14
% 42.29
Street Lighting Energy Demand Energy Savings projection with

projection Efficiency Enhancement and
Energy Cnsumption MU/year
30 Solarisation w.r.t BAU Scenario

30.00
Energy Saving MU/year

20
25.00
10
20.00
0 15.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 10.00
Years 5.00
Street Lighting Energy Consumption (BAU 0.00
case) MU/year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Years
Energy Consumption for Street Lighting with
EE Fixtures and Smart Control MU/year
Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year
Solarisation MU/year Energy Savings under Scenario-3 MU/year
Page 121
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Bangladesh:

Macro Data
https://www.statista.com/statistics/455782/urbanization-in-
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % 2.1
bangladesh/
CAGR of Electrical Energy Demand Growth % 5.50 SAARC Energy Outlook
Annual Energy Consumption MU 67668 Bangladesh Power Development Board Annual Report 2019-20
% 0.72 Considered as Sri Lanka
MU 487.2
Percentage Energy Savings with EE fixtures with
% 50 Assumption
Smart Control

MU/year 487 497.49 507.99 518.71 529.65 540.83 552.24 563.89 575.79 587.94 600.34 5962
Smart Control

Control
Page 122
MU/year 497.49 507.99 466.83 419.48 359.65 298.21 197.36 143.95 88.19 30.02 3009.17
% 28.60
% 41.36

Energy Consumption MU/year
1000
Solarisation w.r.t BAU Scenario
600.00
Energy Savings MU/year

500 500.00
400.00
0
300.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
200.00
Years
100.00
Street Lighting Energy Consumption (BAU 0.00
case) MU/year 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Energy Consumption for Street Lighting with Years
Energy Consumption for Street Lighting with Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year
Page 123
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Bhutan:

Macro Data
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % 1.98 Considered same as Nepal
Annual Energy Consumption MU 2398 Bhutan Druk Green Annual Report 2019
% 1.21 Annual Electricity report 2019
MU 29.0
% 50 Assumption
Smart Control
Total Energy Consumption MU/year 2397.83 2609 2838 3088 3360 3656 3977 4327 4708 5122 5573 41657
MU/year 29 29.59 30.17 30.77 31.38 32.00 32.64 33.28 33.94 34.61 35.30 353
Smart Control

Lighting with EE Fixtures and Smart MU/year 29.59 30.17 27.69 25.10 22.40 19.58 16.64 16.97 17.31 17.65 223
Control
Page 124
MU/year 29.59 30.17 27.69 24.85 21.28 17.62 11.65 8.49 5.19 1.76 178
Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year 0.00 0.00 3.08 6.28 9.60 13.05 16.64 16.97 17.31 17.65 101
% 28.52
% 41.22

Energy Consumption MU/Year
40.00
20
Energy Savings MU/year

30.00
0 20.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Years 10.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Street Lighting Energy Consumption (BAU
Years
case) MU/year
EE Fixtures and Smart Control MU/year Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year
Page 125
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of India:

Macro Data
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % 4.2 https://indiacsr.in/total-road-length-in-india-increased-at-4-2-cagr/
Annual Energy Consumption MU 1207000 India Energy Outlook 2021
% 0.80
MU 9669.1 https://cea.nic.in/dashboard/?lang=en
% 50 Assumption
Smart Control
MU/year 9669 10075 10498 10939 11399 11877 12376 12896 13438 14002 14590 131761
Replacement with EE fixtures % 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 100 100 100
with Smart Control
Energy Consumption for Street MU/year 10075 10498 9845 9119 8314 7426 6448 6719 7001 7295 82741
Lighting with EE Fixtures and
Smart Control
Page 126
Solarisation of Street lighting
% 0 0 0 1 5 10 30 50 70 90
with EE fixtures with Smart
Control
MU/year 10075 10498 9845 9028 7899 6683 4514 3359 2100 730 64731
Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year 0 0 1094 2280 3563 4951 6448 6719 7001 7295 39351
% 29.87
Energy Savings under Scenario-3 MU/year 0 0 1094 2371 3979 5693 8382 10078 11902 13861 57360
% 43.53

20000
15000.00
Energy Savings MU/Year

10000
10000.00
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5000.00
Years
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
case) MU/year
Years
Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year
Page 127
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Maldives:

Macro Data
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % 2.4 https://knoema.com/atlas/Maldives/Urban-population
CAGR of Electrical Energy Demand Growth % 6.50 SAARC Energy Outlook 2030
Annual Energy Consumption MU 1405 SAARC Energy Outlook 2030 (2017 data)
% 0.76
MU 10.7
% 50 Assumption
Smart Control
MU/year 11 10.93 11.20 11.47 11.74 12.02 12.31 12.61 12.91 13.22 13.54 133
Smart Control

Control
Page 128
MU/year 10.93 11.20 10.32 9.30 7.99 6.65 4.41 3.23 1.98 0.68 67
% 28.77
% 41.66

10 15.00
Energy Savins MU/year

5
10.00
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5.00
Years
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Years
case) MU/year
Page 129
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Nepal:

Macro Data
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % 1.98 Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Reports 2020/2021
Annual Energy Consumption MU 7277 Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Reports 2020/2021
% 1.21 Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Reports 2020/2021
MU 88.3 Nepal Electricity Authority Annual Reports 2020/2021
% 50 Assumption
Smart Control
MU/year 88 90 92 94 96 97 99 101 103 105 107 1074
Smart Control

Control
Page 130
MU/year 90.07 91.85 84.30 75.66 64.78 53.65 35.46 25.83 15.80 5.37 543
% 28.52
% 41.22

200
150.00
100

0 100.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Years 50.00
0.00
Street Lighting Energy Consumption (BAU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
case) MU/year Years
Energy Consumption for Street Lighting with Energy Savings under Scenario-2 MU/year
Page 131
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Pakistan:

Macro Data
https://www.ceicdata.com/en/pakistan/energy-consumption-and-
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % 3.00
supplies-annual/electricity-consumption-street-light
Annual Energy Consumption MU 120392 SAARC Energy Outlook
% 0.40
MU 484.0
% 50 Assumption
Smart Control

MU/year 484 498.52 513.48 528.88 544.75 561.09 577.92 595.26 613.12 631.51 650.46 6199
Smart Control
Control
Page 132
MU/year 498.52 513.48 475.99 431.44 373.12 312.08 208.34 153.28 94.73 32.52 3093
% 29.14
% 42.29

Energy Consymption MU/Year

1000
800.00

0 600.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 400.00
Years
200.00
0.00
Street Lighting Energy Consumption (BAU 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
case) MU/year Years
Page 133
Energy demand projection and Saving potential of Sri Lanka:

Macro Data
CAGR of increase in street light energy consumption % -0.02 Statistical Digest 2020 (CEB annual reports 2017 - 2020))
Annual Energy Consumption MU 14286 Statistical Digest 2020 (CEB)
% 0.76 Statistical Digest 2020 (CEB)
MU 108.0 Statistical Digest 2020 (CEB)
% 50 Assumption based
Smart Control
MU/year 108 107.98 107.96 107.94 107.91 107.89 107.87 107.85 107.83 107.81 107.78 1187
Smart Control

Control
Page 134
MU/year 107.98 97.16 85.48 71.76 58.26 37.75 26.96 16.17 5.39 5.39 512.32
% 31.81
% 47.73

100 120.00

100.00
50
80.00
0 60.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 40.00
Years 20.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Years
case) MU/year
Page 135
Annexure-3:
Key Steps Involved in EESL’s Implementation Model
Key Steps Involved in EESL’s Implementation Model
Stages Description
MoU MoU to be signed between municipalities and EESL
Detailed walk-through energy audit for data validation of existing DPR
DPR/ Revalidation of DPR
and Joint Verification
Technology To assess actual energy savings and determination of annuity payments
Demonstration and finalizing technical specifications
Agreement to be signed between municipalities and EESL for
Agreement
implementation.
Payment Mechanism The Payment security mechanism to be finalized
Implementation EESL will implement the project based on own resources
M&V Deemed saving approach used
Page 136
Annexure-4:
Technical Specifications of LEDs and CCMS and SSL
Configurations
Typical LED Luminaire specifications
S No. Parameters Requirements

1 Light source SMD LED chip
2 Wattage of LED Package 1W minimum to 5W maximum
3 Wattage at Operating current 1W minimum to 3W maximum
4 Luminous Efficacy >135 lumens/watt
5 CRI > 70
6 CCT 5000K and 5700K
7 Estimated Life Span > 50,000 hrs
Limits of Harmonic Currents
8 < 10%
(THD)
9 System Efficacy 110 lumens/watt
10 Junction temp Maximum 85°C
11 PF > 0.95
12 Frequency 50Hz ± 3%
13 Operating Voltage 110 V – 320 V
14 Operating Current >=350 mA<1000 mA
15 Surge Voltage > 4 kV
16 Ambient Temp -10 to 50 deg C
17 Working Humidity 10% - 90% RH
18 Degree of protection IP-66
should not exceed 30 deg. C from ambient (45 deg. C) with
19 Luminaire Body Temp
tolerance of 10 deg C after 24 Hrs
LED Lights shall be provided with Lenses/Lens modules. Lens
should be of material resistant to de-gradation during service, due
to atmospheric components, to avoid adverse impact on light
20 Lens/ Lens module for LEDs output. Lens shall be bolted (and not pasted - However, bolted
AND pasted is acceptable) on to the MCPCB above the chips and
the lens should be minimum IK07 impact resistant if it is also used
as a lens cover
Glass - Distortion free, clear, heat resistant, toughened, UV
stabilized glass; Lens Cover - Lens should be of material non-
21 Cover Glass / Lens Cover
degradable during service, due to atmospheric components, to
avoid adverse impact on light output.
Page 137
S No. Parameters Requirements

Polycarbonate/ Al alloy cover fixed to the housing means of
22 Cover Frame
stainless-steel screws.
INSITU/Thermal Test will cover this parameter. Manufacture must
submit design/ drawing indicating maximum temperature point on
23 Heat Dissipation/ Heat Sink
LED array. This value shall not exceed junction temperature of Tj -
85 deg C
The Street Light shall be built in such a way that it can withstand
24 Impact Resistance
wind speed of 150 Kmph.
Source: (ADB-EESL, 2020)
Typical CCMS specifications used in SLNP (India)
Central Control & Monitoring System Specifications

Rated Electrical Parameters
Items Specified Operating Range
Connection type System for Single Phase/Three Phase Switching points
Voltage 240 volts P-N (+20% to -40% Vref) on each phase
Current 10 - 60 A for each phase (Withstands 120% Imax), Starting current- 0.2%Ib
Frequency 50 Hz ±5% (47.5 to 52.5) Hz
Power Factor Zero(lag)-Unity-Zero (Lead)
Accuracy 1
Withstand Voltage 440V up-to 5 minutes between Phase – Phase
Rating of the CCMS units for each phase (including rating of safety
equipment's - MCB, Relay, etc.) should be –
 For 30% quantity of CCMS units in a ULB- 3 KW connected load is to
be considered
 For 10% CCMS Units in ULB - 5 KW connected load to be considered
Rating
 For 20% CCMS Units in ULB – 7.5 KW connected load to be
considered
 For 20% CCMS Units in ULB - 10 KW connected load to be considered
 For remaining 20% CCMS Units in ULB - 15 KW connected load is to
be considered.
Functional Specifications
The Smart meter unit Should be able to capture (record) andprovide
following parameters at variable time-intervals
 Cumulative Active Energy
 Average Power Factor
Data  Power on hours
 Monthly Load on/off
Smart meter has the provision to store last 30 days’ data at one hour
interval. All these data is accessible for reading, recording by downloading
through HHT (Hand Held Unit) through optical
Page 138

port or USB/Bluetooth given on smart meter front. For HHT, a smartphone-
based solution for collecting/accessing data is alsoacceptable
Following tampers are logged with occurrence and restoration in FIFO
manner:
 Low Load
 Over load
Tampers
 Low Power Factor
 Under voltage
 Over voltage
 Magnet
The smart meter has a built-in calendar & clock, having an accuracy of +/- 5
minute per year or better, however meter may confirm to accuracy as per IS
RTC 13779. A separate internal Lithium battery back-up is provided for
continuous operation of smart meter RTC for at least two years under smart
meter un-powered conditions
Astronomical Calendar for On the basis of latitude and longitude of the installation place smart meter
switching operation itself decides switch on –off timings
Maintenance Mode of Suitable scheme to be provided for disconnecting power for the
switching safe maintenance purpose
When Switch “on” operation failed condition is logged as switch
Switch Weld & SwitchFail
fail event and when Switch “off” operation fails condition islogged as
events
switch weld event
Power on-off events Last 20 power on-off events with power off duration will belogged
Separate Energy Last 20 events of maintenance mode with snap of energy register and
Consumption registration date/time is logged in meter.
for unscheduled switch on In BCS, with these events, duration of these events and energy
period consumption during that period is also shown
SMART METER will continue monitor over current & overload condition
against the threshold defined in smart meter and if condition persist for
predefined time period (default 5 minutes) then disconnection of switch
will have occurred.
Smart meter will reconnect the switch after some predefined time interval
Switching on Overload (default 10 minutes) and will check again for the event condition, if
/Over current condition persist again, switch will disconnect again else will run normally.
In case of disconnection, smart meter will try for defined trial count (default
5 count) and after that will disconnect the switch for long defined sleep
period (default 30 minutes).
After sleep period switch reconnect, activity will restart in same described
manner. Every switching operation will be logged in meter.
Lamp RYB Phase indication to be provided on enclosure front
SMART METER stored data can be downloaded through its optical port or
Communication
USB using HHT (Hand held Unit) or directly by Laptop using Base computer
Page 139

software.
SMART METER should be able to interface with the communication module
through a serial port
The schedule for light operations can be programmed on field orduring
Programmable Scheduling
installation overriding the astronomical-clock
Operating temperature 00 C to 700 C
Storage temperature -200 C to 800 C
Humidity 95% non-condensing
Source: EESL (India)
Page 140
Typical Solar Street Lighting System Specifications
PV Module Specifications
Description Specification
PV module Type Mono or Poly Crystalline or Thin Film
At least 34 Vmp for each module of 24V and 17 Vmp for each module
Operating voltage
of 12 V for crystalline
corresponding to the
For thin film the Vmp of the module must be at least 40% higher
power output (Vmp)
than the system voltage
Minimum Module Crystalline: Minimum 14%
efficiency at STC: Thin Film: Minimum 10%
A letter provided by principal PV module manufacturer in their letter
head stating the warranty period for their PV module. The warranty
Power degradation period for the PV Module must be at least 10 years against a
maximum 10% reduction and 20 years against a maximum 20%
reduction of output power at STC.
Junction Box IP 65 or above
Non corrosive support structures to be fixed on the top of pole.For
areas where there is problem of shading in some of the site of
Module Mounted installation, the solar PV module of that particular solar street light
Structure system can be installed at rooftop of nearby house. An agreement
has to be signed between the user community and the owner of the
house for such installations.
Tilt Angle and direction towards due south around local latitude
Support structure design
and foundation mounting
Wind Speed up to 180 km/hr
arrangements should
withstand
Fasteners (nuts and bolts) Stainless Steel or hot deep galvanized.
Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules - Design
IEC 61215 (2nd Edition) Qualification and type approval.
IEC 61646 Thin-film Terrestrial Photovoltaic (PV) Modules-Design Qualification
and Type Approval
IEC 61730 PV module safety qualification
Charge Controller Specifications
Type Solar Charge Controller or Regulator
For Type 1, 2 & 3- PWM or MPPT
For Type 4, 5, 6 & 7 – MPPT will be preferred With Dusk to Dawn i.e.,
the lamp automatically switches ON after the sunset and switches
Control Mode OFF after sunrise. Also include at least two stage of dimming
function. First stage-system should function at 100% load for six
hours and second stage: system should function at 50% load for next
6 hours (with reduced illumination).
Page 141
Working Temperature &

-5 to +55 °C/35 to 85%RH (Without Condensation)
Humidity
Solar reverse-charging protection, solar reverse-connection
Protection Function protection, battery over charge protection, battery over-discharge
protection, battery reverse-connection protection
Certifications RETS Certified
Battery Specifications
Lead Acid Sealed- Gel Tubular VRLA solar deep cycle or Lithium ion
Battery Type
with proper protection
For Lead Acid battery: 12V
Battery Voltage For Lithium-Ion battery the bidder must propose the voltage
compatible to system
Battery Efficiency Minimum 85%
The battery shall be provided with pressure regulation valve, which
Pressure Regulation
shall be self-re-sealable and flame retardant
Self-Discharge Less than 3% per month
Operating Temperature -5 °C to 55°C
Instruction Charging instructions shall be provided along with the batteries
Warranty 5 years replacement guarantee.
Source: (AEPC, 2016)
Page 142
Typical Solar Street Lighting Packages adopted by AEPC, Nepal
Minimum Minimum Minimum

Minimum Recommended
Lamp Solar PV Battery Battery Height of
Charge for road
Size Module Size for Size for pole in
Controller having Right of
(Watt) Size Lead Lithium meter
Size (A) Way (ROW)
(Wp) Acid (AH) Ion (AH)
10 50 40 30 5 7 Less than 4 m
20 100 60 45 10 7 4-6 M
30 150 80 60 12 7 >6-10 M
40 200 100 75 15 8 or 9 >10 -14 M
60 300 150 115 25 8 or 9 >14 -20 M
80 400 200 150 30 10 >20 – 30 M
100 500 250 180 40 10 >30 M
Source: (AEPC, 2016)
Page 143
Annexure-5:
Techno Financial Case Study of Kabul City of Afghanistan
Case-1: Replacement of Conventional Lighting Fixtures with LED based EE Lighting System without CCMS
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation for Case-1 for Kabul Municipality
Parameter Units Year-0 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 Year-10
Existing/Baseline/BAU Scenario
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841
Annual Electricity Bill AFN Million 149.057 152.49 155.99 159.58 163.25 167.01 170.85 174.78 178.80 182.91 187.11
Annual Maintenance Cost AFN Million 35.48 36.29 37.13 37.98 38.85 39.75 40.66 41.60 42.55 43.53 44.53
AFN Million 184.53 188.78 193.12 197.56 202.10 206.75 211.51 216.37 221.35 226.44 231.65
Total Operating Cost
USD Million 2.17 2.22 2.27 2.32 2.38 2.43 2.49 2.55 2.60 2.66 2.73
After Implementation
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 5059 5059 5059 5059 5059 5059 5059 5059 5059 5059
Annual Electricity Bill AFN Million 69.6 72.8 74.5 76.2 77.9 79.7 81.6 83.4 85.4 87.3
Annual Maintenance Cost AFN Million 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3
AFN Million 73.8 77.3 79.0 80.8 82.7 84.6 86.6 88.5 90.6 92.7
USD Million 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09
Page 144
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Kabul Municipality
Savings
Annual Energy Savings MWh/year - 5782 5782 5782 5782 5782 5782 5782 5782 5782 5782
Annual Electricity Cost Savings AFN Million - 82.925 83.196 85.109 87.067 89.069 91.118 93.214 95.358 97.551 99.795
Annual Maintenance Cost Savings AFN Million - 32.03 32.67 33.42 34.19 34.98 35.78 36.60 37.45 38.31 39.19
AFN Million - 114.96 115.87 118.53 121.26 124.05 126.90 129.82 132.80 135.86 138.98
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 1.35 1.36 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.49 1.53 1.56 1.60 1.64
Investment
Original Investment of LED AFN Million 136.37 - - - - - - - - - -
Investment for LED Failure AFN Million 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72
0.00
Investment for End-of-life replacement AFN Million
0.00
Installation Cost AFN Million 4.95
AFN Million 144.05 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72 2.72
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1690.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Subsidy/Grant % No Subsidy
AFN Million 144.05 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73
Investment from end user
USD (,000) 1690.00 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
AFN Million -144.05 112.23 113.14 115.80 118.53 121.32 124.17 127.09 130.08 133.13 136.26
Net savings
USD Million -1.69 1.32 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.50 1.53 1.57 1.60
Page 145
Case-2: Replacement of Conventional Lighting Fixtures with LED based EE Lighting System with CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Kabul Municipality
Parameter Units Year-0

Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 Year-10
Baseline Scenario
Total Connected Load MW 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48 2.48
AFN Million 184.53 188.78 193.12 197.56 202.10 206.75 211.51 216.37 221.35 226.44 231.65
USD Million 2.17 2.22 2.27 2.32 2.38 2.43 2.49 2.55 2.60 2.66 2.73
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load MW - 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year - 5059 5294 5416 5541 5668 5798 5932 6068 6208 6351
Number of CCMS Units No - 231 - - - - - - - - -
Avoided hours of Operation due to
Hr - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
timely switch ON and Off
Annual Electricity Bill AFN Million - 69.6 72.8 74.5 76.2 77.9 79.7 81.6 83.4 85.4 87.3
Annual Maintenance Cost AFN Million - 4.3 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3
AFN Million - 73.8 77.3 79.0 80.8 82.7 84.6 86.6 88.5 90.6 92.7
USD Million - 0.87 0.91 0.93 0.95 0.97 1.00 1.02 1.04 1.07 1.09
Page 146
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Kabul Municipality
Savings
Annual Energy Savings
MWh/year - 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00 5782.00
with LED Retrofit
MWh/year - 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.35
with CCMS Units
Total Energy Savings MWh/year - 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00 5783.00
Annual Cost Savings
AFN Million - 82.93 83.20 85.11 87.07 89.07 91.12 93.21 95.36 97.55 99.80
with LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings
AFN (,000) - 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
with CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
AFN Million - 32.03 32.67 33.42 34.19 34.98 35.78 36.60 37.45 38.31 39.19
Cost Savings
AFN Million - 114.98 115.89 118.55 121.28 124.07 126.92 129.84 132.82 135.88 139.00
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 1.35 1.36 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.49 1.53 1.56 1.60 1.64
Investment
Original Investment
AFN Million 136.40 - - - - - - - - - -
for LED retrofit
Investment for LED
AFN Million 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73 2.73
Failure
Investment for End-of-
life replacement of AFN Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LED
Investment for One
AFN (,000) - 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
AFN Million 5.38 - - - - - - - - - -
for CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
AFN Million 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
Failure
Page 147
life replacement of AFN Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS
Installation Cost AFN Million 4.95 - - - - - - - - - -
AFN Million 149.56 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1760.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from AFN Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
external donors USD Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment from end AFN Million 149.56 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86 2.86
user USD (,000) 1.76 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
AFN Million -149.56 112.12 113.03 115.69 118.42 121.21 124.06 126.98 129.96 133.02 136.14
Net savings
USD Million -1.76 1.32 1.33 1.36 1.39 1.43 1.46 1.49 1.53 1.56 1.60
Page 148
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Kabul Municipality
Year-
Parameter Units Year-0 Year-1 Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9
10
Baseline Scenario
Annual Energy
MWh/year 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841
Consumption
AFN Million 184.53 188.78 193.12 197.56 202.10 206.75 211.51 216.37 221.35 226.44 231.65
USD Million 2.17 2.22 2.27 2.32 2.38 2.43 2.49 2.55 2.60 2.66 2.73
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load (Off
MW 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16 1.16
Grid)
Annual Energy
MWh/year 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Consumption from Grid
Total Energy Savings MWh/year 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841
Number of CCMS Units No 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00 231.00
Annual Electricity Cost
AFN Million 152.49 155.99 159.58 163.25 167.01 170.85 174.78 178.80 182.91 187.12
Savings
AFN Million 152.49 155.99 159.58 163.25 167.01 170.85 174.78 178.80 182.91 187.11
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 1.79 1.84 1.88 1.92 1.96 2.01 2.06 2.10 2.15 2.20
Page 149
Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Kabul Municipality
Year-
10
Savings
Total Energy Savings MWh/year - 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841 10841
AFN Million - 152.49 155.99 159.58 163.25 167.01 170.85 174.78 178.80 182.91 187.12
Savings
AFN Million - 152.49 155.99 159.58 163.25 167.01 170.85 174.78 178.80 182.91 187.11
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 1.79 1.84 1.88 1.92 1.96 2.01 2.06 2.10 2.15 2.20
Investment
Original Investment for
AFN Million 1502.60 - - - - - - - - - -
Solar LED Street Lights
Investment for LED Failure AFN Million 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.10
Investment for One CCMS

AFN Million 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Unit

AFN Million 5.38 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS units
Investment for CCMS

AFN Million 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
Failure
Page 150
Year-
10
Investment for End-of-life
AFN Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement of CCMS
Replacement cost of
AFN Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 601.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
Installation Cost AFN Million 9.90 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
AFN Million 1518.10 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 601.24 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Total Investment
USD Million 17.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant % 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00
Subsidy/Grant from AFN Million 683.15 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 270.56 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
AFN Million 834.96 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 330.68 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
USD Million 9.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.89 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
AFN Million -834.96 152.37 155.88 159.47 163.14 -163.68 170.73 174.66 178.68 182.79 187.00
Net savings
USD Million -9.82 1.79 1.83 1.88 1.92 -1.93 2.01 2.05 2.10 2.15 2.20
Page 151
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Kabul Municipality
Parameters UOM
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Years 9.96 8.96 7.97 6.97 5.97 4.98 3.98 2.99 1.99 1.00
(per end user)
% -5% -3% 0% 3% 7% 12% 19% 30% 49% 101%
(per end user)
Net Present Value (per AFN Million 922.31 974.45 1026.60 1078.74 1130.89 1183.03 1235.18 1287.32 1339.47 1391.61
end user) USD Million 10.85 11.46 12.08 12.69 13.31 13.92 14.53 15.15 15.76 16.37
Total investment by end AFN Million 2121.21 1909.09 1696.97 1484.85 1272.72 1060.60 848.48 636.36 424.24 212.12
user USD Million 24.96 22.46 19.96 17.47 14.97 12.48 9.98 7.49 4.99 2.50
Total programme/Project AFN Million 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21 2121.21
cost USD Million 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96 24.96
Page 152
Annexure-6:
Techno Financial Case Study of Chittagong City of Bangladesh
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Chittagong City
Annual Energy
MWh/year 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08 8853.08
Consumption
Annual Electricity Bill BDT Million 68.17 72.05 76.16 80.50 85.09 89.94 95.07 100.49 106.21 112.27 118.67
Annual Maintenance Cost BDT Million 5.91 6.24 6.60 6.98 7.37 7.79 8.24 8.71 9.20 9.73 10.28
BDT Million 74.08 78.30 82.76 87.48 92.46 97.74 103.31 109.19 115.42 122.00 128.95
USD Million 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.22 1.28 1.36 1.44 1.52
Proposed Scenario
Annual Energy
MWh/year - 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69 3930.69
Consumption
Annual Electricity Bill BDT Million - 30.27 33.81 35.74 37.78 39.93 42.21 44.62 47.16 49.85 52.69
Annual Maintenance Cost BDT Million - 3.40 3.79 4.01 4.24 4.48 4.73 5.00 5.29 5.59 5.91
BDT Million - 33.66 37.61 39.75 42.02 44.41 46.94 49.62 52.45 55.44 58.60
USD Million - 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.69
Page 153
Details Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Chittagong City
Savings
Annual Energy Savings MWh/year 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39 4922.39
Annual Electricity Cost Savings BDT Million 41.79 42.35 44.76 47.31 50.01 52.86 55.87 59.06 62.42 65.98
Annual Maintenance Cost Savings BDT Million 2.85 2.81 2.97 3.14 3.31 3.50 3.70 3.91 4.14 4.37
BDT Million 44.64 45.15 47.73 50.45 53.32 56.36 59.58 62.97 66.56 70.35
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.83
Investment
Original Investment of LED BDT Million 119.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED Failure BDT Million 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39
BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement
Installation Cost BDT Million 10.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BDT Million 132.10 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1550.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from external donors
USD Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BDT Million 132.10 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39
USD (,000) 1550.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
BDT Million -132.10 42.25 42.76 45.34 48.06 50.93 53.97 57.18 60.58 64.17 67.96
Net savings
USD Million -1.55 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.80
Page 154
Case:2 Replacement of Conventional Lighting Fixtures with LED based EE Lighting System with CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Chittagong City
BDT Million 74.08 78.30 82.76 87.48 92.46 97.74 103.31 109.19 115.42 122.00 128.95
USD Million 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.22 1.28 1.36 1.44 1.52
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load MW 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 3931 3931 3931 3931 3931 3931 3931 3931 3931 3931
Number of CCMS Units No 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196
Avoided hours of Operation
due to timely switch ON and Hr 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Off
Annual Electricity Bill BDT Million 30.3 33.8 35.7 37.8 39.9 42.2 44.6 47.2 49.8 52.7
Annual Maintenance Cost BDT Million 3.4 3.8 4.0 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.0 5.3 5.6 5.9
BDT Million 33.7 37.6 39.8 42.0 44.4 46.9 49.6 52.4 55.4 58.6
USD Million 0.40 0.44 0.47 0.49 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.62 0.65 0.69
Page 155
Savings
Annual Energy
Savings with LED MWh/year - 4922 4922 4922 4922 4922 4922 4922 4922 4922 4922
Retrofit
Annual Energy
Savings with CCMS MWh/year - 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10 1.10
Units
Annual Cost Savings
BDT Million - 41.79 42.35 44.76 47.31 50.01 52.86 55.87 59.06 62.42 65.98
with LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings
BDT (,000) - 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00 8.00
with CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
BDT Million - 2.85 2.81 2.97 3.14 3.31 3.50 3.70 3.91 4.14 4.37
Cost Savings
BDT Million - 44.65 45.16 47.74 50.46 53.33 56.37 59.58 62.98 66.57 70.36
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 0.53 0.53 0.56 0.59 0.63 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.78 0.83
Investment
Original Investment
BDT Million 119.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for LED retrofit
Investment for LED
BDT Million 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39 2.39
Failure
Investment for End-
of-life replacement BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of LED
Investment for One
BDT (,000) 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00 23.00
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
BDT Million 4.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for CCMS units
Page 156
Investment for CCMS
BDT (,000) 90.00 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
Failure
Investment for End-
of-life BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement of CCMS
Installation Cost BDT Million 20.37 - - - - - - - - - -
BDT Million 146.91 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1730.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment from end BDT Million 146.91 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50
user USD (,000) 1730.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
BDT Million -146.91 42.14 42.66 45.23 47.95 50.83 53.87 57.08 60.48 64.06 67.86
Net savings
USD Million -1.73 0.50 0.50 0.53 0.56 0.60 0.63 0.67 0.71 0.75 0.80
Page 157
Case:3 Solar Based EE Lighting System with CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Chittagong City

Baseline Scenario
BDT Million 74.08 78.30 82.76 87.48 92.46 97.74 103.31 109.19 115.42 122.00 128.95
USD Million 0.87 0.92 0.97 1.03 1.09 1.15 1.22 1.28 1.36 1.44 1.52
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load (Off grid) MW - 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98 0.98
Annual Energy Consumption from Grid MWh/year - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Number of CCMS Units No - 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196 196
Annual Electricity Cost Savings BDT Million - 72.054 76.161 80.503 85.091 89.941 95.068 100.487 106.215 112.269 118.668
BDT Million - 72.05 76.16 80.50 85.09 89.94 95.07 100.49 106.21 112.27 118.67
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.32 1.40
Page 158
Year-
10
Savings
Annual Electricity Cost Savings BDT Million - 72.05 76.16 80.50 85.09 89.94 95.07 100.49 106.22 112.27 118.67
BDT Million - 72.05 76.16 80.50 85.09 89.94 95.07 100.49 106.21 112.27 118.67
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 1.06 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.32 1.40
Investment
Original Investment for Solar
BDT Million 2170.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LED Street Lights
Investment for LED Failure BDT Million 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
Investment for One CCMS Unit BDT Million 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Original Investment for CCMS
BDT Million 11.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
units
Investment for CCMS Failure BDT Million 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement of CCMS
Replacement cost of Battery BDT Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 868.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Installation Cost INR Million 20.49 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BDT Million 2202.41 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 868.60 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43
Total Investment
USD Million 25.91 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 10.22 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Subsidy/Grant % 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00 80.00
Subsidy/Grant from external BDT Million 1761.93 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 694.88 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.34
donors USD Million 20.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BDT Million 440.48 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 173.72 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
USD Million 5.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BDT Million -440.48 71.97 76.08 80.42 85.01 -83.78 94.98 100.40 106.13 112.18 118.58
Net savings
USD Million -5.18 0.85 0.90 0.95 1.00 -0.99 1.12 1.18 1.25 1.32 1.40
Page 159
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Chittagong city
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Chittagong City, Bangladesh

Parameters UOM
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback Period (per
Years 30.57 27.51 24.45 21.40 18.34 15.28 12.23 9.17 6.11 3.06
end user)
Internal Rate of Return (per
% -23% -21% -19% -17% -14% -10% -6% 0% 10% 33%
end user)
Net Present Value (per end BDT Million 44.62 123.24 201.87 280.49 359.11 437.74 516.36 594.99 673.61 752.24
user) USD Million 0.52 1.45 2.37 3.30 4.22 5.15 6.07 7.00 7.92 8.85
Total investment by end BDT Million 3074.83 2767.35 2459.87 2152.38 1844.90 1537.42 1229.93 922.45 614.97 307.48
user USD Million 36.17 32.56 28.94 25.32 21.70 18.09 14.47 10.85 7.23 3.62
Total programme/Project BDT Million 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34 3054.34
cost USD Million 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93 35.93
Page 160
Annexure-7:
Techno Financial Case Study of Gelephu City of Bhutan
Case:1 Replacement of Conventional Lighting Fixtures with LED based EE Lighting System without CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Gelephu City
Annual Energy
MWh/year 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43
Consumption
Annual Electricity Bill BTN (,000) 1645.85 1738.02 1835.35 1938.13 2046.66 2161.27 2282.31 2410.12 2545.08 2687.61 2838.11
Annual Maintenance Cost BTN (,000) 122.20 129.04 136.27 143.90 151.96 160.47 169.46 178.94 188.97 199.55 210.72
BTN (,000) 1768.05 1867.06 1971.62 2082.03 2198.62 2321.74 2451.76 2589.06 2734.05 2887.15 3048.83
USD (,000) 24.22 25.58 27.01 28.52 30.12 31.80 33.59 35.47 37.45 39.55 41.76
Proposed Scenario
Annual Energy
MWh/year - 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41
Consumption
Annual Electricity Bill BTN (,000) - 731.49 815.71 861.39 909.63 960.57 1014.36 1071.16 1131.15 1194.49 1261.38
Annual Maintenance Cost BTN (,000) - 91.65 102.20 107.93 113.97 120.35 127.09 134.21 141.72 149.66 158.04
BTN (,000) - 823.14 917.91 969.32 1023.60 1080.92 1141.45 1205.37 1272.87 1344.15 1419.43
USD (,000) - 11.28 12.57 13.28 14.02 14.81 15.64 16.51 17.44 18.41 19.44
Page 161
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Gelephu City
Savings
Annual Energy Savings MWh/year - 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02
Annual Electricity Cost Savings BTN (,000) - 1006.53 1019.64 1076.74 1137.03 1200.71 1267.95 1338.95 1413.93 1493.11 1576.73
Annual Maintenance Cost
BTN (,000) - 37.39 34.07 35.98 37.99 40.12 42.36 44.74 47.24 49.89 52.68
Savings
BTN (,000) - 1043.92 1053.70 1112.71 1175.02 1240.83 1310.31 1383.69 1461.18 1543.00 1629.41
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) - 14.30 14.43 15.24 16.10 17.00 17.95 18.95 20.02 21.14 22.32
Investment
Original Investment of LED BTN (,000) 4386.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED Failure BTN (,000) 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35
BTN (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement
Installation Cost BTN (,000) 366.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BTN (,000) 4972.93 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35
Total Investment
USD (,000) 68.12 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from external
BTN (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
donors
BTN (,000) 4972.93 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35
USD (,000) 68.12 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00
-
BTN (,000) 824.57 834.36 893.36 955.68 1021.48 1090.96 1164.34 1241.83 1323.65 1410.06
Net savings 4972.93
USD (,000) -68.12 11.30 11.43 12.24 13.09 13.99 14.94 15.95 17.01 18.13 19.32
Page 162
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Gelephu City
Baseline Scenario
Annual Energy
MWh/year 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43
Consumption
Annual Maintenance
BTN (,000) 122.20 129.04 136.27 143.90 151.96 160.47 169.46 178.94 188.97 199.55 210.72
Cost
BTN (,000) 1768.05 1867.06 1971.62 2082.03 2198.62 2321.74 2451.76 2589.06 2734.05 2887.15 3048.83
USD (,000) 24.22 25.58 27.01 28.52 30.12 31.80 33.59 35.47 37.45 39.55 41.76
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load MW 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Annual Energy
MWh/year 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41 178.41
Consumption
Avoided hours of
Operation due to
Hr 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
timely switch ON and
Off
Annual Electricity Bill BTN (,000) 731.49 815.71 861.39 909.63 960.57 1014.36 1071.16 1131.15 1194.49 1261.38
Annual Maintenance
BTN (,000) 91.65 102.20 107.93 113.97 120.35 127.09 134.21 141.72 149.66 158.04
Cost
BTN (,000) 823.14 917.91 969.32 1023.60 1080.92 1141.45 1205.37 1272.87 1344.15 1419.43
USD (,000) 11.28 12.57 13.28 14.02 14.81 15.64 16.51 17.44 18.41 19.44
Page 163
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Gelephu City
Savings
Annual Energy
Savings with LED MWh/year 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02 223.02
Retrofit
Annual Energy
Savings with CCMS MWh/year 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Units
Total Energy Savings MWh/year 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06 223.06
Annual Cost Savings
BTN (,000) 1006.53 1019.64 1076.74 1137.03 1200.71 1267.95 1338.95 1413.93 1493.11 1576.73
with LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings
BTN (,000) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20
with CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
BTN (,000) 37.39 34.07 35.98 37.99 40.12 42.36 44.74 47.24 49.89 52.68
Cost Savings
BTN (,000) 1044.13 1053.91 1112.92 1175.23 1241.03 1310.52 1383.89 1461.38 1543.21 1629.61
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) 14.30 14.44 15.25 16.10 17.00 17.95 18.96 20.02 21.14 22.32
Investment
Original Investment
BTN (,000) 4386.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for LED retrofit
Investment for LED
BTN (,000) 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35 219.35
Failure
Investment for End of

life replacement of BTN (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LED
Page 164
Investment for One
BTN (,000) 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51 20.51
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
BTN (,000) 205.12
for CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
BTN (,000) 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26
Failure
Investment for End-
of-life replacement of BTN (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS
Installation Cost BTN (,000) 366.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BTN (,000) 5208.82 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12
Total Investment
USD (,000) 71.35 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from BTN (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
external donors USD (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment from end BTN (,000) 5208.82 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12 250.12
user USD (,000) 71.35 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43 3.43
-
BTN (,000) 794.01 803.79 862.80 925.11 990.91 1060.40 1133.78 1211.26 1293.09 1379.50
Net savings 5208.82
USD (,000) -71.35 10.88 11.01 11.82 12.67 13.57 14.53 15.53 16.59 17.71 18.90
Page 165
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Gelephu City
Year-
10
Baseline Scenario
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43
Annual Maintenance Cost BTN (,000) 122.20 129.04 136.27 143.90 151.96 160.47 169.46 178.94 188.97 199.55 210.72
BTN (,000) 1768.05 1867.06 1971.62 2082.03 2198.62 2321.74 2451.76 2589.06 2734.05 2887.15 3048.83
USD (,000) 24.22 25.58 27.01 28.52 30.12 31.80 33.59 35.47 37.45 39.55 41.76
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load off grid MW 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Annual Energy Consumption from
MWh/year 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Grid
Total Energy Savings Hr 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43 401.43
Annual Electricity Cost Savings BTN (,000) 1738.02 1835.35 1938.13 2046.66 2161.27 2282.31 2410.12 2545.08 2687.61 2838.11
BTN (,000) 1738.02 1835.35 1938.13 2046.66 2161.27 2282.31 2410.12 2545.08 2687.61 2838.11
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) 23.81 25.14 26.55 28.04 29.61 31.26 33.02 34.86 36.82 38.88
Page 166
Details Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Gelephu City
Savings
BTN (,000) - 1738.02 1835.35 1938.13 2046.66 2161.27 2282.31 2410.12 2545.08 2687.61 2838.11
Savings
BTN (,000) - 1738.02 1835.35 1938.13 2046.66 2161.27 2282.31 2410.12 2545.08 2687.61 2838.11
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) - 23.81 25.14 26.55 28.04 29.61 31.26 33.02 34.86 36.82 38.88
Investment
Original Investment
for Solar LED Street BTN (,000) 86762.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lights
Investment for LED
BTN (,000) 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.06
Failure
Investment for One
PKR (,000) 20.51 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
PKR (,000) 205.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
PKR (,000) 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26 10.26
Failure
Replacement cost of
BTN (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 34704.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
Installation Cost INR (,000) 611.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
BTN (,000) 87608.95 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 34715.12 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32 10.32
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1200.12 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 475.55 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.14
Subsidy/Grant % 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00
Subsidy/Grant from BTN (,000) 77095.88 9.08 9.08 9.08 9.08 30549.30 9.08 9.08 9.08 9.08 9.08
Page 167
Investment from end BTN (,000) 10513.07 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 4165.81 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24 1.24
user USD (,000) 144.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 57.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
-
BTN (,000) 1736.78 1834.11 1936.89 2045.42 -2004.54 2281.07 2408.88 2543.84 2686.37 2836.87
Net savings 10513.07
USD (,000) -144.01 23.79 25.12 26.53 28.02 -27.46 31.25 33.00 34.85 36.80 38.86
Page 168
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Gelephu City
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Gelephu City, Bhutan

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback Period (per end user) Years 50.42 45.38 40.33 35.29 30.25 25.21 20.17 15.13 10.08 5.04
Internal Rate of Return (per end user) % -32% -30% -28% -26% -23% -20% -16% -10% -2% 16%
BTN Million -9.22 -6.81 -4.41 -2.00 0.40 2.81 5.21 7.62 10.02 12.43
Net Present Value (per end user)
USD Million -0.13 -0.09 -0.06 -0.03 0.01 0.04 0.07 0.10 0.14 0.17
BTN Million 122.62 110.36 98.09 85.83 73.57 61.31 49.05 36.79 24.52 12.26
USD Million 1.68 1.51 1.34 1.18 1.01 0.84 0.67 0.50 0.34 0.17
BTN Million 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62 122.62
USD Million 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68 1.68
Page 169
Annexure-8:
Techno Financial Case Study of Hyderabad City of India
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Hyderabad City
Existing/Baseline Scenario
Annual Electricity Bill INR Million 1793.200 1886.27 1984.16 2087.14 2195.47 2309.41 2429.27 2555.35 2687.97 2827.48 2974.22
Annual Maintenance Cost INR Million 315 331.35 348.55 366.63 385.66 405.68 426.73 448.88 472.18 496.68 522.46
INR Million 2108 2218 2333 2454 2581 2715 2856 3004 3160 3324 3497
USD Million 28.49 29.97 31.52 33.16 34.88 36.69 38.59 40.60 42.70 44.92 47.25
Proposed Scenario
Annual Electricity Bill INR Million - 940.6 1040.8 1094.8 1151.6 1211.4 1274.2 1340.4 1409.9 1483.1 1560.1
Annual Maintenance Cost INR Million - 60.0 66.4 69.8 73.5 77.3 81.3 85.5 89.9 94.6 99.5
INR Million - 1000.6 1107.2 1164.6 1225.1 1288.6 1355.5 1425.9 1499.9 1577.7 1659.6
USD Million 0.00 13.52 14.96 15.74 16.55 17.41 18.32 19.27 20.27 21.32 22.43
Page 170
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Hyderabad City
Savings
INR Million - 945.67 943.40 992.36 1043.86 1098.04 1155.03 1214.97 1278.03 1344.36 1414.13
Savings
Annual Maintenance
INR Million - 271.00 282.00 297.00 312.00 328.00 345.00 363.00 382.00 402.00 423.00
Cost Savings
INR Million - 1217.00 1226.00 1289.00 1356.00 1426.00 1500.00 1578.00 1660.00 1746.00 1837.00
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 16.45 16.56 17.42 18.33 19.28 20.28 21.33 22.44 23.60 24.83
Investment
Original Investment INR Million 830.78 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for Failure INR Million 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62
INR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
life replacement
INR Million 968.35 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62
Total Investment
USD Million 13.09 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from INR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment from end INR Million 968.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
user USD Million 13.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
INR Million -968.00 1200.00 1209.00 1273.00 1339.00 1410.00 1484.00 1562.00 1644.00 1730.00 1820.00
Net savings
USD Million -13.09 16.22 16.34 17.20 18.10 19.05 20.05 21.10 22.21 23.38 24.60
Page 171
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Hyderabad City
Baseline Scenario
Annual Maintenance Cost INR Million 315 331.35 348.55 366.63 385.66 405.68 426.73 448.88 472.18 496.68 522.46
INR Million 2108 2218 2333 2454 2581 2715 2856 3004 3160 3324 3497
USD Million 28.49 29.97 31.52 33.16 34.88 36.69 38.59 40.60 42.70 44.92 47.25
Proposed Scenario
due to timely switch ON and Hr - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Off
Annual Maintenance Cost INR Million 60.0 63.1 66.4 69.8 73.5 77.3 81.3 85.5 89.9 94.6 99.5
INR Million 1000.6 1043.2 1107.2 1164.6 1225.1 1288.6 1355.5 1425.9 1499.9 1577.7 1659.6
USD Million 13.52 14.10 14.96 15.74 16.55 17.41 18.32 19.27 20.27 21.32 22.43
Page 172
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Hyderabad City
Savings
MWh/year - 125653 112944 106090 98881 91297 83320 74929 66102 56818 47051
with LED Retrofit
MWh/year - 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51 30.51
with CCMS Units
Annual Cost Savings with
INR Million - 906.16 943.40 992.36 1043.86 1098.04 1155.03 1214.97 1278.03 1344.36 1414.13
LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings with
INR Million - 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
INR Million - 268.23 282.16 296.80 312.20 328.41 345.45 363.38 382.24 402.08 422.95
Cost Savings
INR Million - 1174.61 1225.77 1289.38 1356.28 1426.66 1500.69 1578.57 1660.49 1746.65 1837.29
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 15.87 16.56 17.42 18.33 19.28 20.28 21.33 22.44 23.60 24.83
Investment
INR Million 830.78 - - - - - - - - - -
LED retrofit
Investment for LED
INR Million 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62 16.62
Failure
INR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
life replacement of LED
Investment for One
INR Million 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
CCMS Unit
INR Million 469.00 - - - - - - - - - -
CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
INR Million 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38
Failure
Page 173
life replacement of INR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS
INR Million 1446.75 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00 26.00
Total Investment
USD Million 19.55 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
user USD Million 19.55 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.35
-
INR Million 1148.62 1199.77 1263.38 1330.29 1400.67 1474.70 1552.57 1634.49 1720.66 1811.30
Net savings 1446.75
USD Million -19.55 15.52 16.21 17.07 17.98 18.93 19.93 20.98 22.09 23.25 24.48
Page 174
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Hyderabad City
Baseline Scenario
Annual Energy
MWh/year 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999 244999
Consumption
Annual Maintenance
INR Million 315.00 331.35 348.55 366.63 385.66 405.68 426.73 448.88 472.18 496.68 522.46
Cost
INR Million 2108.00 2218.00 2333.00 2454.00 2581.00 2715.00 2856.00 3004.00 3160.00 3324.00 3497.00
USD Million 28.49 29.97 31.52 33.16 34.88 36.69 38.59 40.60 42.70 44.92 47.25
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load
MW 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
(Off grid)
Annual Energy
MWh/year 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
INR Million - 1886.27 1984.16 2087.14 2195.47 2309.41 2429.27 2555.35 2687.97 2827.48 2974.22
Savings
INR Million - 1886.27 1984.16 2087.14 2195.47 2309.41 2429.27 2555.35 2687.97 2827.48 2974.22
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 25.49 26.81 28.2 29.67 31.21 32.83 34.53 36.32 38.21 40.19
Page 175
Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Hyderabad City
Savings
INR Million - 1886.27 1984.16 2087.14 2195.47 2309.41 2429.27 2555.35 2687.97 2827.48 2974.22
Savings
INR Million - 1886.27 1984.16 2087.14 2195.47 2309.41 2429.27 2555.35 2687.97 2827.48 2974.22
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 25.49 26.81 28.2 29.67 31.21 32.83 34.53 36.32 38.21 40.19
Investment
INR Million 34940.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED
INR Million 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
Failure
Investment for One
INR Million 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS Unit
INR Million 469.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
INR Million 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38 9.38
Failure
life replacement of INR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS
Replacement cost of
INR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 13976.11 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
Installation Cost INR Million 94.76 - - - - - - - - - -
INR Million 35513.44 9.39 9.39 9.39 9.39 13985.49 9.39 9.39 9.39 9.39 9.39
Total Investment
USD Million 479.91 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 188.99 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13
Subsidy/Grant % 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00 68.00
Page 176
user 153.57 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 60.48 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
-
INR Million 1883.26 1981.16 2084.14 2192.46 -2165.95 2426.26 2552.34 2684.97 2824.47 2971.22
Net savings 11364.30
USD Million -153.57 25.45 26.77 28.16 29.63 -29.27 32.79 34.49 36.28 38.17 40.15
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Hyderabad City
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Hyderabad City, India

Parameters UOM
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback
Years 18.83 16.94 15.06 13.18 11.30 9.41 7.53 5.65 3.77 1.88
Period (per end user)
Internal Rate of
Return (per end % -15% -13% -11% -8% -5% -1% 4% 12% 24% 55%
user)
Net Present Value INR Million -29017.02 -24442.81 -19868.59 -15294.37 -10720.15 -6145.94 -1571.72 3002.50 7576.72 12150.93
(per end user) USD Million -392.12 -330.31 -268.49 -206.68 -144.87 -83.05 -21.24 40.57 102.39 164.20
Total investment by INR Million 49583.43 44625.09 39666.74 34708.40 29750.06 24791.71 19833.37 14875.03 9916.69 4958.34
end user USD Million 670.05 603.04 536.04 469.03 402.03 335.02 268.02 201.01 134.01 67.00
Total INR Million 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47 48916.47
programme/Project
USD Million 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03 661.03
cost
Page 177
Annexure-9:
Techno Financial Case Study of Male City of Maldives
Case:1 Replacement of Conventional Lighting Fixtures with LED based E Lighting System without CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Male City
Annual Electricity Bill MVR (,000) 1428.98 1434.69 1440.43 1446.19 1451.98 1457.78 1463.62 1469.47 1475.35 1481.25 1487.17
Annual Maintenance Cost MVR (,000) 770.00 773.08 776.17 779.28 782.39 785.52 788.67 791.82 794.99 798.17 801.36
MVR (,000) 2198.98 2207.77 2216.60 2225.47 2234.37 2243.31 2252.28 2261.29 2270.34 2279.42 2288.53
USD (,000) 142.79 143.36 143.94 144.51 145.09 145.67 146.25 146.84 147.42 148.01 148.61
Proposed Scenario
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10 197.10
Annual Electricity Bill MVR (,000) 857.39 864.26 867.71 871.19 874.67 878.17 881.68 885.21 888.75 892.30
Annual Maintenance Cost MVR (,000) 385.00 388.09 389.64 391.20 392.76 394.33 395.91 397.49 399.08 400.68
MVR (,000) 1242.39 1252.34 1257.35 1262.38 1267.43 1272.50 1277.59 1282.70 1287.83 1292.98
USD (,000) 80.67 81.32 81.65 81.97 82.30 82.63 82.96 83.29 83.63 83.96
Page 178
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Male City
Savings
Annual Electricity Cost Savings MVR (,000) - 577.31 576.17 578.48 580.79 583.11 585.45 587.79 590.14 592.50 594.87
Annual Maintenance Cost Savings MVR (,000) - 388.08 388.09 389.64 391.20 392.76 394.33 395.91 397.49 399.08 400.68
MVR (,000) - 965.39 964.26 968.12 971.99 975.88 979.78 983.70 987.63 991.58 995.55
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) - 62.69 62.61 62.86 63.12 63.37 63.62 63.88 64.13 64.39 64.65
Investment
Original Investment of LED MVR (,000) 950.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED Failure MVR (,000) 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
Investment for End-of-life replacement MVR (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Installation Cost MVR (,000) 250.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MVR (,000) 1219.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
Total Investment
USD (,000) 79.16 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MVR (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
USD (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MVR (,000) 1219.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00 19.00
USD (,000) 79.16 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23 1.23
MVR (,000) -1219.00 946.39 945.26 949.12 952.99 956.88 960.78 964.70 968.63 972.58 976.55
Net savings
USD (,000) -79.16 61.45 61.38 61.63 61.88 62.13 62.39 62.64 62.90 63.15 63.41
Page 179
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Male City
Parameter Units Year-0 Year-1

Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 Year-10
Baseline Scenario
Annual Maintenance Cost MVR (,000) 770.00 773.08 776.17 779.28 782.39 785.52 788.67 791.82 794.99 798.17 801.36
MVR (,000) 2198.98 2207.77 2216.60 2225.47 2234.37 2243.31 2252.28 2261.29 2270.34 2279.42 2288.53
USD (,000) 142.79 143.36 143.94 144.51 145.09 145.67 146.25 146.84 147.42 148.01 148.61
Proposed Scenario
Annual Energy Consumption MWh/year - 197.10 206.71 211.70 216.80 222.02 227.37 232.85 238.47 244.21 250.10
Number of CCMS Units No - 9.00
due to timely switch ON and Hr - 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50
Off
Annual Electricity Bill MVR (,000) - 857.39 864.26 867.71 871.19 874.67 878.17 881.68 885.21 888.75 892.30
Annual Maintenance Cost MVR (,000) - 385.00 388.09 389.64 391.20 392.76 394.33 395.91 397.49 399.08 400.68
MVR (,000) - 1242.39 1252.34 1257.35 1262.38 1267.43 1272.50 1277.59 1282.70 1287.83 1292.98
USD (,000) - 80.67 81.32 81.65 81.97 82.30 82.63 82.96 83.29 83.63 83.96
Page 180
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Male City
Year-
10
Savings
Annual Energy
Savings with LED MWh/year 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4 131.4
Retrofit
Annual Energy
Savings with CCMS MWh/year 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04
Units
Annual Cost Savings
MVR (,000) 577.31 576.17 578.48 580.79 583.11 585.45 587.79 590.14 592.5 594.87
with LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings
MVR (,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
with CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
MVR (,000) 388.08 388.09 389.64 391.2 392.76 394.33 395.91 397.49 399.08 400.68
Cost Savings
MVR (,000) 965.39 964.26 968.12 971.99 975.88 979.78 983.7 987.63 991.58 995.55
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) 62.69 62.61 62.86 63.12 63.37 63.62 63.88 64.13 64.39 64.65
Investment
Original Investment
MVR (,000) 950 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
for LED retrofit
Investment for LED
MVR (,000) 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19
Failure
Investment for End-
of-life replacement of MVR (,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LED
Investment for One
MVR (,000) 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2
CCMS Unit
Page 181
Year-
10
Original Investment
MVR (,000) 37.8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
for CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
MVR (,000) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76
Failure
Investment for End-
of-life replacement of MVR (,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CCMS
Installation Cost MVR (,000) 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
MVR (,000) 1261.76 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96
Total Investment
USD (,000) 81.93 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56
Subsidy/Grant % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subsidy/Grant from MVR (,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
external donors USD (,000) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Investment from end MVR (,000) 1261.76 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96 23.96
user USD (,000) 81.93 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56 1.56
-
MVR (,000) 941.43 940.3 944.16 948.03 951.92 955.82 959.74 963.68 967.63 971.59
Net savings 1261.76
USD (,000) -81.93 61.13 61.06 61.31 61.56 61.81 62.07 62.32 62.58 62.83 63.09
Page 182

Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Male City
Baseline Scenario
Annual Energy
MWh/year 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5 328.5
Consumption
Annual Maintenance Cost MVR (,000) 770 773.08 776.17 779.28 782.39 785.52 788.67 791.82 794.99 798.17 801.36
MVR (,000) 2198.98 2207.77 2216.6 2225.47 2234.37 2243.31 2252.28 2261.29 2270.34 2279.42 2288.53
USD (,000) 142.79 143.36 143.94 144.51 145.09 145.67 146.25 146.84 147.42 148.01 148.61
Proposed Scenario
Total Connected Load (Off
MW 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
grid)
Annual Energy
MWh/year 0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Number of CCMS Units No 9.00
MVR (,000) 1434.69 1440.43 1446.19 1451.98 1457.78 1463.62 1469.47 1475.35 1481.25 1487.17
Savings
MVR (,000) 1434.69 1440.43 1446.19 1451.98 1457.78 1463.62 1469.47 1475.35 1481.25 1487.17
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) 0 93.16 93.53 93.91 94.28 94.66 95.04 95.42 95.80 96.18 96.57
Page 183
Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Male City
Savings
MVR (,000) 1434.69 1440.43 1446.19 1451.98 1457.78 1463.62 1469.47 1475.35 1481.25 1487.17
Savings
MVR (,000) 1434.69 1440.43 1446.19 1451.98 1457.78 1463.62 1469.47 1475.35 1481.25 1487.17
Total Cost Savings
USD (,000) 0 93.16 93.53 93.91 94.28 94.66 95.04 95.42 95.8 96.18 96.57
Investment
MVR (,000) 25337.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED Failure MVR (,000) 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00
Investment for One CCMS
MVR (,000) 4.20 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Unit
MVR (,000) 37.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
MVR (,000) 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76 0.76
Failure
MVR (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement of CCMS
Replacement cost of
MVR (,000) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10135.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
Installation Cost MVR (,000) 500.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
MVR (,000) 25895.28 15.76 15.76 15.76 15.76 10150.77 15.76 15.76 15.76 15.76 15.76
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1681.51 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 659.14 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.02
Subsidy/Grant % 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00
Subsidy/Grant from MVR (,000) 19421.46 11.82 11.82 11.82 11.82 7613.07 11.82 11.82 11.82 11.82 11.82
Investment from end user MVR (,000) 6473.82 3.94 3.94 3.94 3.94 2537.69 3.94 3.94 3.94 3.94 3.94
Page 184
USD (,000) 420.38 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 164.79 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26 0.26
MVR (,000) -6473.82 1430.75 1436.49 1442.25 1448.04 -1079.91 1459.68 1465.53 1471.41 1477.31 1483.23
Net savings
USD (,000) -420.38 92.91 93.28 93.65 94.03 -70.12 94.78 95.16 95.55 95.93 96.31
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Male City
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Male City, Maldives

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback Period (per end
Years 18.05 16.24 14.44 12.63 10.83 9.02 7.22 5.41 3.61 1.80
user)
Internal Rate of Return (per end
% -20% -18% -15% -13% -9% -5% 0% 8% 21% 53%
user)
Net Present Value (per end MVR Million 3.61 4.50 5.39 6.28 7.17 8.06 8.95 9.84 10.73 11.62
user) USD Million 0.23 0.29 0.35 0.41 0.47 0.52 0.58 0.64 0.70 0.75
MVR Million 36.19 32.57 28.95 25.33 21.71 18.09 14.48 10.86 7.24 3.62
USD Million 2.35 2.11 1.88 1.64 1.41 1.17 0.94 0.70 0.47 0.23
MVR Million 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69 35.69
USD Million 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32 2.32
Page 185
Annexure-10:
Techno Financial Case Study of Kathmandu City of Nepal
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Kathmandu City
Annual Electricity Bill NPR Million 53.237 55.95 58.81 61.80 64.96 68.27 71.75 75.41 79.26 83.30 87.55
Annual Maintenance Cost NPR Million 4.43 4.65 4.89 5.14 5.40 5.68 5.97 6.27 6.59 6.93 7.28
NPR Million 57.66 60.61 63.70 66.94 70.36 73.95 77.72 81.68 85.85 90.23 94.83
USD Million 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80
Proposed Scenario
Annual Electricity Bill NPR Million - 28.5 31.5 33.1 34.8 36.6 38.4 40.4 42.5 44.6 46.9
Annual Maintenance Cost NPR Million - 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.3
NPR Million - 31.7 35.1 36.8 38.7 40.7 42.8 45.0 47.3 49.7 52.2
USD Million 0.00 0.27 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44
Page 186
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Kathmandu City
Year-
10
Savings
Annual Electricity Cost Savings NPR Million - 27.43 27.30 28.69 30.16 31.70 33.31 35.01 36.80 38.67 40.65
NPR Million - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Savings
NPR Million - 29.00 29.00 30.00 32.00 33.00 35.00 37.00 39.00 41.00 43.00
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 0.24 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.28 0.30 0.31 0.33 0.34 0.36
Investment
Original Investment of LED NPR Million 139.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED Failure NPR Million 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
NPR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement
Installation Cost NPR Million 8.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NPR Million 150.62 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
Total Investment
USD Million 1.28 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from external NPR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
donors USD Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NPR Million 150.62 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
USD Million 1.28 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
NPR Million -150.62 26.07 25.84 27.30 28.83 30.45 32.14 33.93 35.80 37.77 39.83
Net savings
USD Million -1.28 0.22 0.22 0.23 0.24 0.26 0.27 0.29 0.30 0.32 0.34
Page 187
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Kathmandu City
Baseline Scenario
NPR Million 57.66 60.61 63.70 66.94 70.36 73.95 77.72 81.68 85.85 90.23 94.83
USD Million 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80
Proposed Scenario
Avoided hours of Operation due to timely
Hr - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
switch ON and Off
Annual Electricity Bill NPR Million - 28.5 29.7 30.2 30.8 31.5 32.1 32.7 33.4 34.0 34.7
Annual Maintenance Cost NPR Million - 3.2 3.6 3.7 3.9 4.1 4.3 4.6 4.8 5.0 5.3
NPR Million - 31.7 33.2 34.0 34.8 35.6 36.4 37.3 38.2 39.1 40.0
USD Million 0.00 0.27 0.28 0.29 0.29 0.30 0.31 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.34
Page 188
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Kathmandu City
Year-
10
Savings
MWh/year 3386 3386 3386 3386 3386 3386 3386 3386 3386 3386
with LED Retrofit
MWh/year 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.91
with CCMS Units
Total Energy Savings MWh/year 3387 3387 3387 3387 3387 3387 3387 3387 3387 3387
Annual Cost Savings
NPR Million 27.431 29.144 31.556 34.109 36.811 39.67 42.694 45.892 49.273 52.848
with LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings
NPR Million 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.007
with CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
NPR Million 1.43 1.33 1.4 1.47 1.55 1.63 1.71 1.8 1.89 1.99
Cost Savings
NPR Million 28.87 30.48 32.96 35.59 38.37 41.3 44.41 47.7 51.17 54.84
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 0.24 0.26 0.28 0.3 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.4 0.43 0.46
Investment
Original Investment
NPR Million 139.8
for LED retrofit
Investment for LED
NPR Million 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8
Failure
life replacement of NPR Million 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
LED
Investment for One
NPR Million 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321 0.0321
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
NPR Million 5.72 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
for CCMS units
Page 189
Year-
10
Investment for CCMS
NPR Million 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
Failure
life replacement of NPR Million 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
CCMS
Installation Cost NPR Million 8.05 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NPR Million 156.48 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94
Total Investment
USD Million 1.33 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
Subsidy/Grant % 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Subsidy/Grant from NPR Million 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
external donors USD Million 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Investment from end NPR Million 156.48 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94 2.94
user USD Million 1.33 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02
NPR Million -156.48 25.93 27.54 30.02 32.65 35.42 38.36 41.47 44.75 48.23 51.9
Net savings
USD Million -1.33 0.22 0.23 0.25 0.28 0.3 0.33 0.35 0.38 0.41 0.44
Page 190

Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Kathmandu City
Baseline Scenario
NPR Million 57.66 60.61 63.70 66.94 70.36 73.95 77.72 81.68 85.85 90.23 94.83
USD Million 0.49 0.51 0.54 0.57 0.60 0.63 0.66 0.69 0.73 0.76 0.80
Proposed Scenario
Annual Electricity Cost Savings NPR Million - 55.952 58.805 61.804 64.956 68.269 71.751 75.410 79.256 83.298 87.546
NPR Million - 55.95 58.81 61.80 64.96 68.27 71.75 75.41 79.26 83.30 87.55
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0.00 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.74
Page 191
Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Kathmandu City
Year-
10
Savings
NPR Million - 55.952 58.805 61.804 64.956 68.269 71.751 75.41 79.256 83.298 87.546
Savings
NPR Million - 55.95 58.81 61.8 64.96 68.27 71.75 75.41 79.26 83.3 87.55
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 0.47 0.5 0.52 0.55 0.58 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.74
Investment
NPR Million 1457.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED
NPR Million 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.09
Failure
Investment for One
NPR Million 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS Unit
NPR Million 5.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
NPR Million 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
Failure
life replacement of NPR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS
Replacement cost of
NPR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 583.15 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
NPR Million 1479.02 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 583.35 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21
Total Investment
USD Million 12.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.94 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant % 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00 78.00
Page 192
Year-
10
Subsidy/Grant from NPR Million 1153.64 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 455.01 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Investment from end NPR Million 325.38 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 128.34 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
user USD Million 2.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NPR Million -325.38 55.91 58.76 61.76 64.91 -60.07 71.71 75.36 79.21 83.25 87.50
Net savings
USD Million -2.76 0.47 0.50 0.52 0.55 -0.51 0.61 0.64 0.67 0.71 0.74
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Kathmandu City
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Kathmandu City, Nepal

Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy SUbsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy Subsidy
Parameters UOM
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Years 26.43 23.79 21.15 18.5 15.86 13.22 10.57 7.93 5.29 2.64
(per end user)
% -21% -19% -17% -15% -12% -8% -3% 3% 14% 38%
(per end user)
Net Present Value (per NPR Million 113.5 169.9 226.3 282.7 339.0 395.4 451.8 508.1 564.5 620.9
Total investment by end NPR Million 2064.2 1857.8 1651.4 1445.0 1238.5 1032.1 825.7 619.3 412.8 206.4
user USD Million 17.5 15.7 14.0 12.3 10.5 8.8 7.0 5.3 3.5 1.8
Total programme/Project NPR Million 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0 2049.0
cost USD Million 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4 17.4
Page 193
Annexure-11:
Techno Financial Case Study of Islamabad City of Pakistan
Details of energy consumption and cost of operation for Case-1 is presented in the following table
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Islamabad City
Annual Electricity Bill PKR Million 581.915 638.36 700.28 768.21 842.72 924.47 1014.14 1112.51 1220.43 1338.81 1468.67
Annual Maintenance Cost PKR Million 160 175.08 192.06 210.69 231.13 253.55 278.15 305.13 334.72 367.19 402.81
PKR Million 742 813 892 979 1074 1178 1292 1418 1555 1706 1871
USD Million 4.41 4.84 5.31 5.83 6.39 7.01 7.69 8.44 9.26 10.15 11.14
Proposed Scenario
Annual Electricity Bill PKR Million - 225.9 271.8 298.2 327.1 358.9 393.7 431.9 473.8 519.7 570.1
Annual Maintenance Cost PKR Million - 95.8 115.2 126.4 138.7 152.1 166.9 183.1 200.8 220.3 241.7
PKR Million - 321.7 387.1 424.6 465.8 511.0 560.6 615.0 674.6 740.0 811.8
USD Million - 1.91 2.30 2.53 2.77 3.04 3.34 3.66 4.02 4.40 4.83
Page 194
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Islamabad City
Savings
Annual Electricity Cost Savings PKR Million - 412.462 428.433 469.991 515.580 565.591 620.454 680.638 746.659 819.085 898.537
Annual Maintenance Cost Savings PKR Million - 79 77 84 92 101 111 122 134 147 161
PKR Million - 492 505 554 608 667 732 803 881 966 1060
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 2.93 3.01 3.30 3.62 3.97 4.36 4.78 5.24 5.75 6.31
Investment
Original Investment of LED PKR Million 437.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment for LED Failure PKR Million 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74
Investment for End-of-life replacement PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Installation Cost PKR Million 19.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PKR Million 464.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74
Total Investment
USD Million 2.77 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
USD Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PKR Million 464.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74
USD Million 2.77 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
PKR Million -464.74 483.04 496.52 545.53 599.29 658.27 722.97 793.95 871.81 957.22 1,050.92
Net savings
USD Million -2.77 2.88 2.96 3.25 3.57 3.92 4.30 4.73 5.19 5.70 6.26
Page 195
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Islamabad City
Parameter Units Year-0 Year-1

Year-2 Year-3 Year-4 Year-5 Year-6 Year-7 Year-8 Year-9 Year-10
Baseline Scenario
PKR Million 581.915 638.36 700.28 768.21 842.72 924.47 1014.14 1112.51 1220.43 1338.81 1468.67
Annual Electricity Bill
USD Million 3.464 3.800 4.168 4.573 5.016 5.503 6.037 6.622 7.264 7.969 8.742
PKR Million 159.60 175.08 192.06 210.69 231.13 253.55 278.15 305.13 334.72 367.19 402.81
USD Million 0.950 1.042 1.143 1.254 1.376 1.509 1.656 1.816 1.992 2.186 2.398
PKR Million 742 813 892 979 1074 1178 1292 1418 1555 1706 1871
USD Million 4.41 4.84 5.31 5.83 6.39 7.01 7.69 8.44 9.26 10.15 11.14
Proposed Scenario
Hr - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
PKR Million - 225.9 271.8 298.2 327.1 358.9 393.7 431.9 473.8 519.7 570.1
Annual Electricity Bill
USD Million - 1.34 1.62 1.78 1.95 2.14 2.34 2.57 2.82 3.09 3.39
PKR Million - 95.8 115.2 126.4 138.7 152.1 166.9 183.1 200.8 220.3 241.7
USD Million - 0.57 0.69 0.75 0.83 0.91 0.99 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.44
PKR Million - 321.7 387.1 424.6 465.8 511.0 560.6 615.0 674.6 740.0 811.8
USD Million - 1.91 2.30 2.53 2.77 3.04 3.34 3.66 4.02 4.40 4.83
Page 196
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Islamabad City
Savings
Annual Energy
Savings with LED MWh/year - 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20 17257.20
Retrofit
Annual Energy
Units
Total Energy
MWh/year - 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71 17260.71
Savings
Annual Cost PKR Million - 412.46 428.43 469.99 515.58 565.59 620.45 680.64 746.66 819.09 898.54
Savings with LED
USD Million - 2.46 2.55 2.80 3.07 3.37 3.69 4.05 4.44 4.88 5.35
Retrofit
Annual Cost PKR Million - 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07
Savings with CCMS
USD Million - 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
units
Annual PKR Million - 79.32 76.83 84.28 92.45 101.42 111.26 122.05 133.89 146.88 161.12
Maintenance Cost
USD Million - 0.47 0.46 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.66 0.73 0.80 0.87 0.96
Savings
PKR Million - 491.86 505.33 554.34 608.11 667.08 731.78 802.76 880.62 966.03 1059.73
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 2.93 3.01 3.30 3.62 3.97 4.36 4.78 5.24 5.75 6.31
Investment
Original
Investment for LED PKR Million 437.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
retrofit
Page 197
Investment for LED

PKR Million 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74 8.74
Failure
Investment for
End-of-life PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement of LED
Investment for One
PKR Million 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
CCMS Unit
Original
Investment for PKR Million 22.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS units
Investment for
PKR Million 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
CCMS Failure
Investment for
End-of-life
PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
replacement of
CCMS
PKR Million 487.91 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24
Total Investment
USD Million 2.90 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
from external
USD Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
donors
Investment from PKR Million 487.91 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24 9.24
end user USD Million 2.90 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
PKR Million -487.91 482.62 496.09 545.10 598.87 657.85 722.55 793.52 871.38 956.80 1050.49
Net savings
USD Million -2.90 2.87 2.95 3.24 3.56 3.92 4.30 4.72 5.19 5.70 6.25
Page 198

Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Islamabad City
Baseline Scenario
Annual Electricity Bill PKR Million 581.915 599.43 617.47 636.06 655.20 674.93 695.24 716.17 737.72 759.93 782.80
Annual Maintenance Cost PKR Million 160 175.08 192.06 210.69 231.13 253.55 278.15 305.13 334.72 367.19 402.81
PKR Million 742 775 810 847 886 928 973 1021 1072 1127 1186
USD Million 4.41 4.61 4.82 5.04 5.28 5.53 5.79 6.08 6.38 6.71 7.06
Proposed Scenario
Annual Energy Consumption from Grid MWh/year 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Annual Electricity Cost Savings PKR Million - 599.430 617.473 636.059 655.204 674.926 695.241 716.168 737.725 759.930 782.804
PKR Million - 599.43 617.47 636.06 655.20 674.93 695.24 716.17 737.72 759.93 782.80
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 3.57 3.68 3.79 3.90 4.02 4.14 4.26 4.39 4.52 4.66
Page 199
Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Islamabad City
Savings
PKR Million - 599.43 617.47 636.06 655.20 674.93 695.24 716.17 737.73 759.93 782.80
Savings
PKR Million - 599.43 617.47 636.06 655.20 674.93 695.24 716.17 737.72 759.93 782.80
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 3.57 3.68 3.79 3.90 4.02 4.14 4.26 4.39 4.52 4.66
Investment
Original Investment
for Solar LED Street PKR Million 8157.75 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lights
Investment for LED
PKR Million 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.28
Failure
Investment for One
PKR Million 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
PKR Million 22.67 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
PKR Million 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45 0.45
Failure
life replacement of PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS
Replacement cost of
PKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3263.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
PKR Million 8227.87 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 3263.83 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
Total Investment
USD Million 48.98 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 19.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant % 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00 60.00
Page 200
Subsidy/Grant from
PKR Million 4936.72 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 1958.30 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44 0.44
external donors
Investment from end PKR Million 3291.15 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 1305.53 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29 0.29
user USD Million 19.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.77 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PKR Million -3291.15 599.14 617.18 635.77 654.91 -630.61 694.95 715.87 737.43 759.64 782.51
Net savings
USD Million -19.59 3.57 3.67 3.78 3.90 -3.75 4.14 4.26 4.39 4.52 4.66
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Islamabad City
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Islamabad City, Pakistan

Parameters UOM 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Simple Payback
Period (per end Years 13.73 12.35 10.98 9.61 8.24 6.86 5.49 4.12 2.75 1.37
user)
Internal Rate of
Return (per end % -11% -9% -7% -4% 0% 4% 10% 19% 34% 74%
user)
Net Present Value PKR Million 2,362.50 2,588.10 2,813.60 3,039.20 3,264.70 3,490.20 3,715.80 3,941.30 4,166.90 4,392.40
(per end user) USD Million 14.10 15.40 16.70 18.10 19.40 20.80 22.10 23.50 24.80 26.10
Total investment PKR Million 11,498.30 10,348.50 9,198.60 8,048.80 6,899.00 5,749.20 4,599.30 3,449.50 2,299.70 1,149.80
by end user USD Million 1.00 0.90 0.80 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10
Total PKR Million 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90 11,423.90
programme/Project
USD Million 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20 64.20
cost
Page 201
Annexure-12:
Techno Financial Case Study of Colombo City of Sri Lanka
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Colombo City
Annual Electricity Bill LKR Million 224.537 238.46 253.24 268.94 285.62 303.33 322.13 342.11 363.32 385.84 409.76
Annual Maintenance Cost LKR Million 13 14.31 15.20 16.14 17.14 18.21 19.34 20.54 21.81 23.16 24.60
LKR Million 238 253 268 285 303 322 341 363 385 409 434
USD Million 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.43 1.51 1.61 1.71 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17
Proposed Scenario
Annual Electricity Bill LKR Million - 106.5 120.1 127.5 135.4 143.8 152.7 162.2 172.2 182.9 194.3
Annual Maintenance Cost LKR Million - 10.5 11.8 12.5 13.3 14.1 15.0 15.9 16.9 18.0 19.1
LKR Million - 116.9 131.9 140.0 148.7 157.9 167.7 178.1 189.2 200.9 213.4
USD Million 0.00 0.58 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.07
Page 202
Details of Case-1 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Colombo City
Savings
Annual Energy
MWh/year - 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946
Savings
Annual Electricity
LKR Million - 132.006 133.181 141.438 150.207 159.52 169.411 179.914 191.069 202.915 215.496
Cost Savings
Annual Maintenance
LKR Million - 4 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6
Cost Savings
LKR Million - 136 137 145 154 164 174 185 196 208 221
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - - - - - - - - - - -
Investment
Original Investment
LKR Million 345.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of LED
Investment for LED
LKR Million 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91
Failure
Investment for End-
LKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of-life replacement
Installation Cost LKR Million 11.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LKR Million 363.87 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1820.0 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant from LKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment from end LKR Million 363.87 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91
user USD (,000) 1820.0 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00 30.00
LKR Million -363.87 128.96 129.68 138.15 147.14 156.69 166.84 177.61 189.05 201.20 214.10
Net savings
USD Million -1.82 0.64 0.65 0.69 0.74 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.95 1.01 1.07
Page 203
Case-2: Replacement of Conventional Lighting Fixtures with LED based EE Lighting System with CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-2 for Colombo City

Baseline Scenario
LKR Million 238 253 268 285 303 322 341 363 385 409 434
USD Million 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.43 1.51 1.61 1.71 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17
Proposed Scenario
Hr - 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5
Annual Electricity Bill LKR Million - 106.5 120.1 127.5 135.4 143.8 152.7 162.2 172.2 182.9 194.3
Annual Maintenance Cost LKR Million - 10.5 11.8 12.5 13.3 14.1 15.0 15.9 16.9 18.0 19.1
LKR Million - 116.9 131.9 140.0 148.7 157.9 167.7 178.1 189.2 200.9 213.4
USD Million - 0.58 0.66 0.70 0.74 0.79 0.84 0.89 0.95 1.00 1.07
Page 204
Details Case-2 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Colombo City
Savings
Annual Energy
Savings with LED MWh/year - 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946 6946
Retrofit
Annual Energy
Units
Annual Cost Savings
LKR Million - 132.01 133.18 141.44 150.21 159.52 169.41 179.91 191.07 202.92 215.50
with LED Retrofit
Annual Cost Savings
LKR Million - 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03
with CCMS units
Annual Maintenance
LKR Million - 3.86 3.41 3.62 3.84 4.08 4.33 4.60 4.89 5.19 5.51
Cost Savings
LKR Million - 135.89 136.62 145.08 154.08 163.63 173.77 184.54 195.98 208.13 221.04
Total Cost Savings
USD Million - 0.68 0.68 0.73 0.77 0.82 0.87 0.92 0.98 1.04 1.11
Investment
Original Investment
LKR Million 345.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for LED retrofit
Investment for LED
LKR Million 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91 6.91
Failure
Investment for End-

of-life replacement LKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
of LED
Page 205
Investment for One
LKR Million 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
LKR Million 15.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for CCMS units
Investment for CCMS
LKR Million 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
Failure
Investment for End-
of CCMS
Installation Cost LKR Million 11.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
LKR Million 379.71 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27
Total Investment
USD (,000) 1900.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
Subsidy/Grant % 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Investment from end LKR Million 379.71 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27 7.27
user USD (,000) 1900.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 40.00
LKR Million -379.71 128.62 129.35 137.81 146.81 156.36 166.50 177.27 188.71 200.86 213.77
Net savings
USD Million -1.90 0.64 0.65 0.69 0.73 0.78 0.83 0.89 0.94 1.00 1.07
Page 206
Case:3 Solar Based Energy EE System with CCMS
Details of Energy consumption and Cost of operation in Case-3 for Colombo City
Baseline Scenario
LKR Million 238 253 268 285 303 322 341 363 385 409 434
USD Million 1.19 1.26 1.34 1.43 1.51 1.61 1.71 1.81 1.93 2.05 2.17
Proposed Scenario
Annual Electricity Cost Savings LKR Million - 238.458 253.243 268.944 285.618 303.327 322.133 342.105 363.316 385.841 409.764
LKR Million - 238.46 253.24 268.94 285.62 303.33 322.13 342.11 363.32 385.84 409.76
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0.00 1.19 1.27 1.34 1.43 1.52 1.61 1.71 1.82 1.93 2.05
Page 207
Details of Case-3 Energy savings, Cost savings and Investment for Colombo City
Savings
Annual Electricity
LKR Million - 238.46 253.24 268.94 285.62 303.33 322.13 342.11 363.32 385.84 409.76
Cost Savings
LKR Million - 238.46 253.24 268.94 285.62 303.33 322.13 342.11 363.32 385.84 409.76
Total Cost Savings
USD Million 0 1.19 1.27 1.34 1.43 1.52 1.61 1.71 1.82 1.93 2.05
Investment
Original Investment
for Solar LED Street LKR Million 5083.28 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Lights
Investment for LED
LKR Million 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
Failure
Investment for One
LKR Million 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CCMS Unit
Original Investment
LKR Million 15.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
for CCMS units
Investment for
LKR Million 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31 0.31
CCMS Failure
Investment for End-
of CCMS
Replacement cost of
LKR Million 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2033.31 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Battery
LKR Million 5118.79 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 2033.74 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43
Total Investment
USD Million 25.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Subsidy/Grant % 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00 75.00
Page 208
Investment from LKR Million 1279.70 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 508.43 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
end user USD Million 6.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-
LKR Million 238.35 253.14 268.84 285.51 -205.11 322.03 342.00 363.21 385.73 409.66
Net savings 1279.70
USD Million -6.40 1.19 1.27 1.34 1.43 -1.03 1.61 1.71 1.82 1.93 2.05
Results of Case-3 techno financial analysis for Colombo City
Results of Case-3 Techno Financial Analysis for Colombo City, Sri Lanka
Parameters UOM
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
Years 21.47 19.32 17.17 15.03 12.88 10.73 8.59 6.44 4.29 2.15
(per end user)
% -16% -14% -12% -10% -7% -3% 2% 9% 21% 49%
(per end user)
Net Present Value (per LKR Million 943.63 1122.83 1302.03 1481.23 1660.43 1839.63 2018.84 2198.04 2377.24 2556.44
Total investment by end LKR Million 7156.37 6440.73 5725.1 5009.46 4293.82 3578.19 2862.55 2146.91 1431.27 715.64
user USD Million 35.78 32.2 28.63 25.05 21.47 17.89 14.31 10.73 7.16 3.58
Total programme/Project LKR Million 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37 7156.37
cost USD Million 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78 35.78
Page 209

Draft Report of EE Solarisation of Street Lighting - Rev4 - 04.07.2022 - No Markup

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Draft Report of EE Solarisation of Street Lighting - Rev4 - 04.07.2022 - No Markup

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Draft Report of EE Solarisation of Street Lighting - Rev4 - 04.07.2022 - No Markup

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

SAARC Energy Centre

Efficiency Enhancement and

2.6.5 Typical Specifications of Street Lighting System ...................................................................... 44

4 Recommendations and Conclusions .......................................................................................... 109

Table- 1: Currency Exchange Rates ........................................................................................................ 5

Figure- 1: Cut-off arrangements of Street Lighting................................................................................. 7

ADB Asian Development Bank

NDC Nationally Determined Contributions

i. Global Overview of Street Lighting:

a) The penetrations of technology and implementation status of Efficiency enhancement and

Control & Monitoring

Scenario-1: Business As Usual (BAU)

Scenario-2: Efficiency Enhancement with LED based EE fixtures with CCMS

Table ES: 2 Energy Saving Potential in Street Lighting SAARC Region

Energy Saving Potential Energy Saving

iii. Selection of municipality for Case Study

Table ES: 3 Selected Municipalities for Case Study

S No Country City selected Municipality Name

1 Afghanistan Kabul Kabul Municipality

iv. Techno-financial Analysis of selected municipalities:

Table ES: 4 Summary of Techno-financial Analysis-1

1.2 Rationale and Objectives of the Study

1.3 Scope of the Study

e. Preparation of detailed techno-financial analysis for each or combination of technology

1.4 Approach and Methodology

d. Task-4: Development of case study based detailed cost benefit analysis:

e. Task-5: Report Preparation:

1.5 Limitations and Assumptions

1.6 Currency Exchange Rates

2 Technology Status of Street Lighting

2.1.1 Basic Terminology of Lighting System

 Lumen output (Lm): Amount of light emitted by the light source.

 Lifetime (hours): Lifetime of LEDs is measured differently than conventional lighting

2.1.2 Lamp / Luminaire Technologies

ii. Gas Discharge Lamps:

Figure- 3: A Typical Fluorescent Lamp (FTL)7

b) Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL):

c) Mercury Vapour Lamps (MV):

d) Sodium Vapour Lamps (SV):

Figure- 6: A Typical Sodium Vapour Lamp (SV)

Figure- 7: A Typical Metal Halide Lamp (MH)

iii. Light Emitting Diode (LED Lamps):

Advantages of LED street lighting:

 No warm up needed (no time delay to reach optimum brightness levels)

Disadvantages of LED street lighting:

2.1.3 Street Lighting Control Systems

b) Centralized control and Monitoring system with IOT

 Schedule the timing of lights (pre-programmed based on astronomical clock or on field or

2.1.4 Street Lighting Control Strategies

a) Astronomical / Almanac timer

2.2 Global Practices in Smart Street Lighting Systems

2.2.1 Status of Global Practices in Smart Street Lighting Systems

2.2.2 Success Drivers for EE Street Lighting

2.2.3 Street Lighting Poles for Technology Convergence

10 VAS – value added service

Source: (India.com, 2018) Source: (Hindu, 2021)

2.3 Energy Efficiency Practices in SAARC Region

Solarization of Street Lighting in Bangladesh:

Figure- 12: Solar Street Lighting of Chirirbandar roads, Bangladesh14