EFFICACY OF UJJAYI PRANAYAMA ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN

ADULTS – A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL

By

Dr. S.VINUDHA,B.N.Y.S
Reg.461612005

Dissertation Submitted to the

Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF MEDICINE
IN
YOGA

Under the Guidance of

Dr. S. T. VENKATESWARAN,
ND(OSM),MSC(Y&N),PGDY,PGDM,DNHE,
Prof. & Head
PG.Department of Yoga
Government Yoga& Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital,
Arumbakkam,Chennai- 600106
2016 - 2019
 TAMILNADU Dr. M. G. R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “EFFICACY OF UJJAYI

PRANAYAMA ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A RANDOMIZED

CONTROLLED TRIAL” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S.VINUDHA

in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of M.D. Yoga.

Dr. S. T. VENKATESWARAN
Date: ND(OSM),MSC(Y&N),PGDY,PGDM,DNHE,
Place: Prof. & HoD
PG. Dept. of Yoga
GYNMC & H, Arumbakkam, Chennai

i
 TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU

ENDORSEMENT BY THE HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

This is to certify that the dissertation “EFFICACY OF UJJAYI PRANAYAMA

ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A RANDOMIZED

CONTROLLED TRIAL” is a bonafide research work done by Dr.S.VINUDHA

under the guidance of Dr. S. T. VENKATESWARAN, Professor & Head,

Department of Yoga, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital,

Arumbakkam, Chennai.

Dr. S. T. VENKATESWARAN
Date: ND(OSM),MSC(Y&N),PGDY,PGDM,DNHE,
Place: Prof. & HoD
PG. Dept. of Yoga
GYNMC & H, Arumbakkam, Chennai

ii
 TAMILNADU Dr. M.G.R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU

ENDORSEMENT BY THE PRINCIPAL / HEAD OF THE INSTITUTION

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “EFFICACY OF UJJAYI

PRANAYAMA ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A RANDOMIZED

CONTROLLED TRIAL” is a bonafide research work done by Dr. S.VINUDHA

under the guidance of Dr. S. T. VENKATESWARAN, Professor & Head,

Department of Yoga, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital,

Arumbakkam, Chennai.

Date: Dr. N. MANAVALAN

Place: Principal
GYNMC & H, Arumbakkam, Chennai

iii
 THE TAMILNADU Dr. M. G. R. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY,

CHENNAI, TAMIL NADU

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “EFFICACY OF UJJAYI

PRANAYAMA ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A RANDOMIZED

CONTROLLED TRIAL” is a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me

under the guidance of Dr. S. T. VENKATESWARAN, Prof. & Head, Department of

Yoga, Govt. Yoga & Naturopathy Medical College & Hospital, Arumbakkam, Chennai.

Dr. S.VINUDHA
Date:
Place: Post Graduate in Yoga
GYNMC & H, Arumbakkam, Chennai

iv
 INSTITUTIONAL ETHICS COMMITTEE
GOVERNMENT YOGA AND NATUROPATHY MEDICAL COLLEGE AND
HOSPITAL, CHENNAI – 600 106

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The Institutional Ethics Committee of Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical

College,reviewed and discussed the application for approval of the proposal “EFFICACY

OF UJJAYI PRANAYAMA ON HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A

RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL”, for project work submitted by

Dr.S.VINUDHA, 2nd year M.D. YOGA, Post Graduate,

Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College, Chennai – 600 106

The proposal is APPROVED.

v
 COPYRIGHT

DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE

I hereby declare that the Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai, Tamil

Nadu shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this Dissertation/Thesis in

print or electronic format for academic/research purpose.

Date: Dr. S.VINUDHA

Place: Post Graduate in Yoga
GYNMC & H, Arumbakkam, Chennai

©Tamil Nadu Dr. M. G. R. Medical University, Chennai

vi
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENT

Foremost, I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Manavalan, Principal, Govt. Yoga and

Naturopathy College, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106 for giving me this opportunity to pursue

my Post Graduation degree from this prestigious institute. I also extend my gratitude

towards Dr. S. T. Venkateswaran, HOD, Division of Yoga & Physical Therapeutics,

GYNMC, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106, for his constant support and encouragement. I also

thank Late Dr. R. S. Himeshwari H.O.D. Acupuncture and Energy Medicine for her

support. I express my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. Y. Rosy Ayda, AMO, Chennai in

manuscript preparation, Dr. R. Jain Raj, AMO for helping me throughout the statistical

analysis and its interpretations and Dr. P. Kumaresan, AMO for providing me valuable

suggestions needed for this study. I also thank all the teaching and non-teaching staff of this

institution for their support.

I would like to dedicate this dissertation, and the ability to persevere and finish, to my Lord.

Without His help, I would not have completed this task. To my husband, Mr. M.

Ravikumar, who came into my messy office at just the right moments to make me smile

and encourage me…thank you. To my son R. Vignesh, who have been with me through

this process. I also thank my parents Mr. Subramanian and Mrs. Vandarkuzhali

Subramanian and my brother S. Venkatesh for the encouragement, prayers, and moral

support along the way. I also acknowledge the support of all the subjects who participated

in the study.

Date: Dr. S.Vinudha

vii
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

TSH Thyroid Stimulating Hormone

T3 Tri-iodothyroxine

T4 Thyroxine

BMI Basal Metabolic Index

TRH Thyrotropin releasing Hormone

TSHR Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor

DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

CG Control Group

SG Study Group

MIT Monoiodotyrosin

DIT Diiodotyrosine

cAMP Cyclic Adenosine Mono Phosphate

TBG Thyroxine Binding Globulin

TBPA Thyroxine Binding Pre Albumin

SCH Sub Clinical Hypothyroidism

viii
 ABSTRACT

Objective: The intended research work aims to evaluate the effect of 12 week Ujjayi

pranayama on Hypothyroidism in adults and to compare the changes in BMI and Thyroid

Function Test [Tri- iodothyronine T3,Thyroxine T4, Thyroid-stimulating hormone]

before and after Psychic breathing technique .Many studies reported that the practice of

yoga, especially pranayama‘ influences BMI. The current study was conducted to

determine the effect of practicing Ujjayi Pranayama on Hypothyroidism in Adults,

followed by monitoring BMI and Thyroid Function Test.

Study Design: The current research work employed A Randomized Controlled Trail.

Method:

Potential subject will be screened and eligible patients will be recruited for the study.A

minimum of 60 participants in Study group and minimum of 60 participants in Control

group belonging within the age group of 18-55 participate in the study. After obtaining

informed consent both the group will be subjected to general measures like BMI, Thyroid

Function Test before and after the study. The study Group will be subjected to Ujjayi

Pranayama for 15 minutes twice a day for 6 days a week for 12 weeks.

Result:

Results of the pre and post measurements on T3, T4, TSH, Body weight and BMI among

Ujjai pranayama along with standard drug group for a period of 90 days shows that Body

weight was reduced and T3 got raised statistically significant after the yoga intervention

ix
where as T4 doesn’t show’s any statistical significance after the yoga intervention. Even

though in yoga intervention group T4 doesn’t show statistical significance its mean value

raised to a marked level from 8.05 to 8.54 mg/dl .This shows that ujjai pranayama is

influencing the T4 secretion. TSH level reduced significantly after the practice of ujjai

pranayama for a period of 90 days.

Conclusion:

This study showed that 90 days of Ujjayi Pranayama reduced Body mass index and

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3 ) and no significant

differences in Thyroxine (T4) hypothyroid patients. This revealed that yoga practice has

significant role in improvement in the weight reduction. Further research need in this

field with a larger sample size and duration is warranted to reveal accurate changes in this

field.

Keywords:

Hypothyroidism, Ujjayi Pranayama, Basal Metabolic Index, Thyroid Stimulating

Hormone,

x
 Table of contents

Sl. No. INDEX Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 7

3 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 8

4 MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 48

5 RESULTS 56

6 DISCUSSION 62

7 CONCLUSION 63

8 SUMMARY 64

9 REFERENCES 66

10 ANNEXURE 76

xi
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No Topic Page No

1 Representation of pre and post variables between 58

groups

2 The Descriptive Analysis between groups 59

3 Equality of variances using independent T test 60

xii
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO

1 Anatomy of thyroid gland 8
2 Prevalence of different types of thyroid disorders 9
3 Flow chart of HPT axis 11
4 Microscopic representation of thyroid follicles 13
5 Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis 15
6 Feedback mechanism of thyroid system 16
7 Schematic representation of thyroid hormone secretion 18
8 Symptoms of hypothyroidism 24
9 Study Design Plane 50
10 Gender distribution within study group 56
11 Gender distribution between control and study group 57

xiii
 1.0 INTRODUCTION

Hypothyroidism is defined as a clinical state resulting from insufficient secretion of the

thyroid hormone from thyroid gland due to some of the structural or functional

impairment of the thyroid hormone production(1). The thyroid gland is located inside the

neck, just below adam’s apple and It produces two thyroid hormones, triodothyronine

(T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate the body metabolic rate(2). Hypothyroidism

affects all the organ systems and main clinical findings are fatigue, weakness, dryness,

coarseness of the skin, cold intolerance, swelling of extremities, lack of concentration,

memory, constipation and weight gain, menorrhagia, paresthesia, hearing disorder,diffuse

alopecia, bradycardia, delayed relaxation of tendon reflexes, carpel tunnel syndrome,

serous cavitary effusion(3).There are intricate feedback mechanisms between the thyroid

and anterior pituitary, hypothyroidism is classified as primary when thyroxin (T4) and

triiodothyronine (T3) levels are low but levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

secreted by anterior pituitary high(4). It is classified as secondary when TSH is low and

T4 and T3 levels are high and presents a large epidemiological burden in India(5).

Imbalance in production of thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH) or hypothalamus, which

regulates the pituitary gland via thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH)(6). Thyroid

disorders can range from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no

treatment to life threatening cancer(7). The most common thyroid problems involve

abnormal production leads to hypothyroidism, as the result of subtle and non specific

clinical symptoms and signs, the condition often go undiagnosed and are not adequately

treated when it is detected(8). There is heterogeneity in the diagnostic and treatment

approaches to hypothyroidism(9). As a result of the physiological changes in thyroid

hormones with age and illness, it is important to tailor the diagnosis and management of

1
this condition in specific populations including pregnant women, infants, children,

geriatric patients, and those with comorbid conditions(10).

1.1 YOGA

Yoga is an art and scince of healthy living. The word ‘Yoga’ is derived from the Sanskrit

root ‘Yuj’, meaning ‘to join’ or ‘to yoke’ or ‘to unite’. As per Yogic scriptures the

practice of Yoga leads to the union of individual consciousness with that of the Universal

Consciousness, indicating a perfect harmony between the mind and body, Man &

Nature(11). The aim of Yoga is Self-realization, to overcome all kinds of sufferings

leading to 'the state of liberation' (Moksha) or ‘freedom’ (Kaivalya). Living with freedom

in all walks of life, health and harmony shall be the main objectives of Yoga practice.

"Yoga” also refers to an inner science comprising of a variety of methods through which

human beings can realize this union and achieve mastery over their destiny (12). Yoga,

being widely considered as an ‘immortal cultural outcome’ of Indus Saraswati Valley

civilization dating back to 2700 B.C., has proved itself catering to both material and

spiritual upliftment of humanity. Basic humane values are the very identity of Yoga

Sadhana. Yoga is also commonly understood as a therapy or exercise system for health

and fitness. While physical and mental health is natural consequences of yoga, the goal of

yoga is more far-reaching (13). "Yoga is about harmonizing oneself with the universe. It

is the technology of aligning individual geometry with the cosmic, to achieve the highest

level of perception and harmony.”

Patanjali’s definition of yoga

The great sage Patanjali, in the system of Raja Yoga, gave one of the best definitions of

yoga. He said, ‘Yoga is the blocking (nirodha) of mental modifications (chitta vritti) so

that the seer (drashta) re-identifies with the (higher) Self. Patanjali’s system has come to
2
be the epitome of Classical Yoga Philosophy and is one of the 7 major philosophies of

India(14). Patanjali gives a wide range of techniques that slowly harmonizes the mind

and gradually induces more subtle perception. However, the main path of Patanjali is

contained within eight fundamental stages. The first five are:

 Yama (social code)

 Niyama (personal code)

 Asana (sitting pose)

 Pranayama (control of prana)

 Pratyahara (sense withdrawal)

These first five stages are the esoteric/bahiranga (external) practices of yoga. They

progressively prepare the body-mind for the last stages:

 Dharana (concentration)

 Dhyana (meditation)

 Samadhi (superconsciousness)

These last three stages are the esoteric or antaranga (internal) practices of yoga. The first

five stages negate consciousness, whilst the last three stages expand consciousness.

1.2 PRANAYAMA

Practicing Pranayama helps in controlling the breath. The terminology was coined from

the two root words namely ‘prana’ meaning ‗vital energy‘ and ayama’ meaning

extension/breath‘. The practice of pranayama cannot be considered as a simplified

breathing exercise; rather it aims at channeling the flow of excess oxygen into the lungs,

3
thereby, transporting it to all the systemic organs of the body(15).In the pranayama

practices there are four important aspects of breathing which are utilized. These are:

 Pooraka or inhalation

 Rechaka or exhalation

 Antarkunbhaka or internal breath retention

 Bahirkumbhaka or external breath retention.

As Yoga was globally regarded as The ancient Indian science‘ which comprised of

practices, which involved specific postures (asanas) and regulated breathing

(Pranayama). There were reports suggesting different types of pranayama exhibiting

different autonomic and cardiac responses among healthy humans(16). Many reports

claimed that the practice of pranayama aids in eliminating the toxins away from the body

and helps in maintaining a good health. There are different variations/types of pranayama

such as

 AnulomVilom Pranayama

 Bahya Pranayama

 Bhastrika Pranayama

 Bhramari Pranayama

 Digra Pranayama

 Kapalbhati Pranayama

 NadiSodhana Pranayama

 Shitali Pranayama

 Udgit Pranayama

 Ujjayi Pranayama

4
1.3 GHERANDA SAMHITA

Gheranda Samhita is a Sanskrit text of Yoga in Hinduism and it is one of the three

classic texts of hatha yoga . The Gheranda Samhita calls itself a book on ghatastha yoga,

which literally means "vessel yoga", wherein the body and mind are depicted as vessels

that carry and serve the soul (atman, purusha). The text teaches a seven limbed. Gheranda

Samhita is a step by step detailed manual of yoga taught by sage Gheranda to student

Chanda.[14] Unlike other hatha yoga texts, the Gheranda Samhita speaks of a sevenfold

Yoga and Pranayama is one of the important practice explained in this text

1.4 UJJAYI PRANAYAMA – The Psychic Breath

Ujjayi Prananaya or the psychic breath soothes the mind and induces a meditative

state. Ujjayi means to ‘lift up’. In Ujjayi pranayama, the chest is slightly lifted up as if

the inhalation is done from the throat. Ujjayipranayama is mentioned in the yoga

text Hatha Yoga Pradeepika and in the Gheranda Samhita. The Procedure of Ujjayi

pranayama or Psychic breathing according to Gherenda Samhita:

 Sit in a comfortable meditative pose Siddhasana or Swastikasana, or Vajrasana.

 Contract the glottis, so that the passage of the throat is partially closed

 Roll the tongue up and let the lower side of the tongue touch the upper palate

 Breath in slowly through the throat, amking a slight hissing snoring sound.

 When the inhalation is complete, swallow the breath and perform Jalandhara

Bandha( the chin lock)

 Retain the breath inside for asa long as you are comfortable

 Reseale the chin lock (Jalandhara Bandha) and exhale through both the nostrils.

 This is one round od Ujjayi Pranayama. Do as many rounds as comfortable for 15

Benefits of Ujjayi Pranayama[8]

5
The current study focuses on Ujjayi pranayama on adult hypothyroidism and its impact

on BMI and Thyroid Function Test. Thus Ujjaiyi is considered as supportive and

complimentary therapy in conjunction with medical therapy for the treatment of

hypothyroid disorder. Though Ujjayi pranayama is being widely used as a yoga therapy

for various diseases in Yogic system of medicine, to the best of our knowledge, there is

lack of scientific evidence in reporting the effect of Ujjayi pranayama on adult

Hypothyroidism. Hence the rationale is to observe the changes in BMI and Thyroid

profile in adult Hypothyroidism.

6
 2.0 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

2.1 AIM

The aim of this study was to asses the effect of Ujjayi pranayama on adult

Hypothyroidism

2.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

2.2.1 Primary Objective:

To evaluate the effect of 12 week Ujjayi Pranayama on Hypothyroidism adult

patients (in- and out-patients) of Government Yoga and Naturopathy Hospital,

Arumbakkam, Chennai.

2.2.2 Secondary Objective: To compare the changes in BMI and Thyroid Function

Test – [ Tri-iodothyronine T4, Throxine T4,Thyroid stimulating hormone] befor

and after the Ujjayi Pranayama (Psychic breathing technique).

7
 3.0 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3.1 HYPOTHYROIDISM

Hypothyroidism is defined as a clinical state resulting from insufficient secretion of the

thyroid hormone from thyroid gland due to some of the structural or functional

impairment of the thyroid hormone production(14). The thyroid gland is located inside

the neck, just below adam’s apple. It produces two thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine

(T3) and thyroxine (T4), which regulate the body metabolic rate(17).

Figure 1 : Anatomy of thyroid gland

There are intricate feedback mechanisms between the thyroid and anterior pituitary,

hypothyroidism is classified as primary when thyroxin (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

levels are low but levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted by anterior

pituitary high. It is classified as secondary when TSH is low and T4 and T3 levels are

high(18).

8
3.2 PREVALENCE OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

The prevalence of hypothyroidism in developed countries is about 4% - 5%, when

compared to the western countries (UK,2%;USA,4.6%),a higher prevalence of

hypothyroidism is reported in India is around 10.95% . One in ten adults is said to have

hypothyroidism in India(19). In fact an estimated 108 million people in India suffer from

endocrine and metabolic disorders. Several of these diseases are caused by environmental

factors .therefore , their prevalence is several fold higher. Thyroid disorders are the most

common among all the endocrine diseases in India (20).

Figure 1 : Anatomy of thyroid gland

Hypothyroidism presents a large epidemiological burden in India. . Imbalance in

production of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ,or hypothalamus, which regulates the

pituitary gland via thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH). Thyroid disorders can range

from a small, harmless goiter (enlarged gland) that needs no treatment to life threatening

cancer. The most common thyroid problems involve abnormal production leads to
9
hypothyroidism(21). As a result of subtle and non specific clinical symptoms and signs,

the condition often go undiagnosed and are not adequately treated when it is detected.

There is heterogeneity in the diagnostic and treatment approaches to hypothyroidism. As

a result of the physiological changes in thyroid hormones with age and illness, it is

important to tailor the diagnosis and management of this condition in specific populations

including women, infants, children, geriatric patients, and those with comorbid

conditions(22).

3.3THE THYROID GLAND

Thyroid gland is an endocrine gland in the neck, consisting of two lobes connected by

an isthmus and is found at the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. The thyroid

gland secretes three hormones, namely the two thyroid

hormones (thyroxine/T4 and triiodothyronine/T3), and calcitonin(23). The thyroid

hormones primarily influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis. Calcitonin plays

an important role in calcium homeostasis. Hormonal output from the thyroid is regulated

by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secreted from the anterior pituitary gland, which

itself is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) produced by

the hypothalamus(24).

10
 Figure 3: Flow chart of HPT axis

Thyroid is affected by many diseases. Hypothyroidism is a state of insufficient thyroid

hormone production. the most common cause is iodine deficiency. Thyroid hormones are

important for development, and hypothyroidism secondary to iodine deficiency remains

the leading cause of preventable intellectual disability(25). In iodine-sufficient regions,

the most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also an

autoimmune disorder. In addition, the thyroid gland may also develop several types

of nodules and cancer.

11
3.3.1 BLOOD SUPPLY OF THYROID GLAND

The thyroid is supplied with arterial blood from the superior thyroid artery, a branch of

the external carotid artery, and the inferior thyroid artery, a branch of the thyro cervical

trunk, and sometimes by an anatomical variant the thyroid in an artery, which has a

variable origin(26). The superior thyroid artery splits into anterior and posterior branches

supplying the thyroid, and the inferior thyroid artery splits into superior and inferior

branches(27). The superior and inferior thyroid arteries join together behind the outer part

of the thyroid lobes(28). The venous blood is drained via superior and middle thyroid

veins, which drain to the internal jugular vein, and via the inferior thyroid veins(29). The

inferior thyroid veins originate in a network of veins and drain into the left and

right brachiocephalic veins(30). Both arteries and veins form a plexus between the two

layers of the capsule of the thyroid gland.

3.3.2 THE LYMPH SUPPLY

Lymphatic drainage frequently passes the pre laryngeal lymph nodes (located just above

the isthmus), and the pre tracheal and para tracheal lymph nodes(31).

3.3.3THE NERVOUS SUPPLY

The gland receives sympathetic nerve supply from the superior, middle and inferior

cervical ganglion of the sympathetic trunk. The gland receives parasympathetic

nerve supply from the superior laryngeal nerve and the recurrent laryngeal nerve(32).

3.3.4 VARIATION:

Sometimes there is a third lobe present called the pyramidal lobe. This lobe often

stretches up the hyoid bone from the thyroid isthmus and may be one to several divided

12
lobes and it present in 18.3% to 44.6%. It mainly arises from the left side and

occasionally separated. The pyramidal lobe is also known as Lalouette's pyramid(33). A

small horn at the back of the thyroid lobes, usually close to the recurrent laryngeal nerve

and the inferior thyroid artery, is called Zuckerkandl's tubercle(34). Other variants

include a levator muscle of thyroid gland, connecting the isthmus to the body of the hyoid

bone and the presence of the small thyroid ima artery(35).

3.3.5 MICROANATOMY

Section of thyroid gland under the microscope:

1. Follicles

2. Follicular cells

3. Para follicular cells

Figure 4 : Microscopic representation of thyroid follicles

FOLLICLES

Thyroid follicles are small spherical groupings of cells 0.02–0.9mm in diameter that play

the main role in thyroid function(36). They consist of a rim that has a rich blood supply,

13
nerve and lymphatic presence, that surrounds a core of colloid that consists mostly of

thyroid hormone precursor proteins called thyroglobulin, an iodinated glycoprotein(31).

FOLLICULAR CELLS

The core of a follicle is surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells. When stimulated

by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), these secrete the thyroid hormones T3 and T4.

They do this by transporting and metabolising the thyroglobulin contained in the

colloid(37). Follicular cells vary in shape from flat to cuboid to columnar, depending on

how active they are.

PARA FOLLICULAR CELLS

Scattered among follicular cells and in spaces between the spherical follicles are another

type of thyroid cell, parafollicular cells secrete calcitonin and so are also called C

cells(4).

3.3.6 THYROID HORMONES

The primary function of the thyroid is the production of iodine containing thyroid

hormones such as

 Tri -iodothyronine (T3)

 Thyroxine (T4)

 The Peptide hormone Calcitonin

The thyroid hormones are created from iodine and tyrosine. T3 is so named because it

contains three atoms of iodine per molecule and T4 contains four atoms of iodine per

molecule. The thyroid hormones have a wide range of effects on the human body.
14
 Figure 5 : Hypothalamic pituitary thyroid axis

METABOLISM

The thyroid hormones increase the basal metabolic rate and have effects on almost all

body tissues. Appetite, the absorption of substances, and gut motility are all influenced by

thyroid hormones(38). They increase the absorption in the gut, generation, uptake by

cells, and breakdown of glucose. They stimulate the breakdown of fats, and increase the

number of free fatty acids. Despite increasing free fatty acids, thyroid hormones

decrease cholesterol levels by increasing the rate of secretion of cholesterol in bile.

15
 Figure 6 : Feedback mechanism of thyroid system

CARDIOVASCULAR:

Thyroid hormones increase the rate and strength of the heartbeat. They increase the rate

of breathing, intake and consumption of oxygen, and increase the activity

of mitochondria(39). Combined, these factors increase blood flow and the body's

temperature.

DEVELOPMENT:

Thyroid hormones are important for normal development. They increase the growth rate

of young people, and cells of the developing brain .Thyroid hormones play a particularly

16
crucial role in brain maturation during fetal development and first few years of postnatal

life(1).

SEXUAL FUNCTION:

Thyroid hormones also play a role in maintaining normal sexual function, sleep, and

thought patterns. Increased levels are associated with increased speed of thought

generation but decreased focus. Sexual function, including libido and the maintenance of

a normal menstrual cycle, are influenced by thyroid hormones(28). After secretion, only a

very small proportion of the thyroid hormones travel freely in the blood. Most are bound

to thyroxine binding globulin (about70%), transthyretin (10%), and albumin (15%). Only

the 0.03% of T4 and 0.3% of T3 traveling freely have hormonal activity(40). In addition,

up to 85% of the T3 in blood is produced following conversion from T4 by iodothyronine

deiodinases in organs around the body. Thyroid hormones act by crossing the cell

membrane and binding to intracellular nuclear thyroid hormone receptors TR-α1,TR-

α2,TR-β1 and TR-β2, which ind with hormone response elements and transcription

factors to modulate DNA transcription.In addition to these actions on DNA, the thyroid

hormones also act within the cell membrane or within cytoplasm via reactions

with enzymes, including calcium ATPase, adenylyl cyclase, and glucose transporters(24).

3.3.7 HORMONE PRODUCTION

Iodine is essential for the production of the thyroid hormones. Iodine (I0) travels in the

blood as iodide (I−), which is taken up into the follicular cells by a sodium-iodide

symporter. This is an ion channel on the cell membrane which in the same action

transports two sodium ions and an iodide ion into the cell(14). Iodide then travels from

within the cell into the follicular space, through the action of pendrin, an iodide-

chloride antiporter. In the follicular space, the iodide is then oxidized to iodine. This
17
makes it more reactive, and the iodine is attached to the active tyrosine units in

thyroglobulin by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase(41–43). This forms the precursors of

thyroid hormones monoiodotyrosine (MIT), and diiodotyrosine (DIT).

Figure 7 : Schematic representation of thyroid hormone secretion

When the follicular cells are stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone, the follicular

cells reabsorb thyroglobulin from the follicular space. The iodinated tyrosines are

cleaved, forming the thyroid hormones T4, T3, DIT, MIT, and traces of reverse

triiodothyronine(14). T3and T4 are released into the blood. The hormones secreted from

the gland are about 80–90% T4 and about 10–20% T3. Deiodinase enzymes in peripheral

tissues remove the iodine from MIT and DIT and convert T4 to T3 and RT3. This is a

major source of both RT3 (95%) and T3 (87%) in peripheral tissues.The signs and

symptoms of hypothyroidism vary, depending on the severity of the hormone deficiency.

Problems tend to develop slowly, often over a number of years. At first, you may barely

notice the symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue and weight gain. Or you may
18
simply attribute them to getting older(42). But as your metabolism continues to slow, you

may develop more-obvious problems.

3.3.8 ETIOLOGY

Hypothyroidism results when the thyroid gland fails to produce enough hormones., the

balance of chemical reactions in the body can be upset and have an enormous impact on

health, affecting all aspects of metabolism. These hormones also influence the control of

vital functions, such as body temperature and heart rate(44). There can be a number of

causes, including autoimmune disease, hyperthyroidism treatments, radiation therapy,

thyroid surgery and certain medications.

Hypothyroidism may be due to a number of factors, including:

AUTOIMMUNE DISEASE:

The most common cause of hypothyroidism is an autoimmune disorder known as

Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Autoimmune disorders occur when your immune system

produces antibodies that attack its own tissues. Sometimes this process involves your

thyroid gland.

OVER RESPONSE TO HYPERTHYROIDISM TREATMENT:

People who produce too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyroidism) are often treated with

radioactive iodine or anti-thyroid medications. The goal of these treatments is to get

thyroid function back to normal. But sometimes, correcting hyperthyroidism can end up

lowering thyroid hormone production too much, resulting in permanent hypothyroidism.

THYROID SURGERY:

19
Removing all or a large portion of your thyroid gland can diminish or halt hormone

production. In that case, you'll need to take thyroid hormone for life.

RADIO THERAPY:

Radiation used to treat cancers of the head and neck can affect your thyroid gland and

may lead to hypothyroidism.

MEDICATION:

A number of medications can contribute to hypothyroidism. One such medication is

lithium, which is used to treat certain psychiatric disorders. If you're taking medication,

ask your doctor about its effect on your thyroid gland.

CONGENITAL DISEASE:

Some babies are born with a defective thyroid gland or no thyroid gland. In most cases,

the thyroid gland didn't develop normally for unknown reasons, but some children have

an inherited form of the disorder. Often, infants with congenital hypothyroidism appear

normal at birth. That's one reason why most states now require new-born thyroid

screening.

PITUITARY DISORDER:

A relatively rare cause of hypothyroidism is the failure of the pituitary gland to produce

enough thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) usually because of a benign tumor of the

pituitary gland.

PREGNANCY:

Some women develop hypothyroidism during or after pregnancy (postpartum

hypothyroidism), often because they produce antibodies to their own thyroid gland. Left

20
untreated, hypothyroidism increases the risk of miscarriage, premature delivery and

preeclampsia, a condition that causes a significant rise in a woman's blood pressure

during the last three months of pregnancy. It can also seriously affect the developing

fetus.

IODINE DEFICIENCY:

The trace mineral iodine is mainly found primarily in seafood, seaweed, plants grown in

iodine-rich soil and iodized salt which is essential for the production of thyroid

hormones. Too little iodine can lead to hypothyroidism, and too much iodine can worsen

hypothyroidism in people who already have the condition. In some parts of the world,

iodine deficiency is common, but the addition of iodine to table salt has virtually

eliminated this problem in the United States.

Complications

Untreated hypothyroidism can lead to a number of health problems:

 Goiter. Constant stimulation of your thyroid to release more hormones may cause

the gland to become larger — a condition known as a goiter. Although generally not

uncomfortable, a large goiter can affect your appearance and may interfere with

swallowing or breathing.

 Heart problems. Hypothyroidism may also be associated with an increased risk

of heart disease and heart failure, primarily because high levels of low-density

lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol the "bad" cholesterol that can occur in people with an

underactive thyroid.

21
 Mental health issues. Depression may occur early in hypothyroidism and may

become more severe over time. Hypothyroidism can also cause slowed mental

functioning.

 Peripheral neuropathy. Long-term uncontrolled hypothyroidism can cause

damage to your peripheral nerves. These are the nerves that carry information from

your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body. for example, your arms and legs.

Peripheral neuropathy may cause pain, numbness and tingling in affected areas.

 Myxedema. This rare, life-threatening condition is the result of long-term,

undiagnosed hypothyroidism. Its signs and symptoms include intense cold intolerance

and drowsiness followed by profound lethargy and unconsciousness. A myxedema

coma may be triggered by sedatives, infection or other stress on your body. If you

have signs or symptoms of myxedema, you need immediate emergency medical

treatment.

 Infertility. Low levels of thyroid hormone can interfere with ovulation, which

impairs fertility. In addition, some of the causes of hypothyroidism such as

autoimmune disorder that can also impair fertility.

 Birth defects. Babies born to women with untreated thyroid disease may have a

higher risk of birth defects compared to babies born to healthy mothers. These

children are also more prone to serious intellectual and developmental problems.

Infants with untreated hypothyroidism present at birth are at risk of serious problems

with both physical and mental development(45). But if this condition is diagnosed

within the first few months of life, the chances of normal development are excellent.

3.3.9 CLINICAL FEATURES

Hypothyroidism signs and symptoms may include:

22
 Fatigue

 Increased sensitivity to cold

 Constipation

 Dry skin

 Weight gain

 Puffy face

 Hoarseness

 Muscle weakness

 Elevated blood cholesterol level

 Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness

 Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints

 Heavier than normal or irregular menstrual periods

 Thinning hair

 Slowed heart rate

 Depression

 Impaired memory

23
 Figure 9: Symptoms of hypothyroidism

3.3.10 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HYPOTHYROIDISM:

The thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just above the

trachea. It weighs approximately 15 to 20 grams in the adult human. The thyroid

produces and releases into the circulation at least two potent hormones, thyroxine (T4)

and triiodothyronine (T3), which influence basal metabolic processes and/or enhance

oxygen consumption in nearly all body tissues(20). Thyroid hormones also influence
24
linear growth, brain function including intelligence and memory, neural development,

dentition, and bone development(1).The thyroid gland produces T4 and T3 utilizing iodide

obtained either from dietary sources or from the metabolism of thyroid hormones and

other iodinated compounds. About 100 µg of iodide is required on a daily basis to

generate sufficient quantities of thyroid hormone. Dietary ingestion of iodide in the

United States ranges between 200 and 500 µg/day and varies geographically; ingestion is

higher in the western part of the United States than in the eastern states. The specialized

thyroid epithelial cells of the thyroid gland are equipped with a Na/I symporter that helps

concentrate iodide 30 to 40 times the level in plasma to ensure adequate amounts for the

synthesis of thyroid hormone. The iodide trapped by the thyroid gland is subsequently

oxidized to iodine by the enzyme thyroid peroxidase(38). The iodine then undergoes a

series of organic reactions within the thyroid gland to produce tetraiodothyronine or

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)(46). T3 is also produced in other tissues such as

the pituitary, liver, and kidney by the removal of an iodine molecule from T4. T4 is

considered to be more of a pro-hormone, while T3 is the most potent thyroid hormone

produced. T4 and T3 are both stored in the thyroglobulin protein of the thyroid gland and

released into the circulation through the action of pituitary derived thyrotropin (thyroid

stimulating hormone or TSH)(47). A normal individual produces from the thyroid gland

approximately 90 to 100 µg of T4 and 30 to 35 µg of T3 on a daily basis. An estimated 80

percent of the T3 produced daily in humans is derived from peripheral metabolism (5′-

monodeiodination) of T4, with only about 20 percent secreted directly from the thyroid

gland itself. On a weight basis, T3 is about 3 to 5 times more potent as a thyroid hormone

than T4 and is believed to be the biologically active form of the hormone(48). TSH,

secreted by thyrotroph cells located in the anterior pituitary gland, regulates thyroid gland

function and hormone synthesis and release(40).

25
The pituitary secretion of TSH in turn is influenced by the releasing factor, thyrotropin-

releasing hormone (TRH) produced in the hypothalamus . The secretion of both TSH and

TRH is regulated by negative feedback from thyroid hormone, predominantly T3, from

the circulation and/or T3 that is produced locally from intracellular conversion of T4 to T3.

When circulating thyroid hormone levels are elevated, both the synthesis and secretion of

serum TSH are blunted(49). In contrast, when circulating levels of T4 and T3 are low,

serum TSH levels are increased in a compensatory fashion. The geometric mean level of

serum TSH in normal individuals is approximately 1.5 µU/ml as recently reported in the

NHANES III study(50). When hypothalamic pituitary function is intact, serum TSH

levels are markedly suppressed (to <0.05 µU/ml) in patients with hyperthyroidism and

elevated circulatory levels of serum thyroxine, while a marked increase in TSH (>5

µU/ml) occurs in patients with hypothyroidism and low blood levels of serum T4. The

mechanism through which TSH binds to and activates the thyroid gland is well

understood. TSH binds to a specific membrane receptor located on the surface of the

thyroid epithelial cell and activates the cell signaling mechanisms through the enzyme

adenylate cyclase located in the plasma membrane(51). Activation of adenylate cyclase

increases intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, which in turn

stimulate additional intracellular signaling events that lead to thyroid hormone formation

and secretion.T4 and T3 circulate bound primarily to carrier proteins. T4 binds strongly to

thyroxine binding globulin (TBG, ~ 75 percent) and weakly to thyroxine binding

prealbumin (TBPA, transthyretin, ~ 20 percent) and albumin (~5 percent). T3 binds

tightly to TBG and weakly to albumin, with little binding to TBPA. The geometric mean

for serum T4 in normal individuals is approximately 8 µg/dl, while the mean serum

T3 level is approximately 130 ng/dl. Under normal protein binding conditions, all but

0.03 percent of serum T4 and 0.3 percent of serum T3 is protein bound. Only a small
26
amount of unbound (or free) T4 (approximately 2 ng/dl) and T3 (approximately 0.3 ng/dl)

circulates in a free state, and it is this free concentration that is considered responsible for

the biological effects of the thyroid hormones(52).

There are physiologic situations associated with a change in the serum concentration of

these thyroid-binding proteins—such as pregnancy, non-thyroidal illness, or ingestion of

drugs—that affect the level and/or affinity of these binding proteins(53). Under these

circumstances, the serum concentrations of total T4 and total T3 change in parallel to the

changes that occur in the thyroid hormone binding proteins, but the serum concentrations

of free T4 and free T3 remain normal and the individual remains euthyroid(54). In

contrast, the serum concentration of free T4 and free T3 are raised in hyperthyroidism and

decreased in hypothyroidism.

3.3.11 TESTING FOR DIAGNOSIS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM

The most sensitive test in an ambulatory population at risk for thyroid dysfunction is the

serum TSH. Serum TSH assays today have sufficient sensitivity and specificity to

identify individuals with all forms of thyroid dysfunction in the general population(55).

However, among individuals with serious, acute illness, the serum TSH is less specific

for thyroid disease because a serious illness alone can depress TSH. TSH screening of the

neonatal population to detect congenital hypothyroidism before it is clinically evident is

mandated throughout the United States and in many other countries. Serum TSH

measurements may yield misleading results for individuals with changing levels of

thyroid hormones. For example, a serum TSH level may remain high for weeks in

hypothyroid patients treated with T4. Similarly, serum TSH levels may remain low for

weeks after the serum T4 level falls to normal in patients treated for hyperthyroidism.

27
Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism:

Hypothyroidism is a hypometabolic state that results from a deficiency in T4 and T3. Its

major clinical manifestations are fatigue, lethargy, cold intolerance, slowed speech and

intellectual function, slowed reflexes, hair loss, dry skin, weight gain, and constipation. It

is more prevalent in women than men. The most common cause of hypothyroidism is

disease of the thyroid itself, primary hypothyroidism. The most common cause of

primary hypothyroidism is chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease), in

which the thyroid is destroyed by antibodies or lymphocytes that attack the gland. Other

causes are radioactive iodine and surgical therapy for hyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer,

thyroid inflammatory disease, iodine deficiency, and several drugs that interfere with the

synthesis or availability of thyroid hormone. Hypothyroidism may also occur rarely (<1

percent of cases) as a result of deficiency of TRH or impaired TSH secretion due to

hypothalamic or pituitary disease, respectively. This is known as secondary or central

hypothyroidism because of the negative feedback relationship between serum T4 and

T3 levels and TSH secretion. People with primary hypothyroidism have high serum TSH

levels. If an individual has a high serum TSH value, serum free T4 should be measured.

The concomitant finding of a high serum TSH concentration and a low free T4 level

confirms the diagnosis of primary hypothyroidism. People with a high serum TSH

concentration and a normal or low-normal serum free T4 level have, by definition,

subclinical hypothyroidism. The diagnosis of secondary hypothyroidism is based on the

findings of a low serum free T4 level and a serum TSH level that is normal or low. People

with secondary hypothyroidism are unlikely to be detected by a screening program based

on measurements of serum TSH, but the condition is much less common than primary

hypothyroidism.

28
3.3.12 CONVENTIONAL TREATMENT FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM

Historical perspective

By the end of the 19th century, myxedema had been attributed to diminished thyroid

function and a cretinism-like condition (also described as cachexia strumipriva) had been

observed following thyroidectomy in animals and humans(56). Moreover,

xenotransplantation of animal thyroid gland had been shown to improve symptoms in

women suffering from myxedema temporarily. In 1891, Murray described the first

regime of thyroid hormone replacement, subcutaneously injecting extract of sheep

thyroid into a patient with hypothyroidism(2). It was soon shown that oral administration

of thyroid extract was as effective. In 1914, Kendall purified thyroxine crystals, which

became commercially available(3). Harrington identified the structure of thyroxine in

1926 and synthetic thyroxine was available for clinical use by the 1930s. However, it

took many more years before thyroxine became preferable to desiccated thyroid extract

as the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism(4). In 1952, Gross and Pitts-River

identified the more potent liothyronine.

Dosage of levothyroxine

Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. It has a 7 day half-life,

allowing daily dosing. A randomized controlled trial has shown that, in patients with no

significant comorbidities, initiation of levothyroxine at a full dose based on body weight

(1.6 μg/kg/day) is safe, effective, and requires fewer resources than using a more

traditional approach of starting with a small dose and gradually titrating upward(36). The

29
exceptions to this are the elderly and patients with known ischemic heart disease (see the

“Levothyroxine replacement in special circumstances” section of this review).

Timing of levothyroxine

Conventionally, hypothyroid patients are advised to take levothyroxine on an empty

stomach half an hour before breakfast to prevent impairment of absorption by food.

Several recent studies have looked at whether a bedtime dosage of levothyroxine is

preferable(57). A small nonrandomized study involving eleven hypothyroid patients on a

stable dose of morning levothyroxine found a decrease in mean TSH and an increase in

free thyroid hormone levels when the timing of levothyroxine dosage was changed to

bedtime(58). The same investigators, in a subsequent randomized double-blind crossover

trial of 105 consecutive patients, have reaffirmed that biochemical control was best

achieved by night-time dosing. Taking levothyroxine at bedtime resulted in a decrease in

mean TSH of 1.25 mIU/L (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.60–1.89), and an increase in

free T4 of 0.07 ng/dL (95% CI 0.02–0.13) and total T3 of 6.5 ng/dL (95% CI 0.9–

12.1).[34]However, there were no improvements in quality of life scores, blood pressure,

or lipid profile. A retrospective study of 15 elderly patients in a nursing home showed a

no significant decrease in mean TSH of 0.29 mIU/L when the time of administration of

levothyroxine was changed from early morning to midnight(59). In contrast, a

randomized crossover trial in the US compared taking levothyroxine in the fasting state,

with breakfast, or at bedtime in 65 patients with primary hypothyroidism and thyroid

cancer, and found that TSH levels were significantly lower and less variable when

levothyroxine was taken in the fasting state than at other times(60). Furthermore, Rajput

et al randomized 77 patients with newly diagnosed autoimmune hypothyroidism to taking

their levothyroxine half an hour before breakfast or two hours after their evening meal,

30
and found no difference in TSH, lipid profile, clinical symptoms, quality of life scores, or

the dose required to achieve euthyroidism between the two groups(61). The conflicting

findings of different studies may reflect heterogeneity in the conditions of patients

studied (for example, newly diagnosed patients versus patients on a stable dose of

levothyroxine, and patients with thyroid cancer versus patients with autoimmune

hypothyroidism) as well as in eating habits in relation to bedtime in the different study

populations. Nevertheless, these studies suggest that bedtime dosing of levothyroxine

could be tried as an alternative strategy in those patients who have problems in taking

morning levothyroxine on an empty stomach(62).

Monitoring thyroid function during levothyroxine replacement

When initiating levothyroxine therapy, serum TSH should be measured to monitor for

adequate replacement. TSH can take up to 4 months to normalize, even when starting on

a full dose replacement regimen, due to thyrotroph hyperplasia(60). It is recommended

that the TSH is measured 6–8 weeks after initiation of, or a change in levothyroxine dose.

Once the patient is on a stable dose of levothyroxine, annual monitoring of TSH is

recommended, although a retrospective study suggests that the monitoring interval could

be safely increased to 18 months(10).Common causes of persistently elevated TSH in

patients on levothyroxine replacement. Causes of persistently elevated thyroid

stimulating hormone in a patient on levothyroxine replacement are

 Inadequate levothyroxine dose

 Poor compliance with medication (biochemistry usually showing high thyroid-

stimulating hormone with normal free T4)

 Interaction with concomitant drugs

31
  Taking levothyroxine with food

 Malabsorption

 Coexisting celiac disease or autoimmune gastritis

 Interference with the laboratory assay due to heterophil antibodies

 Coexisting thyroid hormone resistance (rare)

It is generally recommended to aim for a TSH in the lower half of the normal range, ie,

typically <2.5 mIU/L in patients with primary hypothyroidism on levothyroxine

replacement(12,37). In a small study of 21 patients with primary hypothyroidism,

titrating the dose of levothyroxine until the TSH was at the lower end of reference range

or suppressed below the reference range was found to be associated with improved

wellbeing in some patients.[40]However, this observation was not confirmed by a

double-blind randomized crossover trial, which has shown that small changes in

levothyroxine dose to achieve a lower TSH do not result in an improved quality of life

score(29). Furthermore, in a recent prospective study of 42 patients initiating

levothyroxine treatment for newly diagnosed primary hypothyroidism, there was no

difference in lipid profile, body composition, or bone mineral density in patients

maintained on low TSH (0.4–2.0 mIU/L) as compared with those maintained on higher

TSH (2–4 mIU/L) for 12 months, although resting energy expenditure was higher in

patients maintained on the lower TSH target(58). Finally, overtreatment with

levothyroxine leading to a suppressed TSH of below 0.1 mIU/L has been shown to be

associated with adverse skeletal health, particularly in the elderly . Taken together, these

observations suggest that the target TSH level for most nonpregnant patients with

primary hypothyroidism on levothyroxine replacement should be the population

32
reference range and one should not necessarily increase the dose of levothyroxine in

asymptomatic people with a TSH in the upper half of the normal range.

Drug interactions with levothyroxine

Several medications, supplements, and food can interfere with the absorption and action

of levothyroxine .Common drugs that can affect levothyroxine absorption include iron,

calcium, cholestyramine, and aluminum and levothyroxine must be taken at least 4 hours

apart from these drugs(10). Enzyme inducers, such as phenytoin, carbamazepine,

phenobarbital, and rifampicin can increase the clearance of levothyroxine, necessitating

an increased dose(15). Of women starting estrogen hormone replacement treatment, 35%

were shown to need an increase in levothyroxine dose, thought to be due to increased

thyroxine-binding globulin(25). It is noteworthy that hypothyroidism itself can lead to

altered metabolism of medications, such that when rendered euthyroid, patients with

hypothyroidism may need alterations in the dose of their medications. For example,

initiation of levothyroxine in a hypothyroid patient may enhance the effect of warfarin,

which may need dose adjustment(63).

Substances that interact with levothyroxine

Drugs and supplement that decrease the effect of Levothyroxine are Iron, Calcium

carbonate, Cholestramine, Aluminum,Cimetidine, Sucralfate, Iodine,

Selenium,Magnesium, Zinc, Soya, Fiber, Caffeine, Antacids, Increased levothyroxine

clearance, Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Phenobarbital, Rifampicin, Increased

Levothyroxine binding,Estrogen hormone replacement therapy, Drug affected by

levothyroxine,Drug effect enhanced by levothyroxine, Warfarin,Amitriptyline, Drug

effect decreased by levothyroxine, Propranolol.(20,61)

33
3.3.13 COMPLEMENTARY TREATMENT FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM:

The National Institutes of Health National Center for Complementary and Alternative

Medicine (NIH NCCAM) defines complementary medicine as being used along with

standard medical treatments, and alternative medicine as being used in place of standard

medical treatments. Integrative medicine is a comprehensive approach to care that

includes a patients’ mind body and spirit; this combines standard medicine with CAM

practices

TYPES OF COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (CAM)

The NIH NCCAM uses five categories to describe the different types of CAM. It would

be difficult to create a comprehensive list, but some examples are described below:

MIND-BODY MEDICINES

These are based on a belief that the mind is able to affect your body. Examples include:

 Yoga

 Meditation

 Hypnosis

BIOLOGICALLY-BASED PRACTICES

These include things most often found in nature, and includes dietary supplements and

herbal products. Examples include:

 Vitamins

 Herbs

 Special diets

The patients with Hypothyroidism are recommended to practice a special diet that avoids

foods that contain iodine. In fact, use of iodine either in liquid form or as a supplement is

34
not recommended. It’s also common for patients to be told to take Vitamin D or calcium

supplementation.

MANIPULATIVE AND BODY-BASED PRACTICES

These are based on working with the body and are thought to have underlying benefits

for the mind as well. Examples include:

 Massage

 Chiropraxy

ENERGY MEDICINE

Energy medicine invokes the belief that the body has energy fields that can be

manipulated for healing and wellness. Examples include:

 Reiki

 Tai Chi

WHOLE MEDICAL SYSTEMS

These systems include beliefs and approaches to healing and wellness that come from all

of the world and from many cultures[44]. Examples include:

 Naturopathy

 Homeopathy

 Chinese medicine

 Vodun/Expiritism

 Ayurvedic medicine

3.3.14 EFFECT YOGA AND PRANAYAMA ON HYPOTHYROIDISM

Yogic disciplines involving Pranayama claimed to have very good effect on Thyroid

function , thus creating psychic and somatic equilibrium of the bodily functions.
35
Pranayama in actuality is regarded as the science of controlled as well as conscious

expansion of the prana representing the life force. The practice of pranayama helps in

facilitating the therapeutic potential for several systemic complications. The study

conducted on Diagnosis and Management of Hypothyroidism states that hypothyroidism

presents a large epidemiological burden in India(37). As a result of subtle and non

specific clinical symptoms and signs, the condition often goes undiagnosed and is not

adequately treated when it is detected. There is heterogeneity in the diagnostic and

treatment approaches to hypothyroidism. As a result of the physiological changes in

thyroid hormones with age and illness, it is important to tailor the diagnosis and

management of this condition in specific populations including pregnant women, infants,

children, geriatric patients, and those with comorbid conditions. Enhanced understanding

and education of physicians and patients can help to improve the outcomes of treatment

in hypothyroidism which should be focused on patient-centered care. Policies and

reforms should be crafted and implemented at the national level to curb public health

challenges of hypothyroidism. This publication summarizes the recommendations of a

national advisory board meeting to identify and bridge the gaps in understanding of the

diagnosis and treatment of hypothyroidism in India. As a complement to clinical

judgment, these recommendations will foster the diagnosis and management of

hypothyroidism in the community and clinics for the benefit of the patients. In the study

conducted in 2017 stated that hypothyroidism is a commonly prevailing disorder in adult

Indian population(63). Hypothyroidism may occur as a result of primary gland failure or

insufficient thyroid gland stimulation by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland.

Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder resulting from deficiency of thyroid

hormone or, more rarely, from their impaired activity at tissue level.

36
Hypothyroidism is characterized by a broad clinical spectrum ranging from an overt state

of myxedema, end-organ effects and multisystem failure to an asymptomatic or

subclinical condition with normal levels of thyroxine and triiodothyronine and mildly

elevated levels of serum thyrotropin(1). The prevalence of hypothyroidism in the

developed world is about 4-5%. In a developing and densely populated country like

India, communicable diseases are priority health concerns due to their large contribution

to the national disease burden.

The study on The Thyroid registry states that Patients with SCH have a high rate of

progression to overt hypothyroidism(61). However, the true prevalence of SCH could not

be determined as T4 values were not a part of the clinical assessment in majority of

patients (n = 1208); this could be higher in our population. In the study, TSH and T4

levels were available for only 291 patients at baseline. This highlights the fact that

common clinical practice is focused only on screening patients for TSH levels and does

not include T4 estimation. In addition, for patients with TSH level at borderline or <10

mIU/L, it is recommended that the decision to treat should be based on T4 levels. The

thyroid hormone profile, levothyroxine dose, and resolution of symptoms, if any, were

being recorded for subsequent follow-up visits. However, this study brings out an

important deficit in the clinical practice and management of hypothyroidism in India,

warranting the need for educating our medical fraternity. Appropriate assessment with

both T4 and TSH levels and when required, assessment of T3 level and thyroid

peroxidase antibodies are essential and should be practiced in routine clinical setup.

Guidelines suggest a diagnosis of hypothyroidism based on TSH and T4 levels. However,

most of the patients from this registry study were advised treatment with levothyroxine

based on TSH levels alone, thus highlighting the need for awareness and scientific

education among clinicians in India. Levothyroxine replacement is the standard of

37
treatment for hypothyroidism and is tailored. The use of standard doses (100, 75, and 25

mcg) of levothyroxine may point toward empirical management practices. However, this

needs to be further evaluated.

In the study it is observed that a significant reduction in total cholesterol (8.99%), LDL

(9.81%) and triglycerides (7.65%), and significant improvement in HDL cholesterol

(9.65%)(60). The mean thyroxine medication score was medication was observed in any

of the subjects at the end of the study. Previously, two studies have looked into the

efficacy of yoga in hypothyroidism. In a study on 20 hypothyroidism women, 1 month of

yoga practice showed significant improvement in the quality of life(64), and in another

study, 6 months of pranayama (yogic breathing) practice improved forced expiratory

volume in lung function test of women with hypothyroidism (63). These studies are

suggestive of positive role of yoga practice in hypothyroidism. Similarly, in our pilot

study we observed the positive effect of yoga practice in hypothyroidism. In earlier

studies, 12 weeks of yoga intervention in elderly women with diabetes showed significant

reduction in triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and improved HDL(25). In another

randomized control trial, 6 months of yoga nidra (yogic relaxation method) practice was

shown to reduce the serum TSH level in females with menstrual abnormalities(10). In our

study also we found similar results as that of the previous one. The exact mechanism

behind these finding is not known. One of the possible mechanisms could be increased

physical activity due to Suryanamaskar and physical postures might have helped in

reducing triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and increased HDL cholesterol(29). The

pranayama, relaxation practices and meditation are known to reduce stress and modulate

the hypothalamo-pituitary–adrenal axis(57). Similarly, yoga practice might influence the

hypothalamo-pituitary–thyroid axis and lead to decrease in serum TSH. This study shows

the potential role of yoga in the management of hypothyroidism and preventions of

38
cardiac disease due to hypothyroidism(65).Future studies should include the randomized

controlled design with a larger sample size and other objective variables like

cardiovascular parameters, psychological variable along with thyroid hormones. Long-

term practice of yoga may help in improving cholesterol level, serum TSH and thyroxine

requirement in female patients suffering from hypothyroidism. However, further

randomized controlled studies need to be conducted. The effect of yogic practices was

significant for hypothyroid patients in improving their quality of life. Prior to the therapy,

scores on the physical health domains were low,the improved significant after therapy

indicate that the physical health of hypothyroid patients had been improved. Patients

reported that theywere more finding the activities of daily living easier, they were more

energetic, mobile and their work capacity had increased. They also reported less pain and

discomfort. The results also indicated a positive effect from yoga practice on

psychological health. Following therapy patients scores had markedly improved from pre

therapy scores with a post therapy scores. Subject reported feeling more positive and

expressed higher perceptions of self esteem,nothing that they were happy with their body

image and appearance.

In the domine of social relationships. Patients reported a significant increase in the

scores, The quality of life scores on social relationship domin before yoga therapy

compared to post therapy rating.The practice of yoga generally leads to a more efficient

functioning of the psycho- neuro- endocrine and immune system. This is affected by

increased physical flexibility and greater awareness of breathing and body posture. A

continued focus upon body posture and breathing and body posture. A continued focus

upon body posture andbreathing in yoga serves to emphasize an awareness of the impact

of changing emotional states upon the body. In turn , Poonam singh stated that such

awareness serves to promote a more balanced equilibrium between the sympathetic and
39
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system and thus state of health. Another study

conducted by Swami G et al on effect of yogic practice on pulmonary function tests of

hypothyroidism patient concludes that yoga has beneficial effect on pulmonary function

test of hypothyroid, patients use to improve in their respiratory muscle strength and

increased air entry which increase oxygen concentration at tissue level(54,55).A study

conducted by Minal S.Pajai et al highlights the importance of Ujjayi as follows: Ujjai is

sometimes called “the ocean breath”.Ujjayi is the diaphragmatic breath, which first fills

the lower belly( activating the first and second chakras)and finally moves into the upper

chest and throat. Inhalation and exhalation are both done through the nose. The “Ocean

sound” is created by moving the glottis as air passes in and out. As the throat passage is

narrowed it creates a rushing sound. The length and speed of the mind is also facilitated.

It has a positive effect on whole mind and body as particularly on nervous system. It

improves the functioning of all endocrine gland by its soothing effect especially thyroid

gland. It helps to secrete hormones from thyroid gland in required quantity.The study

concluded that yoga is valuable in helping the hypothyroidism patient to manage their

disease related symptoms(66).Yoga may be concluded as supportive or complementary

therapy in conjuction with medical therapy for the treatment of hypothyroid disorder. In

the Research study established that the yogic Asana,Pranayama and the kriyas are the

best and useful as they help not only to strengthen each organ and develop every muscle

of the body but also regulate the circulation of body blood, purity of lungs, inspire the

mind and thus develop the harmonious development of human personality(41).

Pranayama is the science of respiration. The author of Hatha Pradipaka give eight

varieties of pranayama, one of which is Ujjayi. The chief characteristic of Ujjayi

pranayama improves the circulation of blood can capable of producing very high pressure

in the lung and in the thorax(62).Yogic breathing, otherwise referred to as pranayama

40
involves with rhythmic and slower and deeper breathing, inspired by the predominant

usage of abdominal musculature as well as the diaphragm. The breathing is held

momentarily with full inspiration, which is within the limits of an individual‘s comfort as

it allowed a spontaneous exhalation at a slower pace. The respiration if paused again

within the individual‘s limits of comfort with full exhalation. The incorporation of

pranayama technique over conventional exercise in particular, appeared to have

beneficial for the individuals who are susceptible to ischemic heart disease and other

cardiovascular complications. The practice involving the activity which is gradually

incremental, aids in accelerating the recovery processes initially after a person who

suffered with myocardial infarction. Even when the practice of pranayama has been

popularized only to a limited extend in Asian region, especially in India, there has been a

significant shift among the western society towards practicing yoga and pranayama over

the recent year.

41
UPANISHAD’S DEPICTION ON THE PRACTICE OF PRANAYAMA

There are several reports on ancient scripts that strongly supports the benefits of practice

of pranayama.

The Chhandogya Upanishad (1:11:5) says

In prana all moveable and immoveable beings merge (during dissolution) and rise out of

prana (during creation).1Pranayama is the pause in the movement of inhalation and

exhalation when that is secured. Inhalation and exhalation are methods of inducing

retention. Retention is the key because it allows a longer period for the assimilation of

prana, just as it allows more time for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the c

ells. As the breath is also intimately connected with various functions and organs of the

body as well as the mind, by controlling the breath we also influence all these

dimensions. A balanced, sequential movement from gross to subtle, from annamayakosha

to anandamayakosha, is the aim.

42
In the Hatha Yoga Pradipika(1:67) it has been said:

Asanas, various types of kumbhaka (pranayama) and the other various means of

illumination should all be practiced in the hatha yoga system until success in raja yoga is

attained.

The Shiva Samhita(3:57) states:

When one attains the power of holding the breath for three hours, then certainly the

wonderful state of pratya-hara is reached without fail.

43
It is said in the Kathopanishad(2:3:2):

This whole world - whatever there is - vibrates having originated from prana.This cosmic

prana, also called mahaprana, came into being at the time of creation. Thus, in order to

fully understand prana, one must go back to the beginning of creation.The tranquillizing

practices of pranayama are designed to relax the body and mind, while simultaneously

increasing the pranic capacity and conscious awareness.

YOGA

Yoga means ‘union’ or ‘connection’. In Sanskrit, the word ‘yoga’ is used to signify any

form of connection. Yoga is both a state of connection and a body of techniques that

allow us to connect to anything. Conscious connection to something allows us to feel and

experience that thing, person, or experience. The experience of connection is a state of

yoga, a joyful and blissful, fulfilling experience.Awareness is the secret of yoga.

Patanjali’s definition of yoga

The great sage Patanjali, in the system of Raja Yoga, gave one of the best definitions of

yoga. He said, ‘Yoga is the blocking (nirodha) of mental modifications (chitta vritti) so

that the seer (drashta) re-identifies with the (higher) Self. Patanjali’s system has come to

44
be the epitome of Classical Yoga Philosophy and is one of the 6 or 7 major philosophies

of India.

Hatha yoga definition

Hatha yoga includes postures (asana), breathing techniques (pranayama), purification

techniques (shat karmas) energy regulation techniques (mudra and bandha). The

definition of yoga in the Hatha Yoga texts is the union of the upward force (prana) and

the downward force (apana) at the navel center (manipura chakra). Hatha yoga teaches

us to master the totality of our life force, which is also called prana. By learning how to

feel and manipulate the life force, we access the source of our being.

Patanjali gives a wide range of techniques that slowly harmonizes the mind and gradually

induces more subtle perception. However, the main path of Patanjali is contained within

eight fundamental stages. The first five are:

 Yama (social code)

 Niyama (personal code)

 Asana (sitting pose)

 Pranayama (control of prana)

 Pratyahara (sense withdrawal)

 Dharana (concentration)

 Dhyana (meditation)

 Samadhi (superconsciousness)

These first five stages are the esoteric/bahiranga (external) practices of yoga. They

progressively prepare the body-mind for the last stages are the esoteric or antaranga

(internal) practices of yoga. The first five stages negate consciousness, whilst the last

three stages expand consciousness.

45
1.10 PRANAYAMA

Practicing Pranayama helps in controlling the breath. The terminology was coined from

the two root words namely ‘prana’ meaning ‗vital energy‘ and ‗ayama’ meaning

extension/breath‘. The practice of pranayama cannot be considered as a simplified

breathing exercise; rather it aims at channeling the flow of excess oxygen into the lungs,

thereby, transporting it to all the systemic organs of the body.In the pranayama practices

there are four important aspects of breathing which are utilized. These are:

 Pooraka or inhalation

 Rechaka or exhalation

 Antarkunbhaka or internal breath retention

 Bahirkumbhaka or external breath retention.

As Yoga was globally regarded as The ancient Indian science‘ which comprised of

practices, which involved specific postures (asanas) and regulated breathing

(Pranayama). There were reports suggesting different types of pranayama exhibiting

different autonomic and cardiac responses among healthy humans. Many reports claimed

that the practice of pranayama aids in eliminating the toxins away from the body and

helps in maintaining a good health.

There are different variations/types of pranayama such as

 AnulomVilom Pranayama

 Bahya Pranayama

 Bhastrika Pranayama

 Bhramari Pranayama

46
  Digra Pranayama

 Kapalbhati Pranayama

 NadiSodhana Pranayama

 Shitali Pranayama

 Udgit Pranayama

 Ujjayi Pranayama

1.11 GHERANDA SAMHITA

Gheranda Samhita is a Sanskrit text of Yoga in Hinduism. It is one of the three classic

texts of hatha yoga . The Gheranda Samhita calls itself a book on ghatastha yoga, which

literally means "vessel yoga", wherein the body and mind are depicted as vessels that

carry and serve the soul (atman, purusha). The text teaches a seven limbed. Gheranda

Samhita is a step by step detailed manual of yoga taught by sage Gheranda to student

Chanda Unlike other hatha yoga texts, the Gheranda Samhita speaks of a sevenfold Yoga

and Pranayama is one of the important practice explained in this text

1.12 UJJAYI PRANAYAMA – The Psychic Breath

Ujjayi Prananaya or the psychic breath soothes the mind and induces a meditative

state. Ujjayi means to ‘lift up’. In Ujjayi pranayama, the chest is slightly lifted up as if

the inhalation is done from the throat. Ujjayipranayama is mentioned in the yoga

text Hatha Yoga Pradeepika and in the Gheranda Samhita.

Ujjayi involves a deep inhalation from both nostrils with a half closed glottis, so that a

faint hissing snoring sound is made during the inhalation. Then there is retention of

breath followed by exhalation. Those suffering from heart ailments and blood pressure

problems should avoid Kumbhaka or retention of breath. This practice should be learnt

from a qualified yoga instructor.

47
 4.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS

4.1SUBJECTS

A total of 120 subjects of both gender with age group ranging between 18 – 55 years

will participate in the study.

4.2 DESIGN

4.2.1 Type of design: A Randomized Controlled Trial

4.3 SAMPLE SIZE

120 healthy volunteers of age group between 18 -55yrs will participate in the study. The

subjects will be recruited from the Out – patient department of Government Yoga and

Naturopathy Medical College Hospital, Chennai

4.4 STUDY CENTRE: Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College,Departement

of Yoga,Arumbakkam, Chennau -106

4.5 DURATION OF THE STUDY

Duration of the entire intervention procedure:

Training period: 12 week

Intervention period: 12 week

Frequency of practice: twice per day

Duration of practice: minimum of 15 min

48
4.6CRITERIA FOR DIAGNOSIS

4.6.1 Inclusion Criteria:

 Inclusion criteria

 Age between 18-55 years

 Both genders

 Pre Diagnosed Hypothyroidism pstient

 Patient with Hypoythyroidism who are interested in involving themselves in

yogic practice.

4.6.2Exclusion criteria:

 Nervous system or respiratory ailments, hypertension and diabetes mellitus

 Cardiovascular disease, renal complications, liver disorders and locomotors

disabilities

 Glaucoma , hernia, or ulcers of the stomach or intestine

 Recent abdominal or spinal surgery

 Obese female with pregnancy or Lactation and children

 Any type of Addiction like smoking, alcoholism, tobacco chewing, etc

4.7 WITHDRAWAL CRITERIA:

All subjects are free to withdraw from participation in the study at any time, for any reason,

specified or unspecified, and without prejudice to further yogic practices. Subjects who are

withdrawn from the study will not be replaced.

49
 4.8 STUDY DESIGN PLAN:

Potential subject will be screened

Convenient sampling (n=120)

Study group (n=60) Control group (n=60)

Pre assessment Day 1 Pre assessment

Ujjayi pranayama along with Standard treatment without ujjayi

Twice daily
standard treatment for 12 weeks practice for 12 weeks

Post assessment to assess the Post assessment to assess the

Day - 90
changes in BMI, thyroid function test changes in BMI, thyroid function test

Statistical data analysis and results

50
4.9 ASSESSMENTS:

Yoga session for 12 weeks under supervision at Government yoga and naturopathy

medical college and hospital,each session lasting for about 15 minutes twice a day for 6

days a week. BMI, Thyroid function Test-[Tri-iodothyronine, Thyroxine, Thyroid-

stimulating hormone] for the Patients will be measured before and after 12 week in control

group and study group.

Primary outcome variables:

(a)Body Mass Index(BMI = Weight/Height in sq.meter)

(b)Thyroid Function Test – [Tri-iodothyronine T3, Thyroxine T4,Thyroid stimulating

hormone TSH]

Description :

Primary outcome variables:

(a)The body mass index(BMI)

Height: Using standard measuring tape, height in meters or centimeters or inches of each

patient would be measured.Using standard measuring weighing machine

KRUPS,ESSAE,EEROKA LTD to measure the weight in kilogram or pounds of each

patient.The boby mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass(weight) and height of

an individual.The BMI is defined as the body mass divided by the square of the body height

and is universally expressed in units of kg/m2, resulting from mass in kilograms ans height

in metres.

51
(b) Thyroid Function test:

Thyroid function tests(TFTs) is a collective term for blood tests used to check the function

of the thyroid.TFT is requested to patient who are throught to suffer from hyperthyroidism

(overactive thyroid) or hypothyroidism(underactive thyroid) or to monitor the effectiveness

of either thyroid –suppression or hormone replacement therapy. It is also requested routinely

in conditions linked to thyroid disease, such as atrial fibrillation and anxiety disorder.A TFT

panel typically includes thyroid hormones such as thyroid stimulating

hormone(TSH),Thyroxine (T4),Triiodothyronine (T3 ) depending on local laboratory policy.

Thyroid hormones

Thyroid - stimulating hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone ( TSH, thyrotropin) is generally increased in hypothyroidism

and decreased in hyperthyroidism. Its measurement is more sensitive test for thyroid

hormone function. TSH is produced in the pituitary gland. The production of TSH is

controlled by thyrotropin releasing hormone(TRH), Which is produced in hypothalamus.

TSH levels may be suppressed by excess free T3 or free T4 in the blood.

Total thyroxine

Total thyroxine is rarely measured, having been largely superseded by free thyroxine tests.

Total thyroxine(total T4) is generally elevated in hypothyroidism and decreased in

hypothyroidism.It is usually slightly elevated in pregnancy secondary to increased levels of

52
thyroid binding globulin(TBG).Total T4 is measured to see the bound and unbound level of

T4. The total T4 is less useful in cases where there could be protein abnormalities. The total

T4 is less accurate due to the large amount of T4 that is bound. The total T3 is measured in

clinical practice since the T3 has decreased amount that is bound as compared to T4.

Reference range depend upon method of analysis. Results should always be interpreted

using the range from the laboratory that performed the test.

Total triiodothyronine

Total triiodothyronine(Total T3) is rarely measured, having been largely superseded by free

T3 tests. Total T3 is generally elevated in hyperthyroidism and decreased in

hypothyroidism.

4.10 ETHICAL CLEARANCE:

Ethical Clearance: The study was convened after obtaining approval from the

Institutional Ethics Committee

Informed Consent:

Subjects who fulfilled inclusion criteria were apprised about the purpose of the study

and their rights as research subjects. Informed consent form was administered in

English and time was given to each patient to go through the information sheet and

their queries were answered. Their right to withdraw any time from the study and the

need for willingness to participate voluntarily in the study was explained. The subjects

who expressed their willingness to participate in the study gave a signed informed. A

sample information sheet and consent form is enclosed as Annexure 1.

53
4.11 METHODOLOGY:

Men and women with hypothyroidism of age group between 18 - 55 years will participate in

the study.The patients will be referred by the In-patient and Out-patient department of Yoga

& Naturopathy,Government Medical College and Hospital, Arumbakkam, Chennai-106.

After obtaining informed consent, they will be subjected to general measures like BMI,

Thyroid Function Test – [ Tri-iodothyronine T3, Thyroxine T4, Thyroid – stimulating

hormone] and they would be subjected to psychic breath for 15 minutes/ twice a day for 12

weeks, under the supervision of Department of Yoga and Naturopathy, Government Yoga

and Naturopathy Medical College, Chennai-106.

4.12 DATA COLLECTION:

 Step 1: Recruitment of patients.

 Step 2: Randomization (control group and yoga group)

 Step 3: Pre data measurement – BMI, Thyroid Function Test –[Tri-iodothyronine T3,

Thyroxine T4, Thyroid stimulating hormone]

 Step 4: Ujjayi pranayama

 Step 5: Post data collection BMI, Thyroid Function Test –[ Tri-iodothyronine T3,

Thyroxine T4, Thyroid stimulating hormone]

 Step 6: Data entry and Analysis

54
4.13STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:

Paired t test and one way ANOVA followed with post hoc test was performed to find the

variation of mean using R statistical software.

55
5.0 RESULT:

Total of 120 hypothyroidism patient was included in the study out of that randomly 60

patients was chosen using simple random sampling to practice yoga for 90 days along with

conventional medicine and the other 60 patients was included in the control group only with

conventional medicine. Two samples in control group were not able to continue the study

completely due personal reason. Gender wise distribution among the yoga group and control

group was plotted in figure 1 and 2 respectively. Proportion of females were more in the

samples, this difference existed largely due to high prevalence of hypothyroidism among

females. The average age of the participants in yoga group was 40.21%. The average age of

the participants in control group was 41.16%.

Figure 10: Gender distribution within study group

56
 Figure 11: Gender distribution between control and study group

Results of the pre and post measurements on T3, T4, TSH, Body weight and BMI among

Ujjayi pranayama along with standard drug group for a period of 90 days was tabulated in

Table.1. It shows that Body weight was reduced after practicing Ujjayi pranayama for the

study period. T3 got raised statistically significant after the yoga intervention where as T4

doesn’t show’s any statistical significance after the yoga intervention. Even though in yoga

intervention group T4 doesn’t show statistical significance its mean value raised to a marked

level from 8.05 to 8.54ng/ml This shows that Ujjayi pranayama is influencing the T4

secretion. TSH level reduced significantly after the practice of Ujjayi pranayama for a

period of 90 days.

57
 Table 1: Representation of pre and post variables between groups

Paired Differences
Pre_Post
95% Confidence
Variables P
Std. Std. Error Interval of the t Df
Between Mean Value
Deviation Mean Difference
Groups
Lower Upper

BMI 1.18685 0.60099 0.07759 1.03160 1.34211 15.297 59 0.001

T3 -.25883 0.51378 0.06633 -.39156 -.12611 -3.902 59 0.001

T4 -.48317 3.07451 0.39692 -1.27740 .31106 -1.217 59 0.228

TSH 0.65250 2.17484 0.28077 0.09068 1.21432 2.324 59 0.024

WEIGHT 2.967 1.551 0.200 2.566 3.367 14.816 59 0.001

58
Table 2. The Descriptive Analysis between groups

Table: 2 Descriptive Statistics

CONTROL Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

BMI PRE 33.0755 60 5.11100 0.65983

POST 31.8886 60 5.09652 0.65796

T3 PRE 1.0768 60 0.53616 0.06922

POST 1.3357 60 0.45523 0.05877

T4 PRE 8.0578 60 3.15348 0.40711

POST 8.5410 60 2.46068 0.31767

TSH PRE 9.8958 60 4.27655 0.55210

POST 9.2433 60 3.39037 0.43770

WEIGHT PRE 82.33 60 12.576 1.624

POST 79.37 60 12.425 1.604

STUDY GROUP
Mean N Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean

BMI PRE 32.5155 58 5.25440 0.68994

POST 32.9314 58 5.21355 0.68457

T3 PRE 1.0302 58 0.61005 0.08010

POST 3.2921 58 16.40770 2.15444

T4 PRE 7.8640 58 2.62319 0.34444

POST 7.9013 58 3.10327 0.40748

TSH PRE 10.9926 58 6.13119 0.80506

POST 11.0278 58 4.37456 0.57441

WEIGHT PRE 81.48 58 12.998 1.707

POST 82.53 58 12.754 1.675

59
Table 3: Equality of variances using independent T test.

Table: 3 INDEPENDENT T TEST

Levene's Test for

Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means

95% Confidence
Interval of the
Mean Std. Error Difference
Differenc Differenc
F Sig. T Df P value e e Lower Upper

BMI Equal variances

0.823 0.366 -0.530 116 0.597 -.56998 1.07568 -2.70051 1.56054
assumed

Equal variances 107.83

-0.528 0.599 -.56998 1.08014 -2.71105 1.57109
not assumed 4

T3 Equal variances
assumed -0.923 116 0.358 -1.95640 2.11875 -6.15286 2.24006
3.632 0.059
Equal variances -0.908 57.085 0.368 -1.95640 2.15524 -6.27205 2.35925
not assumed

T4 Equal variances
116
assumed 1.243 0.216 0.63974 0.51467 -.37962 1.65910
2.917 0.090 108.59
Equal variances 1.238 0.218 0.63974 0.51668 -.38434 1.66382
0
not assumed

TSH Equal variances

116
assumed -2.563 0.012 -1.83443 0.71562 -3.25179 -.41706
4.764 0.031 106.74
Equal variances -2.552 0.012 -1.83443 0.71882 -3.25944 -.40941
8
not assumed

60
There was no statistical significant difference between the body mass index of interventional

group and control group but the mean value was less in interventional group than control

group. It shows that practicing ujjayi pranayama additionally leads to reduce body weight.

The measurement of T3 was statistically significant between interventional group and

control group whereas T4 was statistically insignificant. There was a marked reduction of

TSH in interventional group and statistically significant with control group.

61
6.0 DISCUSSION:

The result of this study revealed that practice of Ujjayi Pranayama decreases the Body mass

index and The Thyroid Function Test in the interventional group significantly in comparison

to that of the control group. There are many interventions to reduce severity of disease by

standard conventional treatment which is associated with multiple side effects and the

present study deals with non pharmacological mode of treatment. In this study, there is a

significant difference (p within the Study group) in the Body Mass Index , Thyroid

Stimulating Hormone(TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3 ) at the end of the 90 days in comparison

to their baseline data. However, no significant differences in Thyroxine (T4) within this

intervention group following the intervention. Overall, the practice of Ujjayi pranayama for

90 days among hypothyroid individuals has resulted in the reduction of the Body Mass

Index , Thyroid Stimulating Hormone(TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3 ) and no significant

differences in Thyroxine (T4) ,although Ujjayi pranayama improved the quality of living

and confidence of the participants. The larger sample size is needed to gain better results.

62
7.0 CONCLUSION:

This study showed that 90 days of Ujjayi Pranayama reduced Body mass index and Thyroid

Stimulating Hormone(TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3) and no significant differences in

Thyroxine (T4) hypothyroid patients. This revealed that yoga practice has significant role in

improvement in the weight reduction. Further research need in this field with a larger

sample size and duration is warranted to reveal accurate changes in this field.

LIMITATIONS:

 The current study was a pilot study comprising only of minimal number of subjects.

 The outcome variable used in the study, cannot be inferred, or taken as an overall

mean, since the age and gender related factors could vary.

RECOMMENDATIONS:

The same study can be conducted on a larger population with suitable study design and

some objective kind of outcome variables could be included to validate the current result

63
8.0 SUMMARY:

The intended research work aims to evaluate the effect of 12 week Ujjayi pranayama on

Hypothyroidism in adults and to compare the changes in BMI and Thyroid Function Test

[Tri- iodothyronine T3,Thyroxine T4, Thyroid-stimulating hormone] before and after

Psychic breathing technique .Many studies reported that the practice of yoga, especially

pranayama‘ influences BMI. The current study was conducted to determine the effect of

practicing Ujjayi Pranayama on Hypothyroidism in Adults, followed by monitoring BMI

and Thyroid Function Test.The current research work employed A Randomized Controlled

Trail.In this study Potential subject will be screened and eligible patients will be recruited

for the study.A minimum of 60 participants in Study group and minimum of 60 participants

in Control group belonging within the age group of 18-55 participate in the study. After

obtaining informed consent both the group will be subjected to general measures like BMI,

Thyroid Function Test before and after the study. The study Group will be subjected to

Ujjayi Pranayama for 15 minutes twice a day for 6 days a week for 12 weeks. Results of the

pre and post measurements on T3, T4, TSH, Body weight and BMI among Ujjai pranayama

along with standard drug group for a period of 90 days was tabulated in Table.1. It shows

that Body weight was reduced after practicing ujjai pranayama for the study period. T3 got

raised statistically significant after the yoga intervention where as T4 doesn’t show’s any

statistical significance after the yoga intervention. Even though in yoga intervention group

T4 doesn’t show statistical significance its mean value raised to a marked level from 8.05 to

8.54 mg/dl .This shows that ujjai pranayama is influencing the T4 secretion. TSH level

64
reduced significantly after the practice of ujjai pranayama for a period of 90 days. This study

showed that 90 days of Ujjayi Pranayama reduced Body mass index and Thyroid

Stimulating Hormone(TSH), Triiodothyronine (T3 ) and no significant differences in

Thyroxine (T4) hypothyroid patients. This revealed that yoga practice has significant role in

improvement in the weight reduction. Further research need in this field with a larger

sample size and duration is warranted to reveal accurate changes in this field.

65
9.0 Reference

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10.0 ANNEXURE 1

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

Title of the study: “EFFICACY OF UJJAYI PRANAYAMA ON

HYPOTHYROIDISM IN ADULTS – A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED
TRIAL”

Name of the Participant:

Name of the Principal Investigator: Dr. S.Vinudha

Name of the Institution: Government Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College,

Arumbakkam, Chennai – 600 106.

Documentation of the informed consent

I _____________________________ have read the information in this form (or it has

been read to me). I was free to ask any questions and they have been answered. I am
over 18 years of age and, exercising my free power of choice, hereby give my consent
to be included as a participant in “Efficacy of Ujjayi pranayama on Hypothyroidism in
Adults –A Randomized Control Trial ”

1. I have read and understood this consent form and the information provided to me.

2. I have had the consent document explained to me.

3. I have been explained about the nature of the study.

4. I have been explained about my rights and responsibilities by the investigator.

76
5. I have been informed the investigator of all the treatments I am taking or have taken
in the past ________ months including any native (alternative) treatment.

6. I have been advised about the risks associated with my participation in this study.

7. I agree to cooperate with the investigator and I will inform him/her immediately if I
suffer unusual symptoms.

8. I have not participated in any research study within the past ________month(s).

9. I am aware of the fact that I can opt out of the study at any time without having to
give any reason and this will not affect my future treatment in this hospital.

10. I am also aware that the investigator may terminate my participation in the study at
any time, for any reason, without my consent.

11. I hereby give permission to the investigators to release the information obtained
from me as result of participation in this study to the sponsors, regulatory authorities,
Govt. agencies, and IEC. I understand that they are publicly presented.

12. I have understood that my identity will be kept confidential if my data are publicly
presented.

13. I have had my questions answered to my satisfaction.

14. I have decided to be in the research study.

77
I am aware that if I have any question during this study, I should contact the investigator.
By signing this consent form I attest that the information given in this document has been
clearly explained to me and understood by me, I will be given a copy of this consent
document.

For adult participants:

Name and signature / thumb impression of the participant (or legal representative if
participant incompetent)

Name_________________________ Signature_________________

Date________________

Name and Signature of impartial witness (required for illiterate patients):

Name _________________________ Signature_________________

Date _________________

78