THE HUMAN BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION SAHELANTHROPUS – it had both apelike and humanlike:

a skull similar to the Australopithecus and modern

Evolution is a natural process of biological changes
human; height almost similar with the chimpanzee, small
occurring in a population across successive generation.
teeth and had the ability to walk upright.
(Banaag, 2012 p. 31)
ARDIPITHECUS - means, “ape on the ground”.
The origins of modern humans can be explained by
studying the biological, social and cultural evolution. characteristics:

THE EVOLUTION THEORY  height of about 4 feet

 Weight of about 120 pounds
Cultural evolution – refers to the changes or
 Small brain
development in culture from a simple form to a more
 Bipedal
complex form of human culture.
AUSTRALOPITHECUS – means the “southern ape”, was
Sociocultural evolution – happens as a result of human
the next groups of hominids.
adaptation to different factors like climatic changes and
population increase. Characteristics

Biological evolution – refers to the changes or  Brain size of 500 cubic centimeters
modifications and variations in genetics and inherited  Upright
traits of biological populations from one generation to  Biped
another.  Tools users only and not tool makers

Charles Darwin – is considered as the Father of Evolution The 3.2 million year old Australopithecus Afarensis fossil
and the process of natural selection. named “Lucy” was considered as one of the modern
human’s earliest ancestors and remains as the most
Natural Selection – explains how species evolved and
famous hominid fossil discovered.
how they adapt to their environment.

THREE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION Homo – are classified as humans and not humanlike
creatures because they had bigger brains and were
1. VARIATION – every species is made up of a variety of bipedal.
individuals with some better adapted to their
environments compared to the others.  HOMO HABILIS
 HOMO ERECTUS
2. INHERITANCE – organisms produce offspring with  HOMO SAPIENS
different sets of traits that can be inherited.
HOMO HABILIS - the apelike men who first to used stone
3. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST – organisms that have tools as weapons and protection of their enemies. They
traits most suitable to their environment will survive are recognized as the first true human, who lived from
and these variations are passed on to their offspring 2.4- 1.4 million years ago
in subsequent generations.
HOMO ERECTUS - This manlike specie could walk straight
THE PRE- HISTORIC MAN with almost the same brain with modern man.
HOMINIDS - is the general term used by scientists to - He made refined stone tools for hunting and
categorize the group of early humans and other weapons for protection of the enemies.
humanlike creatures that can walk, erect during the pre- - was the first Homo species to use fire and to live
historic times. in caves and small houses made of tree branches
- It was also believed that the Homo Erectus was
 Sahelanthropus
the first Homo to use spoken language.
 Ardipithecus
- First Homo to live and survive in Asia.
 Australopithecus
 Homo
The following are the major discovered fossils: OUR SPEAKING CAPACITY

a. Pithecanthropus Erectus “Java Man” - Humans have longer vocal tract compared with
chimpanzee. A longer vocal tract means that
b. Sinanthropus Pekinensis “Peking Man”
there is a longer vibration surface, allowing
human to produce a wide array of sounds than
chimpanzees.
HOMO SAPIENS - The last genus in the evolution ladder
of the Homo family “homo sapiens”(thinking man) OUR WALKING CAPACITY

- They are considered as modern humans Two locomotion

Characteristics:  Bipedalism – capacity to walk and stand on two feet

 Quadropedalism – all four limbs
 Large brain size
 Lived in shelter THE PHILIPPINES PRE- HISTORIC MAN
 Food gatherers
 Ate plants and fruits TABON MAN - used to be the oldest confirmed modern
 Hunted animals human in the Philippines, dating back to 16, 500 years
 Crafted metals etc… ago (14,000 BC). (Bird Philippine Mountbuilder)

NEANDERTHAL MAN CRO – MAGNON It was discovered in the Lipuun Point Reservation of the
was discovered in Was discovered in the Tabon Caves Complex in the Southern part of Palawan
Germany in 1856 who cro-magnon cave in Island by Dr. Robert Fox (1918-1958).
lived in cave and Southern France.
HOMO LUZONENSIS - It was excavated in 2007 in Callao
dependent in hunting and
Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan Valley, Philippines by an
fishing.
international multidisciplinary team led by Dr. Armand
Salvador Mijares, an archaeologist from the UP and a
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus and Australopithecus National Geographic Grantee.
- are considered as the first stage of human THE PRE-HISTORIC HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS
evolution.
The pre- historic or the period when human life and
- Its fossils were excavated in the African
human activity evolved roughly dates from 2.5 million
continent.
years ago to 1,200 B.C, with researchers having found
Homo- considered as the last stage of human evolution. evidence of humans creating and using stone tools.

THE MEANS OF CULTURAL ADAPTATIONS OF EARLY

The pre-historic period is categorized into archaeological
HUMANS
periods:
OUR THINKING CAPACITY
 Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age
- It has the necessary parts for facilitating  Neolithic or New Stone Age
pertinent skills such as speaking, touching,  Metal Age
feeling, seeing and smelling.  Iron Age

OUR GRIPPING CAPACITY

 Power grip - enabled humans to wrap the thumb and

fingers on an object;
 Precision grip - enabled humans to hold and pick
objects steadily using fingers. This capacity was
crucial for tool- making activities.
Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age (450,00 – 6,000 B.C.) Copper Age (3500 to 2300 BCE)

 Humans used stones found in nature.  They used copper for jewelry and weapons.
 They used tree branches, leaves, and stones for  There was sporadic use of copper for a limited
shelter. number of small tools and personal ornaments.
 They produced fire by rubbing two stones  Copper was used to adorn the deccased. It was
together. also fashioned into implements.
 They produced basic stone tools and stone art.  Copper pipes were used to water, dating back to
 Humans began create durable product that did around 2700 B.C as found in one of the Egyptian
not served any function for survival but only as a pyramids.
means of self-expression.  The art of smelting and molding copper was
 The diagnostic art of this period appeared in two developed
main forms: small sculptures and large paintings
Iron Age (1200 – 1000 BC)
and engravings on cave walla.
 Paleolithic sculptures and figurines made of clay,  Metals replaced bronze in making weapons
bone, ivory, or stone depicted animals and  Iron was found to be the strongest metal among
humans. the three.
 Portable figurines found included those with  The export of knowledge of iron metallurgy and
finely carved facial features, while others of iron objects was rapid and widespread.
accentuated sexual organs and buttocke that  Iron was used for making weapons, putting arms
suggested that they were tied to an interest in in the hands of the masses.
human fertility.

Neolithic or New Stone Age (6,000 – 2,000 B.C.)

SOCIOCULTURAL EVOLUTION: The Development of
 They used polished and bladed stones. Societies from the Hunting and Gathering to the
 They started agriculture and established Industrial Stages
settlement in permanent villages.
 There was more domestication of animals.
 Early men moved out of caves and went out to
the coast.
 They led a more sedentary lifestyle.
 There was the appearance of crafts such as
pottery and weaving.
 They had permanent homes usually made of
timber or mud bricks.
THE SOCIETY AS “DRIVER OF INTERACTION”
Metal Age (2,000 B.C. – 1000 A.D.)
The development of technology, the information
 They began consciously to produce metals. acquired by humans on how to apply societal resources
 Changes in settlement organization, ritual life, as a response to humans needs and wants, leads to the
and interaction between the societies were evolution and transformation of society.
evident.
 Forests were formed after melting of ice caps.
 They showed signs of being dependent on rivers
as primary source of food.
HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETIES INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

 The oldest and the most basic way of economic  During the Industrial Revolution, new sources of
subsistence. energy were harnessed, advanced form of
 They produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for technology were applied, and machineries were
animals, and gather plants and vegetation for food. invented.
 Since hunting and gathering societies rely on nature  Industrialization produced a number of changes in
for their food, they frequently move and do not have society. It created workplaces, economic
permanent settlements. interdepedence, formal education and complex
o ELK social systems.
o DEER
POST- INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
o MOOSE
 During the paleolithic period, these societies lived in The post- industrial evolution is an important
a small groups with only 20-30 members. development from the industrial revolution as economic
 Family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering production is focused on the use and application of new
societies. information technology rather than factories.

HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES (Maciones, 2002) in the post- industrial era the center of
production was on computers and other electronic
 Horticultural societies developed around 10,000
devices that create, process and apply ideas and
years ago and they are described as semi-sedentary.
information
 In horticultural societies there is a surplus of food.
 Pastoral societies developed around 10,000 years Daniel Bell, an American sociologist at Harvard
ago. The principal means of subsistence of University, introduced the rise of the post- industrial
pastoralists is animal domestication. industry. According to him, post- industrial societies are
 These societies are classified as animal herders and characterized by the following:
they are also engaged in small- scale trading with 1. Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing
other groups. to service
 They are described as semisedentary as well because
they have settlements but they do not stay in one 2. A significant increase in the number of
place permanently. professional and technical employment and a
decline in the number of skilled and semi-skilled
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND THE NEOLITHIC workers.
REVOLUTION
3. Education as the basis of social mobility
 Neolithic people produced cultivation tools and
developed farming skills that can support and sustain 4. Human capita as an essential aspect of
a town with a population of over a thousand people. understanding the strength of society.
 Animal domestication provided important 5. Application of “intellectual technology” which is
contributions to the Neolithic people. based on the application of mathematics and
 Sheep, goats and pigs were the first animals linguistics and the use of algorithms and
domesticated in West Asia. software programming tools.
 The development of agriculture also led to an
increase in social inequality. 6. Focus on communication structure

7. Knowledge as source of invention and

innovation
POLITICAL EVOLUTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF Cuneiform is a system of writing first developed by the
EARLY CIVILIZATION ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia c. 3500 BCE.

Civilization- describes a complex way of life that came Pictograph – first form of writing before Cuneiform
about as people began to develop networks wedge shaped (clay tablets are where they carve and
of urban settlements. inscribe words)

The earliest civilizations developed between 4000 and Sumerians also created the concept of time. Using the
3000 B.C.E., when the rise sexagesimal system. (they divided the they woth 12hrs
of agriculture and trade allowed people to have surplus kf day and night)
of food and economic stability.
Ancient Mesopotamian Government was based on the
understanding that human beings were created to help
and serve the gods.

- managed by kings (monarchy believed on the

mandate of heaven they believed that the
positions of kings and queens were assigned to
them that are the stewards that god sent them)

There is no doubt that Mesopotamia was eventually and

for most of its history governed by rulers we might call
MESOPOTAMIA 4,000- 3500 B.C. "kings."

“Mesopotamia is the earliest urban literate civilization Ziggurat is a form of monumental architecture
on the globe. originating ancient Mesopotamia which usually had a
rectangular base and was built in a series of steps up to
Mesopotamia- means land between two rivers (Tigris a flat platform upon which a temple was raised.
and Euphrates)
- were believed to be inspired from the tower of
 Meso – middle or in-between babel because they believed that they would be
 Potamos – river closer to god through the highest point of the
temple
Fertile crescent – cradle of civilization

Sumerians- were one of the earliest people of southern

Mesopotamia whose civilization flourished between c.
4100-1750 BCE.

Some of the major Mesopotamian civilizations include

the Sumerian, Assyrian, Akkadian, and Babylonian
civilizations.

Anthropomorphic – believe in god, appear as human

form they have super powers (base sa notes ko ini hehe)

Assyrian – successful conquerors

UR is an important city state in Sumerians
Akkadian – considered as the worlds first empire,
established by King Sargon The Great.

Babylonian – have huge contribution by means in politics

and laws (282 laws)
INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION Caste System Of India

Indus valley civilization was a cultural and political entity top part - bhramin (rulers or priests)
which flourished in the northern region of the Indian
second part - eshateriyas - (warriors or military
subcontinent c. 7000- 600 BCE
personnels)
Also known as Harrapa Civilization most people are into
third part -vaishayas - (traders and merchants)
metallurgy
lower part - sudra or shudra - (common people)

no longer part of the pyramid - the DALITS or the

untouchables (alipin sa society of india persons who
committed a big mistake before)

- the government is indus people is a classification

system

EGYPT CIVILIZATION

Harrapa and mohenjo darro - were believed to be the Egyptian rulers used the idea of divine kingship and
most great city that were excavated first ti be discovered constructed monumental architecture.
is harrapa
Ancient Egyptians developed wide reaching trade
it was led by Sir John Hubert Marchall excavation networks.
campaign thry have an highly skilled in urban plannimg
Centralized government- every aspect of government is
Mohenjo darro - also mount of the dead they have a under the control of one person or body.
great public bath which is surrounded of four parts made
Government and religion were inseparable in ancient
up of bricks is considered by unesco in 1980 as one of the
Egypt- the Pharaoh was the head of the government and
world's heritage site united nations educational scientific
the divine representative of the gods on earth.
cultural organization (UNESCO)
Religion and government brought order to society
UNITED NATION EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND
through:
CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
 The construction of temples
The Indus Script is the writing system developed by
the Indus Valley Civilization  The creation of laws

● The political system was termed as “state-level”  Taxation

paradigm which suggested that this civilization had a
 The organization of labor
highly centralized empire.
 Trade with neighbors
● The indus river civilization form of government is a
classification system.

● indus script- own writing system developed by the

indus valley civilization it is made out of metal
the position of pharaoh is hereditary or are passed The Shang built huge cities with strong social class
through the bloodlines divisions, expanded earlier irrigation systems, excelled in
the use of bronze, and developed a writing system.
Pharaoh is the head of thr government and the divine
representative of the gods and earth (it was inseparable) The Shang Dynasty was a monarchy governed by a series
of kings, 29 or 30 in total, over the course of almost 600
(if india has caste sytem not possible to upgrade their
years.4
social status while vice versa sa egyptians have class
structure ) The Shang worshipped the “Shang Di,” who was the
supreme god that ruled over the lesser gods of the sun,
Egyptians their writing system is called as heiroglyphics
the moon, the wind, the rain, and other natural forces
also known as sacred carvings it was first used for
and places.
inscriptions carved or painted on temple walls but was
used on other items such as papyrus , tombs, and etc. It Chinese Civilization Achievements:
was also one of the earliest language to be written down
 Papermaking
papyrus is a plant alternative paper before in ancient
 Compass
egypt
 Gunpowder

 Printing
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATIONS
The Shang dynasty
1. 1.Developed and highly advanced cities
—the first Chinese dynasty to leave historical records—
2. Well- defined centers
is thought to have ruled from about 1600 to 1046 BCE.
3. Complex and systematic institution s
People of the Shang Dynasty are believed to have used 4. Organized and centralized system of
calendars and developed knowledge of astronomy and government
math. 5. Formalized and complex form of religion
6. Job specialization
Shang Dynasty artisans created sophisticated bronze
7. Development of social - classes
works, ceramics made from jade.
8. implementation of large scale public works and
history of china is known to be divided into periods infrastructure.
known as dynasty . Shang is considered as the family 9. Sophisticated and detailed forms of arts and
name architecture.
10. Advance technology
the dynasty can be removed or overthrown of Who's 11. System of writing and recording.
dynasty or family name is superior
Political Leaders are tasked:
oracle bone inscription - this is where they inscribe their
writing systems is their writing system (they inscribe into 1. Craft Laws
animal bones)
2. Implement Laws
China has 13 dynasty
3. Impose Justice and Punishment
- shang
4. Collect Taxes
- tan
- ming 5. Sometimes Act as Religious Leader as well.
- shu
- kin
- zhu
- yuan
 1. Family. Most important agent of socialization;
the center of a child’s life; parental attention is
very important.

2. School. Provides individuals an opportunity to

confront diversity; introduces gender role
socialization and even clustering of skills and
competencies according to gender and class.

3. Neighborhood. Local social units larger than the

household. Neighborhoods are social
SOCIALIZATION communities with face- to- face interaction
among members.

4. Religion. It has significant role in ‘meaning-

making’ of life; promote welfare of the
individual.

5. Peer Groups. Provides avenue for individuals to

Socialization- refers to a lifelong social experience by
develop a sense of self that goes beyond the
which people develop their human potential and learn
family; peers often govern short-term goals
culture.
while parents maintain influence over long-term
- is a continuing process that builds the foundation for an plans.
individual’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling,
6. Mass Media. Mass media create images that
and acting.
reinforce social stereotypes based on sex, class,
ENCULTURATION- is the process by which people learn ethnicity and religion.
the requirements of their surrounding culture and
THREE GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION
acquire the values and behaviors appropriate or
necessary in that culture. First, socialization teaches impulse control and helps
individual develop a conscience.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
Second, socialization teaches individuals how to
- refers to various social groups or social institutions that
prepare for and perform certain social roles.
play a significant role in introducing and integrating the
individual as an accepted and functioning member of Third, socialization cultivates shared sources of
society. (Banaag, 2012 p.1) meaning and value.

TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION

1. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION

2. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION

3. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION

4. PROFESSIONAL/ DEVELOPMENT SOCIALIZATION

5. RE- SOCIALIZATION
PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION- occurs early in a child’s STATUS- refers to a social position that a person holds.
lifestyle and is primarily due to have an impact directly
- position that an individual can occupy in society
from the family and close friends.
(Newman, 2012). It is not ranked position, but
SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION- occurs when a person simply a label that implies certain roles that must
learns on appropriate behavior to be displayed within a be performed.
smaller group which still part of a larger society.
STATUS SET- refers to all the statuses a person holds at a
ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION- refers to the processes given time.
of socialization in which a person “rehearses” for future
2 TYPES OF STATUS:
positions, occupations and social relationship.
Ascribed status- a social position a person receives at
PROFESSIONAL/ DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION- It
birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
develops his skills and attitudes for the future and
prepares him for the various roles and responsibilities Achieved status is one that a person has earned or
that he will assume as an adult. chosen based on his/her abilities and hard work. This is
usually signified by a certain profession, such as a
RE- SOCIALIZATION- When an individual moves to a new
professional athlete.
group, he has to learn the new values and beliefs of the
new group.

IDENTITY AND IDENTITIES FORMATION

Identity formation is the development of an individual’s

distinct personality.

Identity formation clearly influences personal identity by

which the individual thinks of him or herself as a discrete
and separate entity. ROLE- refers to the behavior expected of someone who
holds a particular status.
Individuals gain social identity and group identity by
social affiliations. ROLE SET- refers to a number of roles attached to a single
status.
Self-concept- is the sum of a being’s knowledge and
understanding of his or herself. ROLE STRAIN- conflict among the roles connected to two
or more statuses.
Self-awareness- an awareness to oneself.

Cultural Identity- is one’s feeling of identity or affiliation

with a group or culture.

Ethnic Identity- is the identification with a certain

ethnicity usually on the basis of presumed common
genealogy or ancestry.

National Identity- is an ethical and philosophical concept

whereby all humans are divided into groups called
nation.