Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ucsp Finals
Ucsp Finals
Biological evolution – refers to the changes or Brain size of 500 cubic centimeters
modifications and variations in genetics and inherited Upright
traits of biological populations from one generation to Biped
another. Tools users only and not tool makers
Charles Darwin – is considered as the Father of Evolution The 3.2 million year old Australopithecus Afarensis fossil
and the process of natural selection. named “Lucy” was considered as one of the modern
human’s earliest ancestors and remains as the most
Natural Selection – explains how species evolved and
famous hominid fossil discovered.
how they adapt to their environment.
THREE PRINCIPLES OF NATURAL SELECTION Homo – are classified as humans and not humanlike
creatures because they had bigger brains and were
1. VARIATION – every species is made up of a variety of bipedal.
individuals with some better adapted to their
environments compared to the others. HOMO HABILIS
HOMO ERECTUS
2. INHERITANCE – organisms produce offspring with HOMO SAPIENS
different sets of traits that can be inherited.
HOMO HABILIS - the apelike men who first to used stone
3. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST – organisms that have tools as weapons and protection of their enemies. They
traits most suitable to their environment will survive are recognized as the first true human, who lived from
and these variations are passed on to their offspring 2.4- 1.4 million years ago
in subsequent generations.
HOMO ERECTUS - This manlike specie could walk straight
THE PRE- HISTORIC MAN with almost the same brain with modern man.
HOMINIDS - is the general term used by scientists to - He made refined stone tools for hunting and
categorize the group of early humans and other weapons for protection of the enemies.
humanlike creatures that can walk, erect during the pre- - was the first Homo species to use fire and to live
historic times. in caves and small houses made of tree branches
- It was also believed that the Homo Erectus was
Sahelanthropus
the first Homo to use spoken language.
Ardipithecus
- First Homo to live and survive in Asia.
Australopithecus
Homo
The following are the major discovered fossils: OUR SPEAKING CAPACITY
a. Pithecanthropus Erectus “Java Man” - Humans have longer vocal tract compared with
chimpanzee. A longer vocal tract means that
b. Sinanthropus Pekinensis “Peking Man”
there is a longer vibration surface, allowing
human to produce a wide array of sounds than
chimpanzees.
HOMO SAPIENS - The last genus in the evolution ladder
of the Homo family “homo sapiens”(thinking man) OUR WALKING CAPACITY
NEANDERTHAL MAN CRO – MAGNON It was discovered in the Lipuun Point Reservation of the
was discovered in Was discovered in the Tabon Caves Complex in the Southern part of Palawan
Germany in 1856 who cro-magnon cave in Island by Dr. Robert Fox (1918-1958).
lived in cave and Southern France.
HOMO LUZONENSIS - It was excavated in 2007 in Callao
dependent in hunting and
Cave, Penablanca, Cagayan Valley, Philippines by an
fishing.
international multidisciplinary team led by Dr. Armand
Salvador Mijares, an archaeologist from the UP and a
Sahelanthropus, Ardipithecus and Australopithecus National Geographic Grantee.
- are considered as the first stage of human THE PRE-HISTORIC HUMAN ACHIEVEMENTS
evolution.
The pre- historic or the period when human life and
- Its fossils were excavated in the African
human activity evolved roughly dates from 2.5 million
continent.
years ago to 1,200 B.C, with researchers having found
Homo- considered as the last stage of human evolution. evidence of humans creating and using stone tools.
Humans used stones found in nature. They used copper for jewelry and weapons.
They used tree branches, leaves, and stones for There was sporadic use of copper for a limited
shelter. number of small tools and personal ornaments.
They produced fire by rubbing two stones Copper was used to adorn the deccased. It was
together. also fashioned into implements.
They produced basic stone tools and stone art. Copper pipes were used to water, dating back to
Humans began create durable product that did around 2700 B.C as found in one of the Egyptian
not served any function for survival but only as a pyramids.
means of self-expression. The art of smelting and molding copper was
The diagnostic art of this period appeared in two developed
main forms: small sculptures and large paintings
Iron Age (1200 – 1000 BC)
and engravings on cave walla.
Paleolithic sculptures and figurines made of clay, Metals replaced bronze in making weapons
bone, ivory, or stone depicted animals and Iron was found to be the strongest metal among
humans. the three.
Portable figurines found included those with The export of knowledge of iron metallurgy and
finely carved facial features, while others of iron objects was rapid and widespread.
accentuated sexual organs and buttocke that Iron was used for making weapons, putting arms
suggested that they were tied to an interest in in the hands of the masses.
human fertility.
The oldest and the most basic way of economic During the Industrial Revolution, new sources of
subsistence. energy were harnessed, advanced form of
They produce simple forms of tools used to hunt for technology were applied, and machineries were
animals, and gather plants and vegetation for food. invented.
Since hunting and gathering societies rely on nature Industrialization produced a number of changes in
for their food, they frequently move and do not have society. It created workplaces, economic
permanent settlements. interdepedence, formal education and complex
o ELK social systems.
o DEER
POST- INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
o MOOSE
During the paleolithic period, these societies lived in The post- industrial evolution is an important
a small groups with only 20-30 members. development from the industrial revolution as economic
Family is the basic unit of hunting and gathering production is focused on the use and application of new
societies. information technology rather than factories.
HORTICULTURAL AND PASTORAL SOCIETIES (Maciones, 2002) in the post- industrial era the center of
production was on computers and other electronic
Horticultural societies developed around 10,000
devices that create, process and apply ideas and
years ago and they are described as semi-sedentary.
information
In horticultural societies there is a surplus of food.
Pastoral societies developed around 10,000 years Daniel Bell, an American sociologist at Harvard
ago. The principal means of subsistence of University, introduced the rise of the post- industrial
pastoralists is animal domestication. industry. According to him, post- industrial societies are
These societies are classified as animal herders and characterized by the following:
they are also engaged in small- scale trading with 1. Transfer of labor workforce from manufacturing
other groups. to service
They are described as semisedentary as well because
they have settlements but they do not stay in one 2. A significant increase in the number of
place permanently. professional and technical employment and a
decline in the number of skilled and semi-skilled
AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES AND THE NEOLITHIC workers.
REVOLUTION
3. Education as the basis of social mobility
Neolithic people produced cultivation tools and
developed farming skills that can support and sustain 4. Human capita as an essential aspect of
a town with a population of over a thousand people. understanding the strength of society.
Animal domestication provided important 5. Application of “intellectual technology” which is
contributions to the Neolithic people. based on the application of mathematics and
Sheep, goats and pigs were the first animals linguistics and the use of algorithms and
domesticated in West Asia. software programming tools.
The development of agriculture also led to an
increase in social inequality. 6. Focus on communication structure
Civilization- describes a complex way of life that came Pictograph – first form of writing before Cuneiform
about as people began to develop networks wedge shaped (clay tablets are where they carve and
of urban settlements. inscribe words)
The earliest civilizations developed between 4000 and Sumerians also created the concept of time. Using the
3000 B.C.E., when the rise sexagesimal system. (they divided the they woth 12hrs
of agriculture and trade allowed people to have surplus kf day and night)
of food and economic stability.
Ancient Mesopotamian Government was based on the
understanding that human beings were created to help
and serve the gods.
“Mesopotamia is the earliest urban literate civilization Ziggurat is a form of monumental architecture
on the globe. originating ancient Mesopotamia which usually had a
rectangular base and was built in a series of steps up to
Mesopotamia- means land between two rivers (Tigris a flat platform upon which a temple was raised.
and Euphrates)
- were believed to be inspired from the tower of
Meso – middle or in-between babel because they believed that they would be
Potamos – river closer to god through the highest point of the
temple
Fertile crescent – cradle of civilization
Indus valley civilization was a cultural and political entity top part - bhramin (rulers or priests)
which flourished in the northern region of the Indian
second part - eshateriyas - (warriors or military
subcontinent c. 7000- 600 BCE
personnels)
Also known as Harrapa Civilization most people are into
third part -vaishayas - (traders and merchants)
metallurgy
lower part - sudra or shudra - (common people)
EGYPT CIVILIZATION
Harrapa and mohenjo darro - were believed to be the Egyptian rulers used the idea of divine kingship and
most great city that were excavated first ti be discovered constructed monumental architecture.
is harrapa
Ancient Egyptians developed wide reaching trade
it was led by Sir John Hubert Marchall excavation networks.
campaign thry have an highly skilled in urban plannimg
Centralized government- every aspect of government is
Mohenjo darro - also mount of the dead they have a under the control of one person or body.
great public bath which is surrounded of four parts made
Government and religion were inseparable in ancient
up of bricks is considered by unesco in 1980 as one of the
Egypt- the Pharaoh was the head of the government and
world's heritage site united nations educational scientific
the divine representative of the gods on earth.
cultural organization (UNESCO)
Religion and government brought order to society
UNITED NATION EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND
through:
CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
The construction of temples
The Indus Script is the writing system developed by
the Indus Valley Civilization The creation of laws
Printing
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CIVILIZATIONS
The Shang dynasty
1. 1.Developed and highly advanced cities
—the first Chinese dynasty to leave historical records—
2. Well- defined centers
is thought to have ruled from about 1600 to 1046 BCE.
3. Complex and systematic institution s
People of the Shang Dynasty are believed to have used 4. Organized and centralized system of
calendars and developed knowledge of astronomy and government
math. 5. Formalized and complex form of religion
6. Job specialization
Shang Dynasty artisans created sophisticated bronze
7. Development of social - classes
works, ceramics made from jade.
8. implementation of large scale public works and
history of china is known to be divided into periods infrastructure.
known as dynasty . Shang is considered as the family 9. Sophisticated and detailed forms of arts and
name architecture.
10. Advance technology
the dynasty can be removed or overthrown of Who's 11. System of writing and recording.
dynasty or family name is superior
Political Leaders are tasked:
oracle bone inscription - this is where they inscribe their
writing systems is their writing system (they inscribe into 1. Craft Laws
animal bones)
2. Implement Laws
China has 13 dynasty
3. Impose Justice and Punishment
- shang
4. Collect Taxes
- tan
- ming 5. Sometimes Act as Religious Leader as well.
- shu
- kin
- zhu
- yuan
1. Family. Most important agent of socialization;
the center of a child’s life; parental attention is
very important.
TYPES OF SOCIALIZATION
1. PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION
2. SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION
3. ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION
5. RE- SOCIALIZATION
PRIMARY SOCIALIZATION- occurs early in a child’s STATUS- refers to a social position that a person holds.
lifestyle and is primarily due to have an impact directly
- position that an individual can occupy in society
from the family and close friends.
(Newman, 2012). It is not ranked position, but
SECONDARY SOCIALIZATION- occurs when a person simply a label that implies certain roles that must
learns on appropriate behavior to be displayed within a be performed.
smaller group which still part of a larger society.
STATUS SET- refers to all the statuses a person holds at a
ANTICIPATORY SOCIALIZATION- refers to the processes given time.
of socialization in which a person “rehearses” for future
2 TYPES OF STATUS:
positions, occupations and social relationship.
Ascribed status- a social position a person receives at
PROFESSIONAL/ DEVELOPMENTAL SOCIALIZATION- It
birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.
develops his skills and attitudes for the future and
prepares him for the various roles and responsibilities Achieved status is one that a person has earned or
that he will assume as an adult. chosen based on his/her abilities and hard work. This is
usually signified by a certain profession, such as a
RE- SOCIALIZATION- When an individual moves to a new
professional athlete.
group, he has to learn the new values and beliefs of the
new group.