Construction Management

CPA 703
by Mohd Reza Esa

Lecture 1
Safety and Health Management
Page 1
LectureOutline

1. Introduction

2. Legislation

3. Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment and Risk Control

▪ HIRARC

4. Occupational Health and Safety Management System (OHSMS)

▪ OHSAS
▪ MS 1722

5. Government Initiatives
▪ Health and Safety Master Plan 2005 - 2010
▪ Construction Industry Standard CIS 10: 2018 – Safety & Health Assessment System in Construction
(SHASSIC)
▪ Construction Industry Transformation Programme (CITP) 2016-2020
▪ OSHCIM

Page 2
.:Introduction:.

Page 3
Common Perception
Construction industry is a ……………………..

No! They are not the same!

All worksites
are the same
not only work on different
Injuries & deaths sites differs from each
could happen other but work on the
anytime & part of same site is also changing
the construction daily
process

Page 4
• Each day, an average of 5,000 people globally die as a result of
work-related accidents or diseases.

• Every year, workers suffer from 270 million occupational

accidents and some 160 million non-fatal diseases.

• Hazardous substances in industry kill about 438,000 workers

annually.

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Overview

• Worldwide, construction is one of the most hazardous industries due to its unique
nature as the activities are performed at outdoor under conditions not conducive
for safety and health.

• Workers at the construction sites have to face constant changes in the nature of
work, the location of work and work with new workers. Most of the people tend to
relate construction industry to high risk working environment as compared to the
others.

• The reputation of the construction industry relies on the expertise of

implementation and managing safety, while meeting the consumer’s requirements.

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 “The construction industry is an important sector of any national
economy, especially regarding its employment potential. But accidents,
incidents, injuries and fatalities continue to occur unabated on
construction sites around the world at consistently high rates”.
(Hinze,1997)

“The construction industry tends to have a low awareness of the long-

term benefits of safety practices, while the tendering process often
gives little attention to safety, resulting in cost and corner cutting”.
(Biggs et al, 2005)

Page 7
Page 8
Scenario in Malaysia

• The Malaysian construction industry has been plagued by a poor safety

record due to a confluence of factors.

• These include itinerant labour force, discontinuity of construction projects

and pressure to complete work on time.

• As of September 2022, the number of fatalities rate on construction site was

the highest; the reported fatalities were 51!!!.

• In 2014, the fatality rate was 7.26 per 100,000 workers, in 2015 (10.74), in
2016 (12.78) and in 2017 (14.94) as compared to industrialized nations such
as Japan, Canada and Australia, which reported an average of 3 fatalities.

Page 9
Year 2021 As of Sept 2022

(Source: DOSH, 2022)

Page 10
Page 11
https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2020/02/17/developers-designers-to-be-
made-liable-for-workers-
safety/?fbclid=IwAR18TEYtZPhvTXxAYFVNY4GW9hIFj9iMMQdrSKQ77MPom46t7u3gtvbG3yk Page 12
.:Legislation:.

Page 13
Acts

Factories and Machinery Act 139 (1967) Occupational Safety and Health Act 514
(Revised – 1974) (1994)
Factories and Machinery Act
(Amendment) 2006 • This Act provides legislative framework to
promote, stimulate and encourage high
standards of safety and health at work.
• The Act provides a technical requirement,
• Aim to promote safety and health
which is to be implemented at the
awareness, and establish effective safety and
construction site
health management and performance
• Designated/ competent person must through self-regulation to create health and
supervise, which required special safety culture on all employers and
knowledge. Safety supervisors are required employees
to be appointed to ensure compliance of
safety regulation besides forming a safety
committee

These acts are regulated by Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH).
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Principles of OSHA

Main principles that had been taken as the foundation in the drafting of this Act.

1. Self-regulation
To handle issues relating to occupational safety and health, employers must develop a good and
orderly management system. Starting with formation of a safety and health policy and
consequently employers have to make the proper arrangements to be carried out.

2. Consultation- tri partite

where employers, employees and the government must negotiate to settle issues and problems
relating to occupational safety and health at the workplace.

3. Co-operation
where employers and employees must co-operate to take care, nurture and to increase the quality
of occupational safety and health at the workplace.

Without co-operation between employers and employees, none of the occupational safety and
health programmes carried out would succeed.

Page 15
 Objectives of OSHA

To promote and secure the safety and health of people at work

To protect people at work against hazards
To assist in securing safe and hygiene work environments
To reduce, eliminate and control the hazards
To foster co-operation and consultation between employers and employees
To promote education and community awareness

How the OSHA works?

Set safety and health policy
Management organization
Safety committees/ officers
Safety audits & statistical analysis
Accident, near miss, disease reporting
Accident investigation
Safety training
Page 16
 CONSULTATION

The OSH Act requires consultation between employers and employees in the
workplace. Consultation promotes:-

▪ Open communication
▪ Co-operation
▪ Access a wide range of knowledge and experience held by employees and
employers
▪ Speedy resolution of issues and disputes
▪ Active and informed participation by employees in the management of workplace
safety and health
▪ Shared ownership of S & H goals

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 DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS & SELF-
DUTIES OF EMPLOYERS & SELF-
EMPLOYED PERSONS TO OTHER
EMPLOYED PERSONS TO EMPLOYEES
PERSONS (NON-EMPLOYEES)
• Safe plant and systems of work
• Ensure he and others are not
• Safe use, storage and handling of plant
exposed to OSH risks.
and substances
• Information, instruction, training and
supervision • Give others OSH information, as
prescribed.
• Safe place of work
• Safe access and egress
• Written general OSH policy.
• Not to charge employees for things done
or provided
• Employer to report accidents, dangerous
occurrences, occupational poisonings or
diseases to DOSH
Page 18
 DUTIES OF EMPLOYEES
• HEAD PROTECTION
– Safety hats/ caps
• EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
– Dust & impact goggles & spectacles
• Reasonable care of self and others – Welding goggles & mask
• Cooperate to help others discharge • RESPIRATORY PROTECTION
– Dust & half mask
their duties – Filter cartridge masks
• Use protective equipment or clothing – Canister mask & distance breathers
– Air supplied hoods & masks
provided • HEARING PROTECTION
• Comply with instructions or measures – Ear plugs & ear muffs
• FOOT PROTECTION
made in accordance with OSH − Safety boots & shoes
− Foot covers
legislation • HAND PROTECTION
− Cotton & welding gloves
• Not to interfere or misuse things − Disposal gloves
− Neoprene coated heavy duty gloves
done in accordance with OSH • PROTECTIVE CLOTHING
legislation − Leather aprons
− Leather elbows pads & sleeves
− Air supplied enclosure suits
− Fire suits
• FALL PROTECTION
− Safety belts & harness
• OTHERS FOR EMERGENCY & RESCUE
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.:Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Risk Control:.

Page 20
Hazard Identification, Risk Assessment & Risk Control (HIRARC)

• There are two major categories of hazard in construction sites namely: -

– the risk of physical injury or physical injury hazard
– the risk of ill health or health hazard

• Common Hazards / Hazardous Operations At Construction Sites

− Scaffolds & working at heights − Cranes & Earth Moving Equipment
− Falling Objects − Electricity & Compressed Air
− Machinery, Tools and Equipment − Chemicals & Dangerous Substances
− Mobile equipment & Vehicles − Confined spaces & working over water
− Trenches, Blasting & Demolition & Piling − Housekeeping
− Manual & Mechanical Lifting

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HIRARC is a Risk Management Tool:-
▪ Begin with Hazard Identification
▪ Followed by Risk Assessment
▪ End with Risk Controls
▪ Budget for implementation of controls
▪ Review : Effectiveness of controls
▪ Documentation

The purpose of HIRARC are as follows:-

▪ to identify all the factors that may cause harm to employees and others (the
hazards)
▪ to consider what the chances are of that harm actually be falling anyone in the
circumstances of a particular case and the possible severity that could come from
it (the risks); and
▪ to enable employers to plan, introduce and monitor preventive measures to
ensure that the risks are adequately controlled at all times.

Page 22
Process of HIRARC

Classify work activities

Employer Worker
Consultation
Representative Representative

Identify Hazards

Risk Assessment

Review
Prepare Risk Control Action Plan

Implement
.:Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS):.

Page 24
OSHMS
Objectives:-

▪ To create a safe working environment whilst achieving organisational goals in the

conduct of the day-to-day business of the organisation.
▪ To enable an organisation to establish a prevention system to safeguard the working
environment.

OSHMS Standards:-

▪ OHSAS 18001 : 1999 - Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems –

SPECIFICATION
▪ OHSAS 18002 : 2000 - Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems –
GUIDELINES for Implementation of OHSAS 18001
▪ MS 1722 : PART 1 : 2005 - Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems – Part
1 : REQUIREMENTS
▪ MS 1722 : Part 2 : 2003 - Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems – Part 2
: GUIDELINES
Page 25
Benefits:-

▪ Eliminate or minimize risks to employees

▪ Show evidence of systematic arrangements are in place to carry out the OSH policy and
objective
▪ Improve conformance with legal requirements
▪ Improve employees attitude towards health and safety
▪ Continually improve OSH performance

The Core Elements:-

– Planning
– Implementation & Operation
– Checking & Corrective Action
– Management Review

Page 26
Principles of OSHMS

ACT PLAN
Review Continual Policy
Improvement Planning
HIRARC
A P
C D
CHECK DO
Performance Implementation &
Assessment (Active & Operation
Reactive)

Page 27
Key Elements in MS1722 : Part 1

Policy
POLICY Development

ORGANISING Organizational
Development

PLANING & Developing

IMPLEMENTATION techniques of
planning,
measuring &
EVALUATION reviewing

Feedback loop
ACTION OF to improve
IMPROVEMENT performance

Page 28
.:Government Initiatives:.

Page 29
Government Initiatives

• DOSH with a collaboration of Ministry of Human Resources has introduced

Occupational Safety & Health Master Plan (2016 – 2020).

• This master plan is formulated to further boost national occupational safety

and health (OSH) to a greater level to protect the nation's human resources.

• Emphasize is given towards the developing a preventive culture which

include:-
– Responsibility and Commitment Between Employers and Workers
– Respect the Rights of Workers to OSH
– Involvement of Workers in OSH Activities
– OSH Knowledge and Skills Enhancement

Page 30
 Construction Industry Standard CIS 10: 2018 – Safety & Health Assessment
System In Construction (SHASSIC)

• Objectives:
– To benchmark the level of safety and health performance of construction industry in
Malaysia;
– To have a standard system of safety and health assessment in the construction industry;
– To assess S & H performance of contractor (s) based on this standard;
– To evaluate the performance of contractor (s) on the S & H practices at site;
– To improve and to take necessary corrective action on OSH Performance and management
at site; and
– To compile data for statistical analysis

• Sets out the S & H Management practices of contractor for various aspects of
construction work activities; covers 3 main components:-
− Document check
− Site/ workplace inspection
− Employees interview

Page 31
The CITP is Malaysia’s national agenda to transform
the construction industry from 2016 to 2020. It aims to
transform the construction industry through four
strategic thrusts:

http://www.citp.my/

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Poor conditions on worksite, including
workers’ amenities and safety and health
standards

From 2011 to April 2015

Room to enhance public perception of the industry and limited awareness of initiatives
to improve the image of the industry

Page 33
 Improve level of occupational safety and health at construction site

▪ Enhance construction-specific safety training.

▪ Promote the usage of SHASSIC to emphasis the implementations of ratings and assessments of
safety aspect.
▪ Adequate provision for OSH embedded in the contract provisions.

Regulate minimum level of construction

workers’ amenities

▪ More stringent requirements on occupational

safety and health will be introduced.
▪ A development of MS Code of Practice to
define guidelines for temporary construction
site workers’ amenities
https://www.edgeprop.my/content/1728497/employers-can-be-fined-rm50000-not-providing-
proper-housing-workers-sept-1?fbclid=IwAR0sZJjfdVTunRB1mo_HkEZ_-
c8MbAR5tnmmy5uW0cp_d63TGM_HZiDlLv4
Page 34
The CR4.0 is a roadmap for the Malaysian Construction
Industry to embrace the Fourth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0)
in ways that would transform its productivity and
competitiveness.

It aims to transform the construction industry through five

strategic thrusts:

Well-Being

Productivity Safety & Health

Sustainability &
Resiliency Integrity
Page 35
 Occupational Safety and Health in Construction Industry (Management) (OSHCIM)
under DOSH

• OSHCIM is developed to guide the client, designer and contractor on the management of safety,
health and welfare when carrying out the construction projects from start to finish.

• Responsibility of OSH in construction should be shared among all stakeholders; including

identifying, eliminating and reducing all foreseeable risks.

• The OSHCIM is based on five key elements:-

− Managing the risks by applying the risk assessment approach and the general principle of prevention.
− Appointing the right people and organizations at the right time.
− Making sure everyone has the information, instruction, training and supervision they need to carry out
their jobs in a way that secures safety and health.
− Dutyholders cooperating and communicating with each other and coordinating their work.
− Consulting workers and engaging with them to promote and develop effective measures to secure
safety, health and welfare.

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.:Conclusion:.

Page 37
PROGRESS IS PRIORITY

SAFETY IS
MANDATORY
ALWAYS REMEMBER !!!

IT IS TOO LATE IF WE WANT TO LEARN

FROM OUR OWN MISTAKE
Page 38
Group Discussion

1) Form a small group (3-4 students).

2) Discuss the questions among your group members (15-20 minutes).
3) Select at least one (1) representative from each group to present the outcome.

Question:-

Discuss the key components of OSHA 1994. How HIRARC could minimize
the occurrence of accidents in construction project?

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