Writing task 2

Differences between academic and general modules

In both academic and general modules, candidates need to develop a
minimum 250-word essay in about 40 minutes for task 2, which makes up
around 65% of the overall writing band score. Note that there is no upper
word limit. Candidates may be assigned to an argument, a discussion, an
advantage-disadvantage, a cause-effect, or a direct-question essay. However,
there are some slight differences between the two modules. For instance,
topics are usually about more common situations in the general module:
family, society, school, sports, etc. However, in the academic module,
questions cover a broader spectrum and more academic topics, such as causes
and effects of global warming, an argument on space tourism, or advantages
and disadvantages of modern farming methods.
The academic module
In the academic module, candidates should write an essay on specific and
academic topics, which require a broad array of topic-related vocabulary and
a variety of sentence structures for a high band score. As a result, improving
vocabulary and grammar is a must. Reading various magazine articles about
diverse topics, which may show up on the IELTS test, could facilitate this
process. Although there are different types of essays, the structure,
organization, and paragraphing are almost the same for all of them.
Following these structures, sufficient paragraphing and proper organization
of opinions and examples lead to clear essays, and consequently, success in
achieving a great band score. Another critical factor here is “time
management.” Bear in mind that task 2 takes up around 40 minutes.
Task 2 requirements
In the IELTS test, writing task 2 is scored based on four defined criteria,
where each criterion accounts for 25% of the overall writing band score.
Understanding these band descriptors and following them will lead to a high
band score.

1. Task response simply means that the question(s) raised in the topic
is/are fully answered, and the writer has a clear position throughout;
main ideas are all relevant, well-developed, extended, and supported
 through explanations and examples.
2. Coherence and cohesion refer to fluency (external framework) and
unity (internal framework) in writing. In other words, coherence
(fluency) means opinions and examples are logically progressed and
organized into a sufficient number of paragraphs. For optimum
cohesion (unity), a wide range of linking devices and referencing
words should be flexibly used throughout the essay. These tools help
writers avoid repetition and communicate what they mean clearly and
seamlessly.
3. Lexical resources or in simple language, “vocabulary” should be used
with their precise meaning. Correct use of “collocations,” “academic
expressions,” “word formation,” and “correct spelling” are the main
features of great academic writings.
4. Grammatical range and accuracy refer to accurate usage of various
sentence structures (simple, compound, complex, compound-
complex), correct use of tenses, punctuation, spelling, active/passive
voices, and conditionals.

The following pages focus on each criterion, breaking them into smaller
segments for better analysis and excellence in task 2.
1) Task response
Reading the topic carefully, understanding the question(s), identifying the
type of essay, addressing all parts of the task thoroughly, presenting a
position clearly, and developing well-supported and relevant ideas throughout
the essay will lead to a high band score for this category.
2) Coherence and cohesion
Coherence (fluency) and cohesion (unity) are essential aspects of any
academic writing; they are also assessed throughout the IELTS writing test.
Coherence (fluency) is the overall structure and logical organization and
paragraphing of the essay. Adhering to a 4-paragraph structure and the
logical development of each paragraph will enhance the essay’s fluency.
Cohesion (unity) is the natural flow and seamless connection of ideas among
sentences and paragraphs. In cohesive writings, ideas are logically and
smoothly linked using cohesive devices and referencing words. However,
overusing linking words will lower the band score as the writing will lose its
natural flow and sound mechanical. An alternative way to achieve coherence
in writing is to avoid repetition of structures and vocabulary. These features
are looked at more precisely in the following pages:
Cohesive devices

Linking words
Linking or transition words are extremely useful in IELTS writings as they
help link ideas, sentences, and paragraphs. However, understanding their
precise meaning is crucial for ultimate accuracy. It is noteworthy that
overusing them or misusing them will make writings confusing and lower the
band score. These words do not need to be always placed at the beginning of
sentences causing repetition in structures. However, if that is the case, they
are followed by a “comma,” and if they link two clauses to form a complex
structure, they are usually put between “two commas” or between “a
semicolon and a comma” based on punctuation rules. There is a list of the
most common linking words and phrases in the table below:
In addition
Agreement/Addition/Similarity(to)/similarly/comparatively/also/furthermore/more
well as
Although/in contrast/on the contrary/in spite of/ des
Disagreement/Contradiction though/ regardless/whereas/while
Owing to/due to/because of/with this in mind/for th
Cause/Purpose/Condition to/ if/unless/in view of/on account of
For example/for instance/such as/namely/to illustra
Example/Support/Emphasis is to say/truly/indeed/surely/certainly/in fact/ partic
As a result/consequently/as a consequence/ therefor
Effect/Result/Consequence circumstances/so/thus
Generally speaking/all things considered/given thes
Generalization/Conclusion large/in conclusion/to summarize/to conclude
In the meantime/in the first place/as soon as/meanw
Time/Sequence/Chronology simultaneously/to begin with/prior to/after/ before
For example
 It furthermore creates more economic growth in the region. (No
comma is required.)
Furthermore, it allows for more economic growth in the region. (A
comma is required.)
However, it has a few benefits for local people. (A comma is
required.)
Flights are costly; however, many consider them as their first option.
(A semicolon and a comma are needed.)

Referencing words
Referencing words help a smooth backward or forward to ideas or concepts
already mentioned in writing or are about to appear. However, in most cases,
referencing words refer to something that is already mentioned. These words
help avoid repetition and give writings more clarity and better cohesion.
“Referencing words” are classified under five main categories:
Subject/object pronouns
(In academic writing, it is Subject pronouns:
recommended to focus on I/you/he/she/it/you/we/they
impersonal pronouns (It, They,
Object pronouns:
and Them) rather than the
me/you/him/her/it/you/us/them
personal pronouns
(I/You/She/He/Her/Him/Us)

Possessive pronouns
(show ownership and the most My/mine/your/yours/her/hers/his/our/ours/
common ones in academic writing their/theirs/its
are the impersonal pronouns, such
as Its, theirs, and their.)
This/that (singular)- these/those (plural)-
This design /Those images
Demonstratives Such
(They are used to refer to (Such usually follows a singular or plural
something previously mentioned, noun, and together they refer to an idea or
and this avoids repetition.) a concept that is formerly mentioned.)
 e.g., such ideas, such methods, such a
decision
Other/another/both/the same/better/more/
Comparatives earlier/later/previous
(They are used as either pronouns (They all need to follow a noun.)
or adjectives.) Another means of transportation
Earlier methods of painting
“The” is often used to refer to something
The definite article already introduced in the text, preventing
repetition.

Paraphrasing
Both measures mentioned above are great ways to help avoid repetition.
However, paraphrasing methods, such as using synonyms, similar words,
opposites, different word forms, and alternative word orders in sentences, are
also essential academic writing techniques to enhance cohesion and overall
writing quality. This useful skill is an asset in all parts of an essay: writing an
introduction and introducing the topic, rewriting the main idea at the end of
body paragraphs, and restating the writer’s position in the conclusion. There
are various methods of paraphrasing, and the most common ones are as
follows:
• Using synonyms/similar words/opposites
Using synonyms is one of the easiest ways of paraphrasing; however, note
that the precise meaning of words should be considered at all times. Also,
keep in mind that in most cases, words have more than one primary meaning.
Therefore, using them appropriately is crucial. While using this method,
“collocations,” which are a combination of words used together, should be
excluded as they are understood and defined in a specific way, so
paraphrasing them is not advised. For instance, natural disasters, air
pollution, and global warming are collocations, so we do not use synonyms to
paraphrase them.
For example

Most people who attended the seminar were married.

 The majority of those who took part in the seminar were not single.

In the above sentences, two synonyms and an opposite word have

paraphrased the sentence while the meaning and structure are kept
unchanged.
• Using different word forms
Sometimes paraphrasing could just happen by changing the word form (one
part of speech to another), for instance, changing a “noun” to an “adjective”
or a “verb” to an “adverb.”
For example

There has been a rapid increase in the number of bikes.

The number of bikes has been rapidly increased.

In these sentences, the adjective “rapid” has changed to the adverb “rapidly,”
and the noun “increase” has changed to the verb “increased.”
• Changing active voice to passive voice or vice versa
Changing voices in a sentence simply changes the word order, which is
considered an excellent paraphrasing tool.
For example

The economic crisis affects millions of people every year. (active

voice)
Millions of people are affected by the economic crisis every year.
(Passive voice)

In this example, the active verb “affects” has changed to the passive verb,
“are affected.” As a result, the sentence structure and word order have
changed.
• Changing sentence structure using different linking words
Similar linking words could change the structure of a sentence. Although
these words are similar in meaning, they follow different structures.
For example
 Because the total number of students has declined, most schools are
bankrupt.
Most schools are bankrupt because of a decline in the total number of
students.

In the first sentence, “because” follows a phrase, while in the alternative

sentence, “because of” follows a noun changing the sentence structure.
3) Lexical resources
In the IELTS writing task 2, there is an extensive range of topics, such as
wildlife, environmental issues, economic crisis, space exploration, natural
disasters, technology, crime, etc. Therefore, improving vocabulary skills
and being familiar with topic-related words and phrases, different word
forms, collocations, advanced expressions, and spelling are of great
significance. All these tools help candidates avoid using too common words
or repetitive language.

Topic-related vocabulary
Candidates are expected to discuss a wide range of topics using advanced
expressions and vocabulary to achieve a high band score for lexical
resources. For example, if the topic is about “the environment,” advanced
words and collocations such as flora and fauna, dense vegetation, soil
erosion, degradation, natural habitat, native species, deforestation, etc.,
should be flexibly used throughout the essay. Therefore, practicing topic-
related vocabulary is crucial.

Common words
Some words are marked as overused and are not highly admired in academic
writing. As a result, it is best to replace them with more advanced vocabulary
for a high band score in writing task 2. There is a selection of some common
words and their alternatives in the table below:
Overused
Alternatives
words
Very (adverb) Extremely/extensively/significantly/tremendously/incredibly/
unusually
Alleged/argued/replied/stated/mentioned/commented/
Said (verb)
demanded
Good Excellent/exceptional/phenomenal/splendid/marvelous/
(adjective) satisfactory
Funny Amusing/entertaining/engaging/hilarious/laughable/
(adjective) humorous
Considerable/enormous/gigantic/immense/massive/colossal/
Big (adjective)
sizable
Bad Awful/defective/inadequate/unacceptable/faulty/inferior/
(adjective) erroneous
Important Dominant/foremost/predominant/principal/indispensable/
(adjective) essential

Collocations
Collocations are 2 or 3 words that commonly go together and sound natural
to native speakers. In other words, collocations are chunks of language that
always go together. Thus we do not paraphrase them, but using them is
crucial in writing. There are various patterns of collocations. Some of these
patterns with a few examples are as follows:
Verb-noun collocations

The government should raise awareness regarding global warming.

It raises an ethical question.
The submitted applications should meet the requirements.
It is hard to make ends meet these days.
Students need to make an effort to succeed.

Verb-adverb collocations
 Using available resources is highly recommended.
The city council condemned new changes strongly.
They totally agreed with his idea.
The research team announced their triumph proudly.
The company benefited enormously from the situation.

Adjective-noun collocations

The tutor gave him invaluable advice.

There is a strong possibility that economic trends change.
The country has a rich culture.
She plays a crucial role in her father’s company.
There is heavy traffic during rush hours.

Adverb-adjective collocations

she was completely satisfied with her test results.

It was rather cold for that time of the year.
They are fully aware of the consequences.
It is perfectly normal to be nervous for a test.
He was utterly delighted to see her.

Noun-noun collocations

Air pollution is one of the dire environmental hazards.

They need a building permit to construct a house.
Natural disasters claim a significant number of lives every year.
Acid rain is one of the leading causes of erosion.
People with a learning disability need a particular education program.

Verb-preposition collocations

They should spend less money on hobbies.

The company has invested in a new project.
They both agreed on the topic.
 She needs to learn how to depend on herself.
It is not easy to concentrate on reading with a lot of background
noise.

Adjective-preposition collocations

She is jealous of her younger sister.

Is he eligible for this job posting?
She is familiar with the local culture.
He is interested in cycling.
They were anxious about their test results.

Noun-preposition collocations

Having real friends is one of the advantages of being honest.

She has a great deal of difficulty with the new computer system.
There is a considerable difference in current trends for housing.
The government has a great responsibility for peoples’ safety.
He had a rough transition to the new situation.

Other common collocations

It is essential to do homework.
Some people do not believe in getting married.
This chapter is coming to an end soon.
This technique saves time and money.
She has a great deal of experience in teaching.
Their main goal is to make a substantial profit at any cost.
Take your time; I am not in a rush!
Her dog has gone missing.
His mindful comment caught her attention.
She has lost/gained a lot of weight.
Do not miss the opportunity to travel when there is a chance.
Can you keep a secret?
 Word formation
Another practical way to improve vocabulary and grammar is to be familiar
with different word forms. This skill has a great significance in the IELTS
test. In both writing tasks, it is a tool that facilitates paraphrasing in case
coming up with synonyms is out of reach. Furthermore, using different word
forms provides writings with various sentence structures. Besides, candidates
should also show flexibility around word forms in the speaking part of the
IELTS test for a high band score. This technique is also used to paraphrase
questions in the IELTS test’s reading and listening sections. Hence, gaining
practical knowledge of word forms plays an indispensable role in the IELTS
test.
The following diagram shows different word forms for the word “Economy.”

These examples show how to use various forms of the word “economy”:

The economy is facing a recession due to poor global trades.

(noun/subject)
He studied economics so that he could work as an economist.
(noun/noun)
The current economic situation is not promising. (adjective/related to
the economy)
Fluorescent lamps are more economical than regular light bulbs as
they consume little amount of energy. (adjective/related to saving
energy and or money)
Running the business was no longer economically viable.
(adverb/related to money)
Some people try to economize on heating, as a result geopardizing
 their health in winter. (verb/to save)

The following table shows a few words and their relevant forms:

Verb (base
Noun Adjective Adverb
form)
Informative
To inform Information Informed Informatively
Informational
To succeed Success Successful Successfully
To urge Urgency Urgent Urgently
Application Applicable
To apply Applicably
Applicant Applied
To necessitate Necessity Necessary Necessarily
4) Grammatical range and accuracy
It is vital to use grammar accurately; this includes correct use of tenses, active
and passive voices, subject-verb agreement, conditionals, modals,
prepositions, articles, and various sentence structures in both writing tasks. A
thorough review of all these grammar points is strongly recommended to
achieve a high band score for grammar. There is a quick look at each of these
aspects of grammar in the following pages:

Tenses
Depending on the type of writing, various tenses, such as present simple, past
simple, present perfect, present perfect continuous, or future tenses, might be
required. In most cases, a combination of a few tenses is dominant in a single
piece of writing, and in this case, a smooth transition among them is
essential.
For example

In summer, sales usually soar, but the state had announced a sudden
drop in sales a few months before it happened; however, based on
current trends, they will increase gradually by the end of the year.
(There is a natural and smooth transition among present simple, past perfect,
past simple, and future tense in the above example.)

Active and passive voice

In well-structured academic writings, a balance of both active and passive
voices can be tracked. While “passive voice” is practical in formal writing,
the unnecessary passive voice will be penalized.
For example

The garden was trimmed by me before they arrived. (unnecessary

passive voice)
I had trimmed the garden before they arrived. (appropriate active
voice)
The painting is done by an anonymous local artist. (appropriate
passive voice.)
An anonymous local artist has painted it. (appropriate active voice)

Subject-verb agreement
A common area of grammatical mistakes is around subjects and their
following verbs. Subjects and verbs should always agree in terms of being
“singular” or “plural.” A singular subject takes a singular verb, whereas a
plural subject takes a plural verb. Note that uncountable nouns and singular
indefinite pronouns, such as “everyone,” someone,” “anyone,” “somebody,”
“something,” “anything,” “nothing,” etc., take singular verbs.
For example

Chemistry is a fun subject to study. (singular subject and singular

verb)
Firstly, glass is collected from recycling sites. (uncountable noun and
singular verb)
Some countries are developing their tourism industry. (plural subject
and plural verb)
Parents do their best to raise their children. (plural subject and plural
 verb)
Nobody is home. Everyone is out on a picnic. (Singular indefinite
pronouns and singular verbs)
Many people travel these days. (Plural indefinite pronoun and plural
verb)

Conditionals
Conditionals are great examples of complex structures that are essential in
writing task 2. They are preferably used as a part of an explanation or an
example in body paragraphs. Depending on the situation, zero conditionals,
conditional types I, II, or III could clarify an idea in a body paragraph. Using
conditionals, more advanced alternatives such as, unless, otherwise, provided
that, etc., should also be considered.
For example

If students study hard, they get great results.

(Zero conditional is formed by “If+ present simple, + present simple.” This

structure is useful in describing routines/facts/real and possible situations.)

Unless the government acts now, the economy will suffer an

irreversible crisis.

(First conditional is formed by “If+ present simple, + future.” This structure

describes real and possible situations.)

Provided (that) farming methods were automated, food production

would be faster.

(Second conditional is formed by “If+ past simple, + would+ base form of the
verb.” This typical complex structure describes hypothetical, unreal, but
possible situations.)

If he had studied science instead of math, he would have been a

doctor now.
(Third conditional is formed by “If+ past perfect, + would+ have/has+ pp”.
This conditional type is useful in describing situations that are unreal or
impossible to change as they happened in the past, such as regrets.)

Modal verbs
Modals are functional grammar tools, which make it easier to express
probability, ability, obligation, or necessity. Some common modal verbs are
can, could, should, may, might, must. Note that after all modals, infinitives
without “to” should be used.
For example

He can paint well. (ability/skills/present tense)

She could achieve a higher goal. (probability/ability/past tense)
You should try windsurfing. (suggestion/present-future)
You should see a doctor if you are sick. (advice/necessity/present
tense)
I might/may go shopping tomorrow. (possibility/future)
They must wear uniforms. (obligation/rule/present tense)

Sentence structures
A sentence structure is the physical format of a sentence. Varying sentence
structures avoids repetition, creates a natural rhythmic tone in writing, and
makes it sound intriguing. In the IELTS test, for both academic and general
modules using various sentence structures is highly advised. There are four
sentence structures: simple sentences, compound sentences, complex
sentences, and compound-complex sentences. Flexible use of these structures
accurately will lead to a high band score for grammar, enhancing the overall
writing quality.
1) Simple sentences
A simple sentence is an independent clause, which mainly includes a subject
and a verb, and it is complete on its own. These independent clauses could
also have other components, such as an object or a modifier, but they hold
one complete idea or a concept overall. These structures are mainly used to
form a topic sentence in body paragraphs as they hold one central idea, one of
the main features of a good topic sentence.
For example

The main advantage of organic farming methods is saving the

environment.
Airline companies have facilitated traveling.
Honesty is key to a good friendship.
The government has promoted healthy eating.
There is a central idea in all the sentences above, and all of
them are grammatically complete and independent.

2) Compound sentences
A compound sentence consists of two independent clauses that are connected
by a coordinating conjunction or a semi-colon. However, both sentences are
independent and complete in meaning. If coordinating conjunctions link the
two independent clauses, using a “comma” is necessary. There are seven
coordinating conjunctions:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (fanboys)
The following examples show how they form compound structures.
For example

He likes coffee, but his sister prefers tea.

She enjoys doing sports, so she goes jogging every day.
We did not go to the park; we went to the movies instead.
He missed her so much, yet he did not call her.
He loves fruits, and his favorite fruit is apple.

3) Complex sentences
A complex sentence includes one independent clause and one dependent
clause. An example of this is conditionals. Dependent clauses could also start
with a relative pronoun, such as who, which, or that, or they could be formed
using subordinating conjunctions, namely, because, since, after, etc.
For example
 Because it was late, she decided not to call him.
As there is severe air pollution, elderlies should stay at home.
If the government does not act now, there will be irreversible
repercussions.
The dependent clause should be followed by a comma if it
initiates the complex sentence.
I ended up reading the book for five hours since it was very engaging.
A giraffe is an animal that lives in Africa.
The government must make strict rules if traffic needs to be
controlled.
No comma is required if the complex sentence ends with the
dependent clause.

In all the sentences above, the clauses starting with a subordinating

conjunction or a relative pronoun are dependent (underlined sections)
because their meanings are not complete on their own, and they rely on the
independent clauses (sections that are not underlined) to be completely
meaningful.
4) Compound-complex sentences
Compound-complex sentences are simply a combination of one compound
sentence and one complex sentence. These structures produce long sentences,
which are quite valuable in academic writing as they provide better fluency
and flow of ideas; however, keeping a balance in using them is vital as
overusing compound-complex sentences could create confusion in writing.
For example

She finished her assignment, but she did not have time to review her
lessons even though she had a test the day after.
He likes to tidy up his room, but he does not like to organize his
closet because he finds it time-consuming.
I saw her again at work, and I recognized her from the other night
when we were at the party.

There is one compound sentence (in black) connected to a dependent clause

(in blue) by a subordinating conjunction or a relative pronoun forming a
compound-complex structure in all these examples.

Prepositions
A common area of grammatical mistakes in the IELTS writing test is around
“prepositions.” Some prepositions, also known as dependent prepositions,
collocate nouns, verbs, or adjectives, and some of them were briefly
discussed in the “collocations” section. Other prepositions are classified as
independent prepositions under different categories. The most common
independent prepositions are as follows:
1) Prepositions of time (at, on, in, for, since)
For example

The train leaves at 3:15. (specific time)

I was born in April. (months, years, centuries, and seasons)
He always goes swimming in the morning. (non-specific time during
the day)
They had a meeting on Tuesday. (days)
She arrived on the 18th of July. (dates)
He has worked there for two years. (duration/a period)
They have lived there since 1995. (the beginning of a specific
time/period)

2) Prepositions of place (at, on, in)

For example

She lives in Switzerland. (continents, countries, states, cities, towns,

villages, regions, and neighborhoods)
He lives at 22 West view Drive. (specific address)
There is a coffee shop on Jericho street. (name of streets, avenues,
roads, etc.)

3) Prepositions of location (In, at, on, no preposition)

For example

In: class, school, (the) *car, (the) garden, (the) library, (the) office
(specific locations)
At: school, the beach, home, (the) library, work, (the) office (general
locations)
On: the train, the bus, the plane, the boat, the ship (means of
transportation except for “*cars”)
No preposition: outside, inside, upstairs, downstairs, there, here

Articles
Articles are words that define a specific or non-specific noun. There are two
types of articles: definite and indefinite.

The definite article

The definite article is the word “The” that limits a noun (singular, plural, or
uncountable) to one specific thing, person, or situation. We generally use
“the” when it is clear which thing/person we mean.
For example

Did you get the job you had applied for? (a specific singular noun
which I already know about)
I watched a movie last night. The movie was about world war II. (a
countable singular noun, which is introduced in the first sentence)
We ordered some coffee. The coffee was great. (an uncountable noun
which is already mentioned in the first sentence)
This article is also used in other more specific situations:

With some general nouns, when it is clear which thing or person

we mean

The police, the dentist, the doctor, the director, the hospital, the bank, the post
office, the army, the fire department, the station, the airport, the movies, the
theatre, the cinema, the radio, the news

Different parts or objects in a home

The roof, the wall, the ceiling, the door, the floor, the bathroom, the bedroom,
the living room, the kitchen, the carpet, the oven, the fridge, the picture

When there is only one of something

The earth, the sky, the city, the country (the suburbs), the sun, the moon, the
ground, the capital of France

Superlatives

The most expensive restaurant…, the easiest way to do this…, the highest
number of…
”TV” does not take the article “the”; otherwise, we are talking
about a specific Television.

I watched the news on Television last night. (general)

Could you please turn up the television? (the TV in the room,
specific)

Nationality words

The French, the English, the German, the Spanish, the Dutch

With adjectives to form a plural noun to refer to something in

general

The rich, the poor, the blind, the dead, the old, the unemployed, the homeless

Machines and inventions

The telephone, the wheel, the bicycle, the car, the plane

Things when we refer to them in general (not a specific thing)

The lion, the monkey, the tulip, the rose

Musical instruments (mainly in British English; in American

English, “the” is omitted)

(The) piano, (the) guitar, (the) violin, (the) saxophone

The indefinite article

The indefinite article takes two forms. The word “a” is used when a singular
countable noun starts with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t,
v, w, x, y, z) and the word “an” which is used when a singular countable
noun starts with a vowel (a, e, I, o, u). They both are useful to mention
something (a singular noun) for the first time.
For example

Please give me a pen.

She is a doctor. (“a”/”an” is always used for jobs.)
I read an autobiography a while ago.
This sentence holds an idea.

Exceptions

She went to a university in Alberta.

He is an honest man.
It is an honor to meet you.
He is a united states congress member.
Occasionally, words starting with “u” take the article “a” in
other cases, words starting with “h” take the article “an.”

Plural nouns
With plural nouns, we could use “some”, “a number of,” “an amount of,”
“many,” or “a few of” as quantifiers.
For example
 There are some apples in the fridge. (countable plural noun)
There was a significant number of cars on the road. (countable plural
noun)
A large amount of energy is wasted every day. (uncountable noun)
A few of his friends live abroad. (countable plural noun)
Many people consider traveling during the holidays. (countable plural
noun)

Zero articles
Although using articles seems relatively straightforward, they are among the
most common grammar mistakes in writing, as there are many exceptions
where there is no need to use an article. Some of these cases are as follows:

Name of countries, cities, towns, villages, and areas

in France, in England, in Canada, in Japan, in Paris, in Rome, in downtown

Some exceptions: the united states, the United Kingdom, the Philippines, the
Canary Islands, the UAE

Languages, foods, meals

French, Italian, Korean, English, German, breakfast, dinner, lunch, pizza,

spaghetti

Sports, academic and non-academic school subjects

Football, basketball, ice hockey, math, physics, economics, geography, music

(as a subject)

Abstract nouns

Creativity, success, freedom, love, failure, hatred, happiness, life

Countable/uncountable plural nouns

Children, people, flowers, exams, teachers (otherwise, we mean a specific

group of them)
*The people in the village were friendly. (a specific group of people in a
specific village)

Some other words with zero articles:

Space, nature, crime, music, salt, cinnamon, pepper, sugar, tea, coffee,
television
Note that we need to use the article “the” if we refer to something
specific in all the cases mentioned above.
For example

There are many galaxies in space.

She tried to fit the desk in her room, but the space was not enough.
Salt makes food tasty.
Could you pass the salt, please?
We need to protect nature.
The nature in south America is vulnerable.

Essay organization
One of the main steps in developing an academic essay is organizing ideas
and relevant examples in some paragraphs. In IELTS writing task 2, a 4-
paragraph essay consisting of an introduction, two body paragraphs, and a
conclusion is recommended. However, before writing, it is best to spend a
few minutes organizing ideas and paragraphs. This narrows down the process
of writing into three phases:
1) Pre-writing phase
Focusing on the given topic is worthwhile as it leads to a logical organization
of ideas and achieving great results. This whole pre-writing phase takes
around 4-5 minutes.

Reading and understanding the given topic

It is particularly important to read the topic carefully and the question(s) for
clear understanding; otherwise, the essay may go off-topic, in which case it
will be penalized affecting task response because it will be about something
similar, but not the exact given topic.

Analyzing the essay type

The second step in this phase is analyzing the essay type to accomplish the
task. The essay type, which could be an argument, a discussion, a cause-
effect, etc., should be reflected in the introduction.

Brainstorming ideas

Coming up with relevant ideas is a crucial step in developing a good essay.

Depending on the essay type, candidates require to think of reasons to agree
or disagree with a topic, discuss different viewpoints regarding a situation,
describe the causes and effects of something, put forward solutions to a
problem, and so on.
2) Actual writing phase
After the pre-writing step, it is time to go on with the actual writing, which
takes around 30 minutes if organized well. This step includes writing
different paragraphs of the essay. Note that the essay type does not affect
paragraph organization. Different paragraphs of an essay are as follows:

Introduction

The introduction is one of the essential sections of an essay as it assists the

writer make their first impression. There are two main sentences in an
introduction: the first sentence paraphrases the given topic to avoid repetition.
In doing so, as mentioned earlier, synonyms, similar words, different word
forms, or different sentence structures are used to paraphrase the topic
without making changes in its meaning; otherwise, the essay will be likely to
go off-topic. The second sentence, the thesis statement, clarifies the writer’s
position (their opinion, if asked in the topic) and shows the essay type. Using
a passive “It clause,” such as “It is believed that…”, “It is argued that…”, “It
is accepted that…” is a great way to start an introduction.

Body paragraph 1
Depending on the type of essay, this paragraph introduces the first cause or
effect of something, gives the first reason to agree or disagree with the given
statement, suggests the first solution, or outlines the first advantage or
disadvantage.

Body paragraph 2

The second body paragraph similarly continues with the second reason to
agree or disagree with the given topic, mentions the second leading cause or
effect of something, explains the second solution to a problem, or outlines the
second merit or demerit of a situation.

Conclusion

The conclusion is the last paragraph of the essay that makes the final
impression, which is as significant as the first impression. It is a short
paragraph that includes two sentences: the first sentence summarizes the main
ideas mentioned in the body paragraphs, while the second sentence focuses
on the writer’s opinion and or the essay type. In other words, it summarizes
the topic sentences and the thesis statement. In case the topic had never asked
for the writer’s opinion, there is no need to give one either in the
“introduction” or in the “conclusion.” A critical point about the conclusion is
that it should never include any new ideas as there is no room to develop
them at the end of the essay.
3) Proofreading phase
The last phase of developing an essay is “proofreading,” in which the last
five minutes of the allowed time is ideally spent on correcting spelling,
punctuation, and probable grammar errors. It is essential to allocate this
amount of time to editing the writing as it is quite common to come across
minor avoidable mistakes that happen all the time, and fixing them leads to a
higher band score for grammar.
Body paragraph organization
Body paragraphs make up the main section of an essay, where ideas, reasons,
and examples are compiled to address the question(s) raised in the topic.
Each body paragraph includes three main parts:
 1. Topic sentence: This sentence initiates the paragraph focusing on the
main reason for writing that paragraph. A topic sentence should be
ideally put in a simple structure, holding a central idea or an attitude
in a general way. Therefore, it is better to avoid phrases such as “I
believe,” “I think,” “In my point of view,” etc., as they personalize
topic sentences confining them to specific opinions and making it
challenging to develop the paragraph.
2. Explanation: It comes in 2-4 sentences following the topic sentence
to elaborate and support the main point mentioned in the topic
sentence making it clear to the examiner as if they do not have any
information about it.
3. Example: This may follow the explanation; however, providing an
example is not mandatory all the time or in both body paragraphs.
They are also recommended to be general to give the writing a more
academic appearance. Examples, which refer to a whole situation,
country, nation, etc., are more formal than those that point to personal
experiences, family issues, etc.
4. Ending sentence: This is an optional sentence at the end of each
body paragraph that mainly paraphrases the topic sentence and works
as a backup for the paragraph’s main idea. Although it is a valuable
sentence to be included in a body paragraph, it is not mandatory in all
essay types as it is more suited in argument and discussion essays to
restate the main idea firmly at the end of the paragraph.

Considering a pyramid helps clarify different sections of a body paragraph:

As shown in the diagram, “Topic sentence” is the primary section of the
paragraph, followed by “Explanation,” which forms the second largest
section. “Example” is the third part of the paragraph, and “Ending
sentence,” which paraphrases the topic sentence for more emphasis before
the paragraph ends, comes at the end. This organization shows the layout of a
typical body paragraph.
Essay types
As mentioned before, there are various types of essays for both general and
academic modules; however, note that the essay type does not affect the
essay organization. The most common types of essays in the IELTS test are
as follows:

1. Argument essays: show agreement or disagreement with the topic

and provide reasons for these opinions.
2. Discussion essays: discuss both sides of the given situation and the
writer’s view.
3. Causes-effects essays: examine the reasons and results of a situation.
4. Causes-solutions essays: outline the reasons for a situation, and
suggest some solutions to solve the mentioned problem.
5. Advantages-disadvantages essays: discuss the positive and negative
aspects of something or a situation.
6. Double-question essays: address two different questions that may or
may not be relevant.

Argument Essays
Argumentative topics are quite common in IELTS writing task 2. In this type
of essay, candidates are usually given a statement with which they must agree
or disagree. There are two types of argumentative topics that are slightly
different. However, they are quite similar in structure, brainstorming ideas,
and organization.
1) Do you agree or disagree?
This type of question asks candidates to take sides and determine if they
agree or disagree with the given statement. In other words, there are only two
options based on the question: candidates should either choose “a complete
agreement” or “a complete disagreement.”
In most cases, people may have a clear opinion about a topic, but under test
conditions, it might feel different, and while writing, one may run out of
reasons for their agreement or disagreement and feel confused. So, I highly
recommend brainstorming ideas to decide if you completely agree or
disagree with the given topic.
One easy way to decide on agreement or disagreement with the topic is to ask
yourself a straightforward question: WHY?
Go ahead and start with “Why would I agree with this topic?” and try to
come up with at least two strong reasons for your agreement. Then raise the
question again, but this time, the other way around. “Why would I disagree
with this topic?” and try to list a minimum of two solid reasons for your
disagreement. At this point, you will know which side of the argument is
easier for you to develop. Sometimes, it might be even better to put your
personal opinions about the topic aside to avoid confusion and purely go with
the reasons that come to your mind right away. Bear in mind that you cannot
partly agree with the topic if the question asks, “Do you agree or disagree?”
It is a common mistake in this type of writing that regretfully affects task
response and lowers the band score.
The following sample writings provide a step by step approach to developing
essays.
Writing structure review
As discussed earlier, a high band-score essay requires an organized structure,
including four paragraphs:

1. Introduction (paraphrase the topic+ state your opinion)

2. 1st body paragraph (give your first reason for
agreement/disagreement)
3. 2nd body paragraph (give your second reason for
agreement/disagreement)
4. Conclusion (summarize your reasons+ restate your position)
Topic #1
Some people believe that books will no longer be the primary source of
obtaining information in the near future.
Do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Why would I agree with this statement?

1. Digitalized books and online resources are easily accessible.

2. E-books are more affordable than paper books, and many of them are
free to download.
3. Electronic books are easy to carry, and they do not take up any
physical space.

Why would I disagree with this statement?

1. Many people prefer paper books to e-books.

2. Libraries will always be popular locations where people choose to
study or read books.

After brainstorming ideas, one needs to determine their opinion. Here, I

decided to completely agree with the topic as it is easier for me to back up
and develop my ideas based on my brainstorming; however, some people
may completely disagree with this way of thinking. Note that personal
opinions are never judged; essays will be assessed based on the four defined
criteria discussed earlier.
Explanatory sample writing
Introduction
Step1: Paraphrase the topic (Use synonyms to avoid repetition. Be careful
not to go off-topic.)
It is argued that paper books are not likely to be used primarily to collect
data in the future.
(It is a great way to start the introduction with a passive “It clause,” such as,
“It is argued that...”, “It is believed that…”, etc., as they make the essay more
formal.)
Step 2: Thesis statement (Give your opinion and extend your reasons
briefly.)
I completely agree with the given statement as the advent of new
technology has altered the research domain for different purposes due to
its various aspects, such as accessibility, affordability, and portability.
(The writer has stated their position using the phrase “I completely agree
with…” and it is briefly extended, pointing at some reasons for their
agreement, “accessibility, affordability, and portability,” which will be
elaborated in body paragraphs.)
First body paragraph
Step1: Topic sentence (Give the first reason for agreement/disagreement
with the topic to clarify the central point of this paragraph.)
First and foremost, computer technology has revolutionized the ways
books and other sources of information are accessed.
(“Topic sentences” should be preferably made using simple-sentence
structures as the paragraph’s main point should be clearly and concretely
stated to hold a central idea or an attitude.)
Step 2: Explanation (Write 2-4 sentences to support and explain the topic
sentence.)
In other words, at the press of a button, one can quickly enter a pool of
data on the web regarding their topic of interest. These online resources
are now available to everyone everywhere through wireless technology.
By typing out keywords related to the topic in an online browser, an
individual will be instantly provided with a long list of books and articles
to choose from, enriching their study or research, which was limited in
the past.
Step 3: Example (A great way to develop a body paragraph is giving an
example. Keep in mind that “general examples” give a more academic look
to essays compared with “personal examples.”)
For instance, students at different levels of education could gain access to
an abundant source of information promptly while researching without
having to commute to a library or purchasing a few books for every
research project.
Step 4: Ending sentence (Paraphrase the topic sentence for more emphasis.)
As a result, online resources will be more admired in the future, owing to
their broad accessibility.
(“As a result” provides an excellent transition to rephrase the topic sentence
and conclude the paragraph.)
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Give your second reason for
agreement/disagreement stating the central point of this paragraph.)
Furthermore, paper-based books are overpriced, leading to limitations
in conducting research.
(A simple sentence has formed the main idea of the second body paragraph
starting with “furthermore,” which signals an additional point.)
Step 2: Explanation (Make 2-4 sentences to develop the topic sentence.)
To explain this further, analyzing data on the internet is more affordable
than buying books these days. In other cases, by signing up with a
website, individuals obtain access to downloads at no or incredibly low
cost.
Step 3: Give an example or add another reason (If the paragraph is short,
or if coming up with an example is out of reach, we can optionally add
another reason for agreement/ disagreement. Here, I decided to add another
reason for my agreement with the topic. This sentence acts as the second
topic sentence of this paragraph, holding an opinion.)
Besides, given that e-books can be stored on electronic gadgets, such as
phones or laptops, they are easily portable without taking up any
physical space. This feature makes them an excellent fit for today’s
compact lifestyle.
Step 4: Ending sentence (Paraphrase the topic sentence(s).)
Hence, affordability and efficiency in storing e-books will result in their
pervasive existence soon.
(“Hence” has initiated the ending sentence; both main points of the paragraph
are effectively paraphrased.)
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize the main points (Paraphrase topic sentences and avoid
adding new ideas.)
In conclusion, a vast number of books are entirely and effortlessly
available at low or zero cost online. Digitalization has also made storing
them quite efficient.
(“In conclusion” is one of the best phrases to signal the last paragraph; both
topic sentences are summarized.)
Step 2: Restate your opinion (Paraphrase your opinion and try to avoid
repetition.)
Therefore, I believe that e-books will take over paper books with time.
Throughout this sample writing, I tried to avoid giving my direct
opinion in body paragraphs; however, it is acceptable to use your
opinion a few times in body paragraphs if you need to. Having said
that, avoiding these structures in body paragraphs makes essays
more formal for academic writing.
Sample writing
It is argued that paper books are not likely to be used primarily to collect data
in the future. I completely agree with the given statement as the advent of
new technology has altered the research domain for different purposes due to
its various aspects, such as accessibility, affordability, and portability.
First and foremost, computer technology has revolutionized the ways books
and other sources of information are accessed. In other words, at the press of
a button, one can quickly enter a pool of data on the web regarding their topic
of interest. These online resources are now available to everyone everywhere
through wireless technology. By typing out keywords related to the topic in
an online browser, an individual will be instantly provided with a long list of
books and articles to choose from, enriching their study or research, which
was limited in the past. For instance, students at different levels of education
could gain access to an abundant source of information promptly while
researching without having to commute to a library or purchasing a few
books for every research project. As a result, online resources will be more
admired in the future, owing to their broad accessibility.
Furthermore, paper-based books are overpriced, leading to limitations in
conducting research. To explain this further, analyzing data on the internet is
more affordable than buying books these days. In other cases, by signing up
with a website, individuals obtain access to downloads at no or incredibly
low cost. Besides, given that e-books can be stored on electronic gadgets,
such as phones or laptops, they are easily portable without taking up any
physical space. This feature makes them an excellent fit for today’s compact
lifestyle. Hence, affordability and efficiency in storing e-books will result in
their pervasive existence soon.
In conclusion, a vast number of books are entirely and effortlessly available
at low or zero cost online. Digitalization has also made storing them quite
efficient. Therefore, I believe that e-books will take over paper books with
time.
(335 words)
This is a sample of a total-agreement essay, where the writer has
taken sides and has supported their reasons solidly throughout the
essay using relevant examples to achieve a high band score for task
response. Advanced vocabulary, collocations, and expressions are
flexibly used in various sentence structures accurately in four
paragraphs; cohesive devices are appropriately practiced for a
natural transition among sentences and paragraphs to meet the
requirement for cohesion. (Cohesive devices are underlined in this
sample writing.)
2) To what extent do you agree or disagree?
The second type of argumentative topics gives writers more options when it
comes to taking sides. The question, “To what extent…” implies the extent
on a scale from total agreement on one end to total disagreement on the other
end. There are more options to choose from depending upon brainstorming
ideas:
“I completely agree.”, “I completely disagree.” or “I partly agree.”

As there are more options to choose from, I suggest choosing a partial

agreement. The reason is that after brainstorming, which is the same as the
previous type, one can simply choose one strong reason for agreement and
one solid reason for disagreement, which makes it easier than focusing on a
total agreement or total disagreement in most cases. Note that it is also
acceptable to completely agree or disagree with the given statement for these
types of questions. To brainstorm, we might start by asking ourselves the so-
called question, “WHY.”
Topic #2
Considering a high income is the most critical factor when choosing a career.
To what extent do you agree with this opinion?

Why would I agree with this opinion?

1. Well-paid jobs are motivating.

2. Making good money makes life comfortable.

Why would I disagree with this statement?

1. Other factors, such as job satisfaction, are more important than salary.
2. Money does not buy happiness.

Based on this brainstorming, I could completely agree or disagree with the

topic. However, I decided to choose a partial agreement. Therefore, I chose
one reason to show why I agree and one reason to express my disagreement.
Explanatory sample writing
Introduction
Step 1: Paraphrase the topic (Start the paragraph with an “It clause” for a
formal look, and use synonyms to avoid repetition.)
It is believed that taking high income into account is an essential
parameter for choosing a vocation.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Clearly state your opinion and extend your
reasons briefly.)
From my perspective, although a big salary is predominant in selecting a
career, other factors, including job satisfaction, could play a crucial role
in a person’s professional life.
(The comparative structure implies a partial agreement, which is briefly
extended.)
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Use a simple sentence to give a reason for your
agreement.)
On the one hand, well-paid jobs are inspiring.
(“On the one hand” implies that there are two sides to this argument.)
Step 2: Explanation (Write 2-4 sentences to explain the topic sentence.)
In other words, individuals feel more motivated when they are justly
compensated for what they professionally do. Simultaneously, motivation
leads to better productivity, making it a win-win situation for both
employers and employees.
(The results of having a well-paid job are discussed.)
Step 3: Example (Try to give an example to back up the topic sentence
further.)
For example, software developers who work with reputable IT
companies, namely Apple, receive generous annual salaries; this has
inevitably affected this phenomenal business’s productivity levels.
Step 4: Ending sentence (Paraphrase the topic sentence.)
Thus, making a fair amount of money at work could be quite
advantageous for everyone.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Use a simple sentence to show the reason for your
disagreement.)
On the other hand, job satisfaction could play a significant part in a
person’s professional development.
(“On the other hand,” shows the other side of the argument.)
Step 2: Explanation (In 2-4 sentences, explain the topic sentence clearly.)
That is to say, by being satisfied with one’s vocation, an individual could
professionally develop; this consequently leads to better success. Job
satisfaction could result from factors such as a healthy working
environment and the existence of promotion prospects.
Step 3: Example (Write 1-2 sentences to provide an example for better
support as an option.)
For instance, office workers might not be extremely inspired when
employers do not consider promotional aspects. They may find ways to
kill time instead of improving their professional skills.
Step 4: Ending sentence (Finish the paragraph by paraphrasing the topic
sentence.)
Therefore, a lack of motivating forces at work affects efficiency and
productivity, even if employees make good money.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize both topic sentences (Summarize both sides of the
argument.)
Step 2: Restate your opinion (Try to avoid repetition.)
In conclusion, even though the significance of earning a good income
cannot be overlooked while choosing a career, I believe paying attention
to other aspects could lead to more professional satisfaction.
(“In conclusion” signals the end of the essay; both sides of the argument are
summarized while the writer’s opinion is restated. Here, opinion and the
summary of the topic sentences are perfectly merged in one comparative
compound-complex structure for a high band score.)
Sample writing
It is believed that taking high income into account is an essential parameter
for choosing a vocation. From my perspective, although a big salary is
predominant in selecting a career, other factors, including job satisfaction,
could play a crucial role in a person’s professional life.
On the one hand, well-paid jobs are inspiring. In other words, individuals feel
more motivated when they are justly compensated for what they
professionally do. Simultaneously, motivation leads to better productivity,
making it a win-win situation for both employers and employees. For
example, software developers who work with reputable IT companies,
namely Apple, receive generous annual salaries; this has inevitably affected
this phenomenal business’s productivity levels. Thus, making a fair amount
of money at work could be quite advantageous for everyone.
On the other hand, job satisfaction could play a significant part in a person’s
professional development. That is to say, by being satisfied with one’s
vocation, an individual could professionally develop, this consequently leads
to better success. Job satisfaction could result from factors such as a healthy
working environment and the existence of promotion prospects. For instance,
office workers might not be extremely inspired when employers do not
consider promotional aspects. They may find ways to kill time instead of
improving their professional skills. Therefore, a lack of motivating forces at
work affects efficiency and productivity, even if employees make good
money.
In conclusion, even though the significance of earning a good income cannot
be overlooked while choosing a career, I believe paying attention to other
aspects could lead to more professional satisfaction.
(259 words)
This sample writing shows a partial-agreement type in which two
contradicting reasons are described, and the writer’s opinion is
solidly cited. Simple, compound, and complex sentence structures
are appropriately used along with flexible use of advanced
vocabulary, collocations, and expressions. The essay is logically
organized, and ideas are well-developed for a high band score.
(Advanced vocabulary, collocations, and expressions are
underlined in this sample writing.)
Discussion Essays
Discussion essays are quite common in the IELTS writing task 2 for both
modules. In this essay type, the question introduces two different opinions on
a topic, and candidates need to discuss both views and give their own
opinion. So, the question has three parts to be addressed: reasons to explain
each view and the writer’s opinion. Therefore, the essay could have three
body paragraphs; however, if the writer’s opinion is clearly stated in the
introduction and the conclusion, there is no need to develop the third body
paragraph for this purpose. Note that the number of body paragraphs does not
affect the band score as long as the questions are fully addressed throughout
the writing.
Topic #3
Human activity has negatively affected the natural environment around the
world. Some people believe that governments should immediately take action
to reverse these effects, while others think there are more urgent problems to
be tackled.
Discuss both views, and give your own opinion.

Reasons for the first view:

1. Our life depends on a well-protected environment.

2. A country with a sound natural environment could be more successful
in other aspects.

Reasons for the second view

1. The importance of having decent healthcare and education systems

2. The economic and technological developments of a country are more
important than its natural environment.

Choosing one reason for each point of view is enough to develop each body
paragraph. However, the writer’s opinion should be cited in the introduction,
and it should also be restated in conclusion to develop a 4-paragraph essay.
Note that each body paragraph should hold only one or two main reasons as
body paragraphs with several main ideas are likely to be confusing.
Explanatory sample writing
Introduction
Step 1: Introduce the topic and both views (Avoid using exact words from
the topic.)
Nature has been globally deteriorated due to over-exploitation of the
environment. While it is considered by many that governments are in
charge of remedying this situation instantly, others believe that there are
more acute problems that governments need to address.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Extend your opinion clearly.)
In my opinion, while the government should address pressing problems
towards developing a country, conserving wildlife is undoubtedly an
indispensable step to be taken as human existence depends on sound
ecosystems.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Outline reason(s) for one of the views to form the
paragraph’s main idea.)
On the one hand, to grow economically and technologically, the
government must undertake some measures to advance healthcare and
education systems to defy diseases and illiteracy.
( “On the one hand,” implies that there are two views.)
Step 2: Explanation (Describe the topic sentence in more depth.)
The main reason for this is that a healthy and well-educated society has
the potentials to strive and achieve high standards of living to flourish as
a developed nation.
Step 3: Example (In 1-2 sentences, give an example to clarify the main idea
further.)
For instance, Canada has been attracting immigrants for its advanced
public facilities. In exchange, this migrating population has been
proliferating the country’s economy sharing their expertise and wealth.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Introduce the second view mentioned in the
introduction to establish the main idea of this paragraph.)
On the other hand, industrial development poses a dire threat to the
environment and wildlife.
Step 2: Explanation (In 2-4 sentences, explain the topic sentence.)
In other words, the natural habitat of flora and fauna has been destroyed
due to excessive deforestation and urbanization. Exploiting the natural
world in the pursuit of constructing cities, bridges, and roads to
accommodate the ever-growing human population has led to the
extinction of a vast number of plant and animal species. However, the
reality of the situation is that our lives heavily depend on wildlife, which
provides us with our basic needs, such as food.
Step 3: Example (Make 1-2 sentences to provide an example to support the
paragraph’s main idea further.)
If the government implements conservation programs through which
some human activities, namely unnecessary deforestation and expansion
of urban areas for personal profits, are confined, the environment will be
protected to some extent.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize both views
Step 2: Restate your opinion (Try to avoid repetition.)
To conclude, although the government should be held accountable to
advance the country economically and technologically, safeguarding the
environment and wildlife from over-exploitation should not be neglected.
By restricting urbanization, the environment could be preserved.
Sample writing
Nature has been globally deteriorated due to over-exploitation of the
environment. While it is considered by many that governments are in charge
of remedying this situation instantly, others believe that there are more acute
problems that governments need to address. In my opinion, while the
government should address pressing problems towards developing a country,
conserving wildlife is undoubtedly an indispensable step to be taken as
human existence depends on sound ecosystems.
On the one hand, to grow economically and technologically, the government
must undertake some measures to advance healthcare and education systems
to defy diseases and illiteracy. The main reason for this is that a healthy and
well-educated society has the potentials to strive and achieve high standards
of living to flourish as a developed nation. For instance, Canada has been
attracting immigrants for its advanced public facilities. In exchange, this
migrating population has been proliferating the country’s economy sharing
their expertise and wealth.
On the other hand, industrial development poses a dire threat to the
environment and wildlife worldwide. In other words, the natural habitat of
flora and fauna has been destroyed due to excessive deforestation and
urbanization. Exploiting the natural world in the pursuit of constructing
cities, bridges, and roads to accommodate the ever-growing human
population has led to the extinction of a vast number of plant and animal
species. However, the reality of the situation is that our lives heavily depend
on wildlife, which provides us with our basic needs, such as food. If the
government implements conservation programs through which some human
activities, namely, unnecessary deforestation and expansion of urban areas
for personal profits, are confined, the environment will be protected to some
extent.
To conclude, although the government should be held accountable to advance
the country economically and technologically, safeguarding the environment
and wildlife from over-exploitation should not be neglected. By restricting
urbanization, the environment could be preserved.
(313 words)
Both views and some reasons are described to develop them
thoroughly in the essay. The writer’s opinion is also clearly stated
in the introduction and the conclusion. The paragraphs are
logically developed. Relevant examples, topic-related vocabulary,
collocations, and advanced expressions are flexibly and
appropriately practiced in various sentence structures, where
ultimate cohesion is apparent. This essay meets the requirement for
a high band score. (Advanced vocabulary, collocations, and
expressions are underlined in this sample essay.)
Causes-effects essays
Causes-effects essays are quite common in IELTS writing task 2. In these
essay types, candidates should outline some causes of the introduced situation
and discuss their relevant effects. Reading the topic carefully and identifying
what the questions ask for are crucial steps to take. Regarding the structure of
the essay, following a 4-paragraph structure is recommended. However, in
organizing body paragraphs, there are two possibilities:
1st style:
Body paragraph 1: two causes
Body paragraph 2: two effects
In this way of organization, causes are put in the first body paragraph, while
there is an outline of their relevant effects in the second body paragraph.
2nd style:
Body paragraph 1: first cause + first effect
Body paragraph 2: second cause + second effect
In the second possible organization style, each body paragraph focuses on
one cause and its relevant effect. Note that as long as the questions are fully
addressed, the essay organization does not affect the band score. However,
for a more transparent organization, the first style is recommended.
Topic #4
Megacities around the world are becoming overpopulated day after day.
What are the primary causes of this situation? How does it affect societies?

The main causes:

1. Urbanization
2. Job opportunities and advanced facilities in cities

The main effects

1. Traffic congestion and air pollution

2. High crime rates

Explanatory sample writing

Introduction
Step 1: Paraphrase the topic (Avoid repetition using synonyms and
different word forms.)
Overpopulation is on the rise in big cities worldwide.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Giving an opinion is not required here as the
question has not directly asked for it; reflect on the essay type instead and
extend your ideas on causes/effects, briefly implying the content of the
essay.)
Some factors, including urbanization and the presence of job
opportunities as well as advanced facilities, are the principal causes of
this phenomenon; however, it inevitably affects societies, where heavy
traffic, air pollution, and high rates of crime take their toll on the city
dwellers.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Use a simple sentence to introduce the causes.)
The leading causes of overpopulation in metropolitan areas are the
availability of employment possibilities and public amenities.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain both causes in 2-4 sentences.)
As a result of urbanization and developing megacities, a growing flux of
people has migrated to these areas from small towns and villages,
following their dreams of living a comfortable life. Urban sprawl has
brought about job opportunities, which are usually missing in developing
regions. Individuals are likely to be given a chance to acquire knowledge
and improve their skills to be qualified for numerous job vacancies
awaiting them in big cities. Moreover, masses of the population move to
these areas to access public facilities.
(The first main reason is explained in a few compound and complex
sentences. However, I decided to describe the second reason briefly to make
use of an example to explain it further later on.)
Step 3: Example (It is always a good idea to give an example as it helps
develop body paragraphs.)
For instance, equipped hospitals and healthcare centers are scarce in
small towns, and in case of emergencies and road accidents, casualties
need to be transferred to the nearest big city for medical examinations or
surgeries; this could result in delayed recovery, permanent physiological
injuries, or death in unfortunate occasions.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Mention the main effects of the situation in a simple
sentence.)
Traffic congestion and air pollution are known to be the most adverse
effects of overpopulation.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain both effects in 2-4 sentences focusing on
cause-effect language.)
Overcrowded subways and roads during rush hours are the unavoidable
results of living in overpopulated urban areas. Consequently, people end
up wasting considerable amounts of time commuting daily.
Furthermore, exhaust fumes raise carbon dioxide levels in the air,
generating air pollution, which significantly affects the public’s health.
Besides, overpopulation gives rise to crime rates.
Step 3: Example (Give an example to support the paragraph; here, I made
use of an example to describe the second main effect as it was not explained
in depth.)
An example of this is juvenile delinquency, a common situation in
megacities among youngsters, who might lack parental supervision as
parents are likely to be fully occupied, making ends meet living a highly
competitive lifestyle.
(Keep in mind that there is no need to provide an example for every cause or
every effect. In this paragraph, I provided an example to support the second
cause, which was not fully extended.)
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize causes and effects (Develop a complex sentence to
summarize causes and effects. Note that giving your personal opinion is not
asked for in this topic.)
To conclude, megacities invite crowds of people to their pool of
opportunities and readily available facilities; however, an increase in the
number of urbanites results in gridlocks, air pollution, and high crime
rates among the youth.
Sample writing
Overpopulation is on the rise in big cities worldwide. Some factors, including
urbanization and the presence of job opportunities as well as advanced
facilities, are the principal causes of this phenomenon; however, it inevitably
affects societies, where heavy traffic, air pollution, and high rates of crime
take their toll on the city dwellers.
The leading causes of overpopulation in metropolitan areas are the
availability of employment possibilities and public amenities. As a result of
urbanization and developing megacities, a growing flux of people has
migrated to these areas from small towns and villages, following their dreams
of living a comfortable life. Urban sprawl has brought about job
opportunities, which are usually missing in developing regions. Individuals
are likely to be given a chance to acquire knowledge and improve their skills
to be qualified for numerous job vacancies awaiting them in big cities.
Moreover, masses of the population move to these areas to access public
facilities. For instance, equipped hospitals and healthcare centers are scarce in
small towns, and in case of emergencies and road accidents, casualties need
to be transferred to the nearest big city for medical examinations or surgeries;
this could result in delayed recovery, permanent physiological injuries, or
death in unfortunate occasions.
Traffic congestion and air pollution are known to be the most adverse effects
of overpopulation. Overcrowded subways and roads during rush hours are the
unavoidable results of living in overpopulated urban areas. Consequently,
people end up wasting considerable amounts of time commuting daily.
Furthermore, exhaust fumes raise carbon dioxide levels in the air, generating
air pollution, which significantly affects the public’s health. Besides,
overpopulation gives rise to crime rates. An example of this is juvenile
delinquency, a common situation in megacities among youngsters, who might
lack parental supervision as parents are likely to be fully occupied, making
ends meet living a highly competitive lifestyle.
To conclude, megacities invite crowds of people to their pool of opportunities
and readily available facilities; however, an increase in the number of
urbanites results in gridlocks, air pollution, and high crime rates among the
youth.
(355 words)
Throughout the essay, two leading causes and two main effects of
overpopulation in big cities are fully described to meet the task
response requirement. The essay is well organized in four
paragraphs, which are logically developed using advanced and
topic-related vocabulary, collocations, and advanced expressions.
Various sentence structures are put into practice; the essay has
great cohesion and coherence, qualifying it for a high band score.
(Cause-effect language and other linking words are underlined in
this sample writing.)
Causes-solutions essays
This type of essay is quite similar to the causes-effects essays formerly
described. The only slight difference is that some solutions must be put
forward instead of focusing on effects. Being familiar with various academic
topics, topic-related vocabulary, and collocations will facilitate brainstorming
reasons and solutions for these types of questions. Structuring a 4-paragraph
essay can improve the essay’s coherence, where one body paragraph focuses
on the causes of the given situation, and the second one offers some
solutions.
Topic #5
Global warming is a primary environmental concern around the world.
What are the causes of global warming? What solutions can you suggest
solving this universal problem?

The leading causes of global warming

1. Deforestation
2. Urbanization

Some solutions

1. Regulating urbanization to conserve forests

2. Developing public transit systems to diminish emissions from cars

Explanatory sample writing

Introduction
Step 1: Paraphrase the topic (Try to avoid repetition. Note that the
collocation “global warming” cannot be paraphrased.)
Global warming is known to be one of the most pressing environmental
problems worldwide.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Reflect on the essay type outlining causes and
solutions briefly. The writer’s opinion is not asked for.)
Human activities are the primary causes of global warming; however,
some measures could help improve this situation.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Introduce two main causes of global warming in a
simple sentence.)
Urbanization and deforestation are the two leading causes of global
warming.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain how these causes lead to global warming in 2-
4 sentences.)
The alarming growth in the number of city dwellers has resulted in
urban sprawl. In this process, vast forested land areas are cleared to give
room to roads and expand cities to the suburbs. Megacities worldwide
have been stretched to their outskirts and surrounding areas to
accommodate their residents’ plurality. As a result, there is an urgent
need for wooded land to be converted into residential districts and
farmlands. Due to deforestation, which inevitably happens to urbanized
areas, greenhouse gases increase trapping heat in the atmosphere. This
situation gives rise to higher global temperatures.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example to develop the paragraph further.)
For example, Malaysia is one of the most urbanized countries, where
around 75% of its population resides in urban centers devastating the
natural world.
(It is possible to use statistics while giving examples. These figures do not
have to be precise as it is not possible to research information on the test;
however, they should be within an acceptable range.)
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Suggest a solution in a simple sentence.)
Regulating urbanization in megacities could improve the situation
effectively.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain how this measure could help solve the
problem.)
By making international rules to limit urbanization, we might conserve
the greenbelt in rural areas to lower temperatures in the atmosphere as
trees will naturally do their part, balancing out the amount of carbon
dioxide.
Step 3: Provide another solution (This sentence acts as the second topic
sentence, so it is a good idea to consider a simple structure for it.)
Another possible measure to be taken into account is promoting public
transit to discourage driving around, which will curb the amount of
emission from cars enhancing air quality.
Step 4: Example (Provide an example for better support.)
For instance, Germany has one of the most reliable public transit
systems, making it unnecessary for its citizens to travel by car in most
cities, contributing to the exceptionally low greenhouse gas production.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize causes (Try to avoid repetition.)
In conclusion, urbanization and deforestation have caused detrimental
damage to the natural environment resulting in global warming.
Step 2: Summarize solutions (Summarize the measures that are already
mentioned.)
However, if steps such as restricting urban development and advancing
public transport systems are taken, it is likely to remedy this situation in
the future.
Sample writing
Global warming is known to be one of the most pressing environmental
problems worldwide. Human activities are the primary causes of global
warming; however, some measures could help improve this situation.
Urbanization and deforestation are the two leading causes of global warming.
The alarming growth in the number of city dwellers has resulted in urban
sprawl. In this process, vast forested land areas are cleared to give room to
roads and expand cities to the suburbs. Megacities worldwide have been
stretched to their outskirts and surrounding areas to accommodate their
residents’ plurality. As a result, there is an urgent need for wooded land to be
converted into residential districts and farmlands. Due to deforestation, which
inevitably happens to urbanized areas, greenhouse gases increase trapping
heat in the atmosphere. This situation gives rise to higher global
temperatures. For example, Malaysia is one of the most urbanized countries,
where around 75% of its population resides in urban centers devastating the
natural world.
Regulating urbanization in megacities could improve the situation effectively.
By making international rules to limit urbanization, we might conserve the
greenbelt in rural areas to lower temperatures in the atmosphere as trees will
naturally do their part, balancing out the amount of carbon dioxide. Another
possible measure to be taken into account is promoting public transit to
discourage driving around, which will curb the amount of emission from cars
enhancing air quality. For instance, Germany has one of the most reliable
public transit systems, making it unnecessary for its citizens to travel by car
in most cities, contributing to the exceptionally low greenhouse gas
production.
In conclusion, urbanization and deforestation have caused detrimental
damage to the natural environment resulting in global warming. However, if
steps such as restricting urban development and advancing public transport
systems are taken, it is likely to remedy this situation in the future.
(307 words)
This essay meets the requirements for a high band score as it fully
answers the questions. There are remarkable coherence and
organization of paragraphs. Cohesion is met as Causes-effects
language, and other cohesive devices are seamlessly used
throughout to connect ideas. Topic-related vocabulary and
advanced expressions in compound, complex, and compound-
complex structures are sufficiently and accurately practiced.
(Topic-related vocabulary, collocations, and advanced expressions
are underlined in this sample writing.)
Useful phrases and vocabulary for cause-effect/solution essays
It is caused by/it leads to/it affects/it influences/it is a cause of/It is a reason
for…
it results in/it results from/it brings about/it creates/it produces/it gives rise
to/it
roots in/it originates from
As a result, /as a consequence/thus/therefore/consequently/due to/owing
to/because of/on account of/hence/because/since/due to the fact that/because
of
It is crucial to make flexible use of these phrases to enhance the
essay’s cohesion by creating a natural flow in cause-effect/solution
 writings.
Advantages-disadvantages essays
Advantages-disadvantages essays are other common types of topics in
writing task 2. There are three different possibilities and types of questions in
this genre, so the essays should be organized accordingly. Reading the topic
carefully and identifying questions are vital steps to take before
brainstorming the given situation’s advantages and disadvantages.
Type 1: This kind of question simply asks about the advantages and
disadvantages of something and does not ask for the writer’s opinion.
Therefore, brainstorming a list of merits and demerits is the only requirement
here. Forming a body paragraph to focus on advantages and another for
disadvantages will simply address the question.
Topic #6
The tourism industry has been growing significantly at the international level
over the past two decades.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of this industry?

Advantages of the tourism industry

1. Creating jobs for the locals

2. Boosting the economy

Disadvantages of the tourism industry

1. Air pollution due to frequent cheap flights

2. Loss of local culture

Explanatory sample writing

Introduction
Step 1: Introduce and paraphrase the topic (This is to avoid repetition.)
The growth of the tourism industry has been remarkable globally in
recent years.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Outline the main advantage(s) and
disadvantage(s) briefly; giving an opinion is not needed as the question has
not asked for it.)
This industry has benefited countries worldwide economically; however,
it might have some environmental and cultural drawbacks.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (In a simple sentence, introduce the main
advantage(s).)
The two main advantages of international traveling are creating jobs for
local people and boosting the economy.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain the merits in 2-4 sentences.)
In simple terms, traveling overseas will engage various businesses and
bring about more job vacancies. International airline companies provide
people with affordable flights and accommodation. Correspondingly, the
hotel industry, local shops, and restaurants will have to employ more
staff to serve and welcome travelers. This pattern will increase
employment rates creating a healthy economy, which eases the burden of
joblessness on the government’s shoulders. Therefore, more urgent
issues could be taken care of if the economy evolves on its own.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example for better support.)
An example of this is Europe, an attractive tourist destination in the past
two decades. A significant number of people visit Europe every year for
entertainment and inspiration. Therefore, most European countries have
been economically flourishing.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Introduce the main disadvantage(s) in a simple
sentence.)
One of the most distinctive drawbacks of tourism is air pollution.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain the first disadvantage in 1-2 sentences.)
It is a fact that tour operators are in an intense competition to make
more profits. In doing so, they offer international no-frill flights and tour
packages, which give rise to air pollution levels.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example to develop the paragraph.)
Indeed, airline companies are liable for 55% of global air pollution.
(Statistics are useful tools in providing examples.)
Step 4: Introduce the second disadvantage (This sentence acts as the
second “Topic sentence” holding the second main point of the paragraph, and
it is better to be in a simple sentence.)
Another demerit of the tourism industry is the loss of local culture.
Step 5: Explanation (Explain the second disadvantage in 1-2 sentences.)
In other words, the prevalence of overseas traveling results in loss of
cultural identity over time. Local businesses and restaurants have
noticed a high demand for more customized foods and services to satisfy
their international customers; thus, authenticity will soon fade away
permanently.
Step 6: Example (It is a good idea to provide at least one example in the
entire paragraph.)
For instance, most restaurants in Japan have tailored their food items to
appease their international visitors. This alteration regrettably means
loss of ethnicity with time.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarizes the merits
Step 2: Summarize the demerits
In conclusion, although tourism offers a few benefits to everyone
involved in this industry and boosts the economy overall, it may
adversely influence the environment and cultures.
Sample writing
The growth of the tourism industry has been remarkable globally in recent
years. This industry has benefited countries worldwide economically;
however, it might have some environmental and cultural drawbacks.
The two main advantages of international traveling are creating jobs for local
people and boosting the economy. In simple terms, traveling overseas will
engage various businesses and bring about more job vacancies. International
airline companies provide people with affordable flights and accommodation.
Correspondingly, the hotel industry, local shops, and restaurants will have to
employ more staff to serve and welcome travelers. This pattern will increase
employment rates creating a healthy economy, which eases the burden of
joblessness on the government’s shoulders. Therefore, more urgent issues
could be taken care of if the economy evolves on its own. An example of this
is Europe, an attractive tourist destination in the past two decades. A
significant number of people visit Europe every year for entertainment and
inspiration. Therefore, most European countries have been economically
flourishing.
One of the most distinctive drawbacks of tourism is air pollution. It is a fact
that tour operators are in an intense competition to make more profits. In
doing so, they offer international no-frill flights and tour packages, which
give rise to air pollution levels. Indeed, airline companies are liable for 55%
of global air pollution. Another demerit of the tourism industry is the loss of
local culture. In other words, the prevalence of overseas traveling results in
loss of cultural identity over time. Local businesses and restaurants have
noticed a high demand for more customized foods and services to satisfy
their international customers; thus, authenticity will soon fade away
permanently. For instance, most restaurants in Japan have tailored their food
items to appease their international visitors. This alteration regrettably means
loss of ethnicity with time.
In conclusion, although tourism offers a few benefits to everyone involved in
this industry and boosts the economy overall, it may adversely influence the
environment and cultures.
(325 words)
Both advantages and disadvantages are outlined in this well-
structured essay, where advanced vocabulary and expressions are
effectively put into practice using various sentence structures
appropriately. This essay meets the requirements for a high band
score. (Complex and compound-complex structures are underlined
in this sample writing.)
Type 2: In this type of essay, candidates need to discuss if the advantages of
something or a situation outweigh its disadvantages. Therefore, it is
necessary to outline some benefits and some negative points, besides giving
out personal opinion in the thesis statement and restating it in conclusion. The
question asks candidates to comment on the stronger side’s overall weight,
not necessarily the number of advantages or disadvantages. One
recommended way to organize these types of questions is to mention the
weaker side in the first body paragraph and form the second body paragraph
based on the stronger side, followed by the conclusion, where the writer’s
opinion is restated. This organization gives the essay a firm look.
Topic #7
Space exploration has been an ongoing field of research in the 21st century.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of exploring space? Do you agree
that its advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

Advantages of space exploration

1. Scientific and technological breakthroughs

2. The possibility of finding another habitable planet

Disadvantages of space exploration

These projects need huge amounts of money, which could be spent on
other urgent issues, such as poverty and illiteracy.
In this sample essay, I decided to agree that the advantages of space
exploration outweigh its disadvantages. Therefore, my first body paragraph
will focus on its demerits, which is the weaker side.
Explanatory sample writing
Introduction
Step 1: Introduce and paraphrase the topic (Avoid repetition using
synonyms and different word forms.)
Exploring outer space has been actively in progress over the past
century.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Give your opinion while focusing on both merits
and demerits.)
I believe the benefits of this field of research are more significant than its
minor drawbacks.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Introduce the first disadvantage (Start with the side you think is
weaker than the other; mentioning one minor demerit could be enough as we
do not need to give it much weight.)
Space exploration costs governments exorbitant amounts of money.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain the given disadvantage in 1-2 sentences.)
Every year, a great deal of money is spent designing new space shuttles
and advancing technology to explore outer space while there are urgent
problems to solve here on earth.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example to develop the paragraph.)
An illustration of this is the money spent on launching space probes on
the moon. This money could resolve poverty and illiteracy in numerous
regions around the world to provide higher standards of living for the
inhabitants of the earth.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Introduce the main advantage (Note that this is the stronger side,
which should carry more weight than the previous paragraph.)
Nonetheless, the primary advantage of space exploration is scientific and
technological advances.
Step 2: Explanation (In 1-2 sentences, explain why it is an advantage.)
Acclimatizing to zero gravity and solar radiation, astronomers and
scientists have had to devise new technologies, which have led
humankind to spectacular scientific breakthroughs.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example to back up the paragraph’s main
point.)
An example of these advances is satellites orbiting the earth’s
atmosphere, which have provided us with Wi-Fi and internet hot spots
facilitating communication and precise calculations to predict storms
and volcanos, saving millions of lives annually.
Step 4: Introduce the second advantage (This works as the second topic
sentence for the paragraph, so it is best to put it in a simple structure.)
Another merit of researching space is the opportunity to look for another
habitable planet.
Step 5: Explanation (Explain why it is another strong advantage.)
The reason for this quest is that while planet Earth has been nourishing
us for millions of years, it has limited natural resources, such as drinking
water. As a result, the idea of colonizing another planet that sustains life
could ease off this concern.
Step 6: Example (Give an example if possible.)
Mars is an example of a planet, which has been explored as it is believed
to hold hidden reservoirs of water, providing long-term sustainability.
(Note that this is the second example in this paragraph, and although it is not
mandatory to provide two examples in one paragraph, it could be considered
a technique to give more weight to the stronger side.)
Step 7: Final statement (This last sentence could also help support the
stronger side better.)
Indeed, the outcomes of this field of science have been substantially
beneficial to everyone equally throughout the world.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize the main advantages and the disadvantage (Try to
avoid repetition.) Step 2: Restate your opinion
In conclusion, even though space exploration projects are too costly, I
believe everyone has been immensely befitting from modern
technologies, originated from space exploration.
(Conclusion has paraphrased the weaker side, then the stronger side, which is
also the writer’s opinion making a great last impression.)
Sample writing
Exploring outer space has been actively in progress over the past century. I
believe the benefits of this field of research are more significant than its
minor drawbacks.
Space exploration costs governments exorbitant amounts of money. Every
year, a great deal of money is spent designing new space shuttles and
advancing technology to explore outer space while there are urgent problems
to solve here on earth. An illustration of this is the money spent on launching
space probes on the moon. This money could resolve poverty and illiteracy in
numerous regions around the world to provide higher standards of living for
the inhabitants of the earth.
Nonetheless, the primary advantage of space exploration is scientific and
technological advances. Acclimatizing to zero gravity and solar radiation,
astronomers and scientists have had to devise new technologies, which have
led humankind to spectacular scientific breakthroughs. An example of these
advances is satellites orbiting the earth’s atmosphere, which have provided us
with Wi-Fi and internet hot spots facilitating communication and precise
calculations to predict storms and volcanos, saving millions of lives annually.
Another merit of researching space is the opportunity to look for another
habitable planet. The reason for this quest is that while planet Earth has been
nourishing us for millions of years, it has limited natural resources, such as
drinking water. As a result, the idea of colonizing another planet that sustains
life could ease off this concern. Mars is an example of a planet, which has
been explored as it is believed to hold hidden reservoirs of water, providing
long-term sustainability. Indeed, the outcomes of this field of science have
been substantially beneficial to everyone equally throughout the world.
In conclusion, even though space exploration projects are too costly, I believe
everyone has been immensely befitting from modern technologies, originated
from space exploration.
(302 words)
In this essay, both advantages and disadvantages of space
exploration are discussed; however, the writer has vividly given
more importance to its merits in responding to the second question.
Great use of advanced topic-related vocabulary, collocations,
advanced expressions, and cohesive devices in various sentence
structures, along with sufficient paragraphing, will qualify this
writing for a high band score. (Topic-related vocabulary,
collocations, and expressions are underlined in this sample essay.)
Type 3: This type of question is quite similar to discussion essays, where
both views should be discussed, and the writer’s opinion must be given.
However, instead of the two views in discussion essays, candidates should
outline the advantages and disadvantages and give their opinion here. There
is a leeway to structure two to three body paragraphs, where the first two
body paragraphs focus on merits and demerits, and the third one focuses on
the writer’s opinion. If the writer’s view is clearly stated and extended in the
introduction and the conclusion, there is no need to develop the third body
paragraph. In the following sample writing, the organization of a two-body
paragraph essay, where the writer’s view is put in the introduction and the
conclusion, is described. Again, it is better to organize the first body
paragraph based on the weaker side of the situation as the second paragraph
will then be focused on the stronger side, followed by the conclusion holding
writer’s opinion to give it a solid final impression.
Topic #8
In some countries, high schoolers are encouraged to work part-time while
studying.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this situation and give your own
opinion.

Main advantages of working while studying at high school

1. Gaining work experience

2. Acquiring practical knowledge
3. Gaining confidence to set future goals

Disadvantages of working while studying at high school

1. Being distracted from studying

Explanatory sample writing

Introduction
Step 1: Paraphrase the topic (Avoid repetition using synonyms and
different structures.)
In some parts of the world, high school students are motivated to get
part-time jobs while studying.
Step 2: Thesis statement (The thesis statement implies what the essay will
be about, so mention both sides and give your opinion.)
This situation holds both advantages and disadvantages for youngsters;
however, from my point of view, despite some probable drawbacks, it
equips teenagers with unparalleled real-life experiences and helps them
realize their potentials. These tools will prove advantageous when it
comes to weighing up their options to set future goals.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (State the main disadvantages in a simple sentence.)
Being distracted from studying is known to be the primary downside for
working students.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain how/why it is disadvantageous in 2-4
sentences.)
Students who work part-time have to spend the majority of their spare
time at work. This situation may prevent them from focusing on their
studies. Moreover, the working hours could make them feel exhausted
and lethargic at school. Consequently, they tend to be more distracted
compared with unemployed students who have more leisure time.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example to back up the main idea.)
In particular, weekend jobs take up most of the students’ free time,
which is their best opportunity to unwind, take up hobbies, and revise
lessons to prepare for exams.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Introduce the main advantage in a simple sentence;
note that as this paragraph aligns with the writer’s view, it should carry more
weight.)
However, acquiring practical knowledge is the principal benefit of this
situation for working high schoolers.
Step 2: Explanation (Explain the first advantage in 1-2 sentences.)
To put it simply, high school is the most crucial stage of education, where
students need to set future goals; nevertheless, high school curricula
provide teenagers with only some basic and theoretical knowledge, which
proves to be insufficient in tackling the hardships of real-work situations
later in life. Therefore, working a part-time job allows youth to improve
some practical skills.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example to clarify the main point if possible.)
For instance, students who get weekend jobs at restaurants or retail
shops improve their customer service skills, which are essential, but not
taught at school.
Step 4: Add another advantage and explain it (This works as the second
main idea of the paragraph.)
Another advantage of this is that most working students are likely to
realize whether to further their education or get a job after graduating
from high school with ease. Thus, they feel less bewildered, which often
happens to non-working students at this phase of life owing to lack of
experience.
Step 5: Ending sentence (Paraphrase the topic sentence for a strong finish as
this paragraph holds the stronger side.)
Therefore, adolescents who have this kind of insight might have more
clear objectives to choose a career.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize the merits and demerits (Try to avoid
repetition.)
Step 2: Restate your opinion
In conclusion, even though working a part-time job at high school might
be overwhelming for teenage students due to lack of personal time, from
my perspective, it gives them a chance to acquire invaluable practical
knowledge and gain priceless work experience. It also enables them to set
clear occupational goals for their future confidently.
Sample writing
In some parts of the world, high school students are motivated to get part-
time jobs while studying. This situation holds both advantages and
disadvantages for youngsters; however, from my point of view, despite some
probable drawbacks, it equips teenagers with unparalleled real-life
experiences and helps them realize their potentials. These tools will prove
advantageous when it comes to weighing up their options to set future goals.
Being distracted from studying is known to be the primary downside for
working students. Students who work part-time have to spend the majority of
their spare time at work. This situation may prevent them from focusing on
their studies. Moreover, the working hours could make them feel exhausted
and lethargic at school. Consequently, they tend to be more distracted
compared with unemployed students who have more leisure time. In
particular, weekend jobs take up most of the students’ free time, which is
their best opportunity to unwind, take up hobbies, and revise lessons to
prepare for exams.
However, acquiring practical knowledge is the principal benefit of this
situation for working high schoolers. To put it simply, high school is the most
crucial stage of education, where students need to set future goals;
nevertheless, high school curricula provide teenagers with only some basic
and theoretical knowledge, which proves to be insufficient in tackling the
hardships of real-work situations later in life. Therefore, working a part-time
job allows youth to improve some practical skills. For instance, students who
get weekend jobs at restaurants or retail shops improve their customer service
skills, which are essential, but not taught at school. Another advantage of this
is that most working students are likely to realize whether to further their
education or get a job after graduating from high school with ease. Thus, they
feel less bewildered, which often happens to non-working students at this
phase of life owing to lack of experience. Therefore, adolescents who have
this kind of insight might have more clear objectives to choose a career.
In conclusion, even though working a part-time job at high school might be
overwhelming for teenage students due to lack of personal time, from my
perspective, it gives them a chance to acquire invaluable practical knowledge
and gain priceless work experience. It also enables them to set clear
occupational goals for their future confidently.
(384 words)
This sample essay achieves a high band score as it fully addresses
the questions, fulfills remarkable coherence (organization of
paragraphs), cohesion (linking ideas) throughout, and uses a wide
range of sentence structures, advanced topic-related vocabulary,
and collocations flexibly and appropriately to meet the
requirements for high band scores concerning vocabulary and
grammar. (Linking words and other cohesive devices are
underlined in this sample essay.)
In the following sample writing, I will describe how to create a three-body-
paragraph essay in which the first two paragraphs deal with advantage(s) and
disadvantage(s), while the third one focuses on the writer’s opinion. Bear in
mind that, although it is a possible way of structuring an essay, it might be
more time consuming than formatting a two-body-paragraph essay.
Topic #9
Modern agricultural methods have replaced traditional ways of farming in
most countries.
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of this modernity and give your
own opinion.

Advantages of modern agriculture

1. Feeding the ever-growing human population

2. Increasing the variety of crops all year round everywhere

Disadvantages of modern agriculture

1. Substantial environmental pollution

2. Producing unhealthy foods

Explanatory sample writing

Introduction
Step 1: Paraphrase the topic (Keep in mind that this is to avoid repetition.)
Today’s methods of farming have taken over conventional cultivation
techniques in many areas.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Outline both advantages and disadvantages and
give your opinion implying the essay’s content.)
Although these modern farming techniques have substantial negative
impacts on the environment, they supply the high demand for food,
whose necessity cannot be overlooked, considering global famine and
malnutrition.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Introduce the main disadvantage.)
Causing irreversible environmental pollution is the major drawback of
modern agricultural techniques.
(Topic sentence states the main idea of the paragraph in a simple sentence. As
I believe these methods are advantageous overall, I decided to start with the
weaker side as I will later give the stronger side more weight in the second
body paragraph, followed by my own opinion in the third body paragraph to
create enough strength at the end of the writing.)
Step 2: Explanation (In 2-4 sentences, describe how/why it has adverse
effects.)
These ways of farming utilize significant amounts of chemical pesticides
and fertilizers, which on the one hand, help extend the crop production
season and make plants more resistant to diseases, and harsh weather
conditions, but on the other hand, they cause harm to their surrounding
environment.
Step 3: Example (Provide a relevant example to develop the paragraph
further.)
Indeed, these chemicals add pollutants to water, which leaches into
rivers that eventually find their way to the oceans. These unfavorable
substances create water contamination that tremendously affects marine
ecosystems.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Introduce the main advantage.)
However, one of the eminent benefits of modern farming methods is its
potential to feed the ever-growing human population.
Step 2: Explanation (Make 2-4 sentences to explain the topic sentence
further.)
Indeed, current cultivation methods have been able to supply the food
demand for the increasing number of people worldwide. It is estimated
that half of the world’s population would suffer famine if it were not for
modern machinery and farming equipment.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example for better support.)
For example, the famine crisis is centered in less affluent African
countries, where agricultural skills are not updated due to various social
and economic issues.
Third body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Give your opinion and extend your view.)
Given all the facts, I believe that although human survival has heavily
relied on modern ways of farming, whose destructive impacts on the
environment cannot be neglected, these advanced methods have brought
about new food options, such as genetically modified foods, which have
minimized the invisible injection of toxins into our bodies. Furthermore,
new cultivation techniques are likely to be devised in the light of
healthier food production in the foreseeable future.
(The writer’s opinion about the cons and pros of the topic and their way of
thinking about this trend’s future is given.)
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize topic sentences (Paraphrase cons and pros.)
Step 2: Restate your opinion
In conclusion, even though modernity in farming has heavily cost the
environment and ecosystems, from my point of view, it has increased
crop yields to supply high food demands, and most importantly, it has
tackled the universal issue of starvation to no small extent. I opine that
this industry will develop further over time.
Sample writing
Today’s methods of farming have taken over conventional cultivation
techniques in many areas. Although these modern farming techniques have
substantial negative impacts on the environment, they supply the high
demand for food, whose necessity cannot be overlooked, considering global
famine and malnutrition.
Causing irreversible environmental pollution is the major drawback of
modern agricultural techniques. These ways of farming utilize significant
amounts of chemical pesticides and fertilizers, which on the one hand, help
extend the crop production season and make plants more resistant to diseases,
and harsh weather conditions, but on the other hand, they cause harm to their
surrounding environment. Indeed, these chemicals add pollutants to water,
which leaches into rivers that eventually find their way to the oceans. These
unfavorable substances create water contamination that tremendously affects
marine ecosystems.
However, one of the eminent benefits of modern farming methods is its
potential to feed the ever-growing human population. Indeed, current
cultivation methods have been able to supply the food demand for the
increasing number of people worldwide. It is estimated that half of the
world’s population would suffer famine if it were not for modern machinery
and farming equipment. For example, the famine crisis is centered in less
affluent African countries, where agricultural skills are not updated due to
various social and economic issues.
Given all the facts, I believe that although human survival has heavily relied
on modern ways of farming, whose destructive impacts on the environment
cannot be neglected, these advanced methods have brought about new food
options, such as genetically modified foods, which have minimized the
invisible injection of toxins into our bodies. Furthermore, new cultivation
techniques are likely to be devised in the light of healthier food production in
the foreseeable future.
In conclusion, even though modernity in farming has heavily cost the
environment and ecosystems, from my point of view, it has increased crop
yields to supply high food demands, and most importantly, it has tackled the
universal issue of starvation to no small extent. I opine that this industry will
develop further over time.
(341 words)
This sample writing shows the organization of a three-body-
paragraph essay, where the writer’s opinion is explained in a
separate paragraph. However, as discussed in the previous sample
writing, it is possible to organize these questions in four
paragraphs. As long as the questions are fully responded to, both
structures are acceptable. This essay is entitled to a high band score
as it has excellent coherence and cohesion overall, uses advanced
topic-related vocabulary and expressions in various sentence
structures flexibly and accurately. (Advanced-topic related
vocabulary, collocations, and expressions are underlined in this
sample essay.)
Double-question essays
These types of essays, also known as “direct-question essays,” usually
introduce a situation or give a statement about something and then raise two
questions that may or may not be related. If both questions are equally
responded to in body paragraphs, a high band score for task response could
be expected.
Topic #10

Fossil fuels as primary sources of energy are depleting due to

overconsumption.
How have fossil fuels affected the environment? What are the alternatives to
fossil fuels?
Main effect(s) of fossil fuels on the environment

1. Air pollution
2. Rapid climate change

Alternative sources of energy

Natural sources, such as solar energy and wind power
Explanatory sample writing
Introduction
Step 1: Paraphrase the topic (Use synonyms and different word forms to
avoid repetition. Note that collocations, such as “fossil fuels,” should not be
paraphrased.)
Excessive use of fossil fuels has resulted in a drastic decline in this
primary type of energy.
Step 2: Thesis statement (Respond to both questions briefly.)
In addition, our reliance on fossil fuels has negatively affected the
environment in different aspects; however, switching to alternative
sources, such as solar energy and wind power, could reverse these
adverse environmental impacts.
First body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (State the main point of the paragraph by addressing
the first question in a simple sentence.)
Air pollution and rapid climate change are two notorious and
detrimental impacts of our dependency on traditional fuels.
Step 2: Explanation (In 2-4 sentences, explain how they affect the
environment.)
Currently, society’s development mainly relies on burning oil and
natural gas, which produce vast quantities of CO2 and other greenhouse
gases. The accumulation of these gases leads to severe air pollution,
which traps heat in the earth’s atmosphere resulting in higher
temperatures. Consequently, the earth has witnessed a sudden change in
the global climate over the past century.
Step 3: Example (Provide an example for better clarity of these main points.)
For instance, in recent decades, we have experienced burning hot
summers and bitterly freezing winters, which have brought about
destructive droughts, floods, wildfires, and loss of crop yields, to name a
few.
Second body paragraph
Step 1: Topic sentence (Form the main idea of the paragraph responding to
the second question.)
Solar energy and wind power are the most common alternative fuel
sources.
Step 2: Explanation (Develop the main idea in 2-4 sentences.)
Alternating the prime sources of power and consuming more sustainable
and renewable energy forms will lower greenhouse gas emissions
produced through transportation and large-scale factories worldwide. As
a result, the negative environmental impacts of using traditional fuels
will diminish in the long run leaving the earth with clean air and
regulated temperatures.
Step 3: Example (Give an example to support the paragraph further.)
For example, wind turbines harness energy to power many cities in
Australia. Another example is Germany, ranked as the top producer of
solar energy that generates a substantial amount of electricity annually
from solar farms implemented in some regions.
Step 4: Final statement (Optionally make a final statement to show the
result of the given examples for better coherence.)
Thereby, air pollution is tremendously reduced in these countries,
providing people with better living conditions.
Conclusion
Step 1: Summarize main points (Paraphrase topic sentences.)
In conclusion, our heavy dependency on fossil fuels has taken a toll on
the environment, creating air pollution and drastic climate change;
however, replacing them with renewable energy sources could mitigate
these impacts.
Sample writing
Excessive use of fossil fuels has resulted in a drastic decline in this primary
type of energy. In addition, our reliance on fossil fuels has negatively
affected the environment in different aspects; however, switching to
alternative sources, such as solar energy and wind power, could reverse these
adverse environmental impacts.
Air pollution and rapid climate change are two notorious and detrimental
impacts of our dependency on traditional fuels. Currently, society’s
development mainly relies on burning oil and natural gas, which produce vast
quantities of CO2 and other greenhouse gases. The accumulation of these
gases leads to severe air pollution, which traps heat in the earth’s atmosphere
resulting in higher temperatures. Consequently, the earth has witnessed a
sudden change in the global climate over the past century. For instance, in
recent decades, we have experienced burning hot summers and bitterly
freezing winters, which have brought about destructive droughts, floods,
wildfires, and loss of crop yields, to name a few.
Solar energy and wind power are the most common alternative fuel sources.
Alternating the prime sources of power and consuming more sustainable and
renewable energy forms will lower greenhouse gas emissions produced
through transportation and large-scale factories worldwide. As a result, the
negative environmental impacts of using traditional fuels will diminish in the
long run leaving the earth with clean air and regulated temperatures. For
example, wind turbines harness energy to power many cities in Australia.
Another example is Germany, ranked as the top producer of solar energy that
generates a substantial amount of electricity annually from solar farms
implemented in some regions. Thereby, air pollution is tremendously reduced
in these countries, providing people with better living conditions.
In conclusion, our heavy dependency on fossil fuels has taken a toll on the
environment, creating air pollution and drastic climate change; however,
replacing them with renewable energy sources could mitigate these impacts.
(309 words)
This sample essay has answered both questions; cohesive devices,
advanced vocabulary, collocations, and expressions are effectively
put in various sentence structures. The logical development of four
paragraphs gives this writing a high band score. (Linking words
and other cohesive devices are underlined in this sample essay.)
Essential to note:
All the provided sample writings in this section share some features
qualifying them for high band scores:

1. Irrespective of the essay type, almost all samples follow a clear 4-

paragraph organization for coherence.
2. All the questions raised in the topics are thoroughly addressed, which
means a high score for task response.
3. The writer’s view is always clearly stated throughout if asked in the
question.
4. The essay type is determined, and relevant ideas are extended in
thesis statements.
5. Topic sentences hold the main ideas of body paragraphs in simple
sentence structures.
6. There is a logical development in body paragraphs through
explanations and relevant examples.
7. Examples are all of a general nature to enhance the quality of the
essays.
8. There is a flexible and accurate use of topic-related vocabulary,
collocations, various word forms, and advanced expressions in all
essays.
9. Various sentence forms focusing on complex, compound-complex
sentences, and relative clauses have created advanced structures
 overall.
10. Cohesive devices and referencing words are well-practiced to boost
cohesion and avoid repetition.