SOCSCI 2 Notes

Lesson 4: BECOMING A MEMBER
OF SOCIETY
SOCIALIZATION RESULTS/OUTCOMES
- Refers to what happens to an
John Locke - at birth the human mind is individual after being exposed to
nothing but a blank state of tabula rasa. particular contents and processes.
SOCIALIZATION/ENCULTURATION AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

● Family - primary agent upon birth,
- The process by which a person learns infancy, and up to childhood.
or acquires his/her culture. ● Schools - have a critical and active
- Enables a person to gradually become role in socialization. Academic and
self-aware and knowledgeable human social activities molds students'
being, and learn the ways, values, beliefs, values, and attitudes.
rules, culture of his/her society. ● Peers - people who share the same
- Ex: Political socialization - which interest.
enables the development of citizens to ● Mass Media - forms of
function effectively within a particular communication such as books,
political system. magazines, newspaper, radio, tv,
movies, internet.
GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION ● Religion and State - church or
religious group where one belongs can
- Learn to become a member of society. present itself as the ultimate source of
- Teaches individuals how to prepare moral authority.
and perform certain social roles. ● Major Social and Historical Events -
- Teaches individuals on learning and events often cause transformation in
identifying what is important and the values, attitudes, and views that
valued with a specific culture. define societies, leading to former
- Instils to members what behaviours changes in the behaviour and
are expected of them; a form of social traditions of societies.
control.
CONFORMITY
3 PART PROCESS OF SOCIALIZATION - Abidance to social norms.
CONTEXT 3 types of Conformity by Herbert Kelman

- denotes culture, language, social structures,
and the individuals rank within them. Includes Compliance
the history and roles played by people in the - The outward conformity to social
past. pressure but privately disagreeing with
CONTENT AND PROCESS it.
- the work or activity involved in the Identification
society. - The individual adopts a certain
● Content - the details of what is passed behaviour because it enables his/her to
from a member to a new member. have a satisfying relationship with the
● Process - the interactions and ways members of the group.
these new norms, values, and customs
are taught to novices.
Internatization Negative Informal
- Involves both public compliance and - Insult, criticism, gossip,
internal acceptance of the norms and ridicule, rude expressions and
standards imposed by the group. gestures, ostracism.
DEVIANCE HUMAN RIGHTS

- Violation of social norms. - Are legal, social, and ethical principles
to which people are entitled by virtue
Difference sociological that explain of being human.
deviance: - Human rights are:
● Universal - belongs to all
Functional Theories human beings.
- See crime and deviance as products of ● Fundamental - cannot be
structural tensions and a lack of moral taken away from any human
regulations within society. being.
Interactionist Theories ● Indivisible - rights are
- Socially-constructed phenomenon. interrelated and given equal
- Explain interpersonal relations and importance.
everyday interactions. ● Absolute - they cannot be
- Influence those who engage in deviant qualified and are considered
behaviour. basic necessities for living a
Conflict Theories genuine life.
- Analyze crime and deviance in terms - Significant as they safeguard the
of the structure of society. recognition and respect for the dignity
Control Theories of the human person, which is the
- Argue that crime occurs when there primary aim of socialization.
are inadequate social or physical - Founded on natural rights, which are
controls to deer it. universal and inalienable.
SOCIAL CONTROL
- Any systematic means and practices
used to maintain society’s norms,
rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and
discourage deviant behaviour.
Sanctions - most common means of social
control and are often employed to address
conflicts and violations of social norms.
Positive Formal
- Reward, prize, promotion,
eternal life in heaven.
Positive Informal
- Praise, friendly expressions
and gestures, inclusion.
Negative Formal
- Prison, fine, execution,
expulsion, excommunication,
eternal torment in hell.
LESSON 5
How a Society is Organized
Group Out-group
- Units involving two or more people - A group to which one does not
who interact because of shared belong and to which the person
common interest, goals, may feel a sense of
experiences, and needs. competitiveness or hostility.
Social group Reference group
- Collection of individuals who have - Composed of members who act as
relations with one another. role models and establish standards
Interdependence against which members measure
- Conditions exist within social their conduct.
groups as it is what enables its
members to pursue shared goals. NETWORK
Aggregate - The structure of relationships
- Collection of people within a between social actors or groups.
particular place and time. - Interconnections, ties, and linkages
between people. Their group, larger
TYPES OF GROUP social institutions to which they all
belong.
Primary Group
- Most micro level and characterized
by cooperation among close,
intimate, long-term relationships.
- Provides a sense of belonging and
shared identity.
Secondary Group
- Formal, impersonal, and
businesslike relationships.
Self-categorization theory
- People’s appreciation of their
group membership is influenced by
their perception towards people
who are not members of their
groups.
In-group
- One belongs and with which one
feels a sense of identity.
- Ex: sports team, college, race,
family.

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SOCSCI 2 Notes

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Lesson 4: BECOMING A MEMBER

SOCIALIZATION/ENCULTURATION AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION

CONTEXT 3 types of Conformity by Herbert Kelman

DEVIANCE HUMAN RIGHTS

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