THE NOTRE DAME OF LIBUNGAN INC.

LIBUNGAN, NORTH COTABATO

Learning Plan in: Science Grade Level: 9 Date:

Teacher: Johnie Rey P. Villaruz, LPT Quarter: 1ST

Topic: Genes and Heredity

Content Standard

The learners demonstrate an understanding of how genetic information is organized in

genes on chromosomes and the different patterns of inheritance.

Performance Standard

The learners shall be able conduct an information dissemination activity on effective ways
of taking care of the respiratory and circulatory systems based on data gathered from the
school or local health workers

Learning Competencies

 describe the location of genes in chromosomes

Specific Objectives:
 describe the location of genes in chromosomes
 explain how the traits of parents passed through the offspring

I. INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARIES/EXPLORE (2 mins)

1. GREETINGS
2. SETTLING DOWN
3. PRAYER
4. ATTENDANCE
5. REVIEW

MOTIVATION: PICTURE ANALYSIS/SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

Direction: The teacher will show a family pictures where an observable traits of a mother
and father were obviously present.

Process Questions:
1. What are the traits that their mother has? Which offspring has the same trait of her
mother?
2. What are traits that their father has? Which offspring has the same trait of his
father?
Transition statement
The genes that we have right now in our body that causes different traits are being passed
from our ancestors, mother and our father. Today we will discuss about heredity and traits
and especially the location of genes in the chromosomes.

Introduction
TRAIT
A trait is an observable or an inherited characteristics of an organism from parent
determined by genes. People are similar, but not identical, to their parents or each other.
Your traits makes you unique and one of a kind.

Inherited Traits
The members of the family tree are related and so they share certain similar
characteristics. Shared family traits are inherited from parents.

PROCESS QUESTIONS
1. What makes this baby human? What determines its gender?

In all living things, characteristics are passed on in the

chromosomes that offspring inherit from their parents. So all human characteristics,
including gender, must be something to do with chromosomes. The body is made up of
different organs, which are made of tissue. Skin is one of the many different types of tissue
found in the body. Tissues are made up cells. Cells are the building blocks of tissues.
Different tissues are made of different cells that carry out different roles.
Where is genetic information found in most cells? It is located in the nucleus. The nucleus
is the control centre of a cell. Each nucleus contains long strands of genetic information.
What are these strands called? It is called chromosomes. Chromosomes carry the genetic
information located in the nuclei of cells. In most cells chromosomes are matched in pairs.
How do genes relate to chromosomes?. Each gene is a separate section of a chromosome
and controls a separate characteristic. There are hundreds of genes on each chromosome.

What are genes and chromosomes made of?

Chrmosomes are long strands of genetic information located in the nuclei of cells.
Chromosomes are most visible during cell division when
they replicate and
look like this

Let us see the basic parts of a chromosome.

Two identical Chromatids – one is an exact copy of the

other and each contains one DNA molecule
p arm – short arm structure
Centromere – constricted point of the chromosome
q arm – long arm structure
DNA molecule – log strike like DNA molecule formed into by a compact structure by
protein called histones.

Homologous Chromosomes – In most cells chromosomes are matched in pairs based on

the size and shape. They are chromosome from female parent and chromosome from male
parent. You inherited the traits one half from your father and a half from your mother.

Human Chromosomes
In human body cells there are a total of 46 chromosomes. There are 23 pairs of
homologous chromosomes present in the human body.You inherit half your chromosomes
from your mother and half from your father. We humans, inherit 23 unpaired
chromosomes from each parent.

What are genes?

A gene is a short length of DNA on a chromosome which is a unit determining an
inherited character. It consist of a chemical substance called deoxyribonucleic acid.
Members of homologous chromosomes carry the same genes (controlling the same
character in same loci but the genes on the members of homologous chromosomes may be
of different forms (effects)
Phenotype and genotype

The overall appearance of an organism depends on two things:

1. Its genes ( inherited characteristics)
2. The effects of the environment in which it lives.
All the observable characteristics of an organism are called its phenotype. The full set of
genes of an organism is called its genotype. An organism’s phenotype therefore depends on
its genotype plus environmental effects.
Phenotype = genotype + environmental effects

Different version of genes

Chromosomes in a homologous pair contain the same type of genes that code for the same
characteristics, such as eye colour.
Each chromosome in the pair, however, may have different version of the gene. For
example, the version of a gene on one chromosome may code for brown eyes, whereas the
version of the gene on the other chromosome may code for blue eyes. Each different version

of a gene is called allele.

Homozygous allele – if the alleles for a characteristic in a homologous pair are the same,
the organism is said to be homozygous for that characteristic. One example is 2 allele for
brown eyes and 2 allele for blue eyes.

Heterozygous alleles – if the alleles for a characteristic in a homologous pair are different,
the organism is said to be heterozygous for that characteristic. The one allele has for
brown eyes and one allele is for blue eyes. The characteristic expressed by heterozygous
alleles will depend on which allele is dominant and which allele is recessive.

The phenotype for a particular characteristic depends on which allele is dominant and
which allele is recessive.
Dominant alleles are always expressed in cells phenotype. Only one copy of the dominant
allele needs to be inherited in order for it to be expressed. Dominant alleles ( e.g. brown
eyes) are represented by an upper case letter ( B )

Recessive alleles are only expressed in a cell’s phenotype if there is no dominant allele
present. If dominant allele is present, the effect of the recessive allele is ‘masked’. Recessive
cells ( ex. Blue eyes) are presented by a lower case letter ( ex.b)

Representing alleles
A gene can be represented using a letter: upper case for the dominant allele, and lower case
for the recessive allele.
Example: the allele for wing length in Drosophila can be either long (L) or short (I)

Genotype Phenotype
LL Homozygous dominant long wings
Ll Heterozygous long wings
ll Homozygous recessive Short wings

Genetic crosses: A History

One of the first people to study genetics was an Austrian monk called Gregor Mendel in
the 1850s and 1860s. He experimented with thousands of pea plants and established the
basic foundations of inheritance, such as dominant and recessive characteristics.
Mendel had no knowledge of DNA or genes but he did identify that inheritance is
particulate, ex. It depends on the transfer of separate (discrete) factors parent to offspring.

Mendel’s Law of Inheritance

After his research, Mendel proposed two laws of inheritance.

Mendel’s first law: the law of segregation

 Alternate versions of genes (alleles) cause variation in inherited characteristics.
 An organism inherits two alleles for each characteristic-one from each parent
 Dominant alleles will always mask recessive alleles
 The alleles for each characteristic separate during gamete production.

Mendel’s second law : the law of independent assortment

Genes for different characteristics are sorted independently during gamete production.

Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance

In 1902, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri developed the Chromosome Theory of
Inheritance.
- This theory states that Mendelian genes have a specific locus on the chromosome
and that chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment during
meiosis.

What is DNA?
Chromosomes and their genes are made
of a molecule called DNA.
Each chromosome is a very long molecule
of tightly coiled DNA.
DNA molecule carry the code that controls
what your cells are made of and what
they
do.

Nitrogenous Bases

A – Adenine, Purine Bases C – Cytosine Pyrimidine Bases

G – Guanine, T - Thymine, Uracil

Base pairs hold the two strands of the DNA helix together. The rules for base pairing are…
A always pairs with T - There are millions of base pairs in a DNA molecule that
C always pairs with G always follow these rules. Amazingly, it is the sequence of bases
along a DNA molecule that forms the genetic code.

Introduction to Nucleotides

Nucleotides are nitrogen-containing organic substances that form the basis of the nucleic
acids DNA and RNA.

All nucleotides contain the following three groups:

1. A phosphate group
2. A nitrogen-containing base
3. A pentose sugar

In DNA sugar deoxyribose whereas in RNA the

sugar is ribose.
DNA contains A, G, T, C whereas RNA contains
A, G. U and C.

II. INTERACTION ( LESSON DEVELOPMENT/FIRM UP/DEEPEN (10 mins)

 The teacher will present additional enrichment information to the concepts and
topics
 The teacher will explain traits and give example of pictures to understand more how
different parts in our body like genes, chromosomes and DNA do its part in heredity.
 Let the students participate in discussion cater all their questions
 The teacher will give a short quiz or a questions to ponder to evaluate if they
understand a thing
 After the Activity the students will be assessed of what they have learned.

Transition Statement
In studying traits and heredity we understand how the traits passes from parent to
offspring. We also learn about history of brilliant people who pioneered the study of
heredity. Until today we can learn it deeply through discussions and reading.

III. INTEGRATION (BROADENING OF CONCEPTS/TRANSFER) (3 mins)

A. Core Values/School Formation Standards

The values of collaboration, excellence, collaboration, faith, promptness is being
integrated in these week activities.
B. Learning Across Discipline
The students will learn the application learning of traits and heredity

SUMMARY/CLOSURE
The teacher let the students summarize their understanding and learning through
speaking what they have learned and writing through their exit cards.

The traits can be transferred from parent to offspring. A gene is a short length of DNA on a
chromosome which is a unit determining an inherited character and contains DNA.
Phenotype is the over all appearance of an organism and depends on gene and the
environment which it lives. All the observable characteristics of an organism are called its
phenotype. The full set of genes of an organism is called its genotype. Mendel’s two law of
inheritance are Law of segregation and law of independent assortment. Chromosomes and
their genes are made of a molecule called DNA. Each chromosome is a very long molecule of
tightly coiled DNA. The Nitrogenous bases are Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine and
Uracil. Nucleotides are nitrogen-containing organic substances that form the basis of the
nucleic acids DNA and RNA. It consist of a sugar, nitrogenous bases and a phosphate
group.

EVALUATION
The teacher will administer a short quiz to check the student’s mastery of the lesson and
their skills.

1. Re-arrange these items in order of size with the largest first.

Chromosome, base pair, DNA, nucleus, cell and gene.
Answer: cell, nucleus, chromosome, gene, DNA, base pair

2. Match these genetic terms to their definitions

Terms Definitions
1. heterozygous a. an allele that is only expressed if there is no dominant allele
present
2. recessive b. one out of two or more versions of a gene
3. allele c. an allele that is always expressed even if there is only one
copy present
4. dominant d. having two identical alleles of the same gene
5. homozygous e. having two different alleles of the same gene
Answer: 1. E, 2. A, 3. B, 4. C, 5. D

3. Multiple Choice
Direction: Read and answer carefully the following items and select or encircle the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Chromosomes and their genes are made of DNA. What does DNA stand for?
a. Detoxiriboucleic acid c. deoxyribbonucleic acid
b. Deoxyribonucleus acid d. deoxyribonucleic acid

2. Which of these are not made of DNA?

a. Chromosomes c. genes
b. Proteins d. chromosome copies

3. What type of subunits make up a DNA molecule?

a. four acids c. four bases
b. four buses d. four genes

4. What is the spiral shape of a DNA molecule called?

a. single helix c. triple helix
b. double helix d. curly helix

5. What four letters represent the DNA bases?

a. A C G T c. N P S R
b. C B B C d. B A S E

6. Which of these is not a DNA base pair?

a. G-C c. T-A
b. A-G d. C-G

7. How many copies of a DNA molecule are made before a cell divides?
a. none c. two
b. one d. three

8. What is the first stage of copying a DNA molecule?

a. new base move in c. bases pair up
b. new double strands are formed d. it splits into two single strands

9. If a mistake is made in copying DNA, what is the change to the DNA sequence called?
a. mutation c. permutation
b. variation d. motivation

Assignment: (Activity Notebook 10 pts.)

1.