Rahul’s

a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-1

Imagine yourself to be a member of a reasonably large group. Further

imagine that this group has the following characteristics. The members of
this group are diverse in various ways. They have different religious
allegiances: some are Hindus, some are Muslims, some Christians and some
perhaps profess no religion at all. They are also varied in many different
respects: they pursue different professions, have different abilities, have
different hobbies, different tastes in everything from films to books. Some
are rich and some are poor. Some are old, some young. Imagine further that
members of this group are likely to have disputes over various aspects of
life: How much property should one be allowed to own? Should it be
compulsory that every child be sent to school or should the parents be
allowed to decide? How much should this group spend on its safety and
security? Or should it build more parks instead? Should the group be
allowed to discriminate against some of its members? Every question will
elicit a variety of answers from different people. But, for all their diversity,
this group has to live together. They are dependent upon each other in
various ways. They require the cooperation of each other. What will enable
the group to live together peacefully? One may say that perhaps members of
this group can live together if they can agree on some basic rules. Why will
the group need certain basic rules? Think of what would happen in the
absence of some basic rules. Every individual would be insecure simply
because they would not know what members of this group could do to each
other, who could claim rights over what. Any group will need some basic
rules that are publicly promulgated and known to all members of that group
to achieve a minimal degree of coordination. But these rules must not only
be known, they must also be enforceable. If citizens have no assurance that
others will follow these rules, they will themselves have no reason to follow
these rules. Saying that the rules are legally enforceable gives an assurance
to everybody that others will follow these, for if they do not do so, they will
be punished. The first function of a constitution is to provide a set of basic
rules that allow for minimal coordination amongst members of a society.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-1
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-2

A constitution is a body of fundamental principles according to which a

state is constituted or governed. But what should these fundamental rules
be? And what makes them fundamental? Well, the first question you will
have to decide is who gets to decide what the laws governing the society
should be? You may want rule X, but others may want rule Y. How do we
decide whose rules or preferences should govern us? You may think the
rules you want everyone to live by are the best: but other think that their
rules are the best. How do we resolve this dispute? So even before you
decide what rules should govern this group you have to decide: Who gets to
decide?

The constitution has to provide an answer to this question. It specifies

the basic allocation of power in a society. It decides who gets to decide what
the laws will be. In principle, this question, who gets to decide, can be
answered in many ways: in a monarchical constitution, a monarch decides;
in some constitutions like the old Soviet Union, one single party was given
the power to decide. But in democratic constitutions, broadly speaking, the
people get to decide. But this matter is not so simple. Because even if you
answer that the people should decide, it will not answer the question: how
should the people decide? For something to be law, should everyone agree to
it? Should the people directly vote on each matter as the ancient Greeks
did? Or should the people express their preferences by electing
representatives? But if the people act through their representatives, how
should these representatives be elected? How many should there be?

In the Indian Constitution for example, it is specified that in most

instances, Parliament gets to decide laws and policies, and that Parliament
itself be organised in a particular manner. Before identifying what the law in
any given society is, you have to identify who has the authority to enact it. If
Parliament has the authority to enact laws, there must be a law that
bestows this authority on Parliament in the first place. This is the function
of the constitution. It is an authority that constitutes government in the first
place.

The second function of a constitution is to specificy who has the power to

make decisions in a society. It decides how the government will be
constituted.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-2
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-3

But this is clearly not enough. Suppose you decided who had the authority
to make decisions. But then this authority passed laws that you thought
were patently unfair. It prohibited you from practising your religion for
instance. Or it enjoined that clothes of a certain colour were prohibited, or
that you were not free to sing certain songs or that people who belonged to a
particular group (caste or religion) would always have to serve others and
would not be allowed to retain any property. Or that government could
arbitrarily arrest someone, or that only people of a certain skin colour would
be allowed to draw water from wells. You would obviously think these laws
were unjust and unfair. And even though they were passed by a government
that had come into existence based on certain procedures there would be
something obviously unjust about that government enacting these laws.

So the third function of a constitution is to set some limits on what a

government can impose on its citizens. These limits are fundamental in the
sense that government may never trespass them. Constitutions limit the
power of government in many ways. The most common way of limiting the
power of government is to specify certain fundamental rights that all of us
possess as citizens and which no government can ever be allowed to violate.
The exact content and interpretation of these rights varies from constitution
to constitution. But most constitutions will protect a basic cluster of rights.
Citizens will be protected from being arrested arbitrarily and for no reason.
This is one basic limitation upon the power of government. Citizens will
normally have the right to some basic liberties: to freedom of speech,
freedom of conscience, freedom of association, freedom to conduct a trade or
business etc. In practice, these rights can be limited during times of
national emergency and the constitution specifies the circumstances under
which these rights may be withdrawn.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-3
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-4

Most of the older constitutions limited themselves largely to allocating

decision–making power and setting some limits to government power. But
many twentieth century constitutions, of which the Indian Constitution is
the finest example, also provide an enabling framework for the government
to do certain positive things, to express the aspirations and goals of society.
The Indian Constitution was particularly innovative in this respect. Societies
with deep entrenched inequalities of various kinds, will not only have to set
limits on the power of government, they will also have to enable and
empower the government to take positive measures to overcome forms of
inequality or deprivation.

For example, India aspires to be a society that is free of caste

discrimination. If this is our society’s aspiration, the government will have to
be enabled or empowered to take all the necessary steps to achieve this goal.
In a country like South Africa, which had a deep history of racial
discrimination, its new constitution had to enable the government to end
racial discrimination. More positively, a constitution may enshrine the
aspirations of a society. The framers of the Indian Constitution, for example,
thought that each individual in society should have all that is necessary for
them to lead a life of minimal dignity and social self-respect–minimum
material well being, education etc. The Indian Constitution enables the
government to take positive welfare measures some of which are legally
enforceable. As we go on studying the Indian Constitution, we shall find that
such enabling provisions have the support of the Preamble to our
Constitution, and these provisions are found in the section on Fundamental
Rights. The Directive Principles of State of Policy also enjoin government to
fulfil certain aspirations of the people.

The fourth function of a constitution is to enable the government to

fulfil the aspirations of a society and create conditions for a just society.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-4
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-5

Finally, and perhaps even most importantly, a constitution expresses the

fundamental identity of people.

This means the people as a collective entity come into being only
through the basic constitution. It is by agreeing to a basic set of norms
about how one should be governed, and who should be governed that one
forms a collective identity. One has many sets of identities that exist prior to
a constitution. But by agreeing to certain basic norms and principles one
constitutes one’s basic political identity. Second, constitutional norms are
the overarching framework within which one pursues individual aspirations,
goals and freedoms. The constitution set authoritative constraints upon
what one may or may not do. It defines the fundamental values that we may
not trespass. So the constitution also gives one a moral identity. Third and
finally, it may be the case that many basic political and moral values are
now shared across different constitutional traditions.

If one looks at constitutions around the world, they differ in many respects –
–– in the form of government they enjoin in many procedural details. But
they also share a good deal. Most modern constitutions create a form of
government that is democratic in some respects, most claim to protect
certain basic rights. But constitutions are different in the way they embody
conceptions of natural identity. Most nations are an amalgamation of a
complex set of historical traditions; they weave together the diverse groups
that reside within the nation in different ways. For example, German
identity was constituted by being ethnically German. The constitution gave
expression to this identity. The Indian Constitution, on the other hand, does
not make ethnic identity a criterion for citizenship. Different nations embody
different conceptions of what the relationship between the different regions
of a nation and the central government should be. This relationship
constitutes the national identity of country.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-5
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-6
We have outlined some of the functions a constitution performs. These
functions explain why most societies have a constitution. But there are
three further questions we can ask about constitution:

a) What is a constitution?
b) How effective is a constitution?
c) Is a constitution just?

In most countries. ‘Constitution’ is a compact document that

comprises a number of articles about the state, specifying how the state is to
be constituted and what norms it should follow. When we ask for the
constitution of a country we are usually referring to this document. But
some countries, the United Kingdom for instance, do not have one single
document that can be called the Constitution. Rather they have a series of
documents and decisions that, taken collectively, are referred to as the
constitution. So, we can say that constitution is the document or set of
documents that seeks to perform the functions that we mentioned above.

But many constitutions around the world exist only on paper; they are
mere words existing on a parchment. The crucial question is: how effective
is a constitution? What makes it effective? What ensures that it has a real
impact on the lives of people? Making a constitution effective depends upon
many factors.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-6
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-7
This refers to how a constitution comes into being. Who crafted the
constitution and how much authority did they have? In many countries
constitutions remain defunct because they crafted by military leaders or
leaders who are not popular and do not have the ability to carry the people
with them. The most successful constitutions, like India, South Africa and
the United State, are constitutions which were created in the aftermath of
popular national movements. Although India’s Constitution was formally
created by a Constituent assembly between December 1946 and November
1949, it drew upon a long history of the nationalist movement that had a
remarkable ability to take along different sections of Indian society together.
The Constitution drew enormous legitimacy from the fact that it was drawn
up by people who enjoyed immense public credibility, who had the capacity
to negotiate and command the respect of a wide cross-section of society, and
who were able to convince the people that the constitution was not an
instrument for the aggrandisement of their personal power. The final
document reflected the broad national consensus at the time.

Some countries have subjected their constitution to a full-fledged

referendum, where all the people vote on the desirability of a constitution.
The Indian Constitution was never subject to such a referendum, but
nevertheless carried enormous public authority, because it had the
consensus and backing of leaders who were themselves popular. Although
the Constitution itself was not subjected to a referendum, the people
adopted it as their own by abiding by its provisions. Therefore, the authority
of people who enact the constitution helps determine in part its prospects
for success.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-7
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-8
Making a constitution is not always an easy and smooth affair. Nepal is an
example of the complicated nature of constitution making. Since 1948,
Nepal has had five constitutions, in 1948, 1951, 1959, 1962 and 1990. But
all these constitutions were ‘granted’ by the King of Nepal. The 1990
constitution introduced a multiparty competition, though the King
continued to hold final powers in many respects. For the last ten years
Nepal was faced with militant political agitations for restructuring the
government of the country. The main issue was the role of the monarchy in
the constitution of Nepal. Some groups in Nepal wanted to abolish the
institution of monarchy and establish republican form of government in
Nepal. Others believed that it may be useful to shift to limited monarchy
with a reduced role for the King. The King himself was not ready to give up
powers. He took over all powers in October 2002. Many political parties and
organisations were demanding the formation of a new constituent assembly.
The Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) was in the forefront of the struggle
for a popularly elected constituent assembly. Finally, under pressure of
popular agitation, the King had to instal a government acceptable to the
agitating parties. This government has stripped the King of almost all
powers. Now, all the parties are trying to decide the manner in which a
constituent assembly will be formed.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-8
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-9
It is the hallmark of a successful constitution that it gives everyone in
society some reason to go along with its provisions. A constitution that, for
instance, allowed permanent majorities to oppress minority groups within
society would give minorities no reason to go along with the provision of the
constitution. Or a constitution that systematically privileged some members
at the expense of others, or that systematically entrenched the power of
small groups in society, would cease to command allegiance. If any group
feels their identity is being stifled, they will have no reason to abide by the
constitution. No constitution by itself achieves perfect justice. But it has to
convince people that it provides the framework for pursuing basic justice.

Do this thought experiment. Ask yourself this question: What would

be the content of some basic rules in society, such that they gave everyone a
reason to go along with them?

The more a constitution preserves the freedom and equality of all its
members, the more likely it is to succeed. Does the Indian Constitution,
broadly speaking, give everyone a reason to go along with its broad outlines?
After studying this book, one should be able to answer this question in the
affirmative.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-9
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-10
Constitutions are often subverted, not by the people, but by small groups, who
wish to enhance their own power. Well crafted constitutions fragment power in
society intelligently so that no single group can subvert the constitution. One
way of such intelligent designing of a constitution is to ensure that no single
institution acquires monopoly of power. This is often done by fragmenting
power across different institutions. The Indian Constitution, for example,
horizontally fragments power across different institutions like the Legislature,
Executive and the Judiciary and even independent statutory bodies like the
Election Commission. This ensures that even if one institution wants to subvert
the Constitution, others can check its transgressions. An intelligent system of
checks and balances has facilitated the success of the Indian Constitution.

Another important aspect of intelligent institutional design is: that a

constitution must strike the right balance between certain values, norms and
procedures as authoritative, and at the same time allow enough flexibility in its
operations to adapt to changing needs and circumstances. Too rigid a
constitution is likely to break under the weight of change; a constitution that is,
on the other hand, too flexible, will give no security, predictability or identity to
a people. Successful constitutions strike the right balance between preserving
core values and adapting them to new circumstances. You will notice the
wisdom of makers of the Indian Constitution in the chapter on the Constitution
as a living document (Chapter-9). The Indian Constitution is described as ‘a
living’ document. By striking a balance between the possibility to change the
provisions and the limits on such changes, the Constitution has ensured that it
will survive as a document respected by people. This arrangement also ensures
that no section or group can, on its own, subvert the Constitution.

Therefore in determining whether a constitution has authority you can

ask yourself three questions:
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-10
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-11
Let us find out how the Indian Constitution was made. Formally, the
Constitution was made by the Constituent Assembly which had been elected
for undivided India. It held its first sitting on 9 December 1946 and re-
assembled as Constituent Assembly for divided India on 14 August 1947. Its
members were elected by indirect election by the members of the Provisional
Legislative Assemblies that had been established in 1935. The Constituent
Assembly was composed roughly along the lines suggested by the plan
proposed by the committee of the British cabinet, known as the Cabinet
Mission. According to this plan:

 Each Province and each Princely State or group of States were

allotted seats proportional to their respective population roughly in
the ratio of 1:10,00,000. As a result the Provinces (that were under
direct British rule) were to elect 292 members while the Princely
States were allotted a minimum of 93 seats.
 The seats in each Province were distributed among the three main
communities, Muslims, Sikhs and general, in proportion to their
respective populations.
 Members of each community in the Provisional Legislative
Assembly elected their own representatives by the method of
proportional representation with single transferable vote.
 The method of selection in the case of representatives of Princely
States was to be determined by consultation.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-11


 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-12

We must make our political democracy a social democracy as well Political

democracy cannot last unless there lies at the base of it social democracy.
What does social democracy mean? It means a way of life, which recognises
liberty, equality and fraternity as the principle of life. These principles of
liberty, equality and fraternity are not to be treated as separate items in a
trinity. They form a union of trinity in the sense that to divorce one from the
other is to defeat the very purpose of democracy. Liberty cannot be divorced
from equality, cannot be divorced from liberty. Nor can liberty and equality
be divorced from fraternity. Without equality, liberty would produce the
supremany of the few over the many. Equality without liberty would kill
individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not
become a natural course of things.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-12
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-13
As a consequence of the Partition under the plan of 3 June 1947 those
members who were elected from territories which fell under Pakistan ceased
to be members of the Constituent Assembly. The numbers in the Assembly
were reduced to 299 of which 284 were actually present on 26 November
1949 and appended their signature to the Constitution as finally passed.
The Constitution was thus framed against the backdrop of the horrendous
violence that the Partition unleashed on the sub-continent. But it is a
tribute to the fortitude of the framers that they were not only able to draft a
constitution under immense pressure, but also learnt the right lessons from
the unimaginable violence that accompanied Partition. The Constitution was
committed to a new conception of citizenship, where not only would
minorities be secure, but religious identity would have no bearing on
citizenship rights.

But this account of the composition of the Constituent Assembly that

drafted the Constitution touches upon only the surface of how our
Constitution was made. Although, the members of the Assembly were not
elected by universal suffrage, there was a serious attempt to make the
Assembly a representative body. Members of all religions were given
representation under the scheme described above; in addition, the Assembly
had twenty-six members from what were then known as the Scheduled
Classes. In terms of political parties, the Congress dominated the Assembly
occupying as many as eighty-two per cent of the seats in the assembly after
the Partition. The Congress itself was such a diverse party that it managed
to accommodate almost all shades of opinion within it.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-13
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-14
The authority of the Constituent Assembly does not come only from the fact
that it was broadly, though not perfectly, representative. It comes from the
procedures it adopted to frame the Constitution and the values its members
brought to their deliberations. While in any assembly that claims to be
representative, it is desirable that diverse sections of society participate, it is
equally important that they participate not only as representatives of their
own identity or community. Each member deliberated upon the Constitution
with the interests of the whole nation in mind. There were often
disagreements amongst members, but few of these disagreements could be
traced to members protecting their own interests.

There were legitimate differences of principle. And the differences were

many: should India adopt a centralised or decentralised system of
government? What should be the relations between the States and the
centre? What should be the powers of the judiciary? Should the Constitution
protect property rights? Almost every that lies at the foundation of a modern
state was discussed with great sophistication. Only one provision of the
Constitution was passed without virtually any debate: the introduction of
universal suffrage (meaning that all citizens reaching a certain age, would be
entitled to be voters irrespective of religion, caste, education, gender or
income). So, while the members felt no need at all to discuss the issue of
who should have the right to vote, every other matter was seriously
discussed and debated. Nothing can be a better testament to the democratic
commitment of this Assembly.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-14
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-15
The Constitution drew its authority from the fact that members
of the Constituent Assembly engaged in what one might call public
reason. The members of the Assembly placed a great emphasis on
discussion and reasoned argument. They did not simply advance their
own interests, but gave principled reasons to other members for their
positions. The very act of giving reasons to others makes you move
away from simply a narrow consideration of your own interest because
you have to give reasons to others to make them go along with your
view point. The voluminous debates in the Constituent Assembly,
where each clause of the Constitution was subjected to scrutiny and
debate, is a tribute to public reason at its best. These debates
deserved to be memorialised as one of the most significant chapters in
the history of constitution making, equal in importance to the French
and American revolutions.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-15
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-16
The importance of public reason was emphasised in the mundane
procedures of the Assembly as well. The Constituent Assembly had
eight major Committees on different subjects. Usually, Jawaharlal
Nehru, Rajendra Prasad, Sardar Patel, Maulana Azad or Ambedkar
chaired these Committees. These were not men who agreed with each
other on many things. Ambedkar had been a bitter critic of the
Congress and Gandhi, accusing them of not doing enough for the
upliftment of Scheduled Castes. Patel and Nehru disagreed on many
issues. Nevertheless, they all worked together. Each Committee
usually drafted particular provisions of the Constitution which were
then subjected to debate by the entire Assembly. Usually an attempt
was made to reach a consensus with the belief that provisions agreed
to by all, would not be detrimental to any particular interests. Some
provisions were subject to the vote. But in each instance every single
argument, query or concern was responded to with great care and in
writing. The Assembly met for one hundred and sixty six days, spread
over two years and eleven months. Its sessions were open to the press
and the public alike.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-16
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-17
But no constitution is simply a product of the Assembly that produces it. An
Assembly as diverse as the Constituent Assembly of India could not have
functioned if there was no background consensus on the main principles the
Constitution should enshrine. These principles were forged during the long
struggle for freedom. In a way, the Constituent Assembly was giving
concrete shape and form to the principles it had inherited from the
nationalist movement. For decades preceding the promulgation of the
Constitution, the nationalist movement had debated many questions that
were relevant to the making of the constitution–the shape and form of
government India should have, the values it should uphold, the inequalities
it should overcome. Answers forged in those debates were given their final
form in the Constitution.

Perhaps the best summary of the principles that the nationalist

movement brought to the Constituent Assembly is the Objectives Resolution
(the resolution that defined the aims of the Assembly) moved by Nehru in
1946. This resolution encapsulated the aspirations and values behind the
Constitution. What the previous section terms as substantive provisions of
the constitution is inspired by and summed up by the values incorporated
in the Objectives Resolution. Based on this resolution, our Constitution gave
institutional expression to these fundamental commitments: equality,
liberty, democracy, sovereignty and a cosmopolitan identity. Thus, our
Constitution is not merely a maze of rules and procedures, but a moral
commitment to establish a government that will fulfil the many promises
that the nationalist movement held before the people.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-17
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-18
The third factor ensuring effectiveness of a constitution is a balanced
arrangement of the institutions of government. The basic principle is that
government must be democratic and committed to the welfare of the people.
The Constituent Assembly spent a lot of time on evolving the right balance
among the various institutions like the executive, the legislature and the
judiciary. This led to the adoption of the parliamentary form and the federal
arrangement, which would distribute governmental powers between the
legislature and the executive on the one hand and between the States and
the central government on the other hand.

While evolving the most balanced governmental arrangements, the

makers of our Constitution did not hesitate to learn from experiments and
experiences of other countries. Thus, the framers of the Constitution were
not averse to borrowing from other constitutional traditions. Indeed, it is a
testament to their wide learning that they could lay their hands upon any
intellectual argument, or historical example that was necessary for fulfilling
the task at hand. So they borrowed a number of provisions from different
countries.

But borrowing these ideas was not slavish imitation. Far from it. Each
provisions of the Constitution had to be defended on grounds that it was
suited to Indian problems and aspirations. India was extremely lucky to
have an Assembly that instead of being parochial in its outlook could take
the best available everywhere in the world and make it their own.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-18
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-19

It is a tribute to the wisdom and foresight of the makers of the

Constitution that they presented to the nation a document that
enshrined fundamental values and highest aspirations shared by the
people. This is one of the reasons why this most intricately crafted
document has not only survived but become a living reality, when so
many other constitutions have perished with the paper they were first
written on. India’s Constitution is a unique document which in turn
became an exemplar for many other constitutions, most notably South
Africa. The main purpose behind the long search that went on for
almost three years was to strike the right balance so that institutions
created by the Constitution would not be haphazard or tentative
arrangements but would be able to accommodate the aspirations of
the people of India for a long time to come. You will know more about
these arrangements through the study of the remaining chapters in
this book.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-19
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-20
During our freedom struggle, the leaders of the freed movement had realised
the importance of rights and demanded that the British rulers should
respect rights of the people. The Motilal Nehru committee had demand a bill
of rights as far back as in 1928. It was therefore natural that when India
became independent and Constitution was being prepared, there were no
two opinions on the inclusion and protection of rights in the Constitution.
The Constitution listed the rights that would be specially protected and
called them ‘fundamental rights’.

The word fundamental suggests that these rights are so important

that the Constitution has separately listed them and made special
provisions for their protection. The Fundamental Rights are so important
that the Constitution itself ensures that they are not violated by the
government.

Fundamental Rights are different from other rights available to us.

While ordinary legal rights are protected and enforced by ordinary law,
Fundamental Rights are protected and guaranteed by the constitution of the
country. Ordinary rights may be changed by the legislature by ordinary
process of law making, but a fundamental right may only be changed by
amending the Constitution itself. Besides this, no organ of the government
can act in a manner that violates them. As we shall study below in this
chapter, judiciary has the powers and responsibility to protect the
fundamental rights from violations by actions of the government. Executive
as well as legislative actions can be declared illegal by the judiciary if these
violate the fundamental rights restrict them in an unreasonable manner.
However, fundamental rights are not absolute or unlimited rights.
Government can reasonable restrictions on the exercise of our fundamental
rights.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-20
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-21
Right to equality tries to do away with such and other discriminations.
It provides for equal access to public places like shops, hotels, places
of entertainment, wells, bathing ghats and places of worship. There
cannot be any discrimination in this access on the basis of caste,
creed, colour, sex, religion, or place of birth. It also prohibits any
discrimination in public employment on any of the above mentioned
basis. This right is very important because our society did not practice
equal access in the past. The practice of untouchability is one of the
crudest manifestations of inequality. This has been abolished under
the right to equality. The same right also provides that the state shall
confer no title on a person except those who excel themselves in
military or academic field. Thus right to equality strives to make India
a true democracy by ensuring a sense of equality of dignity and status
among all its citizens. Have you read the Preamble to our
Constitution? How does it describe equality? You will find that the
Preamble mentions two things about equality.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-21
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-22

Article 16 (4): Nothing in this article shall prevent the State from making any
provision for the reservation of appointments or posts in favour of any
backward class of citizens which, in the opinion of the State, is not
adequately represented in the services under the State. Equality of status
and equality of opportunity. Equality of opportunity means that all sections
of the society enjoy equal opportunities. But in a society where there are
various kinds of social inequalities, what does equal opportunity mean? The
Constitution clarifies that the government can implement special schemes
and measures for improving the conditions of certain sections of society:
children, women, and the socially and educationally backward classes. You
may have heard about ‘reservations’ in jobs, and in admissions. You would
have wondered why there are reservations if we follow the principle of
equality. In fact Article 16(4) of the constitution explicitly clarifies that a
policy like reservation will not be seen as a violation of right to equality. If
you see the spirit of the Constitution, this is required for the fulfilment of
the right to equality of opportunity.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-22
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-23
The foremost right among rights to freedom is the right to life and personal
liberty. No citizen can be denied his or her life except by procedure as laid
down under the law. Similarly no one can be denied his/her personal
liberty. That means no one can be arrested without being told the grounds
for such an arrest. If arrested, the person has the right to defend himself by
a lawyer of his choice. Also, it is mandatory for the police to take that person
to the nearest magistrate within 24 hours. The magistrate, who is not part of
the police, will decide whether the arrest is justified or not.
This right is not just confined to a guarantee against taking away of
an individual’s life but has wider application. Various judgments of Supreme
Court have expanded the scope of this right. The Supreme Court has ruled
that this right also includes right to live with human dignity, free from
exploitation. The court has held that right to shelter and livelihood is also
included in the right to life because no person can live without the means of
living, that is, the means of livelihood.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-23
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-24

Ordinarily, a person would be arrested after he or she has reportedly

committed some offence. However there are exceptions to this. Sometimes a
person can be arrested simply out of an apprehension that he or she is
likely to engage in unlawful activity and imprisoned for some time without
following the above mentioned procedure. This is known as preventive
detention. It means that if the government feels that a person can be a
threat to law and order or to the peace and security of the nation, it can
detain or arrest that person. This preventive detention can be extended only
for three months. After three months such a case is brought before an
advisory board for review.
On the face of it, preventive detention looks like an effective tool in the
hands of the government to deal with anti-social elements or subversives.
But this provision has often been misused by the government. Many people
think that there must be greater safeguards in this law so that it may not be
misused against people for reasons other than that which are really
justified. In fact, there is a clear tension between right to life and personal
liberty and the provision for preventive detention.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-24
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-25

You can see that under the right to freedom there are some other rights as
well. These rights however are not absolute. Each of these is subject to
restrictions imposed by the government.
For example right to freedom of speech and expression is subject to
restrictions such as public order, peace and morality etc. Freedom to
assemble too is to be exercised peacefully and without arms. The
government may impose restrictions in certain areas declaring the assembly
of five or more persons as unlawful. Such powers can be easily misused by
the administration. The genuine protest against an act or policy of
government by the people may be denied permission. However, if the people
are aware and vigilant in regard to their rights and choose to protest against
such acts of administration such misuse becomes rare. In the Constituent
Assembly itself, some members had expressed their dissatisfaction about
restrictions on rights.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-25
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-26

In our country there are millions of people who are underprivileged and
deprived. They may be subjected to exploitation by their fellow human
beings. One such form of exploitation in our country has been begar or
forced labour without payment. Another closely related form of exploitation
is buying and selling of human beings and using them as slaves. Both of
these are prohibited under the Constitution. Forced labour was imposed by
landlords, money lenders and other wealthy persons in the past. Some form
of bonded labour still continues in the country, specially in brick kiln work.
It has now been declared a crime and it is punishable.

The Constitution also forbids employment of children below the age of

14 years in dangerous jobs like factories and mines. With child labour being
made illegal and right to education becoming a fundamental right for
children, this right against exploitation has become more meaningful.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-26
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-27

According to our Constitution, everyone enjoys the right to follow the

religion of his or her choice. This freedom is considered as a hallmark
of democracy. Historically, there were rulers and emperors in different
parts of the world who did not allow residents of their countries to
enjoy the right to freedom of religion. Persons following a religion
different from that of the ruler were either persecuted or forced to
convert to the official religion of the rulers. Therefore, democracy has
always incorporated the freedom to follow the religion of one’s choice
as one of its basic principles.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-27
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-28

In India, everyone is free to choose a religion and practice that religion.

Freedom of religion also includes the freedom of conscience. This means
that a person may choose any religion or may choose not to follow any
religion. Freedom of religion includes the freedom to profess, follow and
propagate any religion. Freedom of religion is subject to certain limitations.
The government can impose restrictions on the practice of freedom of
religion in order to protect public order, morality and health. This means
that the freedom of religion is not an unlimited right. The government can
interfere in religious matters for rooting out certain social evils. For example
in the past, the government has taken steps banning practices like sati,
bigamy or human sacrifice. Such restrictions cannot be opposed in the
name of interference in right to freedom of religion.
The limitations on the right to freedom of religion always produce
tensions between followers of various religions and the government. When
the government seeks to restrict some activities of any religious group,
people of that religion feel that this is interference in their religion.
Freedom of religion becomes a matter of political controversy for yet
another reason. The Constitution has guaranteed the right to propagate
one’s religion. This includes persuading people to convert from one religion
to another. However, some people resent conversions on the ground that
these are based on intimidation or inducement. The Constitution does not
allow forcible conversions. It only gives us the right to spread information
about our religion and thus attract others to it.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-28
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-29

Being a country which is home to several religions, it is necessary that the

government must extend equal treatment to different religions. Negatively, it
means that government will not favour any particular religion. India does
not have any official religion. We don’t have to belong to any particular
religion in order to be a prime minister or president or judge or any other
public official. We have also seen that under the right to equality, there is a
guarantee that government will not discriminate on the basis of religion in
giving employment. The institutions run by the state will not preach any
religion or give religious education nor will they favour persons of any
religion. The objective of these provisions is to sustain and nurture the
principle of secularism.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-29
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-30

When we talk of the Indian society, the image of diversity comes before our
minds. India is not made up of a monolithic society. We are a society that
has vast diversity. In such a society that is full of diversity, there would be
social sections which are small in numbers compared to some other groups.
If a group is in minority, will it have to adopt the culture of the majority?
Our Constitution believes that diversity is our strength. Therefore, one of the
fundamental rights is the right of the minorities to maintain their culture.
This minority status is not dependent only upon religion. Linguistic and
cultural minorities are also included in this provision. Minorities are groups
that have common language or religion and in a particular part of the
country or in the country as a whole, they are outnumbered by some other
social section. Such communities have a culture, language and a script of
their own, and have the right to conserve and develop these.
All minorities, religious or linguistic, can set up their own educational
institutions. By doing so, they can preserve and develop their own culture.
The government will not, while granting aid to educational institutions,
discriminate against any educational institution on the basis that it is under
the management of minority community.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-30
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-31

One would agree that our Constitution contains a very impressive list of
Fundamental Rights. But merely writing down a list of rights is not enough.
There has to be a way through which they could be realised in practice and
defended against any attack on these rights. Right to constitutional
remedies is the means through which this is to be achieved. Dr. Ambedkar
considered the right to constitutional remedies as ‘heart and soul of the
constitution’. It is so because this right gives a citizen the right to approach
a High Court or the Supreme Court to get any of the fundamental rights
restored in case of their violation. The Supreme Court and the High Courts
can issue orders and give directives to the government for the enforcement
of rights. The courts can issue various special orders known as writs.
Apart from the judiciary, many other mechanisms have been created in
later years for the protection of rights. You may have heard about the
National Commission on Minorities, the National Commission on Women,
the National Commission on Scheduled Castes, etc. These institutions
protect the rights of women, minorities or Dalits. Besides, the National
Human Rights Commission has also been established by law to protect the
fundamental and other kinds of rights.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-31
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-32

The makers of our Constitution knew that independent India was going to
face many challenges. Foremost among these was the challenge to bring
about equality and well-being of all citizens. They also thought that certain
policy direction was required for handling these problems. At the same time,
the Constitution did not want future governments to be bound by certain
policy decisions.
Therefore, some guidelines were incorporated in the Constitution but
they were not made legally enforceable: this means that if a government did
not implement a particular guideline, we cannot go to the court asking the
court to instruct the government to implement that policy. Thus, these
guidelines are ‘non-justiciable’ i.e., parts of the Constitution that cannot be
enforced by the judiciary. Those who framed our Constitution thought that
the moral force behind these guidelines would ensure that the government
would take them seriously. Besides, they expected that the people would
also hold the governments responsible for implementing these directives. So,
a separate list of policy guidelines is included in the Constitution.
The list of these guidelines is called the Directive Principles of State Policy.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-32
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-33

It is possible to see both Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles as

complementary to each other. Fundamental Rights restrain the government
from doing certain things while Directive Principles exhort the government
to do certain things. Fundamental Rights mainly protect the rights of
individuals while directive principles ensure the well-being of the entire
society.
However, at times, when government intends to implement Directive
Principles of State Policy, it can come in conflict with the Fundamental
Rights of the citizen.
This problem arose when the government sought to pass laws to
abolish zamindari system. These measures were opposed on the ground that
they violated right to property. However, keeping in mind the societal needs
that are greater than the individual interests, the government amended the
Constitution to give effect to the Directive Principles of State Policy. This led
to a long legal battle. The executive and the judiciary took different
positions. The government claimed that rights can be abridged for giving
effect to Directive Principles. This argument assumed that rights were a
hindrance to welfare of the people. On the other hand, the court held the
view that Fundamental Rights were so important and sacred that they
cannot be limited even for purposes of implementing Directive Principles.
This generated another complicated debate. This related to the
amendment of the Constitution. The government was saying that Parliament
can amend any part of the Constitution. The court was saying that
Parliament cannot make an amendment that violated Fundamental Rights.
This controversy was settled by an important decision of the Supreme Court
in Kesavananda Bharati case. In this case, the court said that there are
certain basic features of the Constitution and these cannot be changed by
Parliament. We shall discuss this in greater detail in Chapter 9 on
‘Constitution as a Living Document’.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-33
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-34

Behind the controversy about the relationship between rights and directive
principles, there was one important reason: in the Constitution, originally,
there was a fundamental right to ‘acquire, possess and maintain’ property.
But the Constitution made it clear that property could be taken away by the
government for public welfare. Since 1950, government made many laws
that limited this right to property. This right was at the centre of the long
debate over the relationship between rights and directive principles. Finally,
in 1973, the Supreme Court gave a decision that the right to property was
not part of the basic structure of the Constitution and therefore, parliament
had power to abridge this right by an amendment. In 1978, the 44th
amendment to the Constitution removed the right to property from the list of
Fundamental Rights and converted it into a simple legal right.
What difference, do you think, this change of status makes to the right to
property?
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-34
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-35
Have you ever played chess? What would happen if the black knight
suddenly started moving straight rather than two and a half squares? Or,
what would happen if in a game of cricket, there were no umpires? In any
sport, we need to follow certain rules. Change the rules and the outcome of
the game would be very different. Similarly a game needs an impartial
umpire whose decision is accepted by all the players. The rules and the
umpire have to be agreed upon before we begin to play a game. What is true
of a game is also true of elections. There are different rules or systems of
conducting elections. The outcome of the election depends on the rules we
have adopted. We need some machinery to conduct the elections in an
impartial manner. Since these two decisions need to be taken before the
game of electoral politics can begin, these cannot be left to any government.
That is why these basic decisions about elections are written down in the
constitution of a democratic country.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-35
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-37

You may have noted above a reference to different methods or the systems of
elections. You may have wondered what these were all about. You may have
seen or read about different methods of electioneering or campaigning in the
elections. But what are different methods of elections? There is a system of
conducting elections. There are authorities and rules about do’s and don’ts.
Is that what election system is all about? You may have wondered why the
constitution needs to write down how the votes are to be counted and
representatives elected. Isn’t that very obvious? People go and vote. The
candidate who gets highest votes gets elected. That is what elections are all
over the world. Why do we need to think about it?
We need to, because this question is not as simple as it appears to us.
We have got so used to our system of elections that we think that there
cannot be any other way. In a democratic election, people vote and their
preference decides who will win the contest. But there can be very different
ways in which people make their choices and very different ways in which
their preferences can be counted. These different rules of the game can
make a difference to who the winner of the game will be. Some rules can
favour bigger parties; some rules can help the smaller players. Some rules
can favour the majority community, others can protect the minorities. Let us
look at one dramatic instance to see how this happens.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-37
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-38

Let us compare this to how elections take place in Israel that follows a very
different system of elections. In Israel once the votes are counted, each party
is allotted the share of seats in the parliament in proportion to its share of
votes (see Box). Each party fills its quota of seats by picking those many of
its nominees from a preference list that has been declared before the
elections. This system of elections is called the Proportional Representation
(PR) system. In this system a party gets the same proportion of seats as its
proportion of votes.
In the PR system there could be two variations. In some countries, like Israel
or Netherlands, the entire country is treated as one constituency and seats
are allocated to each party according to its share of votes in the national
election. The other method is when the country is divided into several multi-
member constituencies as in Argentina and Portugal. Each party prepares a
list of candidates for each constituency, depending on how many have to be
elected from that constituency. In both these variations, voters exercise their
preference for a party and not a candidate. The seats in a constituency are
distributed on the basis of votes polled by a party. Thus, representatives
from a constituency, would and do belong to different parties. In India, we
have adopted PR system on a limited scale for indirect elections. The
Constitution prescribes a third and complex variation of the PR system for
the election of President, Vice President, and for the election to the Rajya
Sabha and Vidhan Parishads.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-38
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-39

Who is in charge of the administration of your school? Who takes important

decisions in a school or a university? In any organisation, some office holder
has to take decisions and implement those decisions. We call this activity
administration or management. But administration requires a body at the
top that will take policy decisions or the big decisions and supervise and
coordinate the routine administrative functioning. You may have heard
about the executives of big companies, banks or industrial units. Every
formal group has a body of those who function as the chief administrators
or the executives of that organisation. Some office holders decide the policies
and rules and regulations and then some office holders implement those
decisions in actual day-to-day functioning of the organisation. The word
executive means a body of persons that looks after the implementation of
rules and regulations in actual practice. In the case of government also, one
body may take policy decisions and decide about rules and regulations,
while the other one would be in charge of implementing those rules. The
organ of government that primarily looks after the function of
implementation and administration is called the executive. What are the
principal functions of the executive? Executive is the branch of government
responsible for the implementation of laws and policies adopted by the
legislature. The executive is often involved in framing of policy. The official
designations of the executive vary from country to country. Some countries
have presidents, while others have chancellors. The executive branch is not
just about presidents, prime ministers and ministers. It also extends to the
administrative machinery (civil servants). While the heads of government
and their ministers, saddled with the overall responsibility of government
policy, are together known as the political executive, those responsible for
day to day administration are called the permanent executive.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-39
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-40

The reason for the popularity and success of the FPTP system is its
simplicity. The entire election system is extremely simple to understand
even for common voters who may have no specialised knowledge about
politics and elections. There is also a clear choice presented to the voters
at the time of elections. Voters have to simply endorse a candidate or a
party while voting. Depending on the nature of actual politics, voters may
either give greater importance to the party or to the candidate or balance
the two. The FPTP system offers voters a choice not simply between
parties but specific candidates. In other electoral systems, especially PR
systems, voters are often asked to choose a party and the representatives
are elected on the basis of party lists. As a result, there is no one
representative who represents and is responsible for one locality. In
constituency based system like the FPTP, the voters know who their own
representative is and can hold him or her accountable.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-40
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-41

The experience of the working of the Constitution has confirmed the

expectation of the constitution makers. The FPTP system has proved to
be simple and familiar to ordinary voters. It has helped larger parties to
win clear majorities at the centre and the State level. The system has also
discouraged political parties that get all their votes only from one caste or
community. Normally, the working of the FPTP system results in a two-
party system. This means that there are two major competitors for power
and power is often shared by these two parties alternately. It is difficult
for new parties or the third party to enter the competition and share
power. In this respect, the experience of FPTP in India is slightly
different. After independence, though we adopted the FPTP system, there
emerged a one party dominance and along with it, there existed many
smaller parties. After 1989, India is witnessing the functioning of the
multiparty coalitions. At the same time, gradually, in many States, a two
party competition is emerging. But the distinguishing feature of India’s
party system is that the rise of coalitions has made it possible for new
and smaller parties to enter into electoral competition in spite of the
FPTP system.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-41

lafo/kku dk vc rd dk dkedkt lafo/kku&fuekZrkvksa dh vis{kkvksa dks

izekf.kr djrk gSA lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dh mEehnksa dks lafo/kku dh
dk;Ziz.kkyh ls izkIr vuqHko izekf.kr djrk gSA lokZf/kd er ls thr okyh
iz.kkyh vke ernkrk ds fy, ljy vkSj lqifjfpr fl¼ gqbZ gSA blus dsanz
vkSj jkT;ksa esa cM+s nyksa dks Li"V cgqer izkIr djus esa enn dh gSA bl
iz.kkyh us mu nyksa dks Hkh grksRlkfgr fd;k gS tks fdlh ,d tkfr ;k
leqnk; ls gh vius lHkh oksV izkIr djrs gSaA lekU;r% lokZf/kd er ls
thr okyh iz.kkyh ls f}nyh; O;oLFkk mHkjrh gSA bldk eryc gS fd lÙkk
ds fy, nks izeq[k izfr;ksxh gSa vkSj ;gh nksuksa ckjh&ckjh ls lÙkk izkIr djrs
gSaA u;s nyksa ;k fdlh rhljh ikVhZ dks bl izfr;ksfxrk esa lfEefyr gksus
vkSj lÙkk izkIr djus esa dfBukbZ gksrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjr esa bl iz.kkyh
dk vuqHko dqN vyx gSA Lora=rk ds ckn] ;|fi geus lokZf/kd er ls
thr okyh iz.kkyh viuk;h] fQj Hkh ,d ny dk opZLo mHkj dj lkeus
vk;k blds lkFk&lkFk vusd NksVs ny Hkh vfLrRo esa jgsA 1989 ds ckn]
Hkkjr esa cgqnyh;&xBca/kuksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA blh ds
lkFk] vusd jkT;ksa esa /khjs&/khjs f}&nyh; izfr;ksfxrk mHkj jgh gSA ysfdu
Hkkjrh; nyh; iz.kkyh dh izeq[k fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd xBca/ku ljdkjksa ds vkus
ls u;s vkSj NksVs nyksa dks lokZf/kd er ls thr okyh iz.kkyh ds ckotwn
pqukoh izfr;ksfxrk esa izos'k djus dk ekSdk feyk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-42

There are certain social groups which may be spread across the country.
In a particular constituency, their numbers may not be sufficient to be
able to influence a victory of a candidate. However, taken across the
country they are a significantly sizeable group. To ensure their proper
representation, a system of reservation becomes necessary. The
Constitution provides for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State
Legislative Assemblies for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes.
This provision was made initially for a period of 10 years and as a result
of successive constitutional amendments, has been extended up to 2010.
The Parliament can take a decision to further extend it, when the period
of reservation expires. The number of seats reserved for both of these
groups is in proportion to their share in the population of India. Today, of
the 543 elected seats in the Lok Sabha, 79 are reserved for Scheduled
Castes and 41 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes (as on 1 September
2012).
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-42
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-43

Who decides which constituency is to be reserved? On what basis is this

decision taken? This decision is taken by an independent body called the
Delimitation Commission. The Delimitation Commission is appointed by the
President of India and works in collaboration with the Election Commission
of India. It is appointed for the purpose of drawing up the boundaries of
constituencies all over the country. A quota of constituencies to be reserved
in each State is fixed depending on the proportion of SC or ST in that State.
After drawing the boundaries, the Delimitation Commission looks at the
composition of population in each constituency. Those constituencies that
have the highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population are reserved for
ST. In the case of Scheduled Castes, the Delimitation Commission looks at
two things. It picks constituencies that have higher proportion of Scheduled
Caste population. But it also spreads these constituencies in different
regions of the State. This is done because the Scheduled Caste population is
generally spread evenly throughout the country. These reserved
constituencies can be rotated each time the Delimitation exercise is
undertaken. The Constitution does not make similar reservation for other
disadvantaged groups. Of late there has been a strong demand seeking
reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for women.
Given the fact that very few women are elected to representative bodies, the
demand for reserving one-third seats for women is increasingly being
articulated. Reservation of seats for women has been provided for in rural
and urban local bodies. We shall discuss this in the chapter on Local
Governments. A similar provision for Lok Sabha and Vidhan Sabhas would
require an amendment to the Constitution. Such an amendment has been
proposed several times in the Parliament but has not yet been passed.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-43

dkSu ls fuokZpu {ks= vkjf{kr gksaxs] ;g dkSu r; djrk gS\ fdl vk/kj ij
;g fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gS\ ;g fu.kZ; ,d Lora= laLFkk }kjk fy;k tkrk gS
ftls ifjlheu vk;ksx dgrs gSaA jk"Vªifr ifjlheu vk;ksx dk xBu djrs
gSaA ;g pquko vk;ksx ds lkFk fey dj dke djrk gSA bldk xBu iwjs ns'k
esa fuokZpu {ks=ksa dh lhek [khapus ds mís'; ls fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd jkT;
esa vkj{k.k ds fy, fuokZpu {ks=ksa dk ,d dksVk gksrk gS tks ml jkT; esa
vuqlwfpr tkfr ;k vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh la[;k ds vuqikr esa gksrk gSA
ifjlheu ds ckn] ifjlheu vk;ksx izR;sd fuokZpu {ks= esa tula[;k dh
lajpuk ns[krk gSA ftu fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ksa dh tula[;k
lcls T+;knk gksrh gS mls muds fy, vkjf{kr dj fn;k tkrk gSA vuqlwfpr
tkfr;ksa ds ekeys esa] ifjlheu vk;ksx nks ckrksa ij è;ku nsrk gSA vk;ksx
mu fuokZpu {ks=ksa dks pqurk gS ftlesa vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk vuqikr T+;knk
gksrk gSA ysfdu og bu fuokZpu {ks=ksa dks jkT; ds fofHkUu Hkkxksa esa QSyk
Hkh nsrk gSA ,slk blfy, fd vuqlwfpr tkfr;ksa dk iwjs ns'k esa fo[kjko
le:i gSA tc dHkh Hkh ifjlheu dk dke gksrk gS] bu vkjf{kr fuokZpu
{ks=ksa esa dqN ifjorZu dj fn;k tkrk gSA lafo/kku vU; misf{kr ;k deT+kksj
oxks± ds fy, bl izdkj ds vkj{k.k dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha djrkA b/kj]
yksdlHkk vkSj jkT;ksa dh fo/kku lHkkvksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, vkj{k.k dh
Tkksjnkj ek¡x mBh gSA ;g ns[krs gq;s fd izfrfuf/k laLFkkvksa esa cgqr de
efgyk,¡ pquh tkrh gSa] muds fy, ,d&frgkbZ lhVsa vkjf{kr djus dh ckr gks
jgh gSA 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k LFkkuh; ljdkjksa esa efgykvksa ds fy, lhVsa
vkjf{kr dj nh xbZ gSaA bls ge LFkkuh; ljdkj okys vè;k; esa i<+saxsA
yksdlHkk vkSj fo/kku lHkk esa ,slh gh O;oLFkk djus ds fy, lafo/kku dk
la'kks/ku djuk iM+sxkA blds fy, yksdlHkk esa dbZ ckj la'kks/ku izLrko yk;k
x;k] ij mls ikfjr ugha fd;k tk ldkA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-44

In 1978 the constitution of Sri Lanka was amended and the system of
Executive Presidency was introduced. Under the system of Executive
Presidency, people directly elect the President. It may happen that
both the President and the Prime Minister belong to the same political
party or to different political parties.
The President has vast powers under the constitution. The
President chooses the Prime Minister from the party that has a
majority in the Parliament. Though ministers must be members of the
Parliament, the President has the power to remove the Prime Minister,
or ministers. Apart from being the elected Head of State and the
Commander-in- Chief of the Armed Forces, the President is also the
Head of the Government.
Elected for a term of six years, the President cannot be removed
except by a resolution in the parliament passed by at least two-thirds
of the total number of Members of Parliament. If it is passed by not
less than one-half of the total number of Members of Parliament and
the Speaker is satisfied that such allegations merit inquiry then the
Speaker can report the matter to the Supreme Court. How is the
position of the President and Prime Minister in Sri Lanka different
from India? Compare the role of Supreme Court in the impeachment of
the President in India and Sri Lanka
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-44
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-45

Apart from laying down a method of elections, the Constitution answers two
basic questions about elections: Who are the voters? Who can contest
elections? In both these respects our Constitution follows the well
established democratic practices. You already know that democratic
elections require that all adult citizens of the country must be eligible to vote
in the elections. This is known as universal adult franchise. In many
countries, citizens had to fight long battles with the rulers to get this right.
In many countries, women could get this right very late and only after
struggle. One of the important decisions of the framers of the Indian
Constitution was to guarantee every adult citizen in India, the right to vote.
Till 1989, an adult Indian meant an Indian citizen above the age of 21. An
amendment to the Constitution in 1989, reduced the eligibility age to 18.
Adult franchise ensures that all citizens are able to participate in the
process of selecting their representative. This is consistent with the principle
of equality and non-discrimination that we studied in the chapter on rights.
Many people thought and many think so today that giving the right to vote
to everyone irrespective of educational qualification was not right. But our
Constitution makers had a firm belief in the ability and worth of all adult
citizens as equals in the matter of deciding what is good for the society, the
country and for their own constituencies.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-45

pquko dk rjhdk fu/kkZfjr djus ds vfrfjDr lafo/kku pqukoksa ds ckjs esa nks
vU; ewy iz'uksa ds mÙkj nsrk gS&ernkrk dkSu gS vkSj dkSu pquko yM+ ldrk
gS\ bu nksuksa fcanqvksa ij gekjk lafo/kku iw.kZ :i ls LFkkfir yksdrkaf=d
ijaijkvksa dk ikyu djrk gSA vki tkurs gSa fd yksdrkaf=d pqukoksa esa ns'k
ds lHkh o;Ld ukxfjdksa dks pquko esa oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj gksuk Tk:jh gSA
blh dks lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj ds uke ls tkurs gSaA vusd ns'kksa esa
ukxfjdksa dks bl vf/kdkj dks izkIr djus ds fy, vius 'kkldksa ls cgqr
yach yM+kbZ yM+uh iM+hA cgqr ls ns'kksa esa rks efgykvksa dks ;g vf/kdkj dkQh
nsj ls vkSj cM+s la?k"kZ ds ckn feykA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us ,d
egRoiw.kZ fu.kZ; ds }kjk izR;sd o;Ld Hkkjrh; ukxfjd dks oksV nsus dk
vf/kdkj iznku fd;kA 1989 rd] 21 o"kZ ls Åij ds Hkkjrh; ukxfjdksa dks
o;Ld Hkkjrh; ekuk tkrk FkkA 1989 esa lafo/kku ds ,d la'kks/ku ds }kjk
bls ?kVk dj 18 o"kZ dj fn;k x;kA o;Ld erkf/kdkj lHkh ukxfjdksa dks
vius izfrfuf/k;ksa dh p;u izfØ;k esa Hkkx ysus dk volj iznku djrk gSA
;g lekurk vkSj xSj&HksnHkko ds fl¼kar ds vuq:i gS] ftldk vè;;u geus
vf/kdkjksa okys vè;k; esa fd;k gSA vusd yksx igys vkSj vkt Hkh ,slk
ekurs gSa fd fcuk 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds lHkh dks oksV nsus dk vf/kdkj nsuk
lgh fu.kZ; ugha FkkA ysfdu gekjs lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dks lHkh ukxfjdksa dh
;ksX;rk vkSj egÙo esa leku :i ls fo'okl Fkk fd os lekt] ns'k vkSj
vius fuokZpu {ks= ds fgr esa fu.kZ; ys ldrs gSaA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-46

On the basis of the above discussion can we infer that the President has no
discretionary power under any circumstances? This will be an incorrect
assessment. Constitutionally, the President has a right to be informed of all
important matters and deliberations of the Council of Ministers. The Prime
Minister is obliged to furnish all the information that the President may call
for. The President often writes to the Prime Minister and expresses his views
on matters confronting the country.
Besides this, there are at least three situations where the President
can exercise the powers using his or her own discretion. In the first place,
we have already noted that the President can send back the advice given by
the Council of Ministers and ask the Council to reconsider the decision. In
doing this, the President acts on his (or her) own discretion. When the
President thinks that the advice has certain flaws or legal lacunae, or that it
is not in the best interests of the country, the President can ask the Council
to reconsider the decision. Although, the Council can still send back the
same advice and the President would then be bound by that advice, such a
request by the President to reconsider the decision, would naturally carry a
lot of weight. So, this is one way in which the president can act in his own
discretion.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-46
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-47

The Election Commission of India can either be a single member or a multi-

member body. Till 1989, the Election Commission was single member. Just
before the 1989 general elections, two Election Commissioners were
appointed, making the body multi-member. Soon after the elections, the
Commission reverted to its single member status. In 1993, two Election
Commissioners were once again appointed and the Commission became
multi-member and has remained multi-member since then. Initially there
were many apprehensions about a multi-member Commission. There was a
sharp difference of opinion between the then Chief Election Commissioner
and the other Commissioners about who had how much power. The matter
had to be settled by the Supreme Court. Now there is a general consensus
that a multi-member Election Commission is more appropriate as power is
shared and there is greater accountability.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-47

Hkkjr dk fuokZpu vk;ksx ,d lnL;h; ;k cgq&lnL;h; Hkh gks ldrk gSA

1989 rd] fuokZpu vk;ksx ,d&lnL;h; FkkA 1989 ds vke pqukoksa ds
Bhd igys] nks vU; fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dks fu;qDr dj bls cgq&lnL;h; cuk
fn;k x;kA pqukoksa ds ckn mls fQj ,d lnL;h; cuk fn;k x;kA 1993 esa
iqu% nks fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr gqbZ vkSj fuokZpu vk;ksx cgq&lnL;h;
gks x;k( rc ls ;g cgq&lnL;h; cuk gqvk gSA 'kq: esa cgq&lnL;h;
fuokZpu vk;ksx dks ysdj rjg&rjg dh 'kadk,¡ FkhaA eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr
vkSj vU; vk;qDrksa ds chp bl ckr ij ?kksj erHksn Fkk fd fdldks fdruh
'kfDr izkIr gSA bldk lekèkku loksZPp U;k;ky; dks djuk iM+kA vc bl
ckr ij lkekU; lgefr gS fd cgq&lnL;h; fuokZpu vk;ksx T+;knk mi;qDr
gS D;ksafd blls vk;ksx dh 'kfDr;ksa esa lk>snkjh gks xbZ gS vkSj vk;ksx igys
ls dgha T+;knk tokcnsg cu x;k gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-48

The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) presides over the Election

Commission, but does not have more powers than the other Election
Commissioners. The CEC and the two Election Commissioners have
equal powers to take all decisions relating to elections as a collective
body. They are appointed by the President of India on the advice of the
Council of Ministers. It is therefore possible for a ruling party to
appoint a partisan person to the Commission who might favour them
in the elections. This fear has led many to suggest that this procedure
should be changed. Many persons have suggested that a different
method should be followed that makes consultation with the leader of
opposition and the Chief Justice of India necessary for the
appointment of CEC and Election Commissioners. The Constitution
ensures the security of the tenure of the CEC and Election
Commissioners. They are appointed for a six year term or continue till
the age of 65, whichever is earlier. The CEC can be removed before the
expiry of the term, by the President if both Houses of Parliament make
such a recommendation with a special majority. This is done to ensure
that a ruling party cannot remove a CEC who refuses to favour it in
elections. The Election Commissioners can be removed by the
President of India.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-48

eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr fuokZpu vk;ksx dh vè;{krk djrk gS] ysfdu vU;
nksuksa fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dh rqyuk esa mls T+;knk 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr ugha gSaA ,d
lkewfgd laLFkk ds :i esa pquko laca/kh lHkh fu.kZ; esa eq[; fuokZpu
vk;qDr vkSj vU; nksuksa fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dh 'kfDr;k¡ leku gSaA mudh
fu;qfDr jk"Vªifr }kjk eaf= ifj"kn~ ds ijke'kZ ij dh tkrh gSA ,sls esa laHko
gS fd ljdkj ds }kjk fdlh ,sls fgrS"kh dh fu;qfDr fuokZpu vk;ksx esa dj
nh tk, tks pqukoksa esa ljdkj dk leFkZu djsA bl 'kadk ds pyrs vusd
yksxksa us bl izfØ;k dks cnyus dk lq>ko fn;k gSA mudk lq>ko gS fd
blds fy, ,d fHkUu izfØ;k dk ikyu fd;k tkuk pkfg;s] ftlesa eq[;
fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dh fu;qfDr esa foi{k ds usrk vkSj Hkkjr ds eq[;
U;k;k/kh'k ls ijke'kZ djuk T+k:jh gksuk pkfg,A lafo/kku eq[; fuokZpu
vk;qDr vkSj fuokZpu vk;qDrksa ds dk;Zdky dh lqj{kk nsrk gSA mUgsa 6 o"kks±
ds fy, vFkok 65 o"kZ dh vk;q rd ¼tks igys [kRe gks½ ds fy, fu;qDr
fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr dks dk;Zdky lekIr gksus ds iwoZ
jk"Vªifr }kjk gVk;k tk ldrk gS ij blds fy, laln ds nksuksa lnuksa dks
fo'ks"k cgqer ls ikfjr dj bl vk'k; dk ,d izfrosnu jk"Vªifr dks Hkstuk
gksxkA ,slk ;g lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, fd;k x;k gS fd dksbZ Hkh ljdkj
ml eq[; fuokZpu vk;qDr dks u gVk lds tks pqukoksa esa mldh rjQnkjh
djus ls euk djsA fuokZpu vk;qDrksa dks Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr gVk ldrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-49

The Election Commission has very limited staff of its own. It conducts the
elections with the help of the administrative machinery. However, once the
election process has begun, the commission has control over the
administration as far as election related work is concerned. During the
election process, the administrative officers of the State and central
governments are assigned election related duty and in this respect, the
Election Commission has full control over them. The EC can transfer the
officers, or stop their transfers; it can take action against them for failing to
act in a non-partisan manner. Over the years, the Election Commission of
India has emerged as an independent authority which has asserted its
powers to ensure fairness in the election process. It has acted in an
impartial and unbiased manner in order to protect the sanctity of the
electoral process. The record of Election Commission also shows that every
improvement in the functioning of institutions does not require legal or
constitutional change. It is widely agreed that the Election Commission is
more independent and assertive now than it was till twenty years ago. This
is not because the powers and constitutional protection of the Election
Commission have increased. The Election Commission has started using
more effectively the powers it always had in the Constitution.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-49
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-50

In the past fifty five years, fourteen Lok Sabha elections have been
held. Many more State assembly elections and byeelections have been
conducted by the Election Commission. The EC has faced many
difficult situations such as holding elections in militancy affected
areas like Assam, Punjab or Jammu and Kashmir. It has also faced
the difficult situation of having to postpone the election process mid-
way in 1991 when the ex-Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi was
assassinated during campaigning. In 2002, the Election Commission
faced another critical situation when the Gujarat Assembly was
dissolved and elections had to be conducted. But the Election
Commission found that unprecedented violence in that State had
made it impossible to hold free and fair elections immediately. The
Election Commission decided to postpone elections to the State
Assembly by a few months. The Supreme Court upheld this decision of
the Election Commission.
 TRANSLATION
ENGLISH TO HINDI
PRACTICE SET-50

fiNys ipiu o"kks± esa yksdlHkk ds pkSng pquko gks pqds gSaA fuokZpu
vk;ksx ds }kjk fo/kku lHkkvksa ds vusd pquko vkSj mi&pquko djk;s x;sA
fuokZpu vk;ksx dks vle] iatkc rFkk tEew vkSj d'ehj tSls fgalkxzLr
{ks=ksa esa pquko djkus esa vusd dfBu ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+k
gSA mls 1991 esa iwjh pquko izfØ;k dks chp esa gh jksduk iM+k D;ksafd
pquko izpkj ds nkSjku 2002 esa iwoZ iz/kuea=h jktho xka/h dh gR;k dj
nh xbZA fuokZpu vk;ksx dks ,d vU; xaHkhj leL;k dk lkeuk djuk
iM+k tc xqtjkr fo/kku lHkk Hkax dj nh xbZ vkSj pquko djkuk iM+kA
ysfdu fuokZpu vk;ksx us ik;k fd jkT; esa vizR;kf'kr fgalk ds dkj.k
Lora= vkSj fu"i{k pquko djkuk rqjar laHko u FkkA fuokZpu vk;ksx us
jkT; esa fo/kku lHkk pqukoksa dks dqN eghuksa ds fy, LFkfxr djus dk
fu.kZ; fy;kA loksZPp U;k;ky; us fuokZpu vk;ksx ds bl fu.kZ; dks oS/k
Bgjk;kA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-01

The Vice President is elected for five years. His election method is
similar to that of the President, the only difference is that members of
State legislatures are not part of the electoral college. The Vice
President may be removed from his office by a resolution of the Rajya
Sabha passed by a majority and agreed to by the Lok Sabha. The Vice
President acts as the exofficio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha and takes
over the office of the President when there is a vacancy by reasons of
death, resignation, removal by impeachment or otherwise. The Vice
President acts as the President only until a new President is elected.
B. D. Jatti acted as President on the death of Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed
until a new President was elected.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-01
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-02

Before the 91st Amendment Act (2003), the size of the Council of
Ministers was determined according to exigencies of time and
requirements of the situation. But this led to very large size of the
Council of Ministers. Besides, when no party had a clear majority,
there was a temptation to win over the support of the members of the
Parliament by giving them ministerial positions as there was no
restriction on the number of the members of the Council of Ministers.
This was happening in many States also. Therefore, an amendment
was made that the Council of Ministers shall not exceed 15 percent of
total number of members of the House of People (or Assembly, in the
case of the States).
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-02
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-03

After 1977, party politics in India became more competitive and there
have been many instances when no party had clear majority in the
Lok Sabha. What does the President do in such situations? No
political party or coalition secured majority in the elections held in
March 1998. The BJP and its allies secured 251 seats, 21 short of a
majority. Presiden Narayanan adopted an elaborate procedure. He
asked the leader of the alliance, Atal Behari Vajpayee, “to furnish
documents in support of his claim from concerned political parties.”
Not stopping at this the President also advised Vajpayee to secure a
vote of confidence within ten days of being sworn in.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-03
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-04

Legislature is not merely a law making body. Lawmaking is but one of

the functions of the legislature. It is the centre of all democratic
political process. It is packed with action; walkouts, protests,
demonstration, unanimity, concern and co-operation. All these serve
very vital purposes. Indeed, a genuine democracy is inconceivable
without a representative, efficient and effective legislature. The
legislature also helps people in holding the representatives
accountable. This is indeed, the very basis of representative
democracy.
Yet, in most democracies, legislatures are losing central place to
the executive. In India too, the Cabinet initiates policies, sets the
agenda for governance and carries them through. This has led some
critics to remark that the Parliament has declined. But even very
strong cabinets must retain majority in the legislature. A strong leader
has to face the Parliament and answer to the satisfaction of the
Parliament. Herein lies the democratic potential of the Parliament. It is
recognised as one of the most democratic and open forum of debate.
On account of its composition, it is the most representative of all
organs of government. It is above all, vested with the power to choose
and dismiss the government.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-04
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-05

Germany has a bicameral legislature. The two Houses are known as

Federal Assembly (Bundestag) and Federal Council (Bundesrat).
Assembly is elected by a complex system combining direct and
proportional representation for a period of four years.
The 16 federal states of Germany are represented in the Federal
Council. The 69 seats of the Bundesrat are divided among states on
the basis of a range of populations. These members are generally the
ministers in the governments at the state level and are appointed, not
elected, by the governments of the federal states. According to the
German law, all the members from one state have to vote as a bloc as
per the instructions of the state governments. Sometimes due to
coalition government at the state level, they fail to reach an agreement
and may have to abstain.
The Bundesrat does not vote on all legislative initiatives but all
the policy areas on which the federal states have concurrent powers
and are responsible for federal regulations must be passed by it. It can
also veto such legislation.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-05
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-06

Each of the two Houses of the Parliament has different bases of

representation. The Rajya Sabha represents the States of India. It is
an indirectly elected body. Residents of the State elect members to
State Legislative Assembly. The elected members of State Legislative
Assembly in turn elect the members of Rajya Sabha.
We can imagine two different principles of representation in
the second chamber. One way is to give equal representation to all
the parts of the country irrespective of their size or population. We
may call this as symmetrical representation. On the other hand,
parts of the country may be given representation according to
theirpopulation. This second method means that regions or parts
having larger population would have more representatives in the
second chamber than regions having less population.
In the U.S.A, every state has equal representation in the
Senate. This ensures equality of all the states. But this also means
that a small state would have the same representation as the larger
states. The system of representation adopted for the Rajya Sabha is
different from that in the USA. The number of members to be
elected from each State has been fixed by the fourth schedule of the
Constitution.
What would happen if we were to follow the American system
of equality of representation in the Rajya Sabha? Uttar Pradesh
with a population of 1718.29 lakhs would get seats equal to that of
Sikkim whose population is only 5.71 lakhs. The framers of the
Constitution wanted to prevent such discrepancy. States with larger
population get more representatives than States with smaller
population get. Thus, a more populous State like Uttar Pradesh
sends 31 members to Rajya Sabha, while a smaller and less
populous State like Sikkim has one seat in the Rajya Sabha.
Members of the Rajya Sabha are elected for a term of six
years. They can get re-elected. All members of the Rajya Sabha do
not complete their terms at the same time. Every two years, one
third members of the Rajya Sabha complete their term and
elections are held for those one third seats only. Thus, the Rajya
Sabha is never fully dissolved. Therefore, it is called the permanent
House of the Parliament. The advantage of this arrangement is that
even when the Lok Sabha is dissolved and elections are yet to take
place, the meeting of the Rajya Sabha can be called and urgent
business can be conducted.
Apart from the elected members, Rajya Sabha also has twelve
nominated members. The President nominates these members.
These nominations are made from among those persons who have
made their mark in the fields of literature, arts, social service,
science etc.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-06

laln ds izR;sd lnu esa izfrfufèkRo dk vkèkkj vyx&vyx gSA

jkT; lHkk jkT;ksa dk izfrfufèkRo djrh gSA bldk fuokZpu vizR;{k
fofèk ls gksrk gSA fdlh jkT; ds yksx jkT; dh foèkku lHkk ds
lnL;ksa dks pqurs gSaA fQj] jkT; foèkku lHkk ds fuokZfpr lnL;]
jkT; lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks pqurs gSaA
f}rh; lnu ¼jkT; lHkk½ esa izfrfufèkRo ds fy, nks fl)karksa dk
iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d rjhdk ;g gks ldrk gS fd ns'k ds
lHkh {ks=ksa dks vleku vkdkj vkSj tula[;k ds ckotwn f}rh; lnu
esa leku izfrfufèkRo fn;k tk;A nwljk rjhdk ;g gks ldrk gS fd
ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa dks mudh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa vleku
izfrfufèkRo fn;k tk;A vFkkZr~] f}rh; lnu esa T;knk tula[;k okys
{ks=ksa dks T;knk vkSj de tula[;k okys {ks=ksa dks de izfrfufèkRo
izkIr gksA
vesfjdk ds f}rh; lnu ¼lhusV½ esa izR;sd jkT; dks leku
izfrfufèkRo fn;k x;k gSA ;g lHkh jkT;ksa esa lekurk LFkkfir djrk
gSA ysfdu bldk vFkZ ;g Hkh gS fd NksVs jkT;ksa dks cM+s jkT;ksa ds
cjkcj gh izfrfufèkRo feysxkA gekjh jkT; lHkk ds fy, bl vesfjdh
izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh ls vyx rjhdk viuk;k x;k gSA lafoèkku dh
pkSFkh vuqlwph esa izR;sd jkT; ls fuokZfpr gksus okys lnL;ksa dh
la[;k fuèkkZfjr dj nh xbZ gSA
;fn ge jkT; lHkk esa izfrfufèkRo ds fy, ^vesfjdk dh
leku&izfrfufèkRo iz.kkyh* dk iz;ksx djsa rks D;k gksxk\ 1718-29
yk[k ¼yxHkx 17-18 djksM+½ tula[;k okys mÙkj izns'k dks 5-71
yk[k tula[;k okys flfDde ds cjkcj gh izfrfufèkRo feysxkA
lafoèkku fuekZrk ,slh folaxfr ls cpuk pkgrs FksA ;gk¡ T;knk
tula[;k okys jkT;ksa dks vfèkd vkSj de tula[;k okys jkT;ksa dks
de izfrfufèkRo fn;k x;k gSA bl izdkj] T;knk tula[;k okys mÙkj
izns'k dks 31 rFkk NksVs vkSj de tula[;k okys flfDde dks jkT;
lHkk esa ,d lhV nh x;h gSA
jkT; lHkk ds lnL;ksa dks 6 o"kZ ds fy, fuokZfpr fd;k tkrk
gSA mUgsa nqckjk fuokZfpr fd;k tk ldrk gSA jkT; lHkk ds lHkh
lnL; viuk dk;Zdky ,d lkFk iwjk ugha djrsA izR;sd nks o"kZ ij
jkT; lHkk ds ,d frgkbZ lnL; viuk dk;Zdky iwjk djrs gSa vkSj
bu ,d frgkbZ lhVksa ds fy, pquko gksrs gSaA bl rjg jkT; lHkk
dHkh Hkh iwjh rjg Hkax ugha gksrhA vr% bls laln ds LFkk;h lnu
ds :i esa tkurs gSaA bl O;oLFkk dk ykHk ;g gS fd tc yksd lHkk
Hkax gksrh gS vkSj pquko gksus ckdh gksrs gSa] rc jkT; lHkk dh cSBd
cqykbZ tk ldrh gS vkSj Tk+:jh ekeyksa dks fuiVk;k tk ldrk gSA
fuokZfpr lnL;ksa ds vfrfjDr jkT; lHkk esa 12 euksuhr lnL; gksrs
gSaA ftUgksaus lkfgR;] foKku] dyk vkSj lekt lsok ds {ks=k esa fo'ks"k
miyfCèk gkfly dh gks mUgsa jk"Vªifr }kjk euksuhr fd;k tkrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-07

The Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies are directly
elected by the people. For the purpose of election, the entire country
(State, in case of State Legislative Assembly) is divided into territorial
constituencies of roughly equal population. One representative is
elected from each constituency through universal, adult suffrage
where the value of vote of every individual would be equal to another.
At present there are 543 constituencies. This number has not changed
since 1971.
The Lok Sabha is elected for a period of five years. This is the
maximum. We have seen in the chapter on the executive that before
the completion of five years, the Lok Sabha can be dissolved if no
party or coalition can form the government or if the Prime Minister
advices the President to dissolve the Lok Sabha and hold fresh
elections.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-07

yksd lHkk vkSj jkT;ksa dh foèkku lHkkvksa ds fy, turk lhèks

lnL;ksa dks pqurh gSA bls izR;{k fuokZpu dgrs gSaA yksd lHkk
pqukoksa ds fy, iwjs ns'k dks vkSj foèkku lHkk pqukoksa ds fy,
fdlh jkT; dks yxHkx leku tula[;k okys fuokZpu {ks=ksa esa
ck¡V fn;k tkrk gSA izR;sd fuokZpu {ks= ls ,d izfrfufèk pquk
tkrk gS pquko ^lkoZHkkSfed o;Ld erkfèkdkj* ds vkèkkj ij gksrk
gS ftlesa izR;sd O;fDr ds er dk ewY; nwljs O;fDr ds er ds
ewY; ds cjkcj gksrk gSA bl le; yksd lHkk ds 543 fuokZpu
{ks=k gSaA ;g la[;k 1971 dh tux.kuk ls pyh vk jgh gSA
yksd lHkk ds fy, lnL;ksa dks 5 o"kZ ds fy, pquk tkrk
gSA ysfdu ;fn dksbZ ny ;k nyksa dk xBcaèku ljdkj u cuk
lds vFkok izèkkuea=h jk"Vªifr dks yksd lHkk Hkax dj u, pquko
djkus dh lykg ns] rks yksd lHkk dks 5 o"kZ ds igys Hkh Hkax
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-08

In any society, disputes are bound to arise between individuals,

between groups and between individuals or groups and government.
All such disputes must be settled by an independent body in
accordance with the principle of rule of law. This idea of rule of law
implies that all individuals — rich and poor, men or women, forward
or backward castes — are subjected to the same law. The principal
role of the judiciary is to protect rule of law and ensure supremacy of
law. It safeguards rights of the individual, settles disputes in
accordance with the law and ensures that democracy does not give
way to individual or group dictatorship. In order to be able to do all
this, it is necessary that the judiciary is independent of any political
pressures. What is meant by an independent judiciary? How is this
independence ensured?
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-08

gj lekt esa O;fDr;ksa ds chp] lewgksa ds chp vkSj O;fDr lewg

rFkk ljdkj ds chp fookn mBrs gSaA bu lHkh fooknksa dks ^dkuwu ds
'kklu ds fl)kar* ds vkèkkj ij ,d Lora= laLFkk }kjk gy fd;k
tkuk pkfg,A ^dkuwu ds 'kklu* dk Hkko ;g gS fd èkuh vkSj
xjhc] L=h vkSj iq#"k rFkk vxM+s vkSj fiNM+s lHkh yksxksa ij ,d
leku dkuwu ykxw gksA U;k;ikfydk dh izeq[k Hkwfedk ;g gS fd og
^dkuwu ds 'kklu* dh j{kk vkSj dkuwu dh loksZPprk dks lqfuf'pr
djsA U;k;ikfydk O;fDr ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk djrh gS] fooknksa dks
dkuwu ds vuqlkj gy djrh gS vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djrh gS fd
yksdra= dh txg fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k lewg dh rkuk'kkgh u ys ysA
blds fy, t+:jh gS fd U;k;ikfydk fdlh Hkh jktuhfrd ncko ls
eqDr gksA Lora= U;k;ikfydk dk D;k vFkZ gS\ ;g Lora=rk ds ls
lqfuf'pr dh tkrh gS\
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-09

The appointment of judges has never been free from political

controversy. It is part of the political process. It makes a difference
who serves in the Supreme Court and High Court— a difference in
how the Constitution is interpreted. The political philosophy of the
judges, their views about active and assertive judiciary or controlled
and committed judiciary have an impact on the fate of the legislations
enacted. Council of Ministers, Governors and Chief Ministers and
Chief Justice of India — all influence\ the process of judicial
appointment. As far as the appointment of the Chief Justice of India
(CJI) is concerned, over the years, a convention had developed
whereby the senior-most judge of the Supreme
Court was appointed as the Chief Justice of India. This convention
was however broken twice. In 1973 A. N. Ray was appointed as CJI
superseding three senior Judges. Again, Justice M.H. Beg was
appointed superseding Justice H.R. Khanna (1975).
The other Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Court are
appointed by the President after ‘consulting’ the CJI. This, in effect,
meant that the final decisions in matters of appointment rested with
the Council of Ministers. What then, was the status of the
consultation with the Chief Justice? This matter came up before the
Supreme Court again and again between 1982 and 1998. Initially, the
court felt that role of the Chief Justice was purely consultative. Then it
took the view that the opinion of the Chief Justice must be followed by
the President. Finally, the Supreme Court has come up with a novel
procedure: it has suggested that the Chief Justice should recommend
names of persons to be appointed in consultation with four senior-
most judges of the Court. Thus, the Supreme Court has established
the principle of collegiality in making recommendations for
appointments. At the moment therefore, in matters of appointment the
decision of the group of senior judges of the Supreme Court carries
greater weight. Thus, in matters of appointment to the judiciary, the
Supreme Court and the Council of Ministers play an important role.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-09

U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr dHkh Hkh jktuhfrd :i ls fufoZokn ugha jgh gSA ;g

jktuhfrd izfØ;k dk ,d fgLlk gSA ;g ckr vius vki esa egÙoiw.kZ gks tkrh
gS fd mPp U;k;ky; vkSj loksZPp U;k;ky; esa U;k;kèkh'k dkSu gSaA blls
lafoèkku dh O;k[;k ij QdZ iM+ ldrk gSA U;k;kèkh'k dk jktuhfrd n'kZu D;k
gS\ lfØ; vkSj eq[kj U;k;ikfydk ds ckjs esa mldh D;k jk; gS\ fu;af=r
vkSj izfrc¼ U;k;ikfydk ds fo"k; esa mlds D;k fopkj gSa\ bu lc ckrksa
dk izHkko ykxw fd, tkus okys dkuwuksa ij iM+rk gSA eaf=eaMy] jkT;iky]
eq[;ea=h vkSj Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;k/kh’k&;s lHkh U;kf;d fu;qfDr dh izfØ;k
dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh fu;qfDr ds ekeys esa
o"kks± ls ijaijk cu xbZ gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; ds lcls ofj"B U;k;kèkh'k dks
bl in ij fu;qDr fd;k tk,xkA ysfdu bl ijaijk dks nks ckj rksM+k Hkh x;k
gSA 1973 esa rhu ofj"B U;k;kèkh'kksa dks NksM+dj U;k;ewfrZ , ,u js dks Hkkjr
dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k fu;qDr fd;k x;kA fQj 1975 esa U;k;ewfrZ ,p vkj
[kUuk dks ihNs NksM+rs gq, U;k;ewfrZ ,e ,p csx dh fu;qfDr dh xbZA
loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; ds vU; U;k;kèkh'kksa dh fu;qfDr
jk"Vªifr Hkkjr ds eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh lykg ls djrk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g
gqvk fd fu;qfDr;ksa ds lacaèk esa okLrfod 'kfDr eaf=ifj"kn~ ds ikl gSA fQj
eq[; U;k;kèkh'k ls lykg dk D;k egÙo gS\ 1982 ls 1998 ds chp ;g
fo"k; ckj&ckj loksZPp U;k;ky; ds lkeus vk;kA 'kq: esa U;k;ky; dk fopkj
Fkk fd eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh Hkwfedk iwjh rjg ls lykgdkj dh gSA ysfdu ckn
esa U;k;ky; us ekuk fd eq[; U;k;kèkh'k dh lykg jk"Vªifr dks t+:j ekuuh
pkfg,A vkf[kjdkj loksZPp U;k;ky; us ,d ubZ O;oLFkk dhA blds vuqlkj
loksZPp U;k;ky; dk eq[; U;k;kèkh'k vU; pkj ofj"Bre~ U;k;kèkh'kksa dh lykg
ls dqN uke izLrkfor djsxk vkSj blh esa ls jk"Vªifr fu;qfDr;k¡ djsxkA bl
izdkj loksZPp U;k;ky; us fu;qfDr;ksa dh flQkfj'k ds lacaèk esa lkewfgdrk dk
fl¼kar LFkkfir fd;kA blh dkj.k vktdy fu;qfDr;ksa ds lacaèk esa loksZPp
U;k;ky; ds ofj"B U;k;kèkh'kksa ds lewg dk T+;knk izHkko gSA bl rjg
U;k;ikfydk dh fu;qfDr esa loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj eaf=ifj"kn~ egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
fuHkkrs gSaA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-10

The removal of judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts is
also extremely difficult. A judge of the Supreme Court or High Court
can be removed only on the ground of proven misbehaviour or
incapacity. A motion containing the charges against the judge must be
approved by special majority in both Houses of the Parliament. Do you
remember what special majority means? We have studied this in the
chapter on Elections. It is clear from this procedure that removal of a
judge is a very difficult procedure and unless there is a general
consensus among Members of the Parliament, a judge cannot be
removed. It should also be noted that while in making appointments,
the executive plays a crucial role; the legislature has the powers of
removal. This has ensured both balance of power and independence of
the judiciary. So far, only one case of removal of a judge of the
Supreme Court came up for consideration before the Parliament. In
that case, though the motion got two-thirds majority, it did not have
the support of the majority of the total strength of the House and
therefore, the judge was not removed.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-10

loksZPp U;k;ky; vkSj mPp U;k;ky; ds U;k;kèkh'kksa dks muds in

ls gVkuk dkQh dfBu gSA dnkpkj lkfcr gksus vFkok v;ksX;rk dh
n'kk esa gh mUgsa in ls gVk;k tk ldrk gSA U;k;kèkh'k ds fo#¼
vkjksiksa ij laln ds ,d fo'ks"k cgqer dh LohÑfr Tk+:jh gksrh gSA
D;k vki dks ;kn gS fd ;g fo'ks"k cgqer D;k gS\ bls geus pquko
okys vè;k; esa i<+k gSA blls Li"V gS fd U;k;kèkh'k dks gVkus dh
izfØ;k vR;ar dfBu gS vkSj tc rd laln ds lnL;ksa esa vke
lgefr u gks rc rd fdlh U;k;kèkh'k dks gVk;k ugha tk ldrkA
;g Hkh xkSjryc gS fd tgk¡ mudh fu;qfDr esa dk;Zikfydk dh
egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS ogha mudks gVkus dh 'kfDr foèkkf;dk ds ikl
gSA blds }kjk lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k gS fd U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk
cph jgs vkSj 'kfDr&larqyu Hkh cuk jgsA vc rd laln ds ikl
fdlh U;k;kèkh'k dks gVkus dk dsoy ,d izLrko fopkj ds fy,
vk;k gSA bl ekeys esa gkyk¡fd nks&frgkbZ lnL;ksa us izLrko ds i{k
esa er fn;k] ysfdu U;k;kèkh'k dks gVk;k ugha tk ldk D;ksafd
izLrko ij lnu dh dqy lnL; la[;k dk cgqer izkIr u gks ldkA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-11

In 1991 the first-ever motion to remove a Supreme Court Justice was

signed by 108 members of Parliament. Justice Ramaswamy, during
his tenure as the Chief Justice of the Punjab High Court was accused
of misappropriating funds. In 1992, a year after the Parliament had
started the impeachment proceedings, a high-profile inquiry
commission consisting of Judges of Supreme Court found Justice V.
Ramaswamy “guilty of willful and gross misuses of office . . . and
moral turpitude by using public funds for private purposes and
reckless disregard of statutory rules” while serving as Chief Justice of
Punjab and Haryana. Despite this strong indictment, Ramaswamy
survived the parliamentary motion recommending removal. The
motion recommending his removal got the required two-third majority
among the members who were present and voting, but the Congress
party abstained from voting in the House. Therefore, the motion could
not get the support of one-half of the total strength of the House.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-11
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-12

The Constitution of India provides for a single integrated judicial

system. This means that unlike some other federal countries of the
world, India does not have separate State courts. The structure of the
judiciary in India is pyramidal with the Supreme Court at the top,
High Courts below them and district and subordinate courts at the
lowest level (see the diagram below). The lower courts function under
the direct superintendence of the higher courts.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-12

Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ,dhÑr U;kf;d O;oLFkk dh LFkkiuk djrk gSA

bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd fo'o ds vU; la?kh; ns'kksa ds foijhr Hkkjr
esa vyx ls izkarh; Lrj ds U;k;ky; ugha gSaA Hkkjr esa
U;k;ikfydk dh lajpuk fijkfeM dh rjg gS ftlesa lcls Åij
loksZPp U;k;ky; fQj mPp U;k;ky; rFkk lcls uhps ftyk vkSj
vèkhuLFk U;k;ky; gSA uhps fp=k esa ns[ksa uhps ds U;k;ky; vius
Åij ds U;k;ky;ksa dh ns[kjs[k esa dke djrs gSaA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-13

Original jurisdiction means cases that can be directly considered by

the Supreme Court without going to the lower courts before that. Form
the diagram above, you will notice that cases involving federal
relations go directly to the Supreme Court. The Original Jurisdiction of
the Supreme Court establishes it as an umpire in all disputes
regarding federal matters. In any federal country, legal disputes are
bound to arise between the Union and the States; and among the
States themselves. The power to resolve such cases is entrusted to the
Supreme Court of India. It is called original jurisdiction because the
Supreme Court alone has the power to deal with such cases. Neither
the High Courts nor the lower courts can deal with such cases. In this
capacity, the Supreme Court not just settles disputes but also
interprets the powers of Union and State government as laid down in
the Constitution.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-13

ekSfyd {ks=kkfèkdkj dk vFkZ gS fd dqN eqdneksa dh lquokbZ lhèks

loksZPp U;k;ky; dj ldrk gSA ,sls eqdneksa esa igys fupyh
vnkyrksa esa lquokbZ T+k:jh ughaA Åij ds fp= esa vkius ns[kk fd
la?kh; lacaèkksa ls tqM+s eqdnes lhèks loksZPp U;k;ky; esa tkrs gSaA
loksZPp U;k;ky; dk ekSfyd {ks=kfèkdkj mls la?kh; ekeyksa ls
lacafèkr lHkh fooknksa esa ,d vaik;j ;k fu.kkZ;d dh Hkwfedk nsrk gSA
fdlh Hkh la?kh; O;oLFkk esa dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp rFkk fofHkUu
jkT;ksa esa ijLij dkuwuh fooknksa dk mBuk LokHkkfod gSA bu fooknksa
dks gy djus dh ftEesnkjh loksZPp U;k;ky; dh gSA bls ekSfyd
{ks=kfèkdkj blfy, dgrs gSa D;ksafd bu ekeyksa dks dsoy loksZPp
U;k;ky; gh gy dj ldrk gSA budh lquokbZ u rks mPp U;k;ky;
vkSj u gh v/khuLFk U;k;ky;ksa esa gks ldrh gSA vius bl vfèkdkj
dk iz;ksx dj loksZPp U;k;ky; u dsoy fooknksa dks lqy>krk gS
cfYd lafoèkku esa nh xbZ la?k vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dh
O;k[;k Hkh djrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-14

As you have already studied in the chapter on fundamental rights, any

individual, whose fundamental right has been violated, can directly
move the Supreme Court for remedy. The Supreme Court can give
special orders in the form of writs. The High Courts can also issue
writs, but the persons whose rights are violated have the choice of
either approaching the High Court or approaching the Supreme Court
directly. Through such writs, the Court can give orders to the
executive to act or not to act in a particular way.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-14

tSlk fd vkius ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa okys vè;k; esa i<+k fd ekSfyd

vfèkdkjksa ds mYya?ku ij dksbZ Hkh O;fDr balkQ ikus ds fy, lhèks
loksZPp U;k;ky; tk ldrk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; vius fo'ks"k vkns'k
fjV ds :i esa ns ldrk gSA mPp U;k;ky; Hkh fjV tkjh dj ldrs
gSaA ysfdu ftl O;fDr ds ekSfyd vfèkdkjksa dk mYya?ku gqvk gS
mlds ikl fodYi gS fd og pkgs rks mPp U;k;ky; ;k lhèks
loksZPp U;k;ky; tk ldrk gSA bu fjVksa ds ekè;e ls U;k;ky;
dk;Zikfydk dks dqN djus ;k u djus dk vkns'k ns ldrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-15

The Supreme Court is the highest court of appeal. A person can

appeal to the Supreme Court against the decisions of the High Court.
However, High Court must certify that the case is fit for appeal, that is
to say that it involves a serious matter of interpretation of law or
Constitution. In addition, in criminal cases, if the lower court has
sentenced a person to death then an appeal can be made to the High
Court or Supreme Court. Of course, the Supreme Court holds the
powers to decide whether to admit appeals even when appeal is not
allowed by the High Court. Appellate jurisdiction means that the
Supreme Court will reconsider the case and the legal issues involved
in it. If the Court thinks that the law or the Constitution has a
different meaning from what the lower courts understood, then the
Supreme Court will change the ruling and along with that also give
new interpretation of the provision involved. The High Courts too, have
appellate jurisdiction over the decisions given by courts below them.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-15

loksZPp U;k;ky; vihy dk mPpre U;k;ky; gSA dksbZ Hkh O;fDr

mPp U;k;ky; ds fu.kZ; ds fo#) loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy dj
ldrk gSA ysfdu mPp U;k;ky; dks ;g izek.ki= nsuk iM+rk gS fd
og eqdnek loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihy djus yk;d gS vFkkZr~ mlesa
lafoèkku ;k dkuwu dh O;k[;k djus tSlk dksbZ xaHkhj ekeyk my>k
gSA vxj Q+kStnkjh ds ekeys esa fupyh vnkyr fdlh dks Qk¡lh dh
ltk ns ns] rks mldh vihy loksZPp ;k mPp U;k;ky; esa dh tk
ldrh gSA ;fn fdlh eqdnes esa mPp U;k;ky; vihy dh vkKk u
ns rc Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; ds ikl ;g 'kfDr gS fd og ml
eqdnes esa dh xbZ vihy dks fopkj ds fy, Lohdkj dj ysA
vihyh {ks=kkfèkdkj dk eryc ;g gS fd loksZPp U;k;ky; iwjs
eqdnes ij iqufoZpkj djsxk vkSj mlds dkuwuh eqíksa dh nqckjk tk¡p
djsxkA ;fn U;k;ky; dks yxrk gS fd dkuwu ;k lafoèkku dk og
vFkZ ugha gS tks fupyh vnkyrksa us le>k rks loksZPp U;k;ky; muds
fu.kZ; dks cny ldrk gS rFkk blds lkFk mu izkoèkkuksa dh ubZ
O;k[;k Hkh ns ldrk gSA mPp U;k;ky;ksa dks Hkh vius uhps dh
vnkyrksa ds fu.kZ; ds fo#¼ vihyh {ks=kfèkdkj gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-16

In addition to original and appellate jurisdiction, the Supreme Court of

India possesses advisory jurisdiction also. This means that the
President of India can refer any matter that is of public importance or
that which involves interpretation of Constitution to Supreme Court
for advice. However, the Supreme Court is not bound to give advice on
such matters and the President is not bound to accept such an advice.
What then is the utility of the advisory powers of the Supreme Court?
The utility is two-fold. In the first place, it allows the government to
seek legal opinion on a matter of importance before taking action on it.
This may prevent unnecessary litigations later. Secondly, in the light
of the advice of the Supreme Court, the government can make suitable
changes in its action or legislations.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-16

ekSfyd vkSj vihyh {ks=kfèkdkj ds vfrfjDr loksPZ p U;k;ky; dk

ijke'kZ lacaèkh {ks=kfèkdkj Hkh gSA blds vuqlkj] Hkkjr dk jk"Vªifr
yksdfgr ;k lafoèkku dh O;k[;k ls lacafèkr fdlh fo"k; dks loksZPp
U;k;ky; ds ikl ijke'kZ ds fy, Hkst ldrk gSA ysfdu u rks
loksZPp U;k;ky; ,sls fdlh fo"k; ij lykg nsus ds fy, ckè; gS
vkSj u gh jk"Vªifr U;k;ky; dh lykg ekuus dksA fQj loksZPp
U;k;ky; ds ijke'kZ nsus dh 'kfDr dh D;k mi;ksfxrk gS\ bldh
nks eq[; mi;ksfxrk,¡ gSa& igyh] blls ljdkj dks NwV fey tkrh gS
fd fdlh egÙoiw.kZ elys ij dkjZokbZ djus ls igys og vnkyr dh
dkuwuh jk; tku ysA blls ckn esa dkuwuh fookn ls cpk tk ldrk
gSA nwljh] loksZPp U;k;ky; dh lykg ekudj ljdkj vius izLrkfor
fu.kZ; ;k foèks;d esa leqfpr la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-17

Have you heard of the term judicial activism? Or, Public Interest
Litigation? Both these terms are often used in the discussions about
judiciary in recent times. Many people think that these two things
have revolutionised the functioning of judiciary and made it more
people-friendly.
The chief instrument through which judicial activism has
flourished in India is Public Interest Litigation (PIL) or Social Action
Litigation (SAL). What is PIL or SAL? How and when did it emerge? In
normal course of law, an individual can approach the courts only if
he/she has been personally aggrieved. That is to say, a person whose
rights have been violated, or who is involved in a dispute, could move
the court of law. This concept underwent a change around 1979. In
1979, the Court set the trend when it decided to hear a case where the
case was filed not by the aggrieved persons but by others on their
behalf. As this case involved a consideration of an issue of public
interest, it and such other cases came to be known as public interest
litigations. Around the same time, the Supreme Court also took up the
case about rights of prisoners. This opened the gates for large number
of cases where public spirited citizens and voluntary organisations
sought judicial intervention for protection of existing rights,
betterment of life conditions of the poor, protection of the
environment, and many other issues in the interest of the public. PIL
has become the most important vehicle of judicial activism. Judiciary,
which is an institution that traditionally confined to responding to
cases brought before it, began considering many cases merely on the
basis of newspaper reports and postal complaints received by the
court. Therefore, the term judicial activism became the more popular
description of the role of the judiciary.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-17

D;k vkius U;kf;d lfØ;rk vFkok tufgr ;kfpdk ds ckjs esa lquk
gS\ vktdy U;k;ikfydk ij ppkZ esa bu nksuksa 'kCnksa dk vdlj
iz;ksx gksrk gSA vusd yksxksa dk ekuuk gS fd bu nksuksa us
U;k;ikfydk ds dk;ks± esa Økafrdkjh ifjorZu dj mUgsa igys ls
vfèkd tuksUeq[kh cuk fn;k gSA Hkkjr esa U;kf;d lfØ;rk dk eq[;
lkèku tufgr ;kfpdk ;k lkekftd O;ogkj ;kfpdk jgh gSA vkf[kj
^tufgr ;kfpdk* gS D;k\ dc vkSj dSls bldh 'kq#vkr gqbZ\
dkuwu dh lkekU; izfØ;k esa dksbZ O;fDr rHkh vnkyr tk
ldrk gS tc mldk dksbZ O;fDrxr uqdlku gqvk gksA bldk eryc
;g gS fd vius vfèkdkj dk mYya?ku gksus ij ;k fdlh fookn esa
Q¡lus ij dksbZ O;fDr balkQ ikus ds fy, vnkyr dk njoktk
[kV[kVk ldrk gSA 1979 esa bl voèkkj.kk esa cnyko vk;kA 1979
esa bl cnyko dh 'kq#vkr djrs gq, U;k;ky; us ,d ,sls eqdnes
dh lquokbZ djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k ftls ihfM+r yksxksa us ugha cfYd
mudh vksj ls nwljksa us nkf[ky fd;k FkkA pw¡fd bl ekeys esa
tufgr ls lacafèkr ,d eqís ij fopkj gks jgk Fkk vr% bls vkSj ,sls
gh vU; vusd eqdneksa dks tufgr ;kfpdkvksa dk uke fn;k x;kA
mlh le; loksZPp U;k;ky; us dSfn;ksa ds vfèkdkj ls lacafèkr
eqdnes ij Hkh fopkj fd;kA blls ,sls eqdneksa dh ck<+&lh vk xbZ
ftlesa tu lsok dh Hkkouk j[kus okys ukxfjdksa rFkk Lo;alsoh
laxBuksa us vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk] xjhcksa ds thou dks vkSj csgrj
cukus] i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk vkSj yksdfgr ls tqM+s vusd eqíksa ij
U;k;ikfydk ls gLr{ksi dh ek¡x dhA tufgr ;kfpdk U;kf;d
lfØ;rk dk lcls izHkkoh lkèku gks xbZ gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-18

A group of citizens from a city have approached the court

through a PIL asking for an order to the city municipal
authorities to remove slums and beautify the city in order to
attract investors to the city. They argue that this is in the ‘public
interest.’ The residents of the slum localities have responded by
saying that this will encroach on their right to life. They argue
that right to life is more central to ‘public interest’ than the right
to a clean city. Imagine that you are the judge. Write a judgement
deciding if the PIL involves ‘public interest’.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-18

ukxfjdksa dk ,d lewg tufgr ;kfpdk ds ekè;e ls U;k;ky;

tkdj izkFkZuk djrk gS fd og 'kgj dh uxjikfydk ds vfèkdkfj;ksa
dks >qXxh&>ksifM+;k¡ gVkus vkSj 'kgj dks lqanj cukus dk dke djus ds
vkns'k ns] rkfd 'kgj esa iw¡th fuos'k djus okyksa dks vkdf"kZr fd;k
tk lds A mudk rdZ gS fd ,slk djuk tufgr esa gSA >qXxh&>ksiM+h
esa jgus okyksa dk i{k gS fd ,slk djus ij muds ^thou ds
vfèkdkj* dk guu gksxkA mudk rdZ gS fd tufgr ds fy,
lkQ&lqFkjs 'kgj ds vfèkdkj ls T+;knk thou dk vfèkdkj egÙoiw.kZ
gSA dYiuk djsa fd vki ,d U;k;kèkh'k gSaA vki ,d fu.kZ; fy[ksa
vkSj r; djsa fd bl ^tufgr ;kfpdk* esa tufgr dk eqík gS ;k
ugha\
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-19

Apart from taking a very active stand on the matter of rights, the court
has been active in seeking to prevent subversion of the Constitution
through political practice. Thus, areas that were considered beyond
the scope of judicial review such as powers of the President and
Governor were brought under the purview of the courts.
There are many other instances in which the Supreme Court
actively involved itself in the administration of justice by giving
directions to executive agencies. Thus, it gave directions to CBI to
initiate investigations against politicians and bureaucrats in the
hawala case, the Narasimha Rao case, illegal allotment of petrol
pumps case etc. You may have heard about some of these cases. Many
of these instances are the products of judicial activism. The Indian
Constitution is based on a delicate principle of limited separation of
powers and checks and balances. This means that each organ of the
government has a clear area of functioning. Thus, the Parliament is
supreme in making laws and amending the Constitution, the executive
is supreme in implementing them while the judiciary is supreme in
settling disputes and deciding whether the laws that have been made
are in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution. Despite
such clear cut division of power the conflict between the Parliament
and judiciary, and executive and the judiciary has remained a
recurrent theme in Indian politics.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET–19

U;k;ikfydk us vfèkdkj ds eqís ij rks lfØ;rk fn[kkbZ gh gS]

jktuSfrd O;ogkj&cjrko ls lafoèkku dks Bsaxk fn[kkus dh izo`fÙk ij
Hkh vadq'k yxk;k gSA blh dkj.k tks fo"k; igys U;kf;d
iqujkoyksdu ds nk;js esa ugha Fks mUgsa Hkh vc bl nk;js esa ys
fy;k x;k gS] tSls& jk"Vªifr vkSj jkT;iky dh 'kfDr;k¡A
,sls vkSj Hkh vusd mnkgj.k gSa ftlesa loksZPp U;k;ky; us
U;k; dh LFkkiuk ds fy, dk;Zikfydk dh laLFkkvksa dks funsZ'k fn,A
tSls mlus gokyk ekeys] ujflag jko ekeys vkSj isVªksy iaiksa ds
voSèk vkcaVu tSls vusd ekeyksa esa ¼lhchvkbZ dsanzh; tk¡p C;wjk½s dks
funsZ'k fn;k fd og Hkz"V jktusrkvksas vkSj ukSdj'kkgksa ds fo#¼ tk¡p
djsA vkius buesa ls dqN ds ckjs esa lquk gksxkA buesa ls dbZ
mnkgj.k U;kf;d lfØ;rk ds ifj.kke gSaA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku 'kfDr ds
lhfer c¡Vokjs] vojksèk rFkk larqyu ds ,d lqanj fl¼kar ij vkèkkfjr
gSA bldk eryc ;g gS fd ljdkj ds izR;sd vax dk ,d Li"V
dk;Z {ks=k gSA laln dkuwu cukus vkSj lafoèkku dk la'kksèku djus esa
loksZPp gS] dk;Zikfydk mUgsa ykxw djus rFkk U;k;ikfydk fooknksa dks
lqy>kus vkSj ;g lqfuf'pr djus esa loksZPp gS fd D;k cuk, x,
dkuwu lafoèkku ds vuqdqy gSaA bl Li"V dk;Z foHkktu ds ckotwn
laln vkSj U;k;ikfydk rFkk dk;Zikfydk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds chp
Vdjko Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh fo'ks"krk jgh gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-20

In this chapter, we have studied the role of the judiciary in our

democratic structure. In spite of the tensions that arose from time to
time between the judiciary and the executive and the legislature, the
prestige of the judiciary has increased considerably. At the same time,
there are many more expectations from the judiciary.
Ordinary citizens also wonder how it is possible for many people
to get easy acquittals and how witnesses change their testimonies to
suit the wealthy and the mighty. These are some issues about which
our judiciary is concerned too. You have seen in this chapter that
judiciary in India is a very powerful institution. This power has
generated much awe and many hopes from it. Judiciary in India is
also known for its independence. Through various decisions, the
judiciary has given new interpretations to the Constitution and
protected the rights of citizens. As we saw in this chapter, democracy
hinges on the delicate balance of power between the judiciary and the
Parliament and both institutions have to function within the
limitations set by the Constitution.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-20

bl vè;k; esa vkius viuh yksdrkaf=d lajpuk esa U;k;ikfydk dh

Hkwfedk dk vè;;u fd;k gSA U;k;ikfydk] foèkkf;dk vkSj
dk;Zikfydk ds chp le;&le; ij mBus okys fooknksa ds ckotwn
U;k;ikfydk dh lk[k c<+h gSA
U;k;ikfydk ls dqN vkSj Hkh vis{kk,¡ gSaA vke vkneh dks
vk'p;Z gksrk gS fd fdl vklkuh ls vusd nks"kh yksx U;k;ikfydk
ls csnkx cjh gks tkrs gSa vkSj dSls èkuh vkSj ncaxksa ds vlj esa
xokg vius c;ku ls eqdj tkrs gSaA ;s dqN ,sls eqís gSa ftuds ckjs
esa Lo;a U;k;ikfydk Hkh pfrr gSA bl vè;k; esa vkius ns[kk fd
Hkkjr esa U;k;ikfydk cgqr 'kfDr'kkyh laLFkk gSA bl 'kfDr us cM+s
vk'p;Z vkSj cgqr&lh vk'kkvksa dks tUe fn;k gSA Hkkjrh;
U;k;ikfydk viuh Lora=krk ds fy, Hkh tkuh tkrh gSA vusd
fu.kZ;ksa ds ekè;e ls U;k;ikfydk us lafoèkku dh ubZ O;k[;k,¡ nha
vkSj ukxfjdksa ds vfèkdkjksa dh j{kk dhA tSlk fd geus bl vè;k;
esa ns[kk yksdra= okLro esa foèkkf;dk vkSj U;k;ikfydk ds chp ,d
vR;ar laosnu'khy larqyu ij vkèkkfjr gS vkSj bu nksuksa dks lafoèkku
dh lhekvksa ds vanj gh jgdj dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-21

Mumbai: The Supreme Court has ordered Reliance Energy to pay Rs.
300 crore to farmers who grow the chikoo fruit in the Dahanu area
outside Mumbai. The order comes after the chikoo growers petitioned
the court against the pollution caused by Reliance’s thermal power
plant. Dahanu, which is 150 km from Mumbai, was a self-sustaining
agricultural and horticultural economy known for its fisheries and
forests just over a decade ago, but was devastated in 1989 when a
thermal power plant came into operation in the region. The next year,
this fertile belt saw its first crop failure. Now, 70 per cent of the crop of
what was once the fruit bowl of Maharashtra is gone. The fisheries
have shut and the forest cover has thinned. Farmers and
environmentalists say that fly ash from the power plant entered
ground water and polluted the entire eco-system. The Dahanu Taluka
Environment Protection Authority ordered the thermal station to set
up a pollution control unit to reduce sulphur emissions, and in spite
of a Supreme Court order backing the order the pollution control plant
was not set up even by 2002. In 2003, Reliance acquired the thermal
station and re-submitted a schedule for installation process in 2004.
As the pollution control plant is still not set up, the Dahanu Taluka
Environmental Protection Authority asked Reliance for a bank
guarantee of Rs. 300 crores.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-21

eqacbZ&loksZPp U;k;ky; us fjyk;al ,uthZ ls eqacbZ ds ckgjh bykds

ngkuq esa phdw Qy mxkus okys fdlkuksa dks 300 djksM+ #i, nsus ds
fy, dgk gSA phdw mRiknd fdlkuksa us vnkyr esa fjyk;al ds
rki&ÅtkZ la;a=k ls gksus okys iznw"k.k ds fo#¼ vthZ nh FkhA vnkyr
us blh ekeys esa viuk QS+lyk lquk;k gSA ngkuq eaqcbZ ls 150 fd-
eh- nwj gSA ,d n'kd igys rd bl bykds dh vFkZ O;oLFkk [ksrh
vkSj ckxokuh ds cwrs vkRefuHkZj Fkh vkSj ngkuq dh izflf¼ ;gk¡ ds
eNyh&ikyu rFkk taxyksa ds dkj.k FkhA lu~ 1989 esa bl bykds
esa rki&ÅtkZ la;a= pkyw gqvk vkSj blh ds lkFk 'kq: gqbZ bl
bykds dh cckZnhA vxys lky bl mitkÅ {ks=k dh Qly igyh
nQk ekjh xbZA dHkh egkjk"Vª ds fy, Qyksa dk Vksdjk jgs ngkuq dh
vc 70 izfr'kr Qly lekIr gks pqdh gSA eNyh ikyu can gks x;k
gS vkSj taxy fojy gksus yxs gSaA fdlkuksa vkSj i;kZoj.kfon~ksa dk
dguk gS fd ÅtkZ la;a=k ls fudyus okyh jk[k Hkwfexr ty esa
izos'k dj tkrh gS vkSj iwjk ikfjfLFkfrdh&ra= iznwf"kr gks tkrk gSA
ngkuq rkyqdk i;kZoj.k lqj{kk izkfèkdj.k us rki&ÅtkZ la;a=k dks
iznw"k.k&fu;a=k.k dh bdkbZ LFkkfir djus dk vkns'k fn;k Fkk rkfd
lYQj dk mRltZu de gks lds A loksZPp U;k;ky; us Hkh izkfèkdj.k
ds vkns'k ds i{k esa viuk QSlyk lquk;k FkkA blds ckotwn
lu~ 2002 rd iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k dk la;a= LFkkfir ugha gqvkA lu~
2003 esa fjyk;al us rki&ÅtkZ la;a= dks gkfly fd;k vkSj lu~
2004 esa mlus iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k la;a= yxkus dh ;kstuk ds ckjs esa
,d [kkdk izLrqr fd;kA iznw"k.k&fu;a=.k la;a= pw¡fd vc Hkh LFkkfir
ugha gqvk Fkk blfy, ngkuq rkyqdk i;kZoj.k lqj{kk izkfèkdj.k us
fjyk;al ls 300 djksM+ #i, dh cSad&xkjaVh nsus dks dgkA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-22

USSR was one of the world’s super powers, but after 1989 it simply
broke up into several independent countries. One of the major reasons
for its break up was the excessive centralisation and concentration of
power, and the domination of Russia over other regions with
independent languages and cultures of their own e.g. Uzbekistan.
Some other countries like Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan
also had to face a division of the country. Canada came very close to a
break up between the English–speaking and the French-speaking
regions of that country. Isn’t it a great achievement that India, which
emerged as an independent nation-state in 1947 after a painful
partition, has remained united over six decades of its independent
existence? What accounts for this achievement? Can we attribute it to
the federal structure of governance that we in India adopted through
our Constitution? All the countries mentioned above, were federations.
Yet they could not remain united. Therefore, apart from adopting a
federal constitution, the nature of that federal system and the practice
of federalism must also be important factors.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-22

lksfo;r la?k fo'o dh ,d egk'kfDr Fkk ij 1989 ds ckn og

vusd Lora=k ns'kksa esa c¡V x;kA buesa ls dqN us fey dj ^Lora=k
jkT;ksa dk jk"VªeaMy* cuk fy;kA lksfo;r la?k ds fo?kVu ds izeq[k
dkj.k ogk¡ 'kfDr;ksa dk teko vkSj vR;f/kd dsanzhdj.k dh izo`fÙk;k¡
FkhaA blds vykok mtcsfdLrku tSls fHkUu Hkk"kk vkSj laLÑfr okys
{ks=ksa ij :l ds vkf/kiR; us Hkh fo?kVu dks c<+kok fn;kA dqN
vU; jkT;ksa tSls psdksLyksokfd;k] ;wxksLykfo;k vkSj ikfdLrku dks Hkh
vius ns'k dk foHkktu ns[kuk iM+kA dukMk esa Hkh vaxzsth&Hkk"kh vkSj
ÝSap&Hkk"kh {ks=ksa ds vk/kkj ij foHkktu dh laHkkouk c<+ xbZ FkhA
Hkkjr ds fy, D;k ;g egku miyfC/k ugha fd 1947 ds nq[kn
foHkktu vkSj Lora=k jk"Vª ds :i esa fiNys N% n'kdksa ls og viuk
v[kaM rFkk Lora=k vfLrRo cuk, gq, gSa\ vkf[kj bl miyfC/k dk
vk/kkj D;k gS\ D;k ge dg ldrs gSa fd bldk dkQh dqN Js;
Hkkjrh; lafo/ku }kjk vaxhÑr la?kh; O;oLFkk dks tkrk gS\ Åij
ftu ns'kksa dk mYys[k fd;k x;k gS os lHkh la?kh; jkT; FksA ij os
,dtqV u jg lds A blls yxrk gS fd la?kh; lafo/kku viukus ds
lkFk&lkFk la?kh; O;oLFkk dh izÑfr vkSj O;ogkj Hkh cgqr egÙoiw.kZ
gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-23

You may have heard about the cricket team of West Indies. But is
there a country called West Indies?
Like India, West Indies was also colonised by the British. In 1958, the
federation of West Indies came into being. It had a weak central
government and the economy of each unit was independent. These
features and political competition among the units led to the formal
dissolution of the federation in 1962. Later, in 1973 by Treaty of
Chiguaramas the independent islands established joint authorities in
the form of a common legislature, Supreme Court, a common
currency, and, to a degree, a common market known as the Caribbean
Community. The Caribbean Community has even a common
executive, and Heads of the governments of member countries are
members of this executive. Thus, the units could neither live together
as one country, nor can they live separately.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-23

vkius osLVbaMht+ dh fØdsV Vhe ds ckjs esa lquk gksxkA ysfdu D;k
osLVbaMht+ uke dk dksbZ ns'k Hkh gS\
Hkkjr dh gh rjg osLVbaMht+ Hkh vaxzstksa dk mifuos'k FkkA 1958 esa
^osLVbaMht+ la?k* ¼QsMjs'ku vkWQ osLVbaMht+½ dk tUe gqvkA bldh
dsanzh; ljdkj detksj Fkh vkSj çR;sd la?kh; bdkbZ dh viuh Lora=k
vFkZO;oLFkk FkhA bl otg ls vkSj vU; la?kh; bdkbZ;ksa esa jktuSfrd
izfrLi/kZ ds dkj.k 1962 esa bl la?k dks Hkax dj fn;kA ckn esa
1973 dh fpxqvkjkel&laf/k ds }kjk bu Lora= izk;}hiksa us ,d
lk>h laln] loksZPp U;k;ky;] eqnzk vkSj ^dSjhfc;u leqnk;* uked
lk>k&ckt+kj tSlh la;qDr laLFkkvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;kA dSjhfc;u
leqnk; dh ,d lk>h dk;Zikfydk Hkh gS vkSj lnL; ns'kksa dh
ljdkjksa ds iz/kku ml dk;Zikfydk ds lnL; gSaA bl izdkj ogk¡
dh bdkbZ;k¡ u rks ,d ns'k ds :i esa jg ldha vkSj u gh os
vyx&vyx jg ldhaA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-24

If the regions and various communities do not trust each other, even a
federal arrangement can fail to produce unity. The example of Nigeria
is instructive: Till 1914, Northern and Southern Nigeria were two
separate British colonies. At the Ibadan Constitutional Conference of
1950 Nigerian leaders decided to form a federal constitution. The three
major ethnic groups of Nigeria—Yoruba, Ibo and Hausa-Fulani—
controlled the regions of the West, the East and the North respectively.
Their attempt to spread their influence to other regions led to fears
and conflicts. These led to a military regime. In the 1960 constitution,
both federal and regional governments jointly controlled the Nigerian
police. In the military-supervised constitution of 1979, no state was
allowed to have any civil police. Though democracy was restored in
Nigeria in 1999, religious differences along with conflicts over who will
control revenues from the oil resources continue to present problems
before the Nigerian federation. Local ethnic communities resist
centralised control of the oil resources. Thus, Nigeria is an example of
overlap of religious, ethnic and economic differences among the units.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-24

;fn fdlh ns'k ds fofHkUu {ks= vkSj leqnk; ,d&nwljs ij fo'okl

ugha djrs rks ogk¡ la?kh; O;oLFkk Hkh ,drk ykus esa vlQy gksxhA
bls ukbthfj;k ds mnkgj.k ls le>k tk ldrk gSA 1914 rd
mÙkjh ukbthfj;k vkSj nf{k.kh ukbthfj;k fczVsu ds nks mifuos'k FksA
1950 esa bcknku laoS/kkfud lEesyu esa ukbthfj;k ds usrkvksa us
,d la?kh; lafoèkku cukus dk fu.kZ; fy;kA ukbthfj;k dh rhu cM+h
tkrh;rk,¡ ,#ck] bcks vkSj gmlk&Qqykuh gSaA buds fu;a=.k esa ns'k
ds rhu {ks= if'pe] iwoZ vkSj mÙkj Fks ftldk fu;a=.k dj jgha FkhaA
buds }kjk vU; {ks=ksa esa viuk izHkko c<+kus ds iz;kl ls Hk;
vkSj la?k"kZ dk ekgkSy cukA blls ogk¡ ,d lSfud 'kklu dh LFkkiuk
gqbZA 1960 ds lafo/ku esa osaQnz vkSj izkarh; ljdkjsa la;qDr :i ls
ukbthfj;k dh iqfyl dk fu;a=.k djrh FkhA 1979 ds lSfud
lafo/kku ds varxZr fdlh Hkh jkT; dks flfoy iqfyl j[kus dk
vf/kdkj ugha FkkA gkyk¡fd 1999 esa ukbthfj;k esa yksdra= dh
nqckjk cgkyh gqbZ ysfdu /kkfeZd foHksn cus jgsA ukbthfj;kbZ la?k ds
lkeus ;g leL;k Hkh cuh jgh fd rsy lalk/ku ls izkIr jktLo ij
fdldk fu;a=k.k gksxkA bl izdkj ukbthfj;k dh fofHkUu la?kh;
bdkb;ksa ds chp /kfeZd] tkrh; vkSj vkfFkZd erHksn cjdjkj gSaA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-25

Even before Independence, most leaders of our national movement

were aware that to govern a large country like ours, it would be
necessary to divide the powers between provinces and the central
government. There was also awareness that Indian society had
regional diversity and linguistic diversity. This diversity needed
recognition. People of different regions and languages had to share
power and in each region, people of that region should govern
themselves. This was only logical if we wanted a democratic
government. The only question was what should be the extent of
powers to be enjoyed by the regional governments. In view of the
agitation of the Muslim League for greater representation to the
Muslims, a compromise formula to give very large powers to the
regions was discussed during the negotiations before Partition. Once
the decision to partition India was taken, the Constituent Assembly
decided to frame a government that would be based on the principles
of unity and cooperation between the centre and the States and
separate powers to the States. The most important feature of the
federal system adopted by the Indian Constitution is the principle that
relations between the States and the centre would be based on
cooperation. Thus, while recognising diversity, the Constitution
emphasised unity.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-25

vktknh ls igys gh jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds vusd usrk bl fo"k; ij

lger Fks fd Hkkjr tSls fo'kky ns'k ij 'kklu djus ds fy,
'kfDr;ksa dks izkarh; vkSj dsanzh; ljdkjksa ds chp ck¡Vuk t+:jh gksxkA
mUgsa ;g Hkh Hkku Fkk fd Hkkjrh; lekt esa {ks=h; vkSj Hkk"kkbZ
fofo/krk,¡ gSaA bu fofo/krkvksa dks ekU;rk nsus dh vko';drk FkhA
fofHkUu {ks=ksa vkSj Hkk"kk&Hkk"kh yksxksa dks lÙkk esa lgHkkfxrk djuh Fkh
rFkk bu {ks=ksa ds yksxksa dks Lo'kklu dk volj feyuk pkfg, FkkA
vxj gekjh ea'kk yksdrkaf=d 'kklu LFkkfir djus dh Fkh] rks bu
ckrksa dks ykxw djuk ykt+eh FkkA iz'u dsoy ;g Fkk fd {ks=h;
ljdkjksa dks fdruk vf/kdkj iznku fd;k tk,A eqfLye yhx }kjk
eqlyekuksa dks T+;knk izfrfuf/kRo nsus ds vkanksyu ds ifjizs{; esa
foHkktu ds iwoZ ,d le>kSrk QkewZys ij ppkZ gqbZ] ftlds vuqlkj
{ks=h; ljdkjksa dks dkQh T+;knk vf/kdkj nsus dk izLrko vk;kA ij
Hkkjr ds foHkktu dk fu.kZ; gksus ij lafoèkku lHkk us ,slh ljdkj
ds xBu dk fu.kZ; fy;k tks dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds vkilh lg;ksx
vkSj ,drk rFkk jkT;ksa ds fy, vyx vf/kdkj ds fl¼karksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk vaxhÑr la?kh; O;oLFkk dk
lokZf/kd egÙoiw.kZ fl¼kar ;g gS fd dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp laca/k
lg;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gksxkA bl izdkj fofo/krk dks ekU;rk nsus ds
lkFk gh lafo/kku ,drk ij cy nsrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-26

There are two sets of government created by the Indian Constitution:

one for the entire nation called the union government (central
government) and one for each unit or State called the State
government. Both of these have a constitutional status and clearly
identified area of activity. If there is any dispute about which powers
come under the control of the union and which under the States, this
can be resolved by the Judiciary on the basis of the constitutional
provisions. The Constitution clearly demarcates subjects, which are
under the exclusive domain of the Union and those under the States.
(Study the chart given on the next page carefully. It shows how powers
are distributed between the centre and the States.) One of the
important aspects of this division of powers is that economic and
financial powers are centralised in the hands of the central
government by the Constitution. The States have immense
responsibilities but very meagre revenue sources.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-26

Hkkjr ds lafo/kku esa nks rjg dh ljdkjksa dh ckr ekuh xbZ gS&,d
laiw.kZ jk"Vª ds fy, ftls la?kh; ljdkj ;k dsn a zh; ljdkj dgrs gSa
vkSj nwljh izR;sd izkarh; bdkbZ ;k jkT; ds fy, ftls jkT; ljdkj
dgrs gSaA ;s nksuksa gh laoS/kkfud ljdkjsa gSa vkSj buds Li"V
dk;Z&{ks= gSaA ;fn dHkh ;g fookn gks tk, fd dkSu&lh 'kfDr;k¡ dsasnz
ds ikl gS vkSj dkSu&lh jkT;ksa ds ikl] rks bldk fu.kZ;
U;k;ikfydk laoSèkkfud izko/kuksa ds vuqlkj djsxhA lafo/kku bl
ckr dh Li"V O;oLFkk djrk gS fd dkSu&dkSu&lh 'kfDr;k¡ dsoy dsanz
ljdkj dks izkIr gksaxh vkSj dkSu&dkSu lh dsoy jkT;ksa dksA ¼pkVZ dks
è;ku ls ns[ksa blesa fn[kk;k x;k gS fd dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp esa
'kfDr;ksa dks ds ls ck¡Vk x;k gSA½ 'kfDr foHkktu dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ
igyw ;g gS fd lafo/kku us vkfFkZd vkSj foÙkh; 'kfDr;k¡ dsanzh;
ljdkj ds gkFk esa lkSaih gSaA jkT;ksa ds mÙkjnkf;Ro cgqr vf/kd gSa
ij vk; ds lk/ku deA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-27

It is generally accepted that the Indian Constitution has created a

strong central government. India is a country of continental
dimensions with immense diversities and social problems. The framers
of the Constitution believed that we required a federal constitution
that would accommodate diversities. But they also wanted to create a
strong centre to stem disintegration and bring about social and
political change. It was necessary for the centre to have such powers
because India at the time of independence was not only divided into
provinces created by the British; but there were more than 500
princely states which had to be integrated into existingStates or new
States had to be created.
Besides the concern for unity, the makers of the Constitution
also believed that the socio-economic problems of the country needed
to be handled by a strong central government in cooperation with the
States. Poverty, illiteracy and inequalities of wealth were some of the
problems that required planning and coordination. Thus, the concerns
for unity and development prompted the makers of the Constitution to
create a strong central government.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-27

veweu ,slk ekuk tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku }kjk ,d l'kDr

dsanzh; ljdkj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr ,d egk}hi dh rjg
fo'kky rFkk vusdkusd fofo/krkvksa vkSj lkekftd leL;kvksa ls Hkjk
gSA lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dh ekU;rk Fkh fd gesa ,d la?kh; lafo/kku
pkfg, tks bu fofo/krkvksa dks lesV lds A ij os ,d 'kfDr'kkyh
dsanzh; ljdkj dh LFkkiuk Hkh djuk pkgrs Fks tks fo?kVudkjh izo`fÙk;ksa
ij vadq'k j[k lds vkSj lkekftd&jktuhfrd ifjorZu yk ldsA
Lora=rk ds le; dsanz ds fy, ,slh 'kfDr;k¡ vko';d Fkha D;ksafd
ml le; ns'k esa u dsoy fczfV'k ljdkj }kjk xfBr dqN izkar Fks
cfYd 500 ls T+;knk ns'kh fj;klrsa Hkh Fkha ftudk ;k rks iqjkus izkarksa
esa foy; ;k u, izkarksa ds :i esa xBu gksuk FkkA
ns'k dh ,drk cuk, j[kus ds lkFk&lkFk lafo/kku fuekZrk ;g
Hkh pkgrs Fks fd lkekftd&vkfFkZd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku ,d
'kfDr'kkyh dsanzh; ljdkj djs vkSj ,slk djus esa mls jkT;ksa dk
lg;ksx Hkh izkIr gksA xjhch] fuj{kjrk vkSj vkfFkZd&vlekurk vkfn
dqN ,slh leL;k,¡ Fkha ftuds lek/kku ds fy, fu;kstu vkSj
leUo; cgqr T+k:jh FkkA bl izdkj jk"Vªh; ,drk vkSj fodkl dh
fparkvksa us lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa dks ,d l'kDr dsanzh; ljdkj cukus
dh izsj.kk nhA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-28

In the previous section, we have seen that the Constitution has vested
very strong powers in the centre. Thus, the Constitution recognises
the separate identity of the regions and yet gives more powers to the
centre. Once the principle of identity of the State is accepted, it is
quite natural that the States would expect a greater role and powers in
the governance of the State and the country as a whole. This leads to
various demands from the States. From time to time, States have
demanded that they should be given more powers and more
autonomy. This leads to tensions and conflicts in the relations
between the centre and the States. While the legal disputes between
the centre and the States (or between States) can be resolved by the
judiciary, demands for autonomy are of political nature and need to be
resolved through negotiations.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-28

fiNys i`"Bksa esa geus i<+k fd lafo/kku us dsanz dks cgqr vf/kd
'kfDr;k¡ iznku dh gSaA ;|fi lafo/kku fofHkUu {ks=ksa dh vyx&vyx
igpku dks ekU;rk nsrk gS ysfdu fQj Hkh og dsanz dks T+;knk 'kfDr
nsrk gSA ,d ckj tc ^jkT; dh igpku* ds fl¼kar dks ekU;rk fey
tkrh gS rc ;g LokHkkfod gh gS fd iwjs ns'k ds 'kklu esa vkSj
vius 'kkldh; {ks= esa jkT;ksa }kjk vkSj T+;knk 'kfDr rFkk Hkwfedk dh
ek¡x mBk;h tk;A blh dkj.k jkT; T+;knk 'kfDr dh ek¡x djrs gSaA
le;&le; ij jkT;ksa us T+;knk 'kfDr vkSj Lok;Ùkrk nsus dh ek¡x
mBk;h gSA blls dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp la?k"kZ vkSj fooknksa dk tUe
gksrk gSA dsanz vkSj jkT; vFkok fofHkUu jkT;ksa ds vkilh dkuwuh
fooknksa dk lek/ku U;k;ikfydk djrh gSA ysfdu Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡x
,d jktuhfrd loky gS ftls vkilh ckrphr }kjk gh gy fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-29

The Constitution is only a framework or a skeleton, its flesh and blood

is provided by the actual processes of politics. Hence federalism in
India has to a large extent been influenced by the changing nature of
the political process. In the 1950s and early 1960s the foundation of
our federalism was laid under Jawaharlal Nehru. It was also a period
of Congress dominance over the centre as well as the States. Except
on the issue of formation of new States, the relations between the
centre and the States remained quite normal during this period. The
States were hopeful that they would be making progress with the help
of the grants-in-aid from the centre. Besides, there was considerable
optimism about the policies of socio-economic development designed
by the centre. In the middle of the 1960s Congress dominance
declined somewhat and in a large number of States opposition parties
came to power. It resulted in demands for greater powers and greater
autonomy to the States. In fact, these demands were a direct fallout of
the fact that different parties were ruling at the centre and in many
States. So, the State governments were protesting against what they
saw as unnecessary interference in their governments by the Congress
government at the centre. The Congress too, was not very comfortable
with the idea of dealing with governments led by opposition parties.
This peculiar political context gave birth to a discussion about the
concept of autonomy under a federal system.
Finally, since the 1990s, Congress dominance has largely ended and
we have entered an era of coalition politics especially at the centre. In
the States too, different parties, both national and regional, have come
to power. This has resulted in a greater say for the States, a respect
for diversity and the beginning of a more mature federalism. Thus, it is
in the second phase that the issue of autonomy became very potent
politically.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-29

lafo/kku rks ek=k ,d ^ÝseodZ* ;k <k¡pk gSA bl ij b±V&xkjk]

lq[khZ&pwuk p<+kus dk dke jktuhfr dh okLrfodrkvksa }kjk gksrk gSA
vr% Hkkjrh; la?kokn ij jktuhfrd izfØ;k dh ifjorZu'khy izÑfr
dk dkQh izHkko iM+k gSA 1950 rFkk 1960 ds n'kd ds izkjafaHkd
o"kks± esa tokgjyky usg: us Hkkjrh; la?kh; O;oLFkk dh uhao j[khA
bl nkSjku dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa esa dk¡xzsl dk opZLo FkkA u, jkT;ksa ds
xBu dh ek¡x ds vykok dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp laca/k 'kkafriw.kZ
vkSj lkekU; jgsA jkT;ksa dks vk'kk Fkh fd os dsanz ls izkIr foÙkh;
vuqnkuksa ls fodkl dj ldsaxsA blds vfrfjDr dsanz }kjk
lkekftd&vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, cukbZ xbZ uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k Hkh
jkT;ksa dks dkQh vk'kk ca/kh FkhA vkf[kjdkj 1990 ds n'kd ls
dk¡xzsl dk opZLo dkQh dqN [kRe gks x;k gS vkSj geus dsanz esa
xBca/ku&jktuhfr ds ;qx esa izos'k fd;kA jkT;ksa esa Hkh fofHkUu jk"Vªh;
vkSj {ks=h; ny lÙkk:<+ gq, gSaA blls jkT;ksa dk jktuhfrd dn c<+k]
fofo/krk dk vknj gqvk vkSj ,d e¡ts gq, la?kokn dh 'kq:vkr gqbZA
bl rjg nwljs nkSj esa Lok;Ùkrk dk elyk jktuSfrd :i ls ljxeZ
gqvk gSA 1960 ds n'kd ds chp esa dk¡xzsl ds opZLo esa dqN
deh vkbZ vkSj vusd jkT;ksa esa fojksèkh ny lÙkk esa vk x,A blls
jkT;ksa dhs vkSj T+;knk 'kfDr vkSj Lok;Ùkrk nsus dh ek¡x cyorh gqbZA
bl ek¡x ds ihNs izeq[k dkj.k ;g Fkk fd dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa esa
fHkUu&fHkUu ny lÙkk esa FksA vr% jkT;ksa dh ljdkjksa us dsanz dh
dk¡xzslh ljdkj }kjk fd, x, vokaNuh; gLr{ksiksa dk fojks/k djuk
'kq: dj fn;kA dk¡xzsl ds fy, Hkh fojks/kh nyksa }kjk 'kkflr jkT;ksa
ls laca/kksa ds rkyesy dh ckr igys tSlh vklku ugha jghA bl
fofp= jktuSfrd lanHkZ esa la?kh; O;oLFkk ds vanj Lok;Ùkrk dh
vo/kj.kk dks ysdj okn&fookn fNM+ x;kA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-30

The role of Governors has always been a controversial issue between the
States and the central government. The Governor is not an elected office
holder. Many Governors have been retired military officers or civil
servants or politicians. Besides, the Governor is appointed by the central
government and therefore, actions of the Governor are often viewed as
interference by the Central government in the functioning of the State
government. When two different parties are in power at the centre and
the State, the role of the Governor becomes even more controversial. The
Sarkaria Commission that was appointed by the central government
(1983; it submitted its report in 1988) to examine the issues relating to
centre-State relations, recommended that appointments of Governors
should be strictly non-partisan. Powers and role of the Governor become
controversial for one more reason. One of the most controversial articles
in the Constitution is Article 356, which provides for President’s rule in
any State. This provision is to be applied, when ‘a situation has arisen in
which the Government of the State cannot be carried on in accordance
with the provisions of this Constitution.’ It results in the takeover of the
State government by the Union government. The President’s
proclamation has to be ratified by Parliament. President’s rule can be
extended till three years. The Governor has the power to recommend the
dismissal of the State government and suspension or dissolution of State
assembly. This has led to many conflicts. In some cases, State
governments were dismissed even when they had a majority in the
legislature, as had happened in Kerala in 1959 or without testing their
majority, as happened in several other States after 1967. Some cases
went to the Supreme Court and the Court has ruled that constitutional
validity of the decision to impose President’s rule can be examined by the
judiciary. Article 356 was very sparingly used till 1967. After 1967 many
States had non- Congress governments and the Congress was in power at
the centre. The centre has often used this provision to dismiss State
governments or has used the office of the Governor to prevent the
majority party or coalition from assuming office. For instance, the central
government removed elected governments in Andhra Pradesh and
Jammu and Kashmir in the decade of 1980.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-30

jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp ges'kk gh fookn dk fo"k; jgh gSA
jkT;iky fuokZfpr inkf/kdkjh ugha gksrkA vf/kdrj jkT;iky lsokfuo`Ùk lSU;
vf/kdkjh] yksdlsod ;k jktuhfrK gq, gSaA fQj jkT;iky dh fu;qfDr dsanz
ljdkj }kjk gksrh gSA vr% jkT;iky ds QSlyksa dks vdlj jkT; ljdkj ds
dk;ks± esa dsanz ljdkj ds gLr{ksi ds :i esa ns[kk tkrk gSA tc dsanz vkSj jkT;
esa vyx ny lÙkk:<+ gksrs gSa rc jkT;iky dh Hkwfedk vkSj fooknkLin gks tkrh
gSA dsanz&jkT; laca/ksa ls tqM+s elyksa dh iM+rky ds fy, dsanz ljdkj }kjk
1983 esa ,d vk;ksx cuk;k x;kA bl vk;ksx dks ^ljdkfj;k vk;ksx* ds
uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl vk;ksx us 1998 esa viuh fjiksVZ esa ;g flQkfj'k
dh Fkh fd jkT;ikyksa dh fu;qfDr vfuok;Zr;k fu"i{k gksdj dh tkuh pkfg,A
,d vkSj dkj.k ls jkT;ikyksa dh 'kfDr vkSj Hkwfedk fooknkLin gks tkrh gSA
lafo/kku ds lokZf/kd fooknkLin izko/kkuksa esa ls ,d vuqPNsn 356 gSA blds
}kjk jkT;ksa esa jk"Vªifr 'kklu ykxw fd;k tkrk gSA bl izko/kku dks fdlh jkT;
esa rc ykxw djrs gSa tc ¶,slh fLFkfr mRiUu gks xbZ gks fd ml jkT; dk
'kklu bl lafo/kku ds mica/kksa ds vuqlkj ugha pyk;k tk ldrkA¸
ifj.kkeLo:i la?kh; ljdkj jkT; ljdkj dk vf/kxzg.k dj ysrh gSA bl fo"k;
ij jk"Vªifr }kjk tkjh mn~?kks"k.kk dks laln dh LohÑfr izkIr djuk T+k:jh gksrk
gSA jk"Vªifr 'kklu dks vf/kdre rhu o"kks± rd c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA jkT;iky
dks ;g vf/kdkj gS fd og jkT; ljdkj dks c[kkZLr djus rFkk jkT; fo/ku
lHkk dks fuyafcr ;k fo?kfVr djus dh vuq'kalk dj lds A blls vusd fookn
iSnk gq,A dqN ekeyksa esa jkT; ljdkjksa dks foèkkf;dk esa cgqer gksus ds ckn
Hkh c[kkZLr dj fn;k x;kA 1959 esa dsjy esa vkSj 1907 ds ckn vusd
jkT;ksa esa cgqer dh ijh{kk ds fcuk gh ljdkjksa dks c[kkZLr dj fn;k x;kA
dqN ekeys loksZPp U;k;ky; esa Hkh x, rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; us QSlyk fn;k
fd jk"Vªifr&'kklu ykxw djus ds fu.kZ; dh laoS/kkfudrk dh tk¡p&iM+rky
U;k;ky; dj ldrk gSA 1967 rd vuqPNsn 356 dk vR;Ur lhfer iz;ksx
fd;k x;kA 1967 ds ckn vusd jkT;ksa esa xSj&dk¡xszlh ljdkjsa cuha tcfd dsanz
esa lÙkk dk¡xzsl ds ikl jghA dsanz us vusd voljksa ij bldk iz;ksx jkT;
ljdkjksa dks c[kkZLr djus ds fy, fd;k vFkok mlus jkT;iky ds ek/;e ls
cgqer ny ;k xBca/ku dks lÙkk:<+ gksus ls jksdkA mnkgj.k ds fy, lu~
1980 ds n'kd esa dsanzh; ljdkj us vka/kz izns'k vkSj tEew&d'ehj dh
fuokZfpr ljdkjksa dks c[kkZLr fd;kA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-31

The other dimension of tension in our federal system has been the
demand to create new States. The national movement not only created
a pan-Indian national unity; it also generated distinct unity around a
common language, region and culture. Our national movement was
also a movement for democracy. Therefore, in the course of the
national movement itself, it was decided that as far as possible, States
would be created on the basis of common cultural and linguistic
identity. This ultimately led to the demand for the creation of linguistic
States after Independence. In 1954, the States Reorganisation
Commission was set up and it recommended the creation of linguistic
States, at least for the major linguistic groups. In 1956, reorganisation
of some States took place. This saw the beginning of the creation of
linguistic States and the process is still continuing. Gujarat and
Maharashtra were created in 1960; Punjab and Haryana were
separated from each other in 1966. Later, the north-east region was
reorganised and several new States were created like, Meghalaya,
Manipur or Arunachal Pradesh. In the 1990s, some of the larger
States were further divided both to meet the demands for a separate
State as well as to meet the need for greater administrative efficiency.
Thus Bihar, UP, and Madhya Pradesh were divided to create three new
States. They are: Jharkhand, Uttaranchal and Chhattisgarh
respectively. Some regions and linguistic groups are still struggling for
separate Statehood like Telangana (in AP) and Vidarbha (in
Maharashtra).
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-31

gekjh la?kh; O;oLFkk esa uohu jkT;ksa ds xBu dh ek¡x dks ysdj Hkh
ruko jgk gSA jk"Vªh;&vkanksyu us vf[ky Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; ,drk dks
gh ugha cfYd leku Hkk"kk] {ks= vkSj laLd`fr ij vk/kkfjr ,drk dks
Hkh tUe fn;kA gekjk jk"Vªh; vkanksyu yksdra= ds fy, Hkh ,d
vkanksyu FkkA vr% jk"Vªh; vkanksyu ds nkSjku ;g Hkh r; fd;k x;k
fd ;FkklaHko leku laLd`fr vkSj Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa dk
xBu gksxkA blls Lora=rk ds ckn Hkk"kkbZ vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa ds xBu
dh ek¡x mBhA fnlEcj 1953 esa jkT; iquxZBu vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk
dh xbZ ftlus izeq[k Hkk"kkbZ leqnk;ksa ds fy, Hkk"kk ds vk/kkj ij
jkT;ksa ds xBu dh flQkfj'k dhA 1956 esa dqN jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu
gqvkA blls Hkk"kkbZ vk/kkj ij jkT;ksa ds xBu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZ vkSj
;g izfØ;k vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA 1960 esa xqtjkr vkSj egkjk"Vª dk
xBu gqvk 1966 esa iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk dks vyx&vyx fd;k
x;kA ckn esa iwoksZÙkj ds jkT;ksa dk iquxZBu fd;k x;k vkSj u,
jkT;ksa&tSls ef.kiqj] f=iqjk] es?kky;] fetksje vkSj v#.kkpy izns'k
dk tUe gqvkA u, jkT; cukus dh ek¡x dks iwjk djus rFkk vf/kd
iz'kkldh; lqfo/k ds fy, dqN cM+s jkT;ksa dk foHkktu 2000 esa
fd;k x;kA eè; izns'k] mÙkj izns'k vkSj fcgkj dks foHkkftr dj rhu
u, jkT; Øe'k% NÙkhlx<+] mÙkjk[kaM vkSj >kj[kaM cuk, x,A dqN
{ks= vkSj Hkk"kkbZ lewg vHkh Hkh vyx jkT; ds fy, la?k"kZ dj jgs gSa
tSls egkjk"Vª esa fonHkZA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-32

While the States keep fighting with the centre over autonomy and
other issues like the share in revenue resources, there have been
many instances of disputes between two States or among more than
two States. It is true that the judiciary acts as the arbitration
mechanism on disputes of a legal nature but these disputes are in
reality not just legal. They have political implications and therefore
they can best be resolved only through negotiations and mutual
understanding. Broadly, two types of disputes keep recurring. One is
the border dispute. States have certain claims over territories
belonging to neighbouring States. Though language is the basis of
defining boundaries of the States, often border areas would have
populations speaking more than one language. So, it is not easy to
resolve this dispute merely on the basis of linguistic majority. One of
the longstanding border disputes is the dispute between Maharashtra
and Karnataka over the city of Belgaum. Manipur and Nagaland too,
have a long-standing border dispute. The carving out of Haryana from
the erstwhile State of Punjab has led to dispute between the two
States not only over border areas, but over the capital city of
Chandigarh. This city today houses the capital of both these States. In
1985, the then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi reached an understanding
with the leadership of Punjab. According to this understanding,
Chandigarh was to be handed over to Punjab. But this has not
happened yet.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-32

tgk¡ ,d vksj jkT; vf/kd Lok;Ùkrk vkSj vk; ds lzksrksa ij viuh

fgLlsnkjh ds loky ij dsanz ls fookn dh fLFkfr esa jgrs gSa] ogha
nwljh vksj la?kh; O;oLFkk esa nks ;k nks ls vf/kd jkT;ksa esa vkilh
fookn ds Hkh vusd mnkgj.k feyrs gSaA ;g lp gS fd dkuwuh fooknksa
esa U;k;ikfydk iap dh Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gS ysfdu bu fooknksa dk
Lo:i ek=k dkuwuh ugha gksrkA bu fooknksa ds jktuhfrd igyw Hkh
gksrs gSa] vr% budk loksZÙke lek/ku dsoy fopkj&foe'kZ vkSj
ikjLifjd fo'okl ds vk/kj ij gh gks ldrk gSA vkerkSj ij nks
izdkj ds xaHkhj fookn iSnk gksrs gSaA blesa ,d gS lhek fooknA
jkT; izk;% iM+kslh jkT;ksa ds Hkw&Hkkx ij viuk nkok is'k djrs gSaA
;|fi jkT;ksa dh lhekvksa dk fu/kkZj.k Hkk"kkbZ vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k
gS] ysfdu lhekorhZ {ks=ksa esa ,d ls vf/kd Hkk"kk cksyus okys yksx
jgrs gSaA vr% bl fookn dks dsoy Hkk"kkbZ vk/kkj ij ugha lqy>k;k
tk ldrkA ,slk gh ,d iqjkuk fookn egkjk"Vª vkSj dukZVd ds chp
^csyxke* dks ysdj gSA ef.kiqj vkSj ukxkySaM ds chp Hkh lhek fookn
iqjkuk gSA iatkc ls gfj;k.kk dks vyx djus ij muds chp u
dsoy lhekorhZ {ks=ksa dks ysdj cfYd jkt/kuh paMhx<+ dks ysdj Hkh
fookn gSA paMhx<+ bu nksuksa jkT;ksa dh jkt/kkuh gSA 1985 esa
rRdkyhu izèkkuea=h jktho xka/kh dh iatkc ds usrkvksa ls bl fo"k;
ij dqN lgefr cuh FkhA blds vuqlkj paMhx<+ dks iatkc dks
gLrkarfjr fd;k tkuk FkkA ij vHkh rd ,slk ugha gks ldkA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-33

The most extra-ordinary feature of the federal arrangement created in

India is that many States get a differential treatment. We have already
noted in the chapter on Legislature that the size and population of
each State being different, an asymmetrical representation is provided
in the Rajya Sabha. While ensuring minimum representation to each
of the smaller States, this arrangement also ensures that larger States
would get more representation. In the case of division of powers, too,
the Constitution provides a division of powers that is common to all
the States. And yet, the Constitution has some special provisions for
some States given their peculiar social and historical circumstances.
Most of the special provisions pertain to the north eastern States
(Assam, Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, etc.) largely due to a
sizeable indigenous tribal population with a distinct history and
culture, which they wish to retain (Art 371). However, these provisions
have not been able to stem alienation and the insurgency in parts of
the region. Special provisions also exist for hilly States like Himachal
Pradesh and some other States like Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Gujarat,
Maharashtra and Sikkim.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-33

Hkkjrh; la?kokn dh lcls uk;kc fo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa vusd

jkT;ksa ds lkFk FkksM+k vyx O;ogkj fd;k tkrk gSA fo/kkf;dk dk
vè;;u djrs le; geus i<+k Fkk fd izR;sd jkT; dk vkdkj vkSj
tula[;k fHkUu&fHkUu gksus ds dkj.k mUgsa jkT;lHkk esa vleku
izfrfuf/kRo iznku fd;k x;k gSA tgk¡ NksVs&ls&NksVs jkT; dks Hkh
U;wure izfrfuf/kRo vo'; iznku fd;k x;k gS ogha bl O;oLFkk ls
;g Hkh lqfuf'pr fd;k x;k fd cM+s jkT;ksa dks T+;knk izfrfuf/kRo
fey ldsA 'kfDr ds c¡Vokjs dh ;kstuk ds rgr lafo/kku iznÙk
'kfDr;k¡ lHkh jkT;ksa dks leku :i ls izkIr gSaA ysfdu dqN jkT;ksa
ds fy, mudh fof'k"V lkekftd vkSj ,sfrgkfld ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds
vuq:i lafo/kku dqN fo'ks"k vf/kdkjksa dh O;oLFkk djrk gSA ,sls
vf/kdrj izko/ku iwokZsÙkj ds jkT;ksa ¼vle] ukxkySaM] v#.kkpy izns'k]
fet+ksje vkfn½ ds fy, gSa tgk¡ fof'k"V bfrgkl vkSj laLÑfr okyh
tutkrh;&cgqy tula[;k fuokl djrh gSA ;gk¡ ds ;s fuoklh viuh
laLÑfr rFkk bfrgkl dks cuk, j[kuk pkgrs gSaA ¼vuqPNsn 371½A
cgjgky] ;s izko/kku bl {ks= ds dqN Hkkxksa esa vyxkookn vkSj
l'kL=k fonzksg dks jksdus esa lQy ugha gks lds gSaA ,sls gh dqN
fof'k"V izko/kku igkM+h jkT; fgekpy izns'k rFkk vU; jkT;ksa tSls
vka/kz izns'k] xksok] xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª] flfDde vkSj rsyaxk.kk ds fy,
Hkh gSaA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-34

The other State which has a special status is Jammu and Kashmir
(J&K) (Art. 370). Jammu and Kashmir was one of the large princely
states, which had the option of joining India or Pakistan at the time of
Independence. Immediately after Independence Pakistan and India
fought a war over Kashmir. Under such circumstances the Maharaja
of Kashmir acceded to the Indian union. Most of the Muslim majority
States joined Pakistan but J&K was an exception. Under these
circumstances, it was given much greater autonomy by the
Constitution. According to Article 370, the concurrence of the State is
required for making any laws in matters mentioned in the Union and
Concurrent lists. This is different from the position of other States. In
the case of other States, the division of powers as listed through the
three lists automatically applies. In the case of Jammu and Kashmir,
the central government has only limited powers and other powers
listed in the Union List and Concurrent List can be used only with the
consent of the State government. This gives the State of Jammu and
Kashmir greater autonomy. In practice, however the autonomy of
Jammu and Kashmir is much less than what the language of article
370 may suggest. There is a constitutional provision that allows the
President, with the concurrence of the State government, to specify
which parts of the Union List shall apply to the State. The President
has issued two Constitutional orders in concurrence with the
Government of J&K making large parts of the Constitution applicable
to the State. As a result, though J&K has a separate constitution and
a flag, the Parliament’s power to make laws on subjects in the Union
List now is fully accepted.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-34

blds vfrfjDr vuqPNsn 370 ds }kjk tEew&d'ehj dks fof'k"V

fLFkfr iznku dh xbZ gSA tEew&d'ehj ,d fo'kky ns'kh fj;klr FkkA
Hkkjr foHkktu ds le; fganqLrku ;k ikfdLrku esa ls fdlh ,d esa
'kkfey gksus dk blds ikl fodYi FkkA Lora=rk ds rqjar ckn
ikfdLrku vkSj Hkkjr ds chp d'ehj dks ysdj ;q¼ gqvkA bu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa tEew&d'ehj ds egkjktk us Hkkjr dk p;u fd;kA
vf/kdka'k eqfLye cgqy jkT;ksa us ikfdLrku dk p;u fd;k ij
tEew&d'ehj ,d viokn FkkA bl ifjfLFkfr esa lafo/kku esa mls
dkQh T+;knk Lok;Ùkrk iznku dh xbZA vuqPNsn 370 ds vuqlkj dsanz
lwph vkSj leorhZ lwph ds fdlh fo"k; ij laln }kjk dkuwu cukus
vkSj mls tEew&d'ehj esa ykxw djus ds fy, bl jkT; dh lgefr
vko';d gSA ;g vU; jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr ls fHkUu gSA vU; jkT;ksa ds
fy, rhu lwfp;ksa }kjk fd;k x;k 'kfDr foHkktu Lor% izHkkoh gksrk
gSA tEew&d'ehj ds laca/k esa dsanz ljdkj dks lhfer 'kfDr;k¡ izkIr
gSaA dsanz lwph vkSj leorhZ lwph esa of.kZr 'kfDr;ksa dk ogk¡ iz;ksx
djus ds fy, jkT; ljdkj dh lgefr ysuh iM+rh gSA blls
tEew&d'ehj jkT; dks T+;knk Lok;Ùkrk fey tkrh gSA O;ogkj esa
tEew&d'ehj dks mruh Lok;Ùkrk izkIr ugha gS ftldk ladsr vuqPNsn
370 dh Hkk"kk ls feyrk gSA lafo/kku ds vuqlkj jk"Vªifr dks
vf/kdkj gS fd og jkT; ljdkj dh lgefr ls ;g r; djs fd dsanz
lwph vkSj leorhZ lwph ds dkSu&dkSu ls izko/kku jkT; ds fy,
izHkkoh gksaxsA jk"Vªifr us tEew&d'ehj ljdkj dh lgefr ls vc
rd nks laoS/kkfud vkns'k tkjh fd, gSa ftuds varxZr bu lwfp;ksa esa
of.kZr vf/kdrj 'kfDr;ksa dks jkT; esa ykxw fd;k tk ldk gSA
ifj.kke Lo:i tEew&d'ehj dk ,d vyx lafo/kku vkSj èot T+k:j
gS ij la?kh; vkSj leorhZ lwph ds fo"k;ksa ij jkT; ds fy, dkuwu
cukus dh lalnh; 'kfDr dks vc iwjh rjg ls Lohd`fr fey xbZ gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-35

Federalism is like a rainbow, where each colour is separate, yet

together they make a harmonious pattern. Federalism has to
continuously maintain a difficult balance between the centre and the
States. No legal or institutional formula can guarantee the smooth
functioning of a federal polity. Ultimately, the people and the political
process must develop a culture and a set of values and virtues like
mutual trust, toleration and a spirit of cooperation. Federalism
celebrates both unity as well as diversity. National unity cannot be
built by streamlining differences. Such forced unity only generates
greater social strife and alienation and tends finally to destroy unity. A
responsive polity sensitive to diversities and to the demands for
autonomy can alone be the basis of a cooperative federation.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-35

la?kokn ,d banz/uq"k dh Hkk¡fr gksrk gS tgk¡ izR;sd jax dk vyx

vfLrRo gksrk gS ysfdu os lHkh jax fey dj ,d lqanj vkSj
ln~Hkkoiw.kZ n`'; mifLFkr djrs gSaA la?kh; O;oLFkk dsanz vkSj jkT;ksa ds
chp larqyu cuk, j[kus dk dfBu dk;Z djrh gSA dksbZ Hkh dkuwuh
;k laLFkkfud QkewZyk la?kh; O;oLFkk ds lqpk# :i ls dk;Z djus
dh xkjaVh ugha ns ldrkA bldh lQyrk ds fy, turk vkSj
jktuhfrd izfØ;k dks ikjLifjd fo'okl] lgu'khyrk rFkk lg;ksx
dh Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr dqN xq.kksa] ewY;ksa vkSj laLÑfr dk fodkl
djuk pkfg,A la?kokn ,drk vkSj vusdrk nksuksa dk vknj djrk gSA
vusdrk vkSj fofo/rkvksa dks lekIr dj jk"Vªh; ,drk ds y{; dks
izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA ,slh ckè;dkjh ,drk okLro esa vkSj
T+;knk lkekftd la?k"kZ rFkk vyxko dks tUe nsrh gS tks var esa
,drk dks gh u"V dj nsrh gSA fofHkUurkvksa vkSj Lok;Ùkrk dh ek¡xksa
ds izfr laosnu'khy rFkk mÙkjnk;h jktuhfrd O;oLFkk gh lg;ksxh
la?kokn dk ,dek= vk/kkj gks ldrh gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-36

Geeta Rathore belongs to Jamonia Talab Gram Panchayat, Sehore

district, Madhya Pradesh. She was elected Sarpanch in 1995 from a
reserved seat; but in 2000, the village people rewarded her for her
admirable work by electing her again - this time from a non-reserved
seat. From a housewife, Geeta has grown into a leader displaying
political farsightedness - she has harnessed the collective energy of
her Panchayat to renovate water tanks, build a school building,
construct village roads, fight against domestic violence and atrocities
against women, create environmental awareness, and encourage
afforestation and water management in her village. —Panchayati Raj
Update Vol. XI, No 3 February 2004. There is another story of yet
another woman achiever. She was the President (Sarpanch) of a Gram
Panchayat of Vengaivasal village in Tamil Nadu. In 1997, the Tamil
Nadu government allotted two hectares of land to 71 government
employees. This piece of land fell within the vicinity of this Gram
Panchayat. On the instructions of higher authorities the District
Collector of Kancheepuram directed the President of the Gram
Panchayat to pass a resolution endorsing the allotment of the said
land for the purpose already decided. The President and the Gram
Panchayat refused to pass such an order and the Collector issued an
order to acquire the land. The Gram Panchayat filed a writ petition in
the Madras High Court against the Collector’s action. The single judge
bench of the High Court upheld the Collector’s order and ruled that
there was no need to take the Panchayat’s consent. The Panchayat
appealed to the Division bench against the single judge’s order. In its
order, the Division Bench reversed the order of the single judge. The
judges held that the government order amounted to not only
infringement of the powers of the Panchayats but a gross violation of
the constitutional status of the Panchayats.
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-36

e/; izns'k dk ,d ftyk gS flgksjA xhrk jkBkSM+ blh ftys ds tefu;k

rkykc xzke iapk;r dh jgus okyh gSaA ,d vkjf{kr lhV ls lu~ 1995
esa xhrk ljiap fuokZfpr gqbZA ysfdu] lu~ 2000 esa xk¡o okyksa us vPNs
dkeksa dk buke nsrs gq, xhrk dks nqckjk pqukA bl ckj xhrk ,d lkekU;
lhV ls pquh xbZaA xhrk x`fg.kh gqvk djrh Fkha] ysfdu og jktuhfrd :i
ls ,d nwjn'khZ usrk cudj mHkjhA mUgksaus viuh iapk;r dh tu'kfDr dk
bLrseky rkykc dks iDdk cuokus] LowQy dh bekjr vkSj xk¡o esa lM+d
cuokus esa fd;kA xhrk us viuh iapk;r dh lkewfgd 'kfDr dk bLrseky
efgykvksa ij gksus okyh ?kjsyw fgalk vkSj vR;kpkj ls yM+us] i;kZoj.k ds
izfr tkx:drk iSnk djus vkSj vius xk¡o esa ou rFkk ty izca/ku dks
c<+kok nsus esa fd;kA ¼iapk;r jkt viMsV] [akM&X;kjg] la&3]
Qjojh&2004½ lQy efgyk dh ,slh gh ,d dFkk vkSj gSA ;g efgyk
rfeyukMq ds ,d xk¡o osaxSoly dh ljiap FkhA lu~ 1997 esa rfeyukMq
dh ljdkj us 71 ljdkjh deZpkfj;ksa dks 2&2 gsDVs;j tehu vkcafVr
dhA ;g tehu osaxSoly xzke iapk;r ds nk;js esa FkhA mPprj vf/kdkfj;ksa
ds funsZ'k ij dkafpiqje ftys ds dyDVj us osaxSoly xzke iapk;r ds
ljiap dks vkns'k fn;k fd vkcafVr tehu ds laca/k esa tks QS+lyk fy;k
tk pqdk gS] mls ekurs gq, xzke iapk;r ls bl vk'k; dk izLrko ikfjr
djk,A ljiap vkSj xzke iapk;r us dysDVj ds bl vkns'k dks ekuus ls
budkj dj fn;kA dysDVj us Tkehu ds vf/kxzg.k dk vkns'k fn;kA xzke
iapk;r us dysDVj dh bl dkjZokbZ ds fojks/k esa enzkl mPp U;k;ky; esa
,d ;kfpdk nk;j dhA mPp U;k;ky; dh ,dy [kaMihB us dysDVj ds
vkns'k dks tk;t crk;kA vnkyr dk QS+lyk Fkk fd bl laca/k esa xzke
iapk;r dh vuqefr ysus dh Tk+:jr ugha gSA iapk;r us bl QS+lys ds
f[kykQ [kaMihB ds ikl vihy dhA [kaMihB us ,dy U;k;k/kh'k ds
QS+lys dks myV fn;kA U;k;k/kh'kksa dk QS+lyk Fkk fd ljdkjh vkns'k
iapk;r dh 'kfDr;ksa dh vogsyuk rks djrk gh gS] ;g iapk;r dh
laoS/kkfud gSfl;r dk Hkh ljklj mYya?ku gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-37

Let us now discuss how local government has grown in India and what
our Constitution says about it. It is believed that self-governing village
communities existed in India from the earliest times in the form of
‘sabhas’ (village assemblies). In the course of time, these village bodies
took the shape of Panchayats (an assembly of five persons) and these
Panchayats resolved issues at the village level. Their role and
functions kept on changing at different points of time. In modern
times, elected local government bodies were created after 1882. Lord
Rippon, who was the Viceroy of India at that time, took the initiative in
creating these bodies. They were called the local boards. However, due
to slow progress in this regard, the Indian National Congress urged
the government to take necessary steps to make all local bodies more
effective. Following the Government of India Act 1919, village
panchayats were established in a number of provinces. This trend
continued after the Government of India Act of 1935.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-37

vkb,] bl ckr dh ppkZ djsa fd Hkkjr esa LFkkuh; 'kklu dk fodkl

dSls gqvk vkSj gekjs lafo/kku esa blds ckjs esa D;k dgk x;k gSA
ekuk tkrk gS fd viuk 'kklu [kqn pykus okys xzke leqnk; izkphu
Hkkjr esa ^lHkk* ds :i esa ekStwn FksA le; chrus ds lkFk xk¡o dh
bu lHkkvksa us iapk;r dk :i ys fy;kA le; cnyus ds
lkFk&lkFk iapk;rksa dh Hkwfedk vkSj dke Hkh cnyrs jgsA vk/kqfud
le; esa] LFkkuh; 'kklu ds fuokZfpr fudk; lu~ 1882 ds ckn
vfLrRo esa vk,A ml oDr ykMZ fjiu Hkkjr dk ok;ljk; FkkA mlus
bu fudk;ksa dks cukus dh fn'kk esa igydneh dhA ml oDr bls
eqdkeh cksMZ dgk tkrk FkkA cgjgky] bl fn'kk esa izxfr cM+h /kheh
xfr ls gks jgh FkhA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; dkaxzsl us ljdkj ls ek¡x dh
fd lHkh LFkkuh; cksMks± dks T;knk dkjxj cukus ds fy, og T+k:jh
dne mBk,A xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k ,DV&1919 ds cuus ij vusd
izkarksa esa xzke iapk;r cusA lu~ 1935 ds xouZesaV vkWQ bafM;k
,DV ds ckn Hkh ;g izo`fÙk tkjh jghA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-38

Local governments got a fillip after the 73rd and 74 th Constitution

Amendment Acts. But even before that, some efforts in the direction of
developing local government bodies had already taken place. First in
the line was the Community Development Programme in 1952, which
sought to promote people’s participation in local development in a
range of activities. In this background, a three-tier Panchayati Raj
system of local government was recommended for the rural areas.
Some States (like Gujarat, Maharashtra) adopted the system of elected
local bodies around 1960. But in many States those local bodies did
not have enough powers and functions to look after the local
development. They were very much dependent on the State and
central governments for financial assistance. Many States did not
think it necessary to establish elected local bodies. In many instances,
local bodies were dissolved and the local government was handed over
to government officers. Many States had indirect elections to most
local bodies. In many States, elections to the local bodies were
postponed from time to time. After 1987, a thorough review of the
functioning of local government institutions was initiated. In 1989 the
P.K.Thungon Committee recommended constitutional recognition for
the local government bodies. A constitutional amendment to provide
for periodic elections to local government institutions, and enlistment
of appropriate functions to them, along with funds, was
recommended.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-38

lafo/kku ds 73osa vkSj 74osa la'kks/ku ds ckn LFkkuh;&'kklu dks

etcwr vk/kkj feykA ysfdu blls igys Hkh LFkkuh; 'kklu ds
fudk; cukus ds fy, dqN ç;kl gks pqds FksA bl flyflys esa igyk
uke vkrk gS 1952 ds lkeqnkf;d fodkl dk;ZØe dkA bl
dk;ZØe ds ihNs lksp ;g Fkh fd LFkkuh; fodkl dh fofHkUu
xfrfof/k;ksa esa turk dh Hkkxhnkjh gksA blh i`"BHkwfe esa xzkeh.k
bykdksa ds fy, ,d f=&Lrjh; iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dh flQkfj'k dh
xbZA dqN çns'k ¼elyu xqtjkr] egkjk"Vª½ us lu~ 1960 esa fuokZpu
}kjk cus LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh ç.kkyh viuk;hA ysfdu vusd çns'kksa
esa bu LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dh 'kfDr bruh ugha Fkh fd os LFkkuh;
fodkl dh ns[kHkky dj ldsaA ;s fudk; foÙkh; enn ds fy, çns'k
rFkk dsanzh; ljdkj ij\ cgqr T+;knk fuHkZj FksA dbZ çns'kksa us rks ;g
rd ugha ekuk fd fuokZpu }kjk LFkkuh; fudk; LFkkfir djus dh
Tk+:jr Hkh gSA ,sls cgqr ls mnkgj.k gSa tgk¡ LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks Hkax
djds LFkkuh; 'kklu dk ftEek ljdkjh vf/kdkjh dks lkSai fn;k
x;kA dbZ çns'kksa esa vf/kdka'k LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds pquko vçR;{k jhfr
ls gq,A vusd çns'kksa esa LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds pquko le;&le; ij
LFkfxr gksrs jgsA vuar'k;ue v;axj lafo/kku
VIII i`"B 428] 17 uoacj 1948 lu~ 1987 ds ckn LFkkuh;
'kklu dh laLFkkvksa ds xgu iqujkoyksdu dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA lu~
1989 esa ih ds Fkaqxu lfefr us LFkkuh; 'kklu ds fudk;ksa dks
laoS/kkfud ntkZ çnku djus dh flQ+kfj'k dhA lfefr dh flQ+kfj'k
Fkh fd LFkkuh; 'kklu dh laLFkkvksa ds pquko le;&le; ij djkus]
muds leqfpr dk;ks± dh lwph r; djus rFkk ,slh laLFkkvksa dks /ku
çnku djus ds fy, lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku fd;k tk;A
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-39

In 1989, the central government introduced two constitutional

amendments. These amendments aimed at strengthening local
governments and ensuring an element of uniformity in their structure
and functioning across the country. Later in 1992, the 73rd and 74th
constitutional amendments were passed by the Parliament. The 73rd
Amendment is about rural local governments (which are also known
as Panchayati Raj Institutions or PRIs) and the 74th amendment made
the provisions relating to urban local government (Nagarpalikas). The
73rd and 74th Amendments came into force in 1993. We have noticed
earlier that local government is a ‘State subject‘. States are free to
make their own laws on this subject. But once the Constitution was
amended, the States had to change their laws about local bodies in
order to bring these in conformity with the amended Constitution.
They were given one year’s time for making necessary changes in their
respective State laws in the light of these amendments.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-39
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-40

All States now have a uniform three tier Panchayati Raj structure. At
the base is the ‘Gram Panchayat‘. A Gram Panchayat covers a village
or group of villages. The intermediary level is the Mandal (also referred
to as Block or Taluka). These bodies are called Mandal or Taluka
Panchayats. The intermediary level body need not be constituted in
smaller States. At the apex is the Zilla Panchayat covering the entire
rural area of the District. The amendment also made a provision for
the mandatory creation of the Gram Sabha. The Gram Sabha would
comprise of all the adult members registered as voters in the
Panchayat area. Its role and functions are decided by State legislation.
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-41

vc lHkh çns'kksa esa iapk;rh jkt O;oLFkk dk <k¡pk f=&Lrjh; gSA

lcls uhps ;kuh igyh ik;nku ij xzke iapk;r vkrh gSA xzke
iapk;r ds nk;js esa ,d vFkok ,d ls T+;knk xk¡o gksrs gSaA eè;orhZ
Lrj ;kuh chp dk ik;nku eaMy dk gS ftls [kaM ;k rkyqdk Hkh
dgk tkrk gSA bl ik;nku ij dk;e LFkkuh; 'kklu ds fudk; dks
eaMy ;k rkyqdk iapk;r dgk tkrk gSA tks çns'k vkdkj esa NksVs gSa
ogk¡ eaMy ;k rkyqdk iapk;r ;kuh eè;orhZ Lrj dks cukus dh
T+k:jr ughaA lcls ÛÅijys ik;nku ij ftyk iapk;r dk LFkku gSA
blds nk;js esa ftys dk iwjk xzkeh.k bykdk vkrk gSA lafo/kku ds
73osa la'kks/ku esa bl ckr dk Hkh izko/kku gS fd xzke lHkk vfuok;Z
:i ls cukbZ tkuh pkfg,A iapk;rh gyds esa ernkrk ds :i esa
ntZ gj o;Ld O;fDr xzke lHkk dk lnL; gksrk gSA xzke lHkk dh
Hkwfedk vkSj dk;Z dk QS+lyk izns'k ds dkuwuksa ls gksrk gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-42

All the three levels of Panchayati Raj institutions are elected directly
by the people. The term of each Panchayat body is five years. If the
State government dissolves the Panchayat before the end of its five
year term, fresh elections must be held within six months of such
dissolution. This is an important provision that ensures the existence
of elected local bodies. Before the 73rd amendment, in many States,
there used to be indirect elections to the district bodies and there was
no provision for immediate elections after dissolution.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-42
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-43

One third of the positions in all panchayat institutions are reserved for
women. Reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes are
also provided for at all the three levels, in proportion to their
population. If the States find it necessary, they can also provide for
reservations for the backward castes (OBCs). It is important to note
that these reservations apply not merely to ordinary members in
Panchayats but also to the positions of Chairpersons or ‘Adhyakshas‘
at all the three levels. Further, reservation of one-third of the seats for
women is not merely in the general category of seats but also within
the seats reserved for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and
backward castes. This means that a seat may be reserved
simultaneously for a woman candidate and one belonging to the
Scheduled Castes or Scheduled Tribes. Thus, a Sarpanch would have
to be a Dalit woman or an Adivasi woman.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-43

lHkh iapk;rh laLFkkvkas esa ,d frgkbZ lhV efgykvksa ds fy, vkjf{kr

gSA rhuksa Lrj ij vuqlwfpr tkfr vkSj vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy,
lhV esa vkj{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA ;g O;oLFkk vuqlwfpr
tkfr@tutkfr dh tula[;k ds vuqikr esa dh xbZ gSA ;fn çns'k dh
ljdkj T+k:jh le>s] rks og vU; fiNM+k oxZ dks Hkh lhV esa
vkj{k.k ns ldrh gSA ;gk¡ ;g ckr xkSjryc gS fd ;g vkj{k.k
iapk;r ds ek= lk/kkj.k lnL;ksa dh lhV rd lhfer ugha gSA rhuksa
gh Lrj ij vè;{k in rd vkj{k.k fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr
flQZ lkekU; Js.kh dh lhVksa ij gh efgykvksa dks ,d frgkbZ vkj{k.k
ugha fn;k x;k cfYd vuqlwfpr tkfr@vuqlwfpr tutkfr ds fy,
vkjf{kr lhV ij Hkh efgykvksa ds fy, ,d frgkbZ vkj{k.k dh
O;oLFkk gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gqvk fd dksbZ lhV efgyk mEehnokj vkSj
vuqlwfpr tkfr@tutkfr ds lnL; ds fy, lkFk&lkFk vkjf{kr dh tk
ldrh gSA bl rjg] ljiap dk in dksbZ nfyr vFkok vkfnoklh
efgyk /kj.k dj ldrh gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-44

Twenty-nine subjects, which were earlier in the State list of subjects,

are identified and listed in the Eleventh Schedule of the Constitution.
These subjects are to be transferred to the Panchayati Raj institutions.
These subjects were mostly linked to development and welfare
functions at the local level. The actual transfer of these functions
depends upon the State legislation. Each State decides how many of
these twenty-nine subjects would be transferred to the local bodies.
The provisions of the 73rd amendment were not made applicable to the
areas inhabited by the Adivasi populations in many States of India. In
1996, a separate act was passed extending the provisions of the
Panchayat system to these areas. Many Adivasi communities have
their traditional customs of managing common resources such as
forests and small water reservoirs, etc. Therefore, the new act protects
the rights of these communities to manage their resources in ways
acceptable to them. For this purpose, more powers are given to the
Gram Sabhas of these areas and elected village panchayats have to get
the consent of the Gram Sabha in many respects. The idea behind this
act is that local traditions of self government should be protected while
introducing modern elected bodies. This is only consistent with the
spirit of diversity and decentralisation.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-44

,sls 29 fo"k; tks igys jkT; lwph esa Fks] vc igpku dj lafo/kku
dh 11oha vuqlwph esa ntZ dj fy, x, gSaA bu fo"k;ksa dks iapk;rh
jkt laLFkkvksa dks gLrkarfjr fd;k tkuk gSA vf/kdka'k ekeyksa esa bu
fo"k;ksa dk laca/k LFkkuh; Lrj ij gksus okys fodkl vkSj dY;k.k ds
dkedkt ls gSA bu dk;ks± dk okLrfod gLrkarj.k izns'k ds dkuwu
ij fuHkZj gSA gj izns'k ;g QSlyk djsxk fd bu 29 fo"k;ksa esa ls
fdrus dks LFkkuh; fudk;ksa ds gokys djuk gSA Hkkjr ds vusd izns'kksa
ds vkfnoklh tula[;k okys {ks=ksa dks 73osa la'kks/ku ds izko/kkuksa ls
nwj j[kk x;k FkkA ;s izko/kku bu {ks=ksa ij ykxw ugha gksrs FksA lu~
1996 esa vyx ls ,d vf/kfu;e cuk vkSj iapk;rh O;oLFkk ds
izko/kuksa ds nk;js esa bu {ks=ksa dks Hkh 'kkfey dj fy;k x;kA vusd
vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa esa taxy vkSj ty&tksgM+ tSls lk>s lalk/kuksa dh
ns[k&js[k ds jhfr&fjokt ekStwn gSaA bl dkj.k] u;s vf/kfu;e esa
vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa ds bl vf/kdkj dh j{kk dh xbZ gSA os vius
jhfr&fjokt ds vuqlkj lalk/kuksa dh ns[kHkky dj ldrs gSaA bl
mís'; ls ,sls bykdksa dh xzke lHkk dks vis{kkd`r T;knk vf/kdkj
fn, x, gSa vkSj fuokZfpr xzke iapk;r dks dbZ ek;uksa esa xzke lHkk
dh vuqefr ysuh iM+rh gSA bl vf/kfu;e ds ihNs ewy fopkj
Lo&'kklu dh LFkkuh; ijaijk dks cpkuk vkSj vk/kqfud <ax ls
fuokZfpr fudk;ksa ls ,sls leqnk;ksa dks ifjfpr djkuk gSA fofo/krk
vkSj fodsanzhdj.k dh Hkkouk ls bl fopkj dh laxfr cSBrh gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-45

The State government is required to appoint a State Election

Commissioner who would be responsible for conducting elections to
the Panchayati Raj institutions. Earlier, this task was performed by
the State administration which was under the control of the State
government. Now, the office of the State Election Commissioner is
autonomous like the Election Commissioner of India. However, the
State Election Commissioner is an independent officer and is not
linked to nor is this officer under the control of the Election
Commission of India.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-45

izns'kksa ds fy, T+k:jh gS fd os ,d jkT; pquko vk;qDr fu;qDr djsaA

bl vk;qDr dh fTkEesnkjh iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa ds pquko djkus dh
gksxhA igys ;g dke izns'k dk iz'kklu djrk Fkk] tks çns'k dh
ljdkj ds v/khu gksrk gSA vc Hkkjr ds pquko vk;qDr ds leku
izns'k dk pquko vk;qDr Hkh Lok;Ùk gSA cgjgky] izns'k dk pquko
vk;qDr ,d Lora= vf/kdkjh gSA mldk vFkok mlds dk;kZy; dk
laca/k Hkkjr ds pquko vk;ksx ls ugha gksrkA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-46
It is not uncommon for nations to rewrite their constitutions in response to
changed circumstances or change of ideas within the society or even due to
political upheavals. The Soviet Union had four constitutions in its life of 74
years (1918, 1924, 1936 and 1977). In 1991, the rule of the Communist
Party of Soviet Union came to an end and soon the Soviet federation
disintegrated. After this political upheaval, the newly formed Russian
federation adopted a new constitution in 1993. But look at India. The
Constitution of India was adopted on 26 November 1949. Its implementation
formally started from 26 January 1950. More than fifty-five years after that,
the same constitution continues to function as the framework within which
the government of our country operates. Is it that our Constitution is so
good that it needs no change? Was it that our Constitution makers were so
farsighted and wise that they had foreseen all the changes that would take
place in the future? In some sense both the answers are correct. It is true
that we have inherited a very robust Constitution. The basic framework of
the Constitution is very much suited to our country. It is also true that the
Constitution makers were very farsighted and provided for many solutions
for future situations. But no constitution can provide for all eventualities.
No document can be such that it needs no change.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-46
ifjfLFkfrxr cnyko] lkekftd ifjorZuksa vkSj dbZ ckj jktuhfrd mBkiVd
ds pyrs fofHkUu jk"Vªksa us vius lafoèkku dks nqckjk RkS;kj fd;k gSA
lksfo;r la?k esa 74 o"kks± ds nkSjku&¼1918] 1924] 1936 vkSj 1977½
lafoèkku pkj ckj cnyk x;kA 1991 esa ogk¡ dE;qfuLV ikVhZ dk 'kklu
lekIr gks x;k vkSj tYnh gh lksfo;r x.kjkT; Hkh fc[kj x;kA bl
jktuhfrd Hkwpky ds ckn ogk¡ :lh x.kjkT;ksa dk u, fljs ls xBu fd;k
x;k vkSj 1993 esa ,d u;k lafoèkku vaxhdkj fd;k x;kA vc Tk+jk
Hkkjr dh vksj uT+kj nkSM+k,¡! Hkkjrh; lafoèkku 26 uoacj 1949 dks
vaxhÑr fd;k x;kA bl lafoèkku dks 26 tuojh 1950 dks vkSipkfjd
:i ls ykxw fd;k x;kA rc ls ysdj vkt rd ipiu o"kZ chr pqds gSa
vkSj ;g lafoèkku yxkrkj dke dj jgk gSA gekjs ns'k dh ljdkj blh
lafoèkku ds vuqlkj dke djrh gSA rks] D;k ge ;g ekusa fd gekjk
lafoèkku bruk vPNk gS fd mlesa fdlh cnyko dh Tk:jr gh ugha gS\
D;k gekjs lafoèkku&fuekZrk brus nwjn'khZ Fks fd mUgksaus le; ds cnykoksa
vkSj ?kVukvksa dk vanktk igys gh yxk fy;k Fkk\ ,d vFkZ esa ;s nksuksa
gh ckrsa Bhd gSaA ;g ckr lgh gS fd gesa ,d eTkcwr lafoèkku fojklr esa
feyk gSA bl lafoèkku dh cukoV gekjs ns'k dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds csgn
vuqdwy gSaA blds lkFk ;g ckr Hkh lgh gS fd gekjs lafoèkku&fuekZrk
vR;ar nwjn'khZ FksA mUgksaus Hkfo"; ds dbZ iz'uksa dk lekèkku mlh le;
dj fy;k FkkA ysfdu dksbZ Hkh lafoèkku lnk loZnk ds fy, Bhd ugha gks
ldrkA ,slk dksbZ nLrkosTk ugha gksrk ftls cnyus dh vko';drk u iMs+A
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-47

The makers of the Indian Constitution were aware of this problem and
sought to strike a balance. They placed the Constitution above
ordinary law and expected that the future generations will respect this
document. At the same time, they recognised that in the future, this
document may require modifications. Even at the time of writing the
Constitution, they were aware that on many matters there were
differences of opinion. Whenever society would veer toward any
particular opinion, a change in the constitutional provisions would be
required. Thus, the Indian Constitution is a combination of both the
approaches mentioned above: that the constitution is a sacred
document and that it is an instrument that may require changes from
time to time. In other words, our Constitution is not a static
document, it is not the final word about everything; it is not
unalterable.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-47
Hkkjrh; lafoèkku ds fuekZrkvksa dks bl leL;k dk vkHkkl Fkk] blfy,
mUgksaus lafoèkku esa ,d larqyu iSnk djus dh dksf'k'k dhA mUgksu
a s lafoèkku
dks lkekU; dkuwu ls Å¡pk ntkZ fn;k rkfd vkus okyh ihf<;k¡ mls laeku
dh n`f"V ls ns[ksaA lkFk gh lafoèkku cukrs le; mUgksaus bl ckr dk Hkh
[;ky j[kk fd Hkfo"; esa bl nLrkosTk esa la'kksèku dh vko'drk iM+ ldrh
gSA lafoèkku fuekZ.k dh izfØ;k ds nkSjku Hkh os bl ckr dks ysdj lpsr Fks
fd fdlh eqn~ns ij yksxksa dh jk; vyx&vyx gks ldrh gSA os tkurs Fks fd
tc lekt fdlh er fo'ks"k dh vksj T;knk vkÑ"V gksxk rc lafoèkku ds
izkoèkkuksa esa la'kksèku dh vko';drk eglwl dh tk,xhA blfy, lafoèkku
cukrs le; nksuksa ckrksa dk è;ku j[kk x;k ;kuh mls ifo=k nLrkosTk ekuus
ds lkFk&lkFk bruk yphyk Hkh cuk;k x;k fd mlesa le; dh vko';drk
ds vuq:i ;Fkksfpr cnyko fd, tk ldsaA nwljs 'kCnksa esa gekjk lafoèkku
dksbZ tM+ vkSj vifjoRkZuh; nLrkosTk ugha gSA blesa fdlh fLFkfr ds ckjs esa
vafre fu.kZ; nsus ls cpk x;k gSA ;g dksbZ vifjorZuh; phT+k ugha gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of succe ss

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-48

We have already seen that the makers of our Constitution wanted to strike a
balance. The Constitution must be amended if so required. But it must be
protected from unnecessary and frequent changes. In other words, they
wanted the Constitution to be ‘flexible’ and at the same time ‘rigid’. Flexible
means open to changes and rigid means resistant to changes. A constitution
that can be very easily changed or modified is often called flexible. In the
case of constitutions, which are very difficult to amend, they are described
as rigid. The Indian Constitution combines both these characteristics. The
makers of the Constitution were aware of the fact that there may be some
faults or mistakes in the Constitution; they knew that the Constitution
could not be totally free of errors. Whenever such mistakes would come to
light, they wanted the Constitution to be easily amended and to be able to
get rid of these mistakes. Then there were some provisions in the
Constitution that were of temporary nature and it was decided that these
could be altered later on once the new Parliament was elected. But at the
same time, the Constitution was framing a federal polity and therefore, the
rights and powers of the States could not be changed without the consent of
the States. Some other features were so central to the spirit of the
Constitution that the Constitution makers were anxious to protect these
from change. These provisions had to be made rigid. These considerations
led to different ways of amending the Constitution.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-48
ge igys gh dg pqds gSa fd gekjs lafoèkku fuekZrk lafoèkku dks ,d
larqfyr nLrkosTk cukus ds i{kèkj FksA lafoèkku dks bruk yphyk gksuk gh
pkfg, fd mlesa vko';drk ds vuqlkj cnyko fd, tk ldsaA ysfdu lkFk
gh bls vuko';d vkSj vDlj gksus okys cnykoksa ls cpk;k tkuk pkfg,A
nwljs 'kCnksa esa lafoèkku fuekZrk lafoèkku dks ,d gh lkFk ^yphyk* vkSj
^dBksj* cukus ds i{k esa FksA ;gk¡ yphys dk eryc gS ifjorZuksa ds izfr
[kqyh n`f"V vkSj dBksj dk vFkZ gS vuko';d ifjorZuksa ds izfr l[r jOkS;kA
yphyk lafoèkku og gksrk gS ftlesa vklkuh ls la'kksèku fd;k tk lds ftu
lafoèkkuksa esa la'kksèku djuk cgqr eqf'dy gksrk gS ,sls lafoèkkuksa dks dBksj
dgk tkrk gSA Hkkjrh; lafoèkku esa bu nksuksa gh rÙoksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k
gSA lafoèkku fuekZrk tkurs Fks fd lafoèkku esa =qfV;k¡ gks ldrh gSaA os le>rs
Fks fd lafoèkku iwjh rjg nks"keqDr ugha gks ldrkA os lafoèkku dks ,d ,slk
:i nsuk pkgrs Fks fd =qfV lkeus vkus ij mldk fuokj.k vklkuh ls fd;k
tk lds bl lafoèkku ds dqN izkoèkkuksa dk Lo:i vLFkk;h Fkk vkSj buds
ckjs esa ;g jk; viuk;h x;h Fkh fd u;h laln dk xBu gksus ij ;k ckn
esa bu izkoèkkuksa dks gVk fy;k tk,xkA gekjk lafoèkku ,d la?kh;
jkT;O;oLFkk cukus ds i{k esa FkkA blfy, mlesa ,sls izkoèkku fd, x, Fks
fd jkT;ksa dh 'kfDr;ksa dks mudh lgefr ds fcuk ugha gVk;k tk lds blds
dqN i{k brus dsanzh; egÙo ds Fks fd lafoèkku fuekZrk mUgsa la'kksèku ds
nk;js ls ckgj j[kuk pkgrs FksA vr% bu izkoèkkuksa dh la'kksèku izfØ;k dks
dBksj cukuk vko';d FkkA ;gh otg gS fd lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus ds
fy, fofHkUu rjhds viukus iMs+A
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-49
There are many articles in the Constitution, which mention that these
articles can be amended by a simple law of the Parliament. No special
procedure for amendment is required in such cases and there is no
difference at all between an amendment and an ordinary law. These
parts of the Constitution are very flexible. Read carefully the following
text of some articles of the Constitution. In both these articles, the
wording ‘by law’ indicates that these articles can be modified by the
Parliament without recourse to the procedure laid down in Article 368.
Many other articles of the Constitution can be modified by the
Parliament in this simple manner.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-49

lafoèkku esa ,sls dbZ vuqPNsn gSa ftuesa laln lkekU; dkuwu cukdj
la'kksèku dj ldrh gSaA ,sls ekeyksa esa dksbZ fo'ks"k izfØ;k viukus dh
t:jr ugha gksrhA bl izdkj ds la'kksèku vkSj lkekU; dkuwu esa dksbZ
varj ugha gksrkA lafoèkku ds bu fgLlksa dks dkQh yphyk cuk;k x;k gSA
vkxs lafoèkku ds nks vuqPNsn fn, x, gSaA bUgsa è;kuiwoZd i<sa+A bu nksuksa
vuqPNsnksa esa ^fofèk }kjk* 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ ;g gS
fd laln bu vuqPNsnksa esa vuqPNsn 368 esa of.kZr izfØ;k dks viuk,
fcuk gh la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA lafoèkku ds vusd vuqPNsnksa esas laln blh
ljy rjhds ls la'kksèku dj ldrh gSA
 Rahul’s
a blue print of success

TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-50
For amending the remaining parts of the Constitution, provision has been
made in Article 368 of the Constitution. In this article, there are two
methods of amending the Constitution and they apply to two different sets of
articles of the Constitution. One method is that amendment can be made by
special majority of the two houses of the Parliament. The other method is
more difficult: it requires special majority of the Parliament and consent of
half of the State legislatures. Note that all amendments to the Constitution
are initiated only in the Parliament. Besides the special majority in the
Parliament no outside agency——like a constitution commission or a
separate body—is required for amending the Constitution.
Similarly, after the passage in the Parliament and in some cases, in State
legislatures, no referendum is required for ratification of the amendment. An
amendment bill, like all other bills, goes to the President for his assent, but
in this case, the President has no powers to send it back for reconsideration.
These details show how rigid and complicated the amending process could
have been. Our Constitution avoids these complications. This makes the
amendment procedure relatively simple. But more importantly, this process
underlines an important principle: only elected representatives of the people
are empowered to consider and take final decisions on the question of
amendments. Thus, sovereignty of elected representatives (parliamentary
sovereignty) is the basis of the amendment procedure.
 TRANSLATION
HINDI TO ENGLISH
PRACTICE SET-50

lafoèkku ds 'ks"k [kaMksa esa la'kksèku djus ds fy, vuqPNsn 368 esa izkoèkku
fd;k x;k gSA bl vuqPNsn esa lafoèkku esa la'kksèku djus ds nks rjhds fn,
x, gSaA ;s rjhds lafoèkku ds lHkh vuqPNsnksa ij ,dleku :i ls ykxw ugha
gksrsA ,d rjhds ds varxZr laln ds nksuksa lnuksa ds fo'ks"k cgqer }kjk
la'kksèku djus dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA nwljk rjhdk T;knk dBksj gSA blds fy,
laln ds fo'ks"k cgqer vkSj jkT; foèkkuikfydkvksa dh vkèkh la[;k dh
vko';drk gksrh gSA è;ku nsa fd lafoèkku la'kksèku dh izfØ;k laln ls gh
'kq: gksrh gSA laln ds fo'ks"k cgqer ds vykok fdlh ckgjh ,tsalh tSls
lafoèkku vk;ksx ;k fdlh vU; fudk; dh lafoèkku dh la'kksèku izfØ;k esa
dksbZ Hkwfedk ugha gksrhA blh izdkj laln ;k dqN ekeyksa esa jkT;
foèkkuikfydkvksa esa la'kksèku ikfjr gksus ds i'pkr~ bl la'kksèku dks iq"V djus
ds fy, fdlh izdkj ds tuer laxzg dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA vU; lHkh
foèks;dksa dh rjg la'kksèku foèks;d dks Hkh jk"Vªifr ds vuqeksnu ds fy,
Hkstk tkrk gS ijarq bl ekeys esa jk"Vªifr dks iqufoZpkj djus dk vfèkdkj
ugha gSA bu ckrksa ls irk pyrk gS fd la'kksèku dh izfØ;k fdruh dBksj
vkSj tfVy gks ldrh gSA gekjs lafoèkku esa bu tfVyrkvksa ls cpk x;k gSA
blls gekjs ;gk¡ la'kksèku dh izfØ;k vis{kkÑr ljy gks xbZ gSA ysfdu ;gk¡
,d egÙoiw.kZ rF; ij è;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,&la'kksèku ds iz'u ij vafre
jk; turk ds fuokZfpr izfrfufèk;ksa dh gh gksrh gSA bldk vFkZ ;g gS fd
la'kksèku dh izfØ;k dk vkèkkj fuokZfpr izfrfufèk;ksa ¼lalnh; laizHkqrk½ esa
fufgr gSA