Design of Isolated Footings ACI-318-2019 (Axial Load Only)

Structural Design
of isolated footings
according to ACI-
318-2019
Prepared by: Amr Mohammed Abdelmoaez (Structural Design Engineer)
Series 1 [Design of shallow foundations-Isolated footings)
This document consists of 1 cover page & 61 printed pages.

Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2
Steps for designing an isolated footing subjected to axial load only. ...................................... 3
Given Data from analysis results: ............................................................................................3
Materials Properties .............................................................................................................3
Step 1 (Find footing dimensions & check stresses) ...............................................................4
Step 2 (Find the required footing thickness) .........................................................................6
One-Way Shear ...............................................................................................................6
Two-way Shear (Punching Shear) ....................................................................................9
Step 3 (Design for flexure) ................................................................................................. 14
Step 4: Check for Bearing Strength .................................................................................... 25
Step 5: Check for Spacing of Bars ...................................................................................... 27
Step 6: Check for Development Length .............................................................................. 28
Hooked Bars .................................................................................................................. 29
Headed Bars .................................................................................................................. 31
Deformed Bars .............................................................................................................. 33
Deformed Bars in compression ...................................................................................... 36
Step 7: Draw Footings Details ............................................................................................ 37
Solved Example ................................................................................................................. 38
List of Abbreviations & Symbols ........................................................................................ 56
Table of Figures .................................................................................................................. 59
List of Equations ................................................................................................................. 59
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 60
References .......................................................................................................................... 61
Page 1 of 61
Introduction
Footings are crucial structural members of any building. They act as intermediate between
columns and walls to transfer the loads to the soil safely. Footings can be classified into two
categories:
Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations are footings where excavation level is less than or equal to the footing
width.
Deep Foundations
Deep Foundations are footings where excavation depth is greater than the footing depth. Table 1
below summarizes the differences between shallow & deep foundations.
Table 1: Comparison between shallow & Deep foundations
Footing Type Shallow Footings Deep Footings

Excavation Level Less than or equal to footing width Greater than the footing width
Examples Isolated footing, Strap Beams, Slab Piles, Raft on Pile
on Grade
Cost Cheaper More Expensive
Feasibility Easier to construct More Complex
In this series we will discuss the structural design of an isolated footing subjected to pure axial
load only according to the ACI-318-2019.
Figure 1: 3D view for a building with isolated footings.
Page 2 of 61
Steps for designing an isolated footing subjected to axial load only.

Given Data from analysis results:
Materials Properties
• fc’ (MPa) [Characteristic compressive strength of concrete using cylinder sample]
• fy (MPa) [Yielding strength of steel/reinforcement bars]
• Columns Dimensions (bxt mm)
• Ultimate Load for column Pu (ton)
• Service Load for column Pw (ton)
• Bearing Capacity for soil (qall tm-2) from soil report
The following table summarizes the given data from analysis results & soil reports.
Column Data
Length (t) Width (b)
Dimensions (mm)
✓ ✓
Ultimate Load [Pu (ton)] ✓
Service Load [Pw (ton)] ✓
Characteristic compressive
strength of concrete for ✓
column fc’ (MPa/Nmm-2)
Yielding Strength of steel for
✓
column fy (MPa/Nmm-2)
Footing Data
Bearing Capacity of soil from
✓
soil report (tm-2)
Characteristic compressive
strength of concrete for footing ✓
fc’ (MPa/Nmm-2)
Yielding Strength of steel for

✓
footing fy (MPa/Nmm-2)
Page 3 of 61
Step 1 (Find footing dimensions & check stresses)

Find the required area A for footing using the following Equation:
P
A = q w = L𝑥B (m2 ) (1)
all
Also:
L−B =t−b (2)
Let (t-b) = c
From (1):
L =B+c
∴ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑐)𝑥𝐵
∴ A = 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝑐
∴ 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝑐 − 𝐴 = 0
This is a quadratic Equation having the form of:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Where:
a=1, b=c & c = A
Figure 2: Plan View for an isolated footing
Figure 3: Sectional View for an isolated footing
Page 4 of 61
From mathematics, the general solution for this Equation is:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Where, in our case the discriminant 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is always positive i.e., the solution is always a real
number and have no complex roots.
After solving for B now we can find L using:
𝐴
𝐿=
𝐵
Finally, after finding the required dimensions for the footing, check the stresses on soil using the
following Equation:
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 𝐼𝑥 𝑀𝑦𝑤 𝐼𝑦
0≤ ± ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴 𝑦 𝑥
Equation 1: Normal stress Equation
In our case we have axial load only, so Equation 1 becomes:

𝑃𝑤
0≤ ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐿𝑥𝐵
Page 5 of 61
Step 2 (Find the required footing thickness)

The footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural design. Consequently,
we will find the required thickness for the footing to satisfy both one-way & two-way shear.
After that we will design the footing for flexure & ensure that the required reinforcement for the
footing is satisfied.
One-Way Shear
One-way shear is a phenomenon in which shear forces acting predominantly in one direction of
structural elements such as beams, slabs, or footings. Structural design is crucial for ensuring
safety & stability of a structural member. One-way shear can be resisted by shear-stirrups/links
concrete thickness or a combination of both.
ACI-318-2019 states that one-way shear should satisfy the following Equation:
𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(𝑉𝑐 + 0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑)
Equation 2: Equation 22.5.1.2 of ACI-318-2019
The nominal one-way shear strength in any section is calculated by:

𝑉𝑛 ≤ 𝑉𝑐 + 𝑉𝑠
To find Vc, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019, gives 3 values for Vc shown below:
Table 2: Vc for non-prestressed members (Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019)
Vc for non-prestressed members

Criteria Vc
𝑁𝑢
[0.17𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑 (a)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
Av≥Avmin Either of: 1 𝑁𝑢
[0.66𝜆𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑 (b)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
1 𝑁𝑢
Av>Avmin [0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑 (c)
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
Page 6 of 61
Normally in isolated footings concrete only resists shear stress due to one-way shear, therefore;
criteria (c) from table 2 may be chosen.
𝑁𝑢
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = [0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )√𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
Article 13.2.6.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the size effect modification factor (λs) may be
neglected for isolated footings, combined footings, strip footings & mat foundations for both
one-way & two-way shear. Consequently, we will consider this clause and neglect the size effect
modification factor. In addition, since no reinforcement will be used for contribution of one-way
shear in isolated footings, the allowable strength for one-way shear becomes:
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(𝑉𝑐 )
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ )𝑏𝑤 𝑑
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙 (0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ ) 1000 ∗ 𝑑
To find Vu simply, calculate the Fact and substitute into:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ (𝑧 − 𝑑 )
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
Page 7 of 61
Where:
Vu is the factored shear force at section in Newtons (N) from structural analysis.
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete in Newtons (N).
Vs is the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in Newtons (N).
bw is the width considered in designing for one-way shear in (mm).
d is the effective depth of concrete (d = h-cover-bars used) in (mm).
λ is a modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
relative to normal weight concrete of the same compressive strength. For normal weight concrete
λ is 1.
λs is size effect modification factor.
2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑
Equation 4: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019
Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore for d ≤250mm λs to be taken 1.
ρw is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).
Note that in this step the flexural steel is not yet known, so As will be assumed the minimum
reinforcement which is: 0.0018bh (mm2).
Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member, here Lxb in our case (mm2).
Փ strength reduction factor for shear which is 0.75 from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
Fact is the actual normal stresses acting on footing.
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)1

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
1
1.2 is a factor of safety accounting for dead load of footing & 2.5tm -3 is the concrete density.
Page 8 of 61
Two-way Shear (Punching Shear)

Two-way shear or (punching shear) is a phenomenon, referring to the tendency of a structural
slab or footing to fail around columns or other load bearing elements subjected to axial loads.
Consequently, due to the applied vertical load, the slab or footing creates concentrated stresses
around the support, leading to a punching failure mechanism.
To overcome this issue, the designer could increase the thickness of slab or footing, use drop
panels for flat slabs, use sheal links/studs or a combination of both. Punching shear design is
crucial especially for edge or corner columns, so the column location is critical wither it is
interior, edge or column. ACI-318-2019 states that the nominal shear strength is:
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑐
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣𝑠
Article 22.6.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the value for √fc’ should not exceed 8.3MPa, i.e., fc’
should not exceed 68MPa and the value for fy should not exceed 420 MPa according to table
20.2.2.4.
Concrete area resisting punching shear.
Figure 4: Effective Concrete area resisting punching shear
Page 9 of 61
The effective punching shear force is calculated by:

𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑 )(𝑡 + 𝑑 )]
As aforementioned, the punching shear can be resisted by either concrete only or a combination
of concrete & steel. Tables 3 & 4 show how to calculate vc.
Table 3: vc for two-way members without shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-
2019)
Case vc
(a) 0.33𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
0.33
(b) Least of (a), (b) & (c) (0.17 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
(c) (0.17 +)𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Table 4: vc for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.1.1 of ACI-318-
2019)
Type of Shear RFT vc

Case
Stirrups 0.17𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
(a) 0.25𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

2
(b) 0.17(1 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
Headed Shear Stud Least of (a), (b), (c) & 𝛽
Reinforcement (d) 𝛼𝑠 𝑑
(c) 0.083(2 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
(d) 0.17𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore if d ≤250mm λs is taken 1.

Article 22.6.6.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that λs may be taken 1.0 if one of the following two
cases is satisfied.
➢ Stirrups are designed & detailed, satisfying table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019 such that;
➢ Smoothed headed shear stud reinforcement with stud shaft length not exceeding 250mm,
satisfying table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019 such that:
➢ Both clauses should satisfy:
A𝑣 𝑏𝑜
≥ 0.17√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Page 10 of 61
The maximum spacing for shear stirrups or shear studs are shown in tables 5 & 6 below:
Table 5: First stirrup location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019)
Maximum distance or
Direction of Measurement Description of measurement
spacing (mm)
Distance from column face to
d/2
Perpendicular to column face first support
Spacing between stirrups d/2
Spacing between vertical legs of
Parallel to column face 2d
stirrups
In case of using shear stirrups or studs, the maximum vu is shown below:

Table 6: Shear Stud location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019)
Maximum
Direction of Description of
Condition Distance or
Measurement Measurement
spacing
Distance of
column face to
first peripheral All d/2
line of shear
studs
Perpendicular to Non-Prestressed
column face Constant slabs with v𝑢 ≤ 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′ 3d/4
spacing
Non-Prestressed
between
slabs with v𝑢 > 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′ d/2
peripheral lines
of shear studs Prestressed slabs2 conforming to
3d/4
22.6.5.4
Spacing
between
adjacent shear
Parallel to
studs on All 2d
column face
peripheral line
nearest to
column face
2
Not in our scope for this series
Page 11 of 61
Table 7: Maximum vu for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table22.6.6.3 of

ACI-318-2019)
Maximum at critical section defined in

Type of Shear Reinforcement
22.6.4.1
Stirrups 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′
Headed Shear Stud reinforcement 0.66∅√𝑓𝑐 ′

In case of using shear, stirrups vs can be calculated using the following Equation:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑣𝑠 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑠
Note that, the minimum depth should satisfy the following, according to Article 22.6.7.1 of ACI-
318-2019:
1. 150mm
2. 16db
Alternatively, if shear studs are used, vs can be calculated using the following Equation:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑣𝑠 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑠
And ensure that:

𝐴𝑣 𝑏𝑜
≥ 0.17√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑠 𝑓𝑦𝑡
Page 12 of 61
Where:
Pu is the ultimate load of column from structural analysis.
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)3

𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
αs a constant used to calculate Vc in slabs & footings, which is:
• 40 for interior columns
• 30 for edge columns
• 20 for corner columns
bo is the perimeter of critical section for two-way/punching shear in slabs & footings (mm)
vc is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by concrete in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vn is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by reinforcement in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vs is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress acting on footing or slab in (MPa/Nmm-2)
λ is 1.
β is the ratio of long dimension to short dimension.
2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑
Vu is the ultimate design shear.
3
1.2 is a factor of safety accounting for dead load of footing & 2.5tm -3 is the concrete density.
Page 13 of 61
Step 3 (Design for flexure)

After designing the footing depth to satisfy both one-way shear & two-way shear as
aforementioned, we design the footing depth for flexure & ensure that the depth is satisfactory.
The footing is a shell element, i.e., the load goes in both directions, horizontally & vertically.
Consequently, we have Mux & Muy. In similar way for designing beams, footings and slabs are
designed using first principles:
Figure 5: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution.
From equilibrium:
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
2 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛
Similarly, to flexure design of beams, we have 3 modes of failure, under-reinforced, balanced &
over-reinforced. Therefore, we design the section as under-reinforced section to ensure that the
failure is ductile. Ductile failure occurs when steel bars reach yielding before concrete.
Consequently, we design footings for ductile failure i.e. under reinforced section. Article
21.2.2.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that εt should not be less than 0.005.
Note that:
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 & 0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85
7
Page 14 of 61
The question arising is how to find Mu? Article 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that the critical
section for determining Mu is at the face of column. See table 8 below:
Table 8: Location of critical section for Mu (Table 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019)
Supported Member Location of critical section

Column or pedestal Face of column or pedestal
Column with steel or base plate Halfway between face of column and edge of steel
base plate
Concrete Wall Face of wall
Masonry Wall Halfway between center and face of masonry wall
Figure 6: Critical section for Mu
As aforementioned:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
Let (L-t)/2 = z1 & (B-t) = z2
𝑧1 2 𝐾𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ ∗𝐵 ( )
2 𝑚
Similarly in the other direction
𝑧2 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ ∗𝐿
2
Please note that, since (L-B) = (t-b), choosing either direction (Mux or Muy), will give the same
required reinforcement.
Page 15 of 61
Table 9: Values for β1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution (Table
22.2.2.4.3 of ACI-318-2019)
fc’ (MPa) β1
17≤ fc’28 0.85
28< fc’<55 𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
0.85 − 0.05
7
fc’≥55 0.65
Similarly, Փ is a strength reduction factor, mentioned in chapter 21 of ACI-318-2019, to

account for probability of under strength materials due to variations of material strengths and
dimensions, account of inaccuracies in design equations and to reflect the available ductility.
From triangles similarity in figure 5:
𝜀𝑐 ∗ (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
εt should be greater than 0.005 according to Article 21.2.2.2 of ACI-318-2019, therefore; if εt is
less than 0.005, the section will be over-reinforced or balanced, i.e. the section will endeavor a
brittle failure. See table 9 below for strength reduction factor.
Table 10: Strength Reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and
axial force (Table21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019)
Փ
Net tensile strain εt Classification Types of transverse reinforcement
Spirals Others
εt ≤ εty Compression Controlled 0.75 0.65
(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ) (𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
εty<εt< εty +0.003 Transition 0.75 + 0.15 0.65 + 0.25
0.003 0.003
εt> εty+0.003 Tension Controlled 0.90 0.90
Page 16 of 61
Let’s consider the balanced section case:

As aforementioned, a balanced section is a failure mode in which concrete and reinforcement
reach yielding simultaneously. Therefore, to ensure ductility c must be less than cb.
Figure 7: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section
From triangles similarity:

𝑐𝑏 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑐 + 𝐸
𝑠
Knowing that Es = 20000 MPa & εc = 0.003 gives:

0.003
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.003 + 200000
600
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐 < 𝑐𝑏
Page 17 of 61
Now follow these steps to find the required reinforcement for a footing section with known Mu
and dimensions.
Knowing that:
𝑀𝑢 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
∅ 2 2
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎= ′ = ′ = 𝜌( )𝑑
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
Let:
𝑓𝑦
𝑚=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝑎 = 𝜌𝑚𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝜌
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑]
𝜙 2
Divide both sides by bd2 gives:
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 𝑏𝑑 𝜌 𝜌𝑚
2
= 2
= 𝜌 2 𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑] = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 2
Let:
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 = =
𝑏𝑑 2 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2
𝜌𝑚
∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 [1 − ]
2
𝜌2 𝑚
∴ 𝜌𝑓𝑦 − 𝑓 − 𝑅𝑛 = 0
2 𝑦
2𝜌 2𝑅𝑛
∴ 𝜌2 − + =0
𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦
Page 18 of 61
This is a quadratic equation having the form of ax2+bx+c=0.

Where: a = 1, b = (-2/m) & c = 2Rn/fy, and the discriminant is √((-2/m)2-8Rn/fy)
The solution for the quadratic equation is:
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝜌=
2𝑎
Note that ρ must be less than ρb to ensure ductile failure.
−𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∴𝜌=
2𝑎
1 2 4 8𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ −√ 2− ]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦
1 2 4 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ −√ ( − )]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2 4 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌 = [ −√ √ − ]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2 2 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √ − ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2 2 𝑓𝑦 − 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √ ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦
1 2 2 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √1 − ]
2 𝑚 √ 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= − √1 −
𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑚 𝑓𝑦
Page 19 of 61
Substituting
𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝑚= ′ & 𝑅𝑛 = 2
=
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.9 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.35𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑
Page 20 of 61
Now let’s consider the lower and upper limits for flexural design of footings. According to
Article 8.6.1.1 of ACI-318-2019, the minimum area for flexural reinforcement is 0.0018bh
(mm2). Although Article R21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the minimum εt to ensure ductility
is 0.005. Substituting εt =0.005 into:
Figure 8: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution

𝑐 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑐 +
𝐸𝑆
Substituting εc = 0.003 and fy/Es = 0.005 gives:

0.003
𝑐= 𝑑
0.003 + 0.005
3
∴𝑐= 𝑑
8
∴ 𝑐𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.375𝑑
∴ 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝛽1 0.375𝑑
3
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 𝑏𝑑
8
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 3 ′
∴ = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 𝛽
𝑏𝑑 8𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1
3 ′
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 𝛽
8𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1
𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
Page 21 of 61
Similarly for balanced case:
Figure 9: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section

𝑐𝑏 𝜀𝑐
=
𝑑 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑐 + 𝜀
𝑠
Knowing that Es = 20000 MPa & εc = 0.003 gives:

0.003
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
𝑓𝑦
0.003 + 200000
600
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
600
∴ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
600
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 ′ 𝛽 𝑏𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1
′
𝐴𝑠𝑏 600 1
∴ = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1
𝑏𝑑 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 600
∴ 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 ∗ ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑
Page 22 of 61
In conclusion, when calculating flexural area reinforcement, calculate the required reinforcement
using:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
And ensure that:

𝐴𝑠 > 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑏
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
A flexural reinforcement with As<Asmin, or As > Asmax meaning that the footing will endeavor a
brittle failure since the reinforcement will reach yielding simultaneously with concrete or
concrete will reach yielding before steel. Consequently, increasing the depth will make the
failure ductile if As<Asmax.
N.B that Article 13.3.3.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the reinforcement should be distributed as
follows:
➢ Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the entire width
of footing.
➢ Reinforcement in the short direction shall be distributed as follows:
✓ Portion of the toral reinforcement γsAs shall be distributed uniformly over a band
width equal to the length of the short side footing centered from column/pedestal
centerline.
✓ The remaining reinforcement required in the short reinforcement (1- γsAs), shall
be distributed uniformly outside the center band width of footing, where:
2
𝛾𝑠 =
(𝛽 + 1)
𝐿
𝛽= (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐵
➢ Alternatively, Commentary R13.3.3.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the reinforcement in
short direction may be spaced uniformly along the long direction and increased by:
2𝛽
(𝛽 + 1)
➢ Please Note, that Article 13.3.3.3 & Commentary 13.3.3.3 are recommended, but not
mandatory.
Page 23 of 61
Where:
Rn is the strength coefficient resistance (Nmm-2)
Mu is the ultimate design moment of the section (Nmm).
Փ is a strength reduction factor having a value of 0.90.
Mn is the nominal moment strength of the section (Nmm).
T is the resultant tension force in steel (N).
C is the resultant compression force in concrete (N).
As is the area of the tension steel (mm2).
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
fc’ is the compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2) for a cylinder sample of 150mm diameter &
300mm height.
εt is the strain at tension steel.
εc is the strain in extreme compression fibers.
h is the total depth/thickness of the section (mm).
b is the width of the section (mm).
d is the effective depth of the section (mm).
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm).
a is the depth of the rectangular compressive block (mm).
ρ is the ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section
ρb is the balanced ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section.
m is the ratio of steel reinforcement yielding to concrete compressive strength
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm)
β1 is a factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neutral
axis.
γs is a factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in the center band of footing.
Page 24 of 61
Step 4: Check for Bearing Strength

Bearing Strength is the ability of a material or structure to withstand compressive forces applied
perpendicular to its surface. Article 22.8.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the nominal bearing
strength of the structural element should be lower than the allowable nominal bearing strength.
𝜙𝐵𝑛 ≥ 𝐵𝑢
Table 11: Nominal Bearing Strength (Table 22.8.3.2 of ACI-318-2019)
Geometry of Bearing Area Bn

Supporting surface is wider 𝐴2
√ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
on all sides than the loaded Lesser of 𝐴1
area
2(0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1 )
′
Other Cases 0.85𝑓𝑐 𝐴1
Page 25 of 61
Where:
A1 is the loaded area for consideration of bearing (mm2)
A2 is the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone & having its upper
base equal to the loaded area (mm2).
Փ is a strength reduction factor defined in table 10 and is taken 0.65.
Bu is the factored bearing load (N),
Bn is the nominal bearing strength (N),
fc’ is the compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2) for a cylinder sample of 150mm diameter &
300mm height.
Page 26 of 61
Step 5: Check for Spacing of Bars

The minimum spacing between bars is crucial for structural elements to ensure that no
honeycombing will occur while casting concrete, and that concrete flows seamlessly during
casting.
Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the clear spacing between reinforcement in a horizontal
reinforcement should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
In case of using two layers or more the spacing between them should be at least 25mm.
Similarly, for column, walls or pedestals the minimum distance between bars should be the
greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
• 1.5db
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h
Page 27 of 61
Step 6: Check for Development Length

In reinforced concrete structures, flexural compressive forces are resisted by concrete, while
flexural tensile forces are resisted by reinforcement. To achieve this, there must be a bond or
force transfer between two materials i.e., concrete & reinforcement. Disappearance of this bond
will make the bar pull out of concrete, and the tensile force dropping to zero, as a result will
cause failure in the footing. The development length of bar depends on:
• Bar diameter Փ
• Yield strength of steel (fy)
• Compressive strength of concrete (fc’)
• Forces in bar (tension or compression)
• Spacing between bars
• Concrete Cover
• Confinement of concrete
Development length in tension can have the following forms:
➢ Hooked
➢ Headed
➢ Deformed
➢ Mechanically
Page 28 of 61
Hooked Bars
Article 4.11 of ACI-Detailing Manual [MNL-66(20)] states that hook bars may be used if
required by analysis. In case of using hooks see table 12 below:
Table 12: Standard hook geometry for development of deformed bars in tension of table
25.3.1 of ACI-318-2019
Minimum inside
Type of standard hook Bar Size (mm) Straight extension (lext) mm
bend diameter
10-25 6db
o
90 hook 29-36 8db 12db
43-57 10db
10-25 6db
180o hook 29-36 8db Greater of 4db & 65mm
43-57 10db
Figure 10: 90o and 180o hooks
Page 29 of 61
As aforementioned in figure 10 for hooked bars either in 90o or 180o, Article 25.4.3.1 of ACI-
318-2019 states that the development length ldh is the greater of the following:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒𝜓𝑟 𝜓𝑜𝜓𝑐 𝑑𝑏 1.5
➢
23𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 8db
➢ 150mm
Where:
λ is a modification factor accounting for Normal or Light Weight Concrete.

Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψr is a modification factor accounting for Confinement.
Ψo is a modification factor accounting for Location of Bars.
Ψc is a modification factor accounting for Concrete Strength.
db is the bar diameter.
Table 13: Modification Factors for development of hooked bars in tension (Table 25.4.3.2
of ACI-318-2019)
Modification Factor Condition Value

Lightweight 0.75
Light weight λ
Normal-Weight 1.00
Epoxy coated or zinc &
epoxy dual-coated 1.20
Epoxy Ψe reinforcement
Uncoated or zinc coated
1.00
(galvanized) reinforcement
For db≤36mm with Att
1.00
Confinement Ψr ≥0.3Ahs or s ≥6db
Other 1.60
For db≤36mm & termination
inside column core with
1.00
Location of Bars Ψo cover ≥65mm or side cover to
bar≥6db
Other 1.25
fc’<42MPa fc’/105+0.6
Concrete Strength Ψc
fc’≥42MPa 1.00
Page 30 of 61
Headed Bars
Article 25.4.4 of ACI-318-2019 allows the use of headed bars if the following clauses are
satisfied:
❖ Bar sizes satisfies ASTM-A970M.
❖ Bar diameters do not exceed 36mm.
❖ Net bearing area of head Abrg shall be at least 4db.
❖ Concrete shall be normal weight.
❖ Clear cover of bar shall be at least 2db.
❖ Center to center spacing of bars shall be at least 3db.
Headed bars in tension allows the bars to be developed in tension with a shorter length compared
to standard hooks, otherwise; they perform in a similar manner. The development length (ldt) is
the largest of the following vales:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑝𝜓𝑜𝜓𝑐 𝑑𝑏 1.5
❖
31 √𝑓𝑐 ′
❖ 8db
❖ 150mm
Where:
Ψp is a modification factor accounting for Parallel Tie Reinforcement.
Ψo is a modification factor accounting for Location of Bars.
Ψc is a modification factor accounting for Concrete Strength.
db is the bar diameter.
Page 31 of 61
Table 14: Modification Factors for development of headed bars in tension (Table 25.4.4.3 of
ACI-318-2019)
Modification Factor Condition Value

epoxy dual-coated 1.20
Epoxy Ψe reinforcement
1.00
For db≤36mm with Att
Parallel Tie Reinforcement 1.00
≥0.3Ahs or s ≥6db
Ψp
Other 1.60
Termination inside column
core with cover ≥65mm or 1.00
Location of Bars Ψo
side cover to bar≥6db
Other 1.25
’ ’
fc <42MPa fc /105+0.6
Concrete Strength Ψc
fc’≥42MPa 1.00
Page 32 of 61
Deformed Bars
Article 25.4.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the Development Length ld of deformed bars can be
calculated by either:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠 𝜓𝑔
𝑙𝑑 =
1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑡𝑟 )
𝑑𝑏
40𝐴𝑡𝑟
𝑘𝑡𝑟 =
𝑠𝑛
Equation 11: Equations 25.4.2.4a & b of ACI-318-2019
Or use table 15 below:
Table 15: Development Length for deformed bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.3 of
ACI-381-2019)
Spacing & Cover No. 19 & smaller bars No. 22 & Larger bars
Clear Spacing of bars ir
wires being developed or
lap spliced not less than the
code minimum. 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
Or ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
Clear spacing of bars or 2.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 1.7𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
wires being developed or
lap spliced at least 2db and
clear cover at least db.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
Other Cases ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
1.4𝜆√𝑓𝑐 1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
N.B that Article R25.4.2.4 of ACI-318-2019 state that the term (cb+Ktr)/db should not exceed 2.5
to prevent pull-out of bars from concrete. Although, the term Ktr may be taken as 0.
Page 33 of 61
Table 16: Modification Factors for development bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.5 of
ACI-318-2019)
Modification Factor Condition Value of Factor

Lightweight Concrete 0.75
Lightweight λ
Normal weight Concrete 1.00
Grade 280 or 420 1.00
Reinforcement Grade Ψg Grade 550 1.15
Grade 690 1.30
epoxy dual-coated
reinforcement with clear 1.50
cover less than 3db or clear
spacing less than 6db
Epoxy Ψe Epoxy coated or zinc &
epoxy dual-coated
1.20
reinforcement for all other
conditions
1.00
No.22 & Larger bars 1.00
Size Ψs No. 19 & smaller bars &
0.80
deformed wires
More than 300mm of fresh
concrete placed below 1.30
Casting position Ψt
horizontal reinforcement
Other 1.10
Page 34 of 61
Where:
λ is a modification factor accounting for Normal or Light Weight Concrete.

Ψg is a modification factor accounting for Reinforcement.
Ψs is a modification factor accounting for Bar Sizes.
Ψt is a modification factor accounting for Casting Position.
fc’ is the characteristic compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2).
db is the bar diameter (mm).
cb is the smaller distance (mm)of:
✓ Distance from center of bar /wire to the nearest concrete surface.
✓ One-half the center to center spacing of bars/wires being developed.
Atr is the total cross-sectional area (mm2) of all transverse reinforcement within a spacing s (mm)
that crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being developed.
n is the number of items such as bars, wires, anchors, etc.
s is the center to center spacing of items such as reinforcement (mm).
Ktr is the transverse reinforcement index (mm).
Page 35 of 61
Deformed Bars in compression

A question may arise why bars needed to be developed in compression, while the footing
reinforcement is developed in tension. The answer is simple. As aforementioned in Introduction,
a footing is an intermediate to transfer the loads safely from the super structure (columns or
walls) to the soil without failure. Since the column in our case carry axial load only which is a
compression force, its reinforcement needs to be developed to ensure that the loads are
transmitted to the footing. Like bars developed in tension, Article 25.4.9.1 of ACI-318-2019
states that the minimum ldc shall be the greatest of:
➢ 200mm
0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏
Table 17: Modification factors for bars developed in compression (Table 25.4.9.3 of ACI-
318-2019)
Modification Factor Condition Value of Factor

Lightweight Concrete 0.75
Lightweight λ
Normal-weight Concrete 1.00
Reinforcement enclosed
within a: 0.75
Confining Reinforcement
S
Other 1.0
Page 36 of 61
Step 7: Draw Footings Details

Finally, after designing the footing and getting the required reinforcement, satisfying the spacing
limits & check development length. The footing reinforcement is drawn.
Figure 11: An example for a footing reinforcement detail in section.
Page 37 of 61
Solved Example
A column of concrete dimensions (300x750) having a reinforcement of 16Փ16 has an axial
design load of 2400 KN factored load & a 2100 KN unfactored load. The soil report states that
the bearing capacity is 30tm-2, the characteristic compressive strength of concrete is 28MPa &
the yielding strength for steel is 420MPa. Design a footing to support the following loads & draw
details of reinforcements in section & plan, using the ACI-318-2019 code.
Solution:
Given Data:
Column dimensions (bxt) = 300x750 with 16Փ16 as main bars & Փ10/150 stirrups
fc’ = 28MPa
fy = 420MPa
Pu = 2400 KN
Pw = 2100 KN
qall = 30tm-2
Step 1: Determine the required footing area & check stresses.
Assume footing weight ≈ 10% of the design load, and use concrete cover = 75mm
A = Pw/qall = 210*1.1/30 = 7.7m2 = LxB (1)
Also:
L-B = t-b (2)
∴ L-B = 750-300 = 450 = 0.45
Let (t-b) = c
⸫ 750-300 = 450 = 0.45
⸫ c = 0.45
From (1)
L=B+c
⸫ L = B + 0.45
⸫ 7.7=(B+0.45)*B
⸫ B2+0.45B-7.7=0
Page 38 of 61
Solving for B gives:

B = (1/2)*(-0.45±√0.452-4*(-7.7))
⸫ B = 2.56m or -3.01m
Omitting the negative solution & approximating to the nearest 5cm gives B = 2.60m
Similarly
L = B + 0.45
⸫ L = 2.60 + 0.45 = 3.05m
⸫ The footing area is (3.05*2.60)
Checking stresses gives:
210/(3.05*2.6) = 26.50 tm-2 ≤30tm-2
Page 39 of 61
Step 2: Determine the required footing thickness.

As aforementioned, the footing thickness h controls one-way shear, two-way shear & flexural
design. Initially, let us assume an initial footing thickness of 300mm and a concrete cover of
75mm.
One-way shear contribution
Calculating Vu gives:
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 (𝑧 − 𝑑 )
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ 𝐿𝑥𝐵𝑥𝑡
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
240 + 2.5 ∗ 3.05𝑥2.6𝑥0.3 ∗ 1.2
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
3.05 ∗ 2.6
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 31.16𝑡𝑚−2
3.05 − 0.75
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 31.16𝑥2.6𝑥[( ) − 0.225]
2
𝑉𝑢 = 74.94 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 749.4 𝐾𝑁
Page 40 of 61
As aforementioned, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that Vc can be calculated by either a,

b or c, but since, one-way shear is usually resisted by concrete only, equation c of Table 22.5.5.1
of ACI-318-2019 will be only used.
Checking for VC using (c) & omitting λs gives:
2 1
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝜌𝑤 (3) √𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
3
Using Asmin = 0.0018bh gives:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 300 = 540𝑚𝑚2

1
( )
2 540 3
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 0.75 ∗ ( ) ∗ ( ) √28 ∗ 2600 ∗ 225 ∗ 10−3
3 1000 ∗ 225
∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 207.22𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑉𝑢 > 𝜙𝑉𝐶 𝑈𝑛𝑠𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟

749.4
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑂𝑆) = = 3.62
207.22
To overcome this issue, let’s make a trial & error table to determine d.
One-Way Shear Contribution

Dimensions (m)
Trial Safety FOS
Fact (tm-2) ρw Vu (ton) ՓVc (ton)
B L t cover d
1 2.60 3.05 0.30 0.075 0.225 31.16 0.00240 74.95 20.72 Unsafe 3.62
2 2.60 3.05 0.35 0.075 0.275 31.31 0.00229 71.24 24.94 Unsafe 2.86
3 2.60 3.05 0.40 0.075 0.325 31.46 0.00222 67.49 29.14 Unsafe 2.32
4 2.60 3.05 0.45 0.075 0.375 31.61 0.00216 63.70 33.35 Unsafe 1.91
5 2.60 3.05 0.50 0.075 0.425 31.76 0.00212 59.88 37.54 Unsafe 1.59
6 2.60 3.05 0.55 0.075 0.475 31.91 0.00208 56.01 41.74 Unsafe 1.34
7 2.60 3.05 0.60 0.075 0.525 32.06 0.00206 52.11 45.93 Unsafe 1.13
8 2.60 3.05 0.65 0.075 0.575 32.21 0.00203 48.16 50.12 Safe 0.96
Page 41 of 61
Two-way shear contribution

As aforementioned, the two-way shear can be resisted by either concrete only or concrete &
reinforcement. In this example, we will use concrete only for resisting punching shear. Like one-
way shear, we will omit λs.
𝑉𝑢 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ 𝐿 ∗ 𝐵 − 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 [(𝑏 + 𝑑 )(𝑡 + 𝑑 )]

∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 32.21 ∗ 3.05 ∗ 2.6 − 32.21[(0.3 + 0.575)(0.75 + 0.575)]
∴ 𝑉𝑢 = 218.10 𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 2181.00𝐾𝑁
𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
Column is interior,
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(𝑏 + 𝑑 ) + (𝑡 + 𝑑 )]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(0.3 + 0.575) + (0.75 + 0.575)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 4.4𝑚
Using equation (a) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:
∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33 ∗ √28 ∗ 1000

∴ 𝑣𝑐1 = 1746.20𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐1 = 0.75 ∗ 1746.20 ∗ 4.4 ∗ 0.575
∴ 𝑉𝑐1 = 3313.41 𝐾𝑁
Page 42 of 61
Using equation (b) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
750
∴𝛽= = 2.5
300
0.33
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
2.5
∴ 𝑣𝑐2 = 1598.03𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐2 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 0.75 ∗ 1598.03 ∗ 4.4 ∗ 0.575
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 3032.30 𝐾𝑁
Using equation (c) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:

0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ 𝜆 ∗ √𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Columns is interior:
∴ 𝛼 = 40
750
∴𝛽= = 2.5
300
0.083 ∗ 40 ∗ 0.575
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = (0.17 + ) ∗ √28 ∗ 1000
4.4
∴ 𝑣𝑐3 = 3195.35𝐾𝑁𝑚−2
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 𝑣𝑐3 ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 0.75 ∗ 3195.35 ∗ 4.4 ∗ 0.575
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐3 = 6063.20𝐾𝑁
Of the three calculated values (Vc1, Vc2 & Vc3) Vc2 has the least value of 3032.30KN.
∴ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 = 3032.30 𝐾𝑁
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ ϕ𝑉𝑐2 (𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒 𝑃𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟)
2181
∴ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑓𝑒𝑡𝑦 (𝐹𝑂𝑆) = = 0.719
3032.30
Page 43 of 61
Step 3: Design for Flexure
Page 44 of 61
Considering the long direction:

Let (L-t)/2 = z1
3.05 − 0.75
∴ 𝑧1 =
2
∴ 𝑧1 = 1.15
𝑧1 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗
2
1.152
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 32.21 ∗
2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 = 21.30𝑚𝑡/𝑚
Also:
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑
0.85 ∗ 28 2.61 ∗ 21.30 ∗ 107

∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
420 28 ∗ 1000 ∗ 5752
∴ 𝜌 = 0.001728
Knowing that:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 0.001728 ∗ 1000 ∗ 575

∴ 𝐴𝑠 = 993.6 𝑚𝑚2
Page 45 of 61
Checking Minimum Reinforcement gives:

𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 650
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1170𝑚𝑚2
Since the required reinforcement is less than Asmin, use Asmin, as the main reinforcement.
Checking ductility gives:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
1170 ∗ 420
∴𝑎=
0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 1000
∴ 𝑎 = 20.65𝑚𝑚
Since
𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
Also
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
28 − 28
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05
7
∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85
20.65
∴𝑐=
0.85
∴ 𝑐 = 24.30𝑚𝑚
Also
𝜀𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
0.003(575 − 24.30)
∴ 𝜀𝑡 =
24.30
∴ 𝜀𝑡 = 0.068 ≥ 0.005
Page 46 of 61
Checking Maximum Reinforcement gives:

𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
28
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 ∗ 0.85
420
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0180625 ∗ 1000 ∗ 575
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10385.94 𝑚𝑚 2
Since the requited reinforcement is less than the maximum reinforcement and greater than the
minimum reinforcement, the section will endeavor a ductile failure.
Use Փ14 and knowing that As for Փ14 is 154mm2 gives:
1170
= 8∅14/𝑚
154
Calculating the number of bars gives:
3.05 ∗ 8 = 25 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2.6 ∗ 8 = 21 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Page 47 of 61
Step 4: Check Bearing Strength

As aforementioned, the bearing strength is the ability of material to withstand compressive forces
applied to its surface. Checking bearing strengths for column & footing gives:
Bearing strength of column
∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 28 ∗ 750 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−4
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = 348.08 𝑡𝑜𝑛

∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
348.08
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 1.45 ≥ 1
240
Bearing strength of footing
As aforementioned, the maximum bearing strength for footing is the lesser of:
𝐴2
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85√ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
𝐴1
3050 ∗ 2600
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85√ ∗ 28 ∗ 750 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−4
750𝑥300
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2066.42𝑡𝑜𝑛
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 2 ∗ 28 ∗ 750 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−4
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 696.15𝑡𝑜𝑛
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
696.15
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 2.90 ≥ 1
240
Page 48 of 61
Step 5: Check Bar Spacing

The clear spacing according to Article 25.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that spacing between bars
should be the greatest of:
• 25mm
• (4/3)dagg
Assume dagg has a value of 21mm, gives:
4
∗ 21 = 28𝑚𝑚
3
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 28𝑚𝑚
Similarly, Article 8.7.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the maximum spacing between bars should
be the lesser of:
• 450mm
• 2h
5ℎ = 2 ∗ 650 = 1300𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑠 450𝑚𝑚
Page 49 of 61
Step 6: Check for development length.

Development Bars for tension
As aforementioned, the development length can have four forms, in this example, we will use the
deformed bars method of table 25.4.2.3 of ACI-318-2019. Since the flexural reinforcement is
less than 20mm (Փ14)
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
∴ 𝑙𝑑 = ( ) 𝑑𝑏
2.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑 = ( ) ∗ 14
2.1 ∗ 1.0√28
∴ 𝑙𝑑 = 529.2𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑 ≥ 8𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑 ≥ 8 ∗ 14 = 112𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑 ≥ 150𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑙𝑑 = 550𝑚𝑚
Checking the footing thickness for
650 − 75 ∗ 2 = 500𝑚𝑚 < 550𝑚𝑚
To overcome this issue, increase the footing thickness to 750mm which gives:
750 − 75 ∗ 2 = 600𝑚𝑚 < 550𝑚𝑚
Since our calculations for flexure showed that the required reinforcement is less than the
minimum reinforcement, we will have to recalculate the reinforcement area which gives:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 𝑏 ∗ ℎ
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 ∗ 1000 ∗ 750
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 1350𝑚𝑚2
Use Փ14 and knowing that As for Փ14 is 154mm2 gives:
1350
= 9∅14/𝑚 = ∅14/110
154
Recalculating the number of bars gives:
3.05 ∗ 9 = 28 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2.6 ∗ 9 = 24 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Page 50 of 61
Development Bars for compression

As aforementioned, columns bars need to be developed in compression, the development length
ldc for compression should be the greatest of:
➢ 200mm
0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏
0.24 ∗ 420 ∗ 1.0

∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = ( ) ∗ 16
1.0 ∗ √28
∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 305𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 0.043 ∗ 420 ∗ 1.0 ∗ 16
∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 289𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝐶ℎ𝑜𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 350𝑚𝑚
Page 51 of 61
Step 7: Draw Details of reinforcement
Figure 12: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan
Page 52 of 61
Figure 13: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section.
Page 53 of 61
Figure 14: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan
Page 54 of 61
Figure 15: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section
Page 55 of 61
List of Abbreviations & Symbols

Vu is the factored one-way or two-way shear force at section in Newtons (N) from structural
analysis.
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete in Newtons (N).
Vs is the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in Newtons (N).
bw is the width considered in designing for one-way shear in (mm).
d is the effective depth of concrete (d = h-cover-bars used) in (mm).
λ is 1.
2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑
Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore for d ≤250mm λs to be taken 1.
ρw is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).
Note that in this step the flexural steel is not yet known, so we will assume that As is the
minimum reinforcement which is: 0.0018bh (mm2).
Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member, here Lxb in our case (mm2).
Փ strength reduction factor for shear which is 0.75 from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
γs is a factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in center band of footing.
Page 56 of 61
Ψg is a modification factor accounting for Reinforcement.

Ψs is a modification factor accounting for Bar Sizes.
Ψt is a modification factor accounting for Casting Position.
db is the bar diameter (mm).
cb is the smaller distance (mm)of:
✓ Distance from center of bar /wire to the nearest concrete surface.
✓ One-half the center to center spacing of bars/wires being developed.
Atr is the total cross-sectional area (mm2) of all transverse reinforcement within a spacing s (mm)
that crosses the potential plane of splitting through the reinforcement being developed.
n is the number of items such as bars, wires, anchors, etc.
s is the center to center spacing of items such as reinforcement (mm).
Ktr is the transverse reinforcement index (mm).
Pu is the ultimate load of column from structural analysis.
𝑃𝑢
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿∗𝐵
αs a constant used to calculate Vc in slabs & footings, which is:
• 40 for interior columns
• 30 for edge columns
• 20 for corner columns
vc is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by concrete in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vn is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress provided by reinforcement in (MPa/Nmm-2)
vs is the equivalent factored two-way shear stress acting on footing or slab in (MPa/Nmm-2)
β is the ratio of long dimension to short dimension.
A1 is the loaded area for consideration of bearing (mm2)
A2 is the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone & having its upper
base equal to the loaded area (mm2).
Փ is a strength reduction factor for Bearing which is 0.65 from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
Bu is the factored bearing load (N),
Bn is the nominal bearing strength (N),
Page 57 of 61
Rn is the strength coefficient resistance (Nmm-2)

Mu is the ultimate design moment of the section (Nmm).
Փ is a strength reduction factor having a value of 0.90.
Mn is the nominal moment strength of the section (Nmm).
T is the resultant tension force in steel (N).
C is the resultant compression force in concrete (N).
As is the area of the tension steel (mm2).
εt is the strain at tension steel.
εc is the strain in extreme compression fibers.
h is the total depth/thickness of the section (mm).
b is the width of the section (mm).
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm).
a is the depth of the rectangular compressive block (mm).
ρ is the ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section
ρb is the balanced ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section.
m is the ratio of steel reinforcement yielding to concrete compressive strength
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm)
β1 is a factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neutral
axis.
bo is the perimeter of critical section for two-way/punching shear in slabs & footings (mm)
ldt is the development length of bars in tension.
ldc is the development length of bars in compression.
Page 58 of 61
Table of Figures
Figure 1: 3D view for a building with isolated footings. ..............................................................2
Figure 2: Plan View for an isolated footing .................................................................................4
Figure 3: Sectional View for an isolated footing ..........................................................................4
Figure 4: Effective Concrete area resisting punching shear ..........................................................9
Figure 5: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution. .......................................... 14
Figure 6: Critical section for Mu ................................................................................................ 15
Figure 7: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section ........... 17
Figure 8: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution ........................................... 21
Figure 9: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section ........... 22
Figure 10: 90o and 180o hooks ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 11: An example for a footing reinforcement detail in section. ......................................... 37
Figure 12: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan ............................................................. 52
Figure 13: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section. .................................................................. 53
Figure 14: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan .................................................................... 54
Figure 15: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section................................................................. 55
List of Equations
Equation 1: Normal stress Equation.............................................................................................5
Equation 2: Equation 22.5.1.2 of ACI-318-2019..........................................................................6
Equation 4: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................8
Equation 7: Equation 22.6.7.2 of ACI-318-2019........................................................................ 12
Equation 8: Equation 22.6.8.2 of ACI-318-2019........................................................................ 12
Equation 9: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ..................................................................... 13
Equation 10: Equation 22.8.3.1 of ACI-318-2019 ...................................................................... 25
Equation 11: Equations 25.4.2.4a & b of ACI-318-2019............................................................ 33
Equation 12: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ................................................................... 56
Page 59 of 61
List of Tables
Table 1: Comparison between shallow & Deep foundations ...................................................2
Table 2: Vc for non-prestressed members (Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019) .........................6
Table 3: vc for two-way members without shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-
2019) ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Table 4: vc for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.1.1 of ACI-318-
2019) ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Table 5: First stirrup location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019) ................ 11
Table 6: Shear Stud location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019) ............... 11
Table 7: Maximum vu for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table22.6.6.3 of
ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 12
Table 8: Location of critical section for Mu (Table 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019) ..................... 15
Table 9: Values for β1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution (Table
22.2.2.4.3 of ACI-318-2019)..................................................................................................... 16
Table 10: Strength Reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and
axial force (Table21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019).............................................................................. 16
Table 11: Nominal Bearing Strength (Table 22.8.3.2 of ACI-318-2019) ............................... 25
Table 12: Standard hook geometry for development of deformed bars in tension of table
25.3.1 of ACI-318-2019............................................................................................................ 29
Table 13: Modification Factors for development of hooked bars in tension (Table 25.4.3.2
of ACI-318-2019) ..................................................................................................................... 30
Table 14: Modification Factors for development of headed bars in tension (Table 25.4.4.3 of
ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 32
Table 15: Development Length for deformed bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.3 of
ACI-381-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 33
Table 16: Modification Factors for development bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.5 of
ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 34
Table 17: Modification factors for bars developed in compression (Table 25.4.9.3 of ACI-
318-2019) ................................................................................................................................. 36
Page 60 of 61
References
ACI Committee. (2019). (ACI-318M-19) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(SI Units). ACI.
ACI Detailing Manual (MNL-66 (20)). (2020). ACI.
ACI-ASCE Committee. (2008). Guide to Shear reinforcement for slabs. ACI.
Andrew Taylor, Trey Hamilton III, Antonio Nanni. (2018). ACI SP-17M(14) The Reinforced
Concrete Design Handbook. MICHIGAIN: ACI.
Braja Das. (2008). Prinicples of Foundation Engineering. Cengage Learning.
CRSI (Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute). (December, 2020). Design Guide on the ACI-318
building code requirements for structural cocnrete. CRSI (Concrete Reinfocing Steel
Institute).
David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan, Arthur H. Nilson. (2019). Design of Concrete Structures.
McGraw Hill.
Donald P Coduto, William A.Kitch. (2022). Foundation Design Principles & practices. Pearson.
Jame K.Wright, James G. MacGregor. (2011). Reinforced Concrete Mechanics & Design.
Pearson.
N. S. V. Kameswara Rao. (2010). Foundation Design theory & practice. Wiley.
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Design of Isolated Footings ACI-318-2019 (Axial Load Only)

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Design of Isolated Footings ACI-318-2019 (Axial Load Only)

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Structural Design

Series 1 [Design of shallow foundations-Isolated footings)

This document consists of 1 cover page & 61 printed pages.

Footing Type Shallow Footings Deep Footings

Figure 1: 3D view for a building with isolated footings.

Steps for designing an isolated footing subjected to axial load only.

Yielding Strength of steel for

Step 1 (Find footing dimensions & check stresses)

Figure 2: Plan View for an isolated footing

Figure 3: Sectional View for an isolated footing

From mathematics, the general solution for this Equation is:

In our case we have axial load only, so Equation 1 becomes:

Step 2 (Find the required footing thickness)

The nominal one-way shear strength in any section is calculated by:

Vc for non-prestressed members

To find Vu simply, calculate the Fact and substitute into:

Equation 4: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019

𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)1

Two-way Shear (Punching Shear)

Concrete area resisting punching shear.

Figure 4: Effective Concrete area resisting punching shear

The effective punching shear force is calculated by:

Type of Shear RFT vc

(a) 0.25𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′

Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore if d ≤250mm λs is taken 1.

In case of using shear stirrups or studs, the maximum vu is shown below:

Table 7: Maximum vu for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table22.6.6.3 of

Maximum at critical section defined in

Headed Shear Stud reinforcement 0.66∅√𝑓𝑐 ′

And ensure that:

𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)3

Equation 9: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019

Vu is the ultimate design shear.

Step 3 (Design for flexure)

Figure 5: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution.

Table 8: Location of critical section for Mu (Table 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019)

Supported Member Location of critical section

Figure 6: Critical section for Mu

Similarly, Փ is a strength reduction factor, mentioned in chapter 21 of ACI-318-2019, to

Let’s consider the balanced section case:

Figure 7: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section

From triangles similarity:

Knowing that Es = 20000 MPa & εc = 0.003 gives:

∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐 < 𝑐𝑏

This is a quadratic equation having the form of ax2+bx+c=0.

Figure 8: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution

From triangles similarity:

Substituting εc = 0.003 and fy/Es = 0.005 gives:

Similarly for balanced case:

Figure 9: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section

From triangles similarity:

Knowing that Es = 20000 MPa & εc = 0.003 gives:

And ensure that:

Step 4: Check for Bearing Strength

Equation 10: Equation 22.8.3.1 of ACI-318-2019

Table 11: Nominal Bearing Strength (Table 22.8.3.2 of ACI-318-2019)

Geometry of Bearing Area Bn

Step 5: Check for Spacing of Bars

Step 6: Check for Development Length

Figure 10: 90o and 180o hooks

λ is a modification factor accounting for Normal or Light Weight Concrete.

Modification Factor Condition Value

Modification Factor Condition Value

Or use table 15 below: