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Design of Isolated Footings ACI-318-2019 (Axial Load Only)
Design of Isolated Footings ACI-318-2019 (Axial Load Only)
of isolated footings
according to ACI-
318-2019
Prepared by: Amr Mohammed Abdelmoaez (Structural Design Engineer)
Table of Contents
Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 2
Steps for designing an isolated footing subjected to axial load only. ...................................... 3
Given Data from analysis results: ............................................................................................3
Materials Properties .............................................................................................................3
Step 1 (Find footing dimensions & check stresses) ...............................................................4
Step 2 (Find the required footing thickness) .........................................................................6
One-Way Shear ...............................................................................................................6
Two-way Shear (Punching Shear) ....................................................................................9
Step 3 (Design for flexure) ................................................................................................. 14
Step 4: Check for Bearing Strength .................................................................................... 25
Step 5: Check for Spacing of Bars ...................................................................................... 27
Step 6: Check for Development Length .............................................................................. 28
Hooked Bars .................................................................................................................. 29
Headed Bars .................................................................................................................. 31
Deformed Bars .............................................................................................................. 33
Deformed Bars in compression ...................................................................................... 36
Step 7: Draw Footings Details ............................................................................................ 37
Solved Example ................................................................................................................. 38
List of Abbreviations & Symbols ........................................................................................ 56
Table of Figures .................................................................................................................. 59
List of Equations ................................................................................................................. 59
List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 60
References .......................................................................................................................... 61
Page 1 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Introduction
Footings are crucial structural members of any building. They act as intermediate between
columns and walls to transfer the loads to the soil safely. Footings can be classified into two
categories:
Shallow Foundations
Shallow foundations are footings where excavation level is less than or equal to the footing
width.
Deep Foundations
Deep Foundations are footings where excavation depth is greater than the footing depth. Table 1
below summarizes the differences between shallow & deep foundations.
Table 1: Comparison between shallow & Deep foundations
In this series we will discuss the structural design of an isolated footing subjected to pure axial
load only according to the ACI-318-2019.
Page 2 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Characteristic compressive
strength of concrete for footing ✓
fc’ (MPa/Nmm-2)
Page 3 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Also:
L−B =t−b (2)
Let (t-b) = c
From (1):
L =B+c
∴ 𝐴 = (𝐵 + 𝑐)𝑥𝐵
∴ A = 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝑐
∴ 𝐵2 + 𝐵𝑐 − 𝐴 = 0
This is a quadratic Equation having the form of:
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
Where:
a=1, b=c & c = A
Page 4 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Where, in our case the discriminant 𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐 is always positive i.e., the solution is always a real
number and have no complex roots.
After solving for B now we can find L using:
𝐴
𝐿=
𝐵
Finally, after finding the required dimensions for the footing, check the stresses on soil using the
following Equation:
𝑃𝑤 𝑀𝑥𝑤 𝐼𝑥 𝑀𝑦𝑤 𝐼𝑦
0≤ ± ± ≤ 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴 𝑦 𝑥
Equation 1: Normal stress Equation
Page 5 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(𝑉𝑐 + 0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑)
Equation 2: Equation 22.5.1.2 of ACI-318-2019
To find Vc, Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019, gives 3 values for Vc shown below:
Table 2: Vc for non-prestressed members (Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019)
Page 6 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Normally in isolated footings concrete only resists shear stress due to one-way shear, therefore;
criteria (c) from table 2 may be chosen.
𝑁𝑢
∴ 𝑉𝑐 = [0.66𝜆𝑠 𝜆(𝜌𝑤 )√𝑓𝑐 ′ + ]𝑏 𝑑
6𝐴𝑔 𝑤
Article 13.2.6.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the size effect modification factor (λs) may be
neglected for isolated footings, combined footings, strip footings & mat foundations for both
one-way & two-way shear. Consequently, we will consider this clause and neglect the size effect
modification factor. In addition, since no reinforcement will be used for contribution of one-way
shear in isolated footings, the allowable strength for one-way shear becomes:
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(𝑉𝑐 )
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙(0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ )𝑏𝑤 𝑑
∴ 𝑉𝑢 ≤ 𝜙 (0.66√𝑓𝑐 ′ ) 1000 ∗ 𝑑
Page 7 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Where:
Vu is the factored shear force at section in Newtons (N) from structural analysis.
Vc is the nominal shear strength provided by concrete in Newtons (N).
Vs is the nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement in Newtons (N).
bw is the width considered in designing for one-way shear in (mm).
d is the effective depth of concrete (d = h-cover-bars used) in (mm).
λ is a modification factor reflecting the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete
relative to normal weight concrete of the same compressive strength. For normal weight concrete
λ is 1.
λs is size effect modification factor.
2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑
Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore for d ≤250mm λs to be taken 1.
ρw is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).
Note that in this step the flexural steel is not yet known, so As will be assumed the minimum
reinforcement which is: 0.0018bh (mm2).
Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member, here Lxb in our case (mm2).
Փ strength reduction factor for shear which is 0.75 from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
Fact is the actual normal stresses acting on footing.
1
1.2 is a factor of safety accounting for dead load of footing & 2.5tm -3 is the concrete density.
Page 8 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
𝑣𝑛 = 𝑣𝑐 + 𝑣𝑠
Equation 6: Equation 22.6.1.3 of ACI-318-2019
Article 22.6.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the value for √fc’ should not exceed 8.3MPa, i.e., fc’
should not exceed 68MPa and the value for fy should not exceed 420 MPa according to table
20.2.2.4.
Page 9 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Case vc
(a) 0.33𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
0.33
(b) Least of (a), (b) & (c) (0.17 + )𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝛽
0.083𝛼𝑠 𝑑
(c) (0.17 +)𝜆𝑠 𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
𝑏𝑜
Table 4: vc for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.1.1 of ACI-318-
2019)
Page 10 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
The maximum spacing for shear stirrups or shear studs are shown in tables 5 & 6 below:
Table 5: First stirrup location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019)
Maximum distance or
Direction of Measurement Description of measurement
spacing (mm)
Distance from column face to
d/2
Perpendicular to column face first support
Spacing between stirrups d/2
Spacing between vertical legs of
Parallel to column face 2d
stirrups
Maximum
Direction of Description of
Condition Distance or
Measurement Measurement
spacing
Distance of
column face to
first peripheral All d/2
line of shear
studs
Perpendicular to Non-Prestressed
column face Constant slabs with v𝑢 ≤ 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′ 3d/4
spacing
Non-Prestressed
between
slabs with v𝑢 > 0.5∅√𝑓𝑐 ′ d/2
peripheral lines
of shear studs Prestressed slabs2 conforming to
3d/4
22.6.5.4
Spacing
between
adjacent shear
Parallel to
studs on All 2d
column face
peripheral line
nearest to
column face
2
Not in our scope for this series
Page 11 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Note that, the minimum depth should satisfy the following, according to Article 22.6.7.1 of ACI-
318-2019:
1. 150mm
2. 16db
Alternatively, if shear studs are used, vs can be calculated using the following Equation:
𝐴𝑣 𝑓𝑦𝑡
𝑣𝑠 =
𝑏𝑜 𝑠
Equation 8: Equation 22.6.8.2 of ACI-318-2019
Page 12 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Where:
Pu is the ultimate load of column from structural analysis.
Fact is the actual normal stresses acting on footing.
2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑
3
1.2 is a factor of safety accounting for dead load of footing & 2.5tm -3 is the concrete density.
Page 13 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
From equilibrium:
𝐶 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝑇 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
2 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢 ≤ ∅𝑀𝑛
Similarly, to flexure design of beams, we have 3 modes of failure, under-reinforced, balanced &
over-reinforced. Therefore, we design the section as under-reinforced section to ensure that the
failure is ductile. Ductile failure occurs when steel bars reach yielding before concrete.
Consequently, we design footings for ductile failure i.e. under reinforced section. Article
21.2.2.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that εt should not be less than 0.005.
Note that:
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 0.05 & 0.65 ≤ 𝛽1 ≤ 0.85
7
Page 14 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
The question arising is how to find Mu? Article 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019 states that the critical
section for determining Mu is at the face of column. See table 8 below:
As aforementioned:
𝑃𝑢 + 1.2 ∗ 2.5 ∗ (𝐿𝑥𝑏𝑥ℎ)
𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝐿𝑥𝐵
Let (L-t)/2 = z1 & (B-t) = z2
𝑧1 2 𝐾𝑁𝑚
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑥 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ ∗𝐵 ( )
2 𝑚
Similarly in the other direction
𝑧2 2
∴ 𝑀𝑢𝑦 = 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑡 ∗ ∗𝐿
2
Please note that, since (L-B) = (t-b), choosing either direction (Mux or Muy), will give the same
required reinforcement.
Page 15 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Table 9: Values for β1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution (Table
22.2.2.4.3 of ACI-318-2019)
fc’ (MPa) β1
17≤ fc’28 0.85
28< fc’<55 𝑓𝑐 ′ − 28
0.85 − 0.05
7
fc’≥55 0.65
𝜀𝑐 ∗ (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
εt should be greater than 0.005 according to Article 21.2.2.2 of ACI-318-2019, therefore; if εt is
less than 0.005, the section will be over-reinforced or balanced, i.e. the section will endeavor a
brittle failure. See table 9 below for strength reduction factor.
Table 10: Strength Reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and
axial force (Table21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019)
Փ
Net tensile strain εt Classification Types of transverse reinforcement
Spirals Others
εt ≤ εty Compression Controlled 0.75 0.65
(𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 ) (𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )
εty<εt< εty +0.003 Transition 0.75 + 0.15 0.65 + 0.25
0.003 0.003
εt> εty+0.003 Tension Controlled 0.90 0.90
Page 16 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
600
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
Page 17 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Now follow these steps to find the required reinforcement for a footing section with known Mu
and dimensions.
Knowing that:
𝑀𝑢 𝑎 𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = = 𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 (𝑑 − ) = 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
∅ 2 2
𝐴𝑠
𝜌=
𝑏𝑑
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝜌𝑑𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
∴𝑎= ′ = ′ = 𝜌( )𝑑
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏 0.85𝑓𝑐 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
Let:
𝑓𝑦
𝑚=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝑎 = 𝜌𝑚𝑑
𝑀𝑢 𝜌
∴ 𝑀𝑛 = = 𝜌𝑏𝑑𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑]
𝜙 2
Divide both sides by bd2 gives:
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢 𝑏𝑑 𝜌 𝜌𝑚
2
= 2
= 𝜌 2 𝑓𝑦 [𝑑 − 𝑚𝑑] = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 [1 − ]
𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑 𝑏𝑑 2 2
Let:
𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝑅𝑛 = =
𝑏𝑑 2 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2
𝜌𝑚
∴ 𝑅𝑛 = 𝜌𝑓𝑦 [1 − ]
2
𝜌2 𝑚
∴ 𝜌𝑓𝑦 − 𝑓 − 𝑅𝑛 = 0
2 𝑦
2𝜌 2𝑅𝑛
∴ 𝜌2 − + =0
𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦
Page 18 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝜌=
2𝑎
Note that ρ must be less than ρb to ensure ductile failure.
−𝑏 − √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
∴𝜌=
2𝑎
1 2 4 8𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ −√ 2− ]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦
1 2 4 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ −√ ( − )]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2 4 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌 = [ −√ √ − ]
2 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2 2 1 2𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √ − ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2 2 𝑓𝑦 − 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √ ]
2 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑚𝑓𝑦
1 2 2 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [ − √1 − ]
2 𝑚 √ 𝑚 √𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= − √1 −
𝑚 𝑚 𝑓𝑦
1 2𝑚𝑅𝑛
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑚 𝑓𝑦
Page 19 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Substituting
𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑛 𝑀𝑢
𝑚= ′ & 𝑅𝑛 = 2
=
0.85𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑 𝜙𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑓𝑦 𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 0.9 ∗ 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.35𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ]
𝑓𝑦 ∅𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏𝑑 2
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
∴𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑
Page 20 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Now let’s consider the lower and upper limits for flexural design of footings. According to
Article 8.6.1.1 of ACI-318-2019, the minimum area for flexural reinforcement is 0.0018bh
(mm2). Although Article R21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the minimum εt to ensure ductility
is 0.005. Substituting εt =0.005 into:
𝑓𝑐 ′
∴ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.31875 𝛽
𝑓𝑦 1
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
Page 21 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
600
∴ 𝑐𝑏 = 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
600
∴ 𝑎𝑏 = 𝛽1 𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦
600
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑏 𝑓𝑦 = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓 ′ 𝛽 𝑏𝑑
600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑐 1
′
𝐴𝑠𝑏 600 1
∴ = 0.85 ∗ 𝑓𝑐 𝛽1
𝑏𝑑 600 + 𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝛽1 600
∴ 𝜌𝑏 = 0.85 ∗ ( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦
∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑏 = 𝜌𝑏 𝑏𝑑
Page 22 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
In conclusion, when calculating flexural area reinforcement, calculate the required reinforcement
using:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 < 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥
Where:
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝑏ℎ
A flexural reinforcement with As<Asmin, or As > Asmax meaning that the footing will endeavor a
brittle failure since the reinforcement will reach yielding simultaneously with concrete or
concrete will reach yielding before steel. Consequently, increasing the depth will make the
failure ductile if As<Asmax.
N.B that Article 13.3.3.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the reinforcement should be distributed as
follows:
➢ Reinforcement in the long direction shall be distributed uniformly across the entire width
of footing.
➢ Reinforcement in the short direction shall be distributed as follows:
✓ Portion of the toral reinforcement γsAs shall be distributed uniformly over a band
width equal to the length of the short side footing centered from column/pedestal
centerline.
✓ The remaining reinforcement required in the short reinforcement (1- γsAs), shall
be distributed uniformly outside the center band width of footing, where:
2
𝛾𝑠 =
(𝛽 + 1)
𝐿
𝛽= (𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔)
𝐵
➢ Alternatively, Commentary R13.3.3.3 of ACI-318-2019 states that the reinforcement in
short direction may be spaced uniformly along the long direction and increased by:
2𝛽
(𝛽 + 1)
➢ Please Note, that Article 13.3.3.3 & Commentary 13.3.3.3 are recommended, but not
mandatory.
Page 23 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Where:
Rn is the strength coefficient resistance (Nmm-2)
Mu is the ultimate design moment of the section (Nmm).
Փ is a strength reduction factor having a value of 0.90.
Mn is the nominal moment strength of the section (Nmm).
T is the resultant tension force in steel (N).
C is the resultant compression force in concrete (N).
As is the area of the tension steel (mm2).
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
fc’ is the compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2) for a cylinder sample of 150mm diameter &
300mm height.
εt is the strain at tension steel.
εc is the strain in extreme compression fibers.
h is the total depth/thickness of the section (mm).
b is the width of the section (mm).
d is the effective depth of the section (mm).
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm).
a is the depth of the rectangular compressive block (mm).
ρ is the ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section
ρb is the balanced ratio of steel reinforcement to concrete section.
m is the ratio of steel reinforcement yielding to concrete compressive strength
c is the depth of the neutral axis measured from extreme compression fibers (mm)
β1 is a factor relating depth of equivalent rectangular compressive stress block to depth of neutral
axis.
γs is a factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in the center band of footing.
Page 24 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
𝜙𝐵𝑛 ≥ 𝐵𝑢
Page 25 of 61
Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
Where:
A1 is the loaded area for consideration of bearing (mm2)
A2 is the area of the lower base of the largest frustum of a pyramid or cone & having its upper
base equal to the loaded area (mm2).
Փ is a strength reduction factor defined in table 10 and is taken 0.65.
Bu is the factored bearing load (N),
Bn is the nominal bearing strength (N),
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
fc’ is the compressive strength of concrete (Nmm-2) for a cylinder sample of 150mm diameter &
300mm height.
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Hooked Bars
Article 4.11 of ACI-Detailing Manual [MNL-66(20)] states that hook bars may be used if
required by analysis. In case of using hooks see table 12 below:
Table 12: Standard hook geometry for development of deformed bars in tension of table
25.3.1 of ACI-318-2019
Minimum inside
Type of standard hook Bar Size (mm) Straight extension (lext) mm
bend diameter
10-25 6db
o
90 hook 29-36 8db 12db
43-57 10db
10-25 6db
180o hook 29-36 8db Greater of 4db & 65mm
43-57 10db
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As aforementioned in figure 10 for hooked bars either in 90o or 180o, Article 25.4.3.1 of ACI-
318-2019 states that the development length ldh is the greater of the following:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒𝜓𝑟 𝜓𝑜𝜓𝑐 𝑑𝑏 1.5
➢
23𝜆 √𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 8db
➢ 150mm
Where:
Table 13: Modification Factors for development of hooked bars in tension (Table 25.4.3.2
of ACI-318-2019)
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Headed Bars
Article 25.4.4 of ACI-318-2019 allows the use of headed bars if the following clauses are
satisfied:
❖ Bar sizes satisfies ASTM-A970M.
❖ Bar diameters do not exceed 36mm.
❖ Net bearing area of head Abrg shall be at least 4db.
❖ Concrete shall be normal weight.
❖ Clear cover of bar shall be at least 2db.
❖ Center to center spacing of bars shall be at least 3db.
Headed bars in tension allows the bars to be developed in tension with a shorter length compared
to standard hooks, otherwise; they perform in a similar manner. The development length (ldt) is
the largest of the following vales:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑝𝜓𝑜𝜓𝑐 𝑑𝑏 1.5
❖
31 √𝑓𝑐 ′
❖ 8db
❖ 150mm
Where:
Ψe is a modification factor accounting for Epoxy.
Ψp is a modification factor accounting for Parallel Tie Reinforcement.
Ψo is a modification factor accounting for Location of Bars.
Ψc is a modification factor accounting for Concrete Strength.
db is the bar diameter.
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Table 14: Modification Factors for development of headed bars in tension (Table 25.4.4.3 of
ACI-318-2019)
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Deformed Bars
Article 25.4.2 of ACI-318-2019 states that the Development Length ld of deformed bars can be
calculated by either:
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑠 𝜓𝑔
𝑙𝑑 =
1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′ (𝑐𝑏 + 𝑘𝑡𝑟 )
𝑑𝑏
40𝐴𝑡𝑟
𝑘𝑡𝑟 =
𝑠𝑛
Equation 11: Equations 25.4.2.4a & b of ACI-318-2019
Table 15: Development Length for deformed bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.3 of
ACI-381-2019)
Spacing & Cover No. 19 & smaller bars No. 22 & Larger bars
Clear Spacing of bars ir
wires being developed or
lap spliced not less than the
code minimum. 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
Or ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
Clear spacing of bars or 2.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 1.7𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
wires being developed or
lap spliced at least 2db and
clear cover at least db.
𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔 𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑡 𝜓𝑒 𝜓𝑔
Other Cases ( ′
) 𝑑𝑏 ( ) 𝑑𝑏
1.4𝜆√𝑓𝑐 1.1𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
N.B that Article R25.4.2.4 of ACI-318-2019 state that the term (cb+Ktr)/db should not exceed 2.5
to prevent pull-out of bars from concrete. Although, the term Ktr may be taken as 0.
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Table 16: Modification Factors for development bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.5 of
ACI-318-2019)
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Where:
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0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏
Table 17: Modification factors for bars developed in compression (Table 25.4.9.3 of ACI-
318-2019)
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Solved Example
A column of concrete dimensions (300x750) having a reinforcement of 16Փ16 has an axial
design load of 2400 KN factored load & a 2100 KN unfactored load. The soil report states that
the bearing capacity is 30tm-2, the characteristic compressive strength of concrete is 28MPa &
the yielding strength for steel is 420MPa. Design a footing to support the following loads & draw
details of reinforcements in section & plan, using the ACI-318-2019 code.
Solution:
Given Data:
Column dimensions (bxt) = 300x750 with 16Փ16 as main bars & Փ10/150 stirrups
fc’ = 28MPa
fy = 420MPa
Pu = 2400 KN
Pw = 2100 KN
qall = 30tm-2
Step 1: Determine the required footing area & check stresses.
Assume footing weight ≈ 10% of the design load, and use concrete cover = 75mm
A = Pw/qall = 210*1.1/30 = 7.7m2 = LxB (1)
Also:
L-B = t-b (2)
∴ L-B = 750-300 = 450 = 0.45
Let (t-b) = c
⸫ 750-300 = 450 = 0.45
⸫ c = 0.45
From (1)
L=B+c
⸫ L = B + 0.45
⸫ 7.7=(B+0.45)*B
⸫ B2+0.45B-7.7=0
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∴ 𝜙𝑉𝐶 = 207.22𝐾𝑁
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𝑣𝑐1 = 0.33𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
Column is interior,
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(𝑏 + 𝑑 ) + (𝑡 + 𝑑 )]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 2 ∗ [(0.3 + 0.575) + (0.75 + 0.575)]
∴ 𝑏𝑜 = 4.4𝑚
Using equation (a) of table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-2019 gives:
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0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 2.61𝑀𝑢
𝜌= [1 − √1 − ′ 2 ]
𝑓𝑦 𝑓𝑐 𝑏𝑑
∴ 𝜌 = 0.001728
Knowing that:
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
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∴ 𝛽1 = 0.85
20.65
∴𝑐=
0.85
∴ 𝑐 = 24.30𝑚𝑚
Also
𝜀𝑐 (𝑑 − 𝑐)
𝜀𝑡 =
𝑐
0.003(575 − 24.30)
∴ 𝜀𝑡 =
24.30
∴ 𝜀𝑡 = 0.068 ≥ 0.005
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∴ 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10385.94 𝑚𝑚 2
Since the requited reinforcement is less than the maximum reinforcement and greater than the
minimum reinforcement, the section will endeavor a ductile failure.
Use Փ14 and knowing that As for Փ14 is 154mm2 gives:
1170
= 8∅14/𝑚
154
Calculating the number of bars gives:
3.05 ∗ 8 = 25 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2.6 ∗ 8 = 21 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
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∅𝐵𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 = ∅ ∗ 0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
As aforementioned, the maximum bearing strength for footing is the lesser of:
𝐴2
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = ∅ ∗ 0.85√ 𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝐴1
𝐴1
3050 ∗ 2600
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 0.65 ∗ 0.85√ ∗ 28 ∗ 750 ∗ 300 ∗ 10−4
750𝑥300
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 2066.42𝑡𝑜𝑛
∴ ∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 696.15𝑡𝑜𝑛
∅𝐵𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 ≥ 𝑃𝑢
696.15
𝐹𝑂𝑆 = = 2.90 ≥ 1
240
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0.24𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟
➢ ( ) 𝑑𝑏
𝜆√𝑓𝑐 ′
➢ 0.043𝑓𝑦 𝜓𝑟 𝑑𝑏
∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 305𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑙𝑑𝑐 = 289𝑚𝑚
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2
𝜆𝑠 = √ ≤1
1 + 0.004𝑑
Note that in case of d ≤250mm λs will be ≥1, therefore for d ≤250mm λs to be taken 1.
ρw is the ratio of flexural steel to concrete gross area (As/Ag).
Note that in this step the flexural steel is not yet known, so we will assume that As is the
minimum reinforcement which is: 0.0018bh (mm2).
Nu is the factored axial load normal to cross section occurring simultaneously with Vu or Tu and
is positive for compression and negative for tension in Newtons (N).
Ag is the gross area of the structural member, here Lxb in our case (mm2).
Փ strength reduction factor for shear which is 0.75 from table 21.2.1 of ACI-318-2019.
fc’ is the specified compressive strength of concrete (MPa/Nmm-2)
fy is the yielding stress of steel (Nmm-2).
γs is a factor used to determine the portion of reinforcement located in center band of footing.
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Table of Figures
Figure 1: 3D view for a building with isolated footings. ..............................................................2
Figure 2: Plan View for an isolated footing .................................................................................4
Figure 3: Sectional View for an isolated footing ..........................................................................4
Figure 4: Effective Concrete area resisting punching shear ..........................................................9
Figure 5: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution. .......................................... 14
Figure 6: Critical section for Mu ................................................................................................ 15
Figure 7: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section ........... 17
Figure 8: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution ........................................... 21
Figure 9: Equivalent rectangular compressive strength distribution for balanced section ........... 22
Figure 10: 90o and 180o hooks ................................................................................................... 29
Figure 11: An example for a footing reinforcement detail in section. ......................................... 37
Figure 12: Concrete Dimensions for the footing in plan ............................................................. 52
Figure 13: Footing Concrete Dimensions in section. .................................................................. 53
Figure 14: Footings Reinforcement Details in Plan .................................................................... 54
Figure 15: Footing Reinforcement Details in Section................................................................. 55
List of Equations
Equation 1: Normal stress Equation.............................................................................................5
Equation 2: Equation 22.5.1.2 of ACI-318-2019..........................................................................6
Equation 3: Equation 22.5.1.1 of ACI-318-2019..........................................................................6
Equation 4: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 .......................................................................8
Equation 5: Equation 22.6.1.2 of ACI-318-2019..........................................................................9
Equation 6: Equation 22.6.1.3 of ACI-318-2019..........................................................................9
Equation 7: Equation 22.6.7.2 of ACI-318-2019........................................................................ 12
Equation 8: Equation 22.6.8.2 of ACI-318-2019........................................................................ 12
Equation 9: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ..................................................................... 13
Equation 10: Equation 22.8.3.1 of ACI-318-2019 ...................................................................... 25
Equation 11: Equations 25.4.2.4a & b of ACI-318-2019............................................................ 33
Equation 12: Equation 22.5.5.1.3 of ACI-318-2019 ................................................................... 56
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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
List of Tables
Table 1: Comparison between shallow & Deep foundations ...................................................2
Table 2: Vc for non-prestressed members (Table 22.5.5.1 of ACI-318-2019) .........................6
Table 3: vc for two-way members without shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.5.2 of ACI-318-
2019) ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Table 4: vc for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table 22.6.1.1 of ACI-318-
2019) ........................................................................................................................................ 10
Table 5: First stirrup location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.6.3 of ACI-318-2019) ................ 11
Table 6: Shear Stud location & spacing limits (Table 8.7.7.1.2 of ACI-318-2019) ............... 11
Table 7: Maximum vu for two-way members with shear reinforcement (Table22.6.6.3 of
ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 12
Table 8: Location of critical section for Mu (Table 13.2.7.1 of ACI-318-2019) ..................... 15
Table 9: Values for β1 for equivalent rectangular concrete stress distribution (Table
22.2.2.4.3 of ACI-318-2019)..................................................................................................... 16
Table 10: Strength Reduction factor for moment, axial force or combined moment and
axial force (Table21.2.2 of ACI-318-2019).............................................................................. 16
Table 11: Nominal Bearing Strength (Table 22.8.3.2 of ACI-318-2019) ............................... 25
Table 12: Standard hook geometry for development of deformed bars in tension of table
25.3.1 of ACI-318-2019............................................................................................................ 29
Table 13: Modification Factors for development of hooked bars in tension (Table 25.4.3.2
of ACI-318-2019) ..................................................................................................................... 30
Table 14: Modification Factors for development of headed bars in tension (Table 25.4.4.3 of
ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 32
Table 15: Development Length for deformed bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.3 of
ACI-381-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 33
Table 16: Modification Factors for development bars & wires in tension (Table 25.4.2.5 of
ACI-318-2019) ......................................................................................................................... 34
Table 17: Modification factors for bars developed in compression (Table 25.4.9.3 of ACI-
318-2019) ................................................................................................................................. 36
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Structural Design of Isolated Footings (Series 1) ACI-318-2019
References
ACI Committee. (2019). (ACI-318M-19) Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
(SI Units). ACI.
ACI Detailing Manual (MNL-66 (20)). (2020). ACI.
ACI-ASCE Committee. (2008). Guide to Shear reinforcement for slabs. ACI.
Andrew Taylor, Trey Hamilton III, Antonio Nanni. (2018). ACI SP-17M(14) The Reinforced
Concrete Design Handbook. MICHIGAIN: ACI.
Braja Das. (2008). Prinicples of Foundation Engineering. Cengage Learning.
CRSI (Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute). (December, 2020). Design Guide on the ACI-318
building code requirements for structural cocnrete. CRSI (Concrete Reinfocing Steel
Institute).
David Darwin, Charles W. Dolan, Arthur H. Nilson. (2019). Design of Concrete Structures.
McGraw Hill.
Donald P Coduto, William A.Kitch. (2022). Foundation Design Principles & practices. Pearson.
Jame K.Wright, James G. MacGregor. (2011). Reinforced Concrete Mechanics & Design.
Pearson.
N. S. V. Kameswara Rao. (2010). Foundation Design theory & practice. Wiley.
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