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A) MERITOCRACY V. ARISTOCRACY .
Aristocracy Meritocracy
HINDUISM:
1. Hinduism is the idea of Dharma, the moral and ethical duties
that govern an individual's conduct in society. Administration,
within the Hindu context, is seen as a means to uphold Dharma
and ensure the well-being of all beings.
2. In Hinduism, kingship and governance are often associated with
divine authority.
3. The ancient Indian texts such as the Manusmriti and the
Arthashastra provide guidelines for kings and rulers on
righteous governance.
4. According to these texts, a ruler's primary duty is to maintain
order and justice in society, ensuring the welfare of his subjects.
5. The concept of Raj Dharma, the duty of a ruler, emphasises
virtues such as righteousness (Dharma), justice (Nyaya), and
compassion (Daya).
6. A king is expected to rule with wisdom and benevolence,
upholding the principles of Dharma and promoting the welfare
of his subjects without discrimination.
7. Furthermore, Hinduism emphasises the idea of Karma, the law
of cause and effect, which underscores the importance of
righteous actions in governance.
8. A ruler's actions and decisions have far-reaching consequences,
not only in this life but also in future existences, according to
Hindu belief.
9. The Shanti Purva of Mahabharata discusses administration as
Yudhistra loses the will to govern after the personal losses he
endured during the war.
ISLAM:
1. Islam provides its perspective on administration through the
teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah (the sayings and actions
of the Prophet Muhammad).
2. In Islam, administration is closely linked to the concept of
Khilafah, or stewardship, wherein humans are entrusted by
Allah to responsibly manage the resources and affairs of the
world.
3. The Quran and the Hadith offer guidance on governance and
administration, emphasising justice, equity, and accountability
as fundamental principles.
4. According to Islamic teachings, a ruler's authority is derived
from Allah, and they are accountable to Him for their actions
and decisions.
5. In Islam, the concept of Shura (consultation) plays a crucial role
in administration.
6. Rulers are encouraged to consult with knowledgeable advisors
and seek the consensus of the community in matters of
governance.
7. This participatory approach ensures that decisions are made in
the best interest of the people and reflects the principles of
justice and equity.
8. Additionally, Islam stresses the importance of benevolence
(Ihsan) and mercy (Rahmah) in administration.
9. Rulers are urged to govern with compassion and empathy,
taking into consideration the needs of the marginalised and
vulnerable members of society.
CHRISTIANITY:
1. Central to Christian ethics is the concept of love, compassion,
and service to others. These principles profoundly influence the
approach to administration within Christian societies.
2. In Christianity, the idea of stewardship emphasises the
responsibility of humans to manage resources and affairs
entrusted to them by God.
3. Administrators, whether in governmental or organisational roles,
are called to serve with integrity, humility, and a sense of duty to
God and fellow human beings.
4. The teachings of Jesus Christ, particularly the Sermon on the
Mount, highlight the importance of virtues such as
righteousness, mercy, and peacemaking in governance. Christian
administrators are called to embody these virtues in their
decisions and actions, promoting justice, reconciliation, and the
common good.
5. Furthermore, the concept of servant leadership, exemplified by
Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, emphasises humility and
selflessness in leadership.
6. Christian administrators are encouraged to prioritise the needs of
others, especially the marginalised and vulnerable, and to lead
by example through acts of service and sacrifice.
BUDDHISM:
1. The Buddhist Sangha took day-to-day decisions through a
system of votes and quorums in the monastic assemblies.
2. Central to Buddhist teachings is the concept of Dharma, the
universal law of nature that governs all phenomena.
3. In Buddhism, administration is seen as an opportunity to
cultivate virtues such as wisdom, compassion, and equanimity.
Administrators are encouraged to govern with a clear
understanding of the interconnectedness of all beings and the
impermanent nature of existence.
4. The teachings of the Buddha emphasise the importance of right
action (Samma Kammanta) in administration, which involves
acting ethically and responsibly in all aspects of governance.
5. Buddhist administrators are called to govern with integrity,
fairness, and a commitment to the well-being of all sentient
beings.
6. Furthermore, Buddhism highlights the practice of mindfulness
(Sati) in administration, which involves being present and aware
of one's thoughts, emotions, and actions.
7. Mindful administrators are better equipped to make wise
decisions, resolve conflicts peacefully, and cultivate harmonious
relationships within society.
JAINISM:
1. Jainism offers profound insights into the religious connotations
of administration through its emphasis on non-violence
(Ahimsa), compassion, and ethical conduct.
2. Central to Jain teachings is the concept of Karma, the law of
cause and effect, which emphasises the importance of righteous
actions in governance.
3. In Jainism, administration is viewed as a means to uphold the
principles of Ahimsa and promote the welfare of all living
beings. Administrators are called to govern with compassion,
empathy, and a deep reverence for life, avoiding harm to any
sentient being.
4. The Jain concept of Anekantavada, or non-absolutism,
encourages administrators to consider multiple perspectives and
seek consensus in decision-making.
5. By embracing diversity and respecting the views of others,
administrators can promote harmony and understanding within
society.
6. Furthermore, Jainism emphasises the practice of self-discipline
(Sanyam) and restraint in administration, which involves
controlling one's desires and impulses to act in accordance with
ethical principles.
7. Administrators are called to govern with integrity, honesty, and a
commitment to the welfare of all beings, both human and non-
human.
B) SPOILS SYSTEM.
D) ORGANIZED SECTOR.
D) RECRUITMENT TO RETIREMENT.
C) DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS.
A) JUDICIAL REVIEW.
A) ENTREPRENEURIAL GOVERNMENT.