MODULE 1 – HISTORY OF CS

1) ORIGIN ANS CONCEPT

A) MERITOCRACY V. ARISTOCRACY .

Aristocracy Meritocracy

Government in which power is in A system stating power should be

the hands of a few privileged given to individuals on the basis
people of merit

A form of government in which A government type in which

nobility has power. people are selected based on
merit have power.

A government with rule by a When people have power because

privileged group. of their abilities and not because
of their financial or social
position then the system is called
as Meritocracy.

The word Aristocracy comes from The word Meritocracy is a

the Greek word 'aristokratia' combination of 'merit' and the
which means 'rule of the best'. ancient Greek suffix 'cracy'
aristokratia is a combination of two which means to power or rule.
The word 'merit' comes
words, aristos meaning best and
originally from the Latin word,
kratia meaning power.
'mereō'

Faster process for the system More time consuming and

 complex process of selection

Decisions made by a small group Decision made by concerned

bureaucrats

Higher chance of rebellion Lesser chance of rebellion

More ruler oriented More welfare oriented

Based on financial and social Not so

position

Possibility of Possibility of red tapism

dictatorship/unfavourable ruling

B) RELIGIOUS CONNOTATIONS OF ADMINISTRATION.

HINDUISM:
1. Hinduism is the idea of Dharma, the moral and ethical duties
that govern an individual's conduct in society. Administration,
within the Hindu context, is seen as a means to uphold Dharma
and ensure the well-being of all beings.
2. In Hinduism, kingship and governance are often associated with
divine authority.
3. The ancient Indian texts such as the Manusmriti and the
Arthashastra provide guidelines for kings and rulers on
righteous governance.
4. According to these texts, a ruler's primary duty is to maintain
order and justice in society, ensuring the welfare of his subjects.
5. The concept of Raj Dharma, the duty of a ruler, emphasises
virtues such as righteousness (Dharma), justice (Nyaya), and
compassion (Daya).
 6. A king is expected to rule with wisdom and benevolence,
upholding the principles of Dharma and promoting the welfare
of his subjects without discrimination.
7. Furthermore, Hinduism emphasises the idea of Karma, the law
of cause and effect, which underscores the importance of
righteous actions in governance.
8. A ruler's actions and decisions have far-reaching consequences,
not only in this life but also in future existences, according to
Hindu belief.
9. The Shanti Purva of Mahabharata discusses administration as
Yudhistra loses the will to govern after the personal losses he
endured during the war.

ISLAM:
1. Islam provides its perspective on administration through the
teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah (the sayings and actions
of the Prophet Muhammad).
2. In Islam, administration is closely linked to the concept of
Khilafah, or stewardship, wherein humans are entrusted by
Allah to responsibly manage the resources and affairs of the
world.
3. The Quran and the Hadith offer guidance on governance and
administration, emphasising justice, equity, and accountability
as fundamental principles.
4. According to Islamic teachings, a ruler's authority is derived
from Allah, and they are accountable to Him for their actions
and decisions.
5. In Islam, the concept of Shura (consultation) plays a crucial role
in administration.
6. Rulers are encouraged to consult with knowledgeable advisors
and seek the consensus of the community in matters of
governance.
 7. This participatory approach ensures that decisions are made in
the best interest of the people and reflects the principles of
justice and equity.
8. Additionally, Islam stresses the importance of benevolence
(Ihsan) and mercy (Rahmah) in administration.
9. Rulers are urged to govern with compassion and empathy,
taking into consideration the needs of the marginalised and
vulnerable members of society.

CHRISTIANITY:
1. Central to Christian ethics is the concept of love, compassion,
and service to others. These principles profoundly influence the
approach to administration within Christian societies.
2. In Christianity, the idea of stewardship emphasises the
responsibility of humans to manage resources and affairs
entrusted to them by God.
3. Administrators, whether in governmental or organisational roles,
are called to serve with integrity, humility, and a sense of duty to
God and fellow human beings.
4. The teachings of Jesus Christ, particularly the Sermon on the
Mount, highlight the importance of virtues such as
righteousness, mercy, and peacemaking in governance. Christian
administrators are called to embody these virtues in their
decisions and actions, promoting justice, reconciliation, and the
common good.
5. Furthermore, the concept of servant leadership, exemplified by
Jesus washing the feet of his disciples, emphasises humility and
selflessness in leadership.
6. Christian administrators are encouraged to prioritise the needs of
others, especially the marginalised and vulnerable, and to lead
by example through acts of service and sacrifice.
BUDDHISM:
 1. The Buddhist Sangha took day-to-day decisions through a
system of votes and quorums in the monastic assemblies.
2. Central to Buddhist teachings is the concept of Dharma, the
universal law of nature that governs all phenomena.
3. In Buddhism, administration is seen as an opportunity to
cultivate virtues such as wisdom, compassion, and equanimity.
Administrators are encouraged to govern with a clear
understanding of the interconnectedness of all beings and the
impermanent nature of existence.
4. The teachings of the Buddha emphasise the importance of right
action (Samma Kammanta) in administration, which involves
acting ethically and responsibly in all aspects of governance.
5. Buddhist administrators are called to govern with integrity,
fairness, and a commitment to the well-being of all sentient
beings.
6. Furthermore, Buddhism highlights the practice of mindfulness
(Sati) in administration, which involves being present and aware
of one's thoughts, emotions, and actions.
7. Mindful administrators are better equipped to make wise
decisions, resolve conflicts peacefully, and cultivate harmonious
relationships within society.
JAINISM:
1. Jainism offers profound insights into the religious connotations
of administration through its emphasis on non-violence
(Ahimsa), compassion, and ethical conduct.
2. Central to Jain teachings is the concept of Karma, the law of
cause and effect, which emphasises the importance of righteous
actions in governance.
3. In Jainism, administration is viewed as a means to uphold the
principles of Ahimsa and promote the welfare of all living
beings. Administrators are called to govern with compassion,
empathy, and a deep reverence for life, avoiding harm to any
sentient being.
 4. The Jain concept of Anekantavada, or non-absolutism,
encourages administrators to consider multiple perspectives and
seek consensus in decision-making.
5. By embracing diversity and respecting the views of others,
administrators can promote harmony and understanding within
society.
6. Furthermore, Jainism emphasises the practice of self-discipline
(Sanyam) and restraint in administration, which involves
controlling one's desires and impulses to act in accordance with
ethical principles.
7. Administrators are called to govern with integrity, honesty, and a
commitment to the welfare of all beings, both human and non-
human.

C) GOVERNANCE IN ANCIENT INDIA.

D) CONCEPT OF DHARMA AND DUTY.

E) ARTHASHASTRA – KAUTILYA’S ‘AMATYAS’.

F) CENTRALISED ADMINISTRATION OF MUGHALS.

G) EARLY CENTURIES OF ARAB RULE AND GOVERNANCE.

(2) EVOLUTION OF MODERN SERVICE LAW

A) BRITISH CIVIL SERVICE.

B) SPOILS SYSTEM.

C) MAX WEBER’S ANALYSIS ON PUBLIC SERVANTS.

D) ORGANIZED SECTOR.

E) COVENANTED CIVIL SERVICE.

F) REGULATING ACT OF 1773 - PITT’S INDIA ACT 1784 –

AITCHISON COMMISSION - LEE COMMISSION -
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT 1935.

G) CIVIL SERVICES IN INDEPENDENT INDIA.

H) MODERNISING CIVIL SERVICES IN INDIA.

I) A.D. GORWALA REPORT ON PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
(1951).

MODULE II – PUBLIC SERVICE AND THE CONSTITUTION

A) PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT AND CONSTITUTIONAL

SAFEGUARDS.

B) FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF CIVIL SERVANTS.

C) SERVICE CONDITIONS IN CONSTITUTION.

D) RECRUITMENT TO RETIREMENT.

E) DOCTRINE OF PLEASURE AND SAFEGUARDS.

F) ALL INDIA SERVICE – STATE CIVIL SERVICES – UNION

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION – STATE PUBLIC SERVICE
COMMISSION
 MODULE III – FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF SERVICE

A) PLEASURE RELATES TO TENURE AND NOT TO OTHER

CONDITIONS OF SERVICE – EXCEPTIONS.

B) SECURITY OF TENURE IN PUBLIC INTEREST.

C) ARBITRARINESS IN STATE ACTION VIOLATES EQUALITY.

D) OTHER FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS TO SERVICE.

E) EXTENT OF POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION.

F) NATURE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN STATE AND ITS

SERVANTS.

MODULE IV – LAWS RELATING TO CIVIL SERVANTS

1. LAWS RELATED TO ADMINISTRATIVE SERVICES

A) SERVICE LAW – CLASSIFICATION, RECRUITMENT AND
TRAINING IN AIS AND CCS

B) DIVISION OF CADRE AND MANAGEMENT.

C) DISCIPLINARY PROCEEDINGS.

D) RULES – AGENCIES – AIS RULES – CCS (CCA) RULES.

E) LATERAL ENTRY SCHEME IN CIVIL SERVICES –

ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES.

F) KOTHARI COMMITTEE REPORT ON RECRUITMENT AND

SELECTION METHODS.

2. LAWS RELATED TO JUDICIAL SERVICES

A) OFFICERS AND SERVANTS OF SUPREME AND HIGH

COURTS – SUBORDINATE JUDICIARY – COLLEGIUM –
SERVICE CONDITIONS IN CONSTITUTION.
B) SUPREME AND HIGH COURT RULES

C) ALL INDIA JUDICIAL SERVICES – AVENUES AND

CHALLENGES – CONSTITUTIONAL IMPLICATION.

D) REFORMS IN JUDICIAL SERVICE

MODULE V – JUDICIAL APPROACH TO CIVIL SERVICES

AND IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON BUREAUCRACY

1. JUDICIAL REVIEW IN SERVICE MATTERS

A) JUDICIAL REVIEW.

B) SERVICE TRIBUNALS – CENTRAL ADMINISTRATIVE

TRIBUNAL – STATE ADMINISTRATIVE TRIBUNAL – QUASI
JUDICIAL TRIBUNALS.

C) POWERS AND FUNCTIONS APPEAL PROVISION.

D) SCOPE OF WRITS IN SERVICE MATTERS.

2. IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON INDIAN
ADMINISTRATION

A) ENTREPRENEURIAL GOVERNMENT.

B) CHANGING ROLE OF BUREAUCRACY.

C) REINVENTING THE GOVERNMENT.

D) CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS IN INDIA.

E) HOTA COMMITTEE REPORT ON CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS.

F) GOOD GOVERNANCE – PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY.

G) EMPOWERING CITIZENS – CAPACITY BUILDING

INITIATIVES.