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PHYSICS
ASSERTION
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1
Table of Contents
Physics
S.No. Chapter Name Pg. No.
1. Units and Measurements 3-4

2. Motion in a Straight Line 5-10
3. Motion in a Plane 11-17
4. Laws of Motion 18-25
5. Work, Energy and Power 26-31
6. System of Particles and Rotational Motion 32-39
7. Gravitation 40-43
8. Mechanical Properties of Solids 44
9. Mechanical Properties of Fluids 45-47

10. Thermal Properties of Matter 48-54
11. Thermodynamics 55-59
12. Kinetic Energy 60-64
13. Oscillations 65-71

14. Waves 72-79
15. Electric Charge and Fields 80-85
16. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 86-91
17. Current Electricity 92-100

18. Moving Charge and Magnetism 101-106
19. Magnetism and Matter 107-108

20. Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) 109-113
21. Alternating Current (AC) 114-117

22. Electromagnetic Waves 118-119
23. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments 120-133
24. Wave Optics 134-142

25. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter 143-146
26. Atoms 147-150

27. Nuclei 151-154
28. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits 155-159
Answer Keys 160-165
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1. Units and Measurements
1. Assertion (A): A displacement can be 5. Assertion (A): Mean absolute error of a

added with a distance. measurement is always positive.
Reason (R): Adding a scalar to a vector of Reason (R): Mean absolute error is
the same dimensions is a meaningful defined as the magnitude of difference
algebraic operation. between true value and measured value.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
correct explanation of the (A) correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2. Assertion (A): Mass, length and time may
be taken as fundamental quantities. 6. Assertion (A): In mechanics the method of
Reason (R): Mass, length and time are dimensions can't be applied to derive
independent of one another. formula of a physical quantity which
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the depends on more than three physical
correct explanation of the (A) quantities.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): We can derive relation of a
not the correct explanation of the (A) physical quantity with other physical
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false quantities out of which two have same
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false dimensions.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
3. Assertion (A): If r is the position vector
correct explanation of the (A)
d2 r (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
then dimensions of is [M0L1T−2 ] .
dt 2 not the correct explanation of the (A)
 d2 r  (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Dimensions of   dt2  dt is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
[M0L1T−1 ] where r →position vector, 7. Assertion (A): Only like quantities can be
t→ time. added or subtracted from each other.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): Velocity can be subtracted
correct explanation of the (A) from the velocity gradient.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
not the correct explanation of the (A) correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false not the correct explanation of the (A)
4. Assertion (A): The error in measurement (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
of radius of the sphere is 0.3%. The (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
permissible error in its surface area is
8. Assertion (A): If a physical quantity has a
1.2%.
Reason (R): Area of sphere, unit it must have dimension.
A  r Reason (R): There may exist a physical
A = 4r2  =4 . quantity which has dimension but no unit.
A r
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
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9. Assertion (A): Pressure at height (z) and 14. Assertion (A): Pressure and energy
 z density have same units in SI.
temp (q) is given by P = e k , K is
 Reason (R): Dimensions of energy density
Boltzmann constant then b may represent and pressure are same.
volume. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): Acceleration, force and work correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
15. Assertion (A): The dimensions of base
10. Assertion (A): When we change the unit of (fundamental) quantity in other base
measurement of a quantity, its numerical
value changes. quantities is always zero.
Reason (R): Smaller the unit of Reason (R): All derived quantities may be
measurement smaller is its numerical represented dimensionally in terms of
value. fundamental quantities.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false not the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
11. Assertion (A): If the measuring (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
instruments used are perfect, then 16. Assertion (A): A unitless quantity never
measurements made will be perfect. has a non-zero dimension.
Reason (R): Measurements depend upon Reason (R): A dimensionless quantity
only on the instruments.
never has a unit.
correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is correct explanation of the (A)
12. Assertion (A): When an algebraic equation (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
has been derived, it is advisable to check 17. Assertion (A): Light year and wavelength
it for dimensional consistency. have same dimensions.
Reason (R): This guarantees that the
Reason (R): Light year represent time
equation is correct.
while wavelength represent distance.
13. Assertion (A): eV and joule are the S.I. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
units of energy used in modern physics 18. Assertion (A): Angle and strain are
and mechanics respectively. dimensionless.
Reason (R): Different types of energies Reason (R): Angle and strain have no unit.
require different units in S.I. units. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)

2. Motion in Straight Line
4. Assertion (A): At point P object is slowing

1. Assertion (A): down.
The acceleration(a) at P is negative

dv
Reason (R): Acceleration a = v ; for
dx
dv
above situation v is –ve; is –ve.
dx Reason (R): If acceleration is positive,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the object must speed up.
2. Assertion (A): Path of a projected ball is
parabolic in uniform gravitational field for 5. Assertion (A): A particle with constant
oblique projection in absence of air acceleration always moves along a straight
resistance.
line.
Reason (R): Gravitational force is always
Reason (R): A particle with constant
act perpendicular to velocity during the
motion of a projectile. acceleration will not change direction of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the motion.
3. Assertion (A): In any interval, the
magnitude of displacement is always less 6. Assertion (A): If initial velocity is negative
than or equal to the distance travelled. and acceleration is positive then motion is
Reason (R): For a particle travelling in a retarded (initially).
straight line with constant acceleration,
Reason (R): If initial velocity is negative
the magnitude of the change in the
but acceleration is positive then
velocity during any interval is always less
displacement of a particle can never be
than or equal to the change in the speed
during that interval. positive.
5
7. Assertion (A): A student performed an 11. Assertion (A): Two bodies of masses
experiment by moving a certain block in a M and m (M > m) are allowed to fall from
straight line. The velocity position graph
the same height if the air resistance force
cannot be as shown.
for each be the same then both the bodies
will reach the earth simultaneously.
Reason (R): For same air resistance,
acceleration of both the bodies will be
same.
Reason (R): When a particle is at its (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
maximum position in rectilinear motion correct explanation of the (A)
its velocity must be zero. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 12. Assertion (A): The average speed of an
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false object may be equal to arithmetic mean of
8. Assertion (A): When a particle is observed individual speeds.
from two different inertial reference Reason (R): The average speed is equal to
frames the general shape of the trajectory
total distance travelled per total time
of particle is same.
taken.
Reason (R): The position vector of a
particle and its velocity are frame (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
independent quantities. correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 13. Assertion (A): Displacement of a body is
vector sum of the area under velocity-time
10. Assertion (A): The speedometer of an
automobile measures the average speed of graph.
the automobile. Reason (R): Displacement is a vector
Reason (R): Average velocity is equal to quantity.
total distance divided by total time taken.

14. Figure shows sequence of large number v v
16. Assertion (A): and are same if
of photographs of on object moving t t
vertically under gravity. A motion picture particle is moving in one dimension.
of this photograph is run backward. Reason (R): In one dimensional motion
there is no component of acceleration
perpendicular to velocity.
Assertion (A): A time reversal operation (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
changes every v to − v .
Reason (R): In time reversal sequence the
gravitational acceleration will appear to 17. Assertion (A): If velocity of a particle
moving in a straight line is zero at a point,
be upward.
its acceleration will be zero at that point.
dv
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Wherever a = v holds,
dx
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is v = 0  a = 0.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false correct explanation of the (A)
15. Assertion (A): If initial velocity is negative (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
but acceleration is positive then (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
displacement of a particle can never be
18. Assertion (A): For a moving particle on a
positive.
straight line magnitude of average velocity
Reason (R): If initial velocity is negative between any two points will be less than
and acceleration is positive then motion magnitude of instantaneous velocity at
every point between them.
must be retarded throughout.
Reason (R): In x-t graph slope of chord
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the joining two points gives average velocity
correct explanation of the (A) between them.
7
19. The acceleration time graph of a body 22. Assertion (A): An observer confined to a
moving in a straight line is shown here. windowless box cannot tell by any
experiment whether he is stationary or in
uniform motion with constant velocity
w.r.t. the fixed stars.
Reason (R): The basic laws of Physics are
Assertion (A): Velocity of the body is identical in all reference systems that
necessarily decreasing over the time move with uniform velocity w.r.t. one
interval shown.
another.
Reason (R): Acceleration of the body is
constant over the time interval shown.
23. Assertion (A): A body is thrown vertically
20. Assertion (A): If v is the instantaneous upwards with an initial speed 25 m/s from
velocity of a moving particle at time t then a position 1. It falls back to position 1 after
 vdt   vdt some time. During this time duration, total
change of velocity of the body is zero.
Reason (R): Distance travelled by a
particle is always less than or equal to Reason (R): Average acceleration of the
displacement. body during this time is zero.
21. Assertion (A): A reference frame attached 24. Assertion (A): For uniformly accelerated
to the earth is an inertial frame of motion along straight line, the position
reference. versus time graph is a straight line.
Reason (R): In practical, Newton's laws Reason (R): For uniformly accelerated
can be applied in a frame of reference. motion the position in equal intervals of
Which is attached to the earth. time changes by same amount.

25. Assertion (A): In one dimensional motion, 28. Assertion (A): At any instant, acceleration
area under velocity-time graph gives of a body can change its direction without
change in position i.e., displacement. any change in the direction of velocity.
Reason (R): In one dimensional motion,
Reason (R): At any instant, direction of
area under acceleration-time graph gives
acceleration is same as that of direction
final velocity.
of change in velocity vector at that
instant.
26. Assertion (A): A body dropped from a (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
height of 10 m from the ground will have (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the velocity 5 m/s at the height of 5 m.
Reason (R): At the height of 5 m from the 29. Assertion (A): For motion from rest with
ground, the acceleration due to gravity is constant acceleration distance time graph
5 m/s .
2 is a parabola, always with increasing slope.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): Speed of the body starting
correct explanation of the (A) from rest with constant acceleration
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is always increases linearly with time.
27. Assertion (A): A particle moves in a not the correct explanation of the (A)
straight line with constant acceleration.
The average velocity of this particle can
not be zero in any time interval.
Reason (R): For a particle moving in
30. Assertion (A): If a body moves on a straight
straight line, the average velocity in a time
line, magnitude of its displacement and
u+ v
interval is always , where u and v are distance covered by it must be same.
2
initial and final velocities of the particle in Reason (R): Along a straight line, a body
given time interval. can move only in one direction.

31. Assertion (A): An object moving with a 33. Assertion (A): Two particles start moving
velocity of magnitude 10 m/s is subjected with velocities v 1 and v 2 respectively in a

2
to a uniform acceleration 2 m/s at right plane. They can meet only if component of
angle to the initial motion. Its velocity after their velocities perpendicular to line joining
them are equal.
5s has a magnitude nearly 14 m/s.
Reason (R): Relative velocity of a body
Reason (R): The equation v = u + at can be
w.r.t. other body is calculated along the
applied to obtain v if a is constant.
line joining two bodies.
32. Assertion (A): A coin is allowed to fall in a

34. Assertion (A): Two balls are dropped one
train moving with constant velocity. Its after the other from a tall tower. The
trajectory is a straight line as seen by distance between them increases linearly
observer attached to the train. with time (elapsed after the second ball is
dropped and before the first hits ground).
Reason (R): An observer on ground will
Reason (R): In given situation relative
see the path of coin as a parabola.
acceleration is zero, whereas relative
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the velocity is non-zero.

3. Motion in Plane
1. Assertion (A): The magnitude of velocity of 4. Assertion (A): In any curved motion
two boats relative to river is same. Both boats magnitude of dot product of unit
start simultaneously from same point on one acceleration vector & unit velocity vector
ˆv
|a ˆ | cannot be equal to 1.
bank. They may reach opposite bank
simultaneously moving along different Reason (R): In all accelerated straight line
ˆv
motion | a ˆ | cannot be less than 1.
straight line paths.
Reason (R): For above boats to cross the
river in same time, the components of
their velocity relative to river in direction not the correct explanation of the (A)
normal to flow should be same. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
correct explanation of the (A) 5. Assertion (A): Two stones are
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is simultaneously projected from level
not the correct explanation of the (A) ground from same point with same speeds
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false but different angles with horizontal. Both
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false stones move in same vertical plane. Then
the two stones may collide in mid air.
2. Assertion (A): Horizontal component of Reason (R): For two stones projected
velocity is constant in projectile motion under simultaneously from same point with
same speed at different angles with
gravity.
horizontal, their trajectories must
Reason (R): Two projectiles having same
intersect at some point except projection
horizontal range must have the same time point.
of flight. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 6. Assertion (A): The maximum range along
the inclined plane, when thrown
3. Assertion (A): Trajectory of an object downward is greater than that when
thrown upward along the same inclined
moving under a constant acceleration is a
plane with same speed at same angle from
straight line.
incline.
Reason (R): The shape of trajectory Reason (R): The maximum range along
depends only on the acceleration. inclined plane is independent of angle of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the inclination.
11
11. Assertion (A): A particle is projected from 15. Assertion (A): In projectile motion (from
ground on a horizontal plane with speed ground to ground projection), horizontal
–1
10 ms and angle of projection 37° with range is always same for angle of
horizontal. Its velocity vector will be projection  and (90°– ).
perpendicular to initial velocity vector
Reason (R): Horizontal range is
4
after s . independent of angle of projection.
3
Reason (R): Two vectors v and u are
perpendicular then u.v = 0
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 16. Assertion (A): In projectile motion, speed
always decreases.
12. Assertion (A): A particle moving at Reason (R): In presence of air drag,
constant speed and constant magnitude of projectile motion is a uniformly
radial acceleration must be undergoing
accelerated motion.
uniform circular motion.
Reason (R): In uniform circular motion (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
speed cannot change as there is no correct explanation of the (A)
tangential acceleration. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the not the correct explanation of the (A)
correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
17. Assertion (A): When speed of projection of
a body is made n times, its time of flight
13. Assertion (A): If separation between two becomes n times.
particles does not change then their Reason (R): At this speed, the range of
relative velocity will be zero. 2
projectile becomes n times.
Reason (R): Relative velocity is the rate of
change of position of one particle with (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
respect to another. correct explanation of the (A)
18. Assertion (A): When the range of a
14. Assertion (A): The magnitude of velocity of projectile is maximum, the time of flight is
A with respect to B will be always less than the largest.
VA. Reason (R): Horizontal range is maximum
Reason (R): The velocity of A with respect when angle of projection is 90°.
to B is given by VAB = VA − VB . (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the

19. Point P is on a massless thread in an ideal 22. Assertion (A): A particle is moving in a
pulley arrangement as shown. circle with constant tangential
acceleration such that its speed v is
increasing. Angle made by resultant
acceleration of the particle with
tangential acceleration increases with
time.
dv
Reason (R): Tangential acceleration =
dt
v2
and centripetal acceleration =
Assertion (A): As point P moves from right R
side to left side of pulley, the magnitude (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
of it's acceleration changes.
Reason (R): The tension in massless not the correct explanation of the (A)
thread remains uniform in magnitude. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
correct explanation of the (A) 23. Assertion (A): The equation of motion can
be applied only if the acceleration is along
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the direction of velocity and is constant.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): In circular motion, if velocity
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false is constant then its motion is called
uniform circular motion.
20. Assertion (A): In non-uniform circular correct explanation of the (A)
motion, velocity vector and acceleration
vector are not perpendicular to each (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
other. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): In non-uniform circular 24. Assertion (A): In uniform circular motion,
motion, particle has normal as well as angular acceleration is zero.
tangential acceleration. Reason (R): In uniform circular motion,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the acceleration is constant.
21. Assertion (A): If a body is in state of 25. Assertion (A): A cyclist is cycling on a
rough horizontal circular track with
uniform circular motion then its velocity increasing speed. Then the net frictional
and acceleration both are varying. force on cycle is always directed towards
Reason (R): If magnitude of velocity is v centre of the circular track.
Reason (R): For a particle moving in a
and radius of uniform circular motion is r circle, component of its acceleration
2
then magnitude of acceleration is v /r. towards centre, that is, centripetal
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the acceleration should exist (except when
speed is zero instantaneously).
13
26. Abhi and John are in a rotor at rest 30. Assertion (A): Infinitesimally small
relative to wall of rotor. angular displacement is a vector quantity.
Reason (R): Angular velocity doesn't
depend upon reference frame.
Assertion (A): There is no relative motion (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
between John and Abhi.
Reason (R): Angular velocity of Abhi with 31. Assertion (A): A bob of mass m is freely
respect to John is different as compared suspended from a light rod of length L.
to angular velocity of Abhi with respect to The minimum speed given to bob at
axis of rotation. lowest position to complete vertical circle
correct explanation of the (A) is 2 gL.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): A bob of mass m is freely
not the correct explanation of the (A) suspended from a light string of length L.
If bob is given speed 6gL at the lower
position then bob will be complete
27. Assertion (A): In circular motion vertical circle.
acceleration is always towards centre. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): In uniform circular motion correct explanation of the (A)
velocity is constant. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 32. Assertion (A): Average angular velocity is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false a scalar quantity.
28. Assertion (A): If a particle is moving on a Reason (R): Large angular displacements
d| v | () is a scalar.
curved path its may be zero. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
dt
Reason (R): A particle can move on curved correct explanation of the (A)
path without any acceleration. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 33. Assertion (A): During a safe turn, with
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false constant speed the value of centripetal
force should be less than or equal to the
29. Assertion (A): A cyclist must adopt a zig– limiting frictional force.
zag path while ascending a steep hill. Reason (R): The centripetal force is
Reason (R): The zig–zag path prevent the provided by the frictional force between
cyclist to slip down.
the tyre and the road.

34. Assertion (A): In uniform circular motion 38. Assertion (A): Whenever a particle moves
of a particle, sum of power delivered to it in a circular path with uniform speed, an
by all the forces acting on the particle is acceleration exists which is directed
zero. towards the centre.
Reason (R): In uniform circular motion dot Reason (R): The net acceleration of a
product of two perpendicular vectors, particle in circular motion is always
force and velocity is always zero. radially inward.
35. Assertion (A): A body having uniform 39. Assertion (A): If the speed of a body is
speed in circular path has a variable constant, the body cannot have a path
acceleration.
other than a circular or straight line path.
Reason (R): Direction of acceleration is
Reason (R): It is not possible for a body to
always away from the centre.
have a constant speed in an accelerated
motion,
36. Assertion (A): In turning a vehicle safely (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
with uniform speed in circular path
friction is static in nature and towards 40. Assertion (A): In circular motion,
centre. centripetal and centrifugal forces act in
Reason (R): In turning a vehicle in circular opposite directions and balance each
path with increasing speed friction is other.
kinetic in nature and tangential in Reason (R): Centripetal force is a pseudo
direction. force.
37. Assertion (A): In uniform circular motion, 41. Assertion (A): In uniform circular motion
V2 of a body, its linear speed remains
magnitude of acceleration is and
R constant.
direction is always towards the centre. Reason (R): In uniform circular motion
Reason (R): In uniform circular motion, total acceleration of the body has no
acceleration is constant. radial component.
15
42. Assertion (A): In non-uniform circular 45. Assertion (A): A body tied to an end of a
motion, linear speed of the body is string is whirled along a vertical circle
variable. with such a velocity at the lowest point
Reason (R): In non-uniform circular that, at some position, tension in the
motion, acceleration of the body is string is zero but the speed at the position
is non-zero. The body will leave the
towards the centre.
circular path at the position of zero
tension.
Reason (R): In vertical circular motion, so
as to cross the highest point along the
circle, speed at the highest point, vH  0 .
43. Assertion (A): A body is moving along a (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
circle with a variable angular speed. Work not the correct explanation of the (A)
done by centripetal force will be zero. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): In non-uniform circular (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
motion, net force on the body is not in the 46. Assertion (A): Cream gets separated out
radial direction. of milk when it is churned. It is due to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the gravitational force.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): In all circular motions,
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is centripetal force is provided by
not the correct explanation of the (A) gravitational force.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false correct explanation of the (A)
44. Assertion (A): A body tied to an end of a not the correct explanation of the (A)
string is whirled along a vertical circle by (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
giving some velocity at the lowest (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
position. If the velocity becomes zero
47. Assertion (A): When a stone attached to
before the tension in the string is zero,
the string just rotates in a vertical circle,
the body will leave the circular path at the
its apparent weight is zero at the highest
position of its zero velocity and then fall
vertically downward. point.
Reason (R): In vertical circular motion, Reason (R): At the highest point, the
tension in the string at the highest apparent weight is equal to mg minus
position is maximum. tension in string.


16
48. Assertion (A): The work done during a 51. Assertion (A): A coin is placed on the
round trip is always zero. gramophone. When the motor starts, the
Reason (R): No force is required to move coin moves along the gramophone. As the
a body in its round trip.
speed goes on increasing, the coin flies off
after some time.
Reason (R): The gravitational force of
not the correct explanation of the (A) gramophone provides the necessary
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false centripetal force to the coin.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
49. Assertion (A): When an automobile while correct explanation of the (A)
going too fast around a curve overturns, (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
its inner wheels leave the ground first. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): The inner wheels are moving (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
in a circle of smaller radius, the maximum
permissible velocity for them is less.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the 52. Assertion (A): Two identical trains move
correct explanation of the (A) in opposite sense in equatorial plane with

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is equal speed relative to earth's surface.
not the correct explanation of the (A) They have equal magnitude of normal
reaction.
Reason (R): The trains require same
50. Assertion (A): On an unbanked road, as
centripetal force although they have
the frictional force increases, the safe
different speeds.
velocity limit for taking a turn also
increases.
Reason (R): Banking of roads will increase
the value of limiting velocity. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
17
4. Laws of Motion
1. Assertion (A): According to Newton's 5. Assertion (A): The driver of a moving car
third law of motion, action and reaction sees a wall in front of him. To avoid
forces are equal in magnitude and collision, he should apply brakes rather
opposite in direction. than taking a turn away from the wall.
Reason (R): Net force on a body due to Reason (R): Friction force is needed to
action-reaction pair is always equal to stop the car or taking a turn on a
zero. horizontal road.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
2. Assertion (A): For an upward moving 6. Assertion (A): A bird sits on a stretched
elevator (Lift), pseudo force on a block wire depressing it slightly. The increase in
may be downward. tension of the wire is more than the
Reason (R): Pseudo force is the force weight of the bird.
applied by lift on block in opposite Reason (R): The tension must be more
direction of motion. than the weight as it is required to
balance weight.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the correct explanation of the (A)
3. Assertion (A): When a person walks on a
rough surface, the net force exerted by 7. Assertion (A): When two particles
surface on the person is in the direction interact, net force on either particle is
of his motion. zero.
Reason (R): Friction force by road on Reason (R): Both experience action and
person is against motion. reaction which are equal and opposite.
4. A moongphaliwala sells his moongphali 8. Assertion (A): Two smooth blocks are
using a weighing machine in an elevator. kept on a smooth inclined plane such
Assertion (A): He gains more profit if the that one block is kept over other. When a
elevator is accelerating up. force is applied on upper block
acceleration of lower block is unaffected.
Reason (R): The apparent weight of an
object increases in an elevator while Reason (R): Acceleration of a block on
accelerating upward. smooth inclined plane is g sin.

9. Assertion (A): A man standing at rest on 12. Assertion (A): A particle on earth found
ground. Force exerted by man on ground to be at rest when seen from a frame U1
is equal to weight of man. and moving with a constant velocity
when seen from another frame U2. Then
Reason (R): Earth attracts man by force
both frames may be non-inertial.
mg hence by Newton’s third law, man
Reason (R): A reference frame attached
also attracts earth by same force.
to the earth must be an inertial frame.
13. Assertion (A): A coin dropped in a closed

10. Assertion (A): If a body has no
trolley moving down the smooth inclined
acceleration, then there are no forces plane, appears to fall normal to the floor
acting on it. of the trolley to a man fixed with the
trolley.
Reason (R): If a single force acts on a
body, then the body will move in the
direction of force.
Reason (R): The acceleration of coin
the correct explanation of the (A)
relative to trolley (i.e. man) is g cos
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is downward and perpendicular to inclined
not the correct explanation of the (A) plane.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
11. Assertion (A): Walking on horizontal (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
slippery ice can be much more tiring than (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
walking on ordinary pavement. 14. Assertion (A): The contact force is the
net force applied by the surface on the
Reason (R): Walking on ice requires
body kept on it.
small steps to prevent slipping.
Reason (R): When a body is at rest on a
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is horizontal surface then the contact force
on the body by the surface must be
equal to the weight of body.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) the correct explanation of the (A)
19
15. Assertion (A): A horse has to pull a cart 19. Assertion (A): The apparent weight of a
harder during the first few steps of his body in an elevator moving with some
motion. downward acceleration is less than the
Reason (R): The first few steps are actual weight of body.
always difficult. Reason (R): The part of the weight is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is spent in producing downward
the correct explanation of the (A) acceleration, when body is in elevator.
16. Assertion (A): Static friction acts (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
between two surfaces in contact only (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
when these surfaces are at rest with 20. Assertion (A): Even though there is no
respect to ground. relative motion between two surfaces,
Reason (R): Static friction opposes the frictional force can be non-zero between
motion of object. these two surfaces.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Static frictional force can be
non-zero.
17. Assertion (A): A lighter and a heavier (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
body moving with same momentum and (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
experiencing same retarding force have
equal stopping distances. 21. Assertion (A): A particle has positive
Reason (R): For a given force and acceleration it means that its speed
momentum, stopping time is always increases.
independent of mass. Reason (R): Acceleration is the rate of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is change of speed with respect to time.
18. Assertion (A): A car is moving with
acceleration on a straight road. Net force
22. Assertion (A): Trajectory of an object
on a milestone with respect to car is
moving under a constant acceleration
zero.
must be a straight line.
Reason (R): Pseudo force acts on each
Reason (R): The shape of trajectory
body if observation is made with respect
to a inertial reference frame. depends only on the acceleration.

23. Assertion (A): A block is hanging from 26. A frame of reference A is moving
spring. Spring force on block and rectilinearly and uniformly with a
velocity u with respect to an inertial
gravitational force on block are not
frame B. A body is moving with velocity
action and reaction pair. v and acceleration a in an inertial
Reason (R): Action and reaction force system B.
acts in opposite direction. Assertion (A): When we use Newtons
second Law in frame B we write
F net
= ma. Now when we use the same
in frame A we will write exactly same Fnet
and a .
Reason (R): All inertial system are
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false equally suitable for the description of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false physical phenomenon.
24. Assertion (A): A block is lying at rest on the correct explanation of the (A)
horizontal rough surface. A person not the correct explanation of the (A)
moving with acceleration a in forward (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
direction will observe a friction force (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
acting on the block. 27. Assertion (A): According to the Newton's
Reason (R): When there is relative third law of motion, the magnitude of the
motion between the two surface then action and reaction force in an action
reaction pair is same only in an inertial
only static friction acts between them. frame of reference.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Newton's laws of motion are
the correct explanation of the (A) applicable only in inertial reference
frame.
25. Assertion (A): An insect is climbing up a
vertical wall with constant speed then 28. Assertion (A): A body is lying at rest on a
rough horizontal surface. A person
the force applied by the wall on the
accelerating with acceleration a (where a
insect is vertically upwards and equal to is positive constant and î is a unit vector
its weight. in horizontal direction) observes the
Reason (R): Friction is a self-adjusting body. With respect to him, the block
experiences a kinetic friction.
force.
Reason (R): There is relative motion
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is between the block and surface in
the correct explanation of the (A) person’s frame of reference.
21
29. Assertion (A): A block of mass m is 31. Assertion (A): In an at wood machine,
placed on a block of mass M, which is when the masses are in motion, for a
placed on smooth fixed inclined plane. heavy rough pulley, tension on both side
of pulley are different.
The two block system is released from
rest as shown. Whatever be the
coefficient of friction between both the
blocks, the magnitude of friction force
between the both the blocks will be zero
Reason (R): Acceleration of both masses
(As long as they are on inclined surface).
are different.
Reason (R): In the given situation there
is no tendency of relative motion
between the blocks. 32. Assertion (A): The acceleration of a body
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is moving down on a rough inclined plane is
greater than the acceleration due to
gravity.
Reason (R): The body is able to slide on
a inclined plane only when its
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false acceleration is greater than acceleration
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false due to gravity
30. Assertion (A): A man and a block rest on
smooth horizontal surface. The man (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
holds a rope which is connected to block. not the correct explanation of the (A)
The man can move on the horizontal (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
surface. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
33. Assertion (A): If pseudo force on a body

is assumed as action then frictional force
Reason (R): There is no friction between may be reaction for this action.
man and horizontal surface Reason (R): Action-reaction must acts

on different bodies.
22
34. Assertion (A): A body starts moving from 38. Assertion (A): If a particle is moving with
a point then after some time a constant uniform velocity, that means no external
force is applied on it then body can never
pass from the starting point force is acting on the particle.
Reason (R): A constant force always Reason (R): According to Newton's first
produces a constant positive law, in absence of any force a particle in
acceleration.
motion should continue moving with
the correct explanation of the (A) uniform velocity.
35. Assertion (A): Greater is the mass,
greater is the force required to change (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the state of body at rest or in uniform
motion. 39. Assertion (A): To apply Newton's second
Reason (R): The rate of change of law, mass of the system must be
momentum is the measure of the force.
constant.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): If force F is a acting on a
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is particle of mass m then its acceleration
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false will be given by F = ma is an inertial
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false frame.
36. Assertion (A): Newton third law is that the correct explanation of the (A)
every action has equal and opposite
reaction. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Action is a cause and not the correct explanation of the (A)
reaction is an effect that's why they are (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
equal and opposite.
40. Assertion (A): In both cases shown in
not the correct explanation of the (A) figures tension in the string will be same.
37. Assertion (A): The time taken by a

particle to slide down along different
smooth chords of a sphere starting from Reason (R): Tension in the light strings
highest point of the sphere is same. shown is the force with which its ends
Reason (R): In above conditions, length
are pulled.
of such a chord is proportional to
acceleration of the particle along it. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is

41. Assertion (A): Pseudo force on m as 44. Assertion (A): If a particle is found to be
observed by A will be 'ma' in downward in equilibrium in two different frames of
direction. reference implies that both frames are
inertial.
Reason (R): Newton’s second law can be
used for motion of a particle in any
reference frame.
Reason (R): Pseudo force depends on the correct explanation of the (A)
observer's acceleration. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is not the correct explanation of the (A)
the correct explanation of the (A) (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
45. Assertion (A): A rocket moves forward by
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false pushing the surrounding air backward.
Reason (R): There is an equal and
42. A block is suspended from an elevator
opposite reaction to every action.
at rest. Initially block is at equilibrium
position. Suddenly elevator begins (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
falling freely.
46. Assertion (A): Magnitude of the contact

Assertion (A): A few moments after fall force on a rough surface is always greater
has begun the spring begins to contract. than the magnitude of normal reaction.
Reason (R): Just after fall of elevator Reason (R): Contact force is the
begins resultant force on block in resultant of the friction force and
reference frame of elevator is upward. normal reaction.
43. Assertion (A): A man starts walking

47. Assertion (A): While walking on ice, one
towards west. Friction force on him acts should take small steps to avoid
towards east. slipping.
Reason (R): Friction opposes relative Reason (R): This is because smaller
motion. steps ensure smaller friction.

48. Assertion (A): An air tight cage in which 52. A man of mass 80 kg pushes a box of
a bird is sitting, is suspended from a mass 20 kg horizontally. The man moves
spring balance. If the bird starts flying
upwards with some acceleration, then the box with a constant acceleration of
2
the reading of the balance will increase. 2 m/s but his foot does not slip on the
Reason (R): The weighing machine ground. There is no friction between the
measures the actual weight of a body. box and the ground, whereas there is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is sufficient friction between the man’s
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is foot and the ground to prevent him from
not the correct explanation of the (A) slipping.
Assertion (A): The force applied by the
man on the box is equal and opposite to
49. Assertion (A): A block of weight 10 N is the force applied by the box on the man.
pushed against a vertical wall by a Reason (R): Friction force applied by the
horizontal force of 15 N. The coefficient
of friction between the wall and the ground on the man is 200 N.
block is 0.6. Then the magnitude of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
maximum frictional force is 9 N.
Reason (R): For given system block will
remain stationary. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
53. Assertion (A): When a man climbs the
rope friction force acts in downward
50. Assertion (A): Due to frictional force direction.
acting on a body, the body is always
retarded by friction. Reason (R): Friction force opposes
Reason (R): Friction force opposes the relative motion or tendency of relative
motion of object. motion between two contact surfaces.
51. Assertion (A): A man standing in a lift (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
which is moving upward, will feel his
weight to be greater than when the lift 54. Assertion (A): The apparent weight of a
was at rest. person standing in a lift, which speed up
Reason (R): If the acceleration of the lift is always greater than his true weight.
is ‘a’ upward, then the man of mass m
shall feel his weight to be equal to Reason (R): The gravity force due to
normal reaction (N) exerted by the lift earth always acts downwards.
given by N = m(g - a) (where g is
acceleration due to gravity) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
25
5. Work, Energy and Power
1. Assertion (A): Work done by 5. Assertion (A): The sum of potential and
conservative force along closed path is kinetic energy for a system of moving
zero. objects is conserved only when no net
Reason (R): When an object is moved external force acts on the objects
along closed path beginning and ending Reason (R): If no nonconservative force
are at same point its displacement is acts on a system of objects, the work
zero. done by external forces on a system of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is objects is equal to change in potential
the correct explanation of the (A) energy plus change in kinetic energy of
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the system.
not the correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the correct explanation of the (A)
2. Assertion (A): A body with negative
energy cannot have linear momentum.
Reason (R): Magnitude of linear
momentum can be negative. 6. Assertion (A): One end of ideal massless
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is spring is connected to fixed vertical wall
the correct explanation of the (A) and other end to a block of mass m
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is initially at rest on smooth horizontal
not the correct explanation of the (A) surface. The spring is initially in natural
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false length. Now a horizontal force F acts on
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false block as shown. Then the maximum
3. Assertion (A): The potential energy of a extension in spring is equal to maximum
particle varies with distance x as shown compression in spring.
in the graph. The force acting on the
particle is zero at point B and C.
Reason (R): To compress and to expand

an ideal unstretched spring by equal
amount, different work is to be done on
Reason (R): The slope of the U–x curve spring.
is zero at point B and C. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
7. Assertion (A): An athlete accelerates
4. Assertion (A): When a non–conservative from rest to its maximum speed due to
force is involved in a system, it may friction between his shoes and track.
dissipate energy. Reason (R): Positive work done by
Reason (R): The work done by a non– frictional force increases the kinetic
conservative force is always negative. energy of athlete.
26
8. Assertion (A): Net work done by all the 12. Assertion (A): Work done is positive
internal force of a system is when force acts in the direction of
independent of choice of reference displacement.
frame. Reason (R): Work done by frictional
Reason (R): Value of force is force can not be positive.
independent of choice of reference (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
frame. the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the correct explanation of the (A) not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 13. Assertion (A): The work done by a non–
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false conservative force is always negative.
Reason (R): When a non–conservative
9. Assertion (A): Work done by a force is force is involved in a system, it always
always same in all inertial frame of dissipates energy.
references. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Work is an invariant physical the correct explanation of the (A)
quantity. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 14. Assertion (A): A particle is rotated in a
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false vertical circle with the help of a string.
Work done by tension in the string on
particle is zero.
10. Assertion (A): Total energy is negative
Reason (R): Tension is always
for a bounded system.
perpendicular to instantaneous velocity.
Reason (R): Potential energy of a bound
system is negative and its magnitude is
more than kinetic energy. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 15. Assertion (A): Two balls of different
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false masses are thrown vertically upwards
with same speed. They will pass through
11. Assertion (A): Work done by frictional their point of projection in the
force may be sometimes path downward direction with the same
speed in absence of air resistance.
independent.
Reason (R): In absence of air resistance,
Reason (R): Frictional force is a non-
the mechanical energy of a projectile is
conservative force.
conserved.
27
16. Assertion (A): The work done by external 20. Assertion (A): For an object in a
agent in bringing (slowly) a body down conservative force field moving along x–
from the top to the base along a axis, the potential energy of the system
frictionless inclined plane is the same as
is shown in figure. The speed of the
the work done by external agent in
object will be same at points A and D.
slowly bringing it down along the vertical
side.
Reason (R): The gravitational force on
the body along the inclined plane is the
same as that along the vertical side.
Reason (R): For internal conservative
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false forces, work done by internal forces is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false equal to minus of change in potential
energy i.e. Wint = –U.
17. Assertion (A): A particle is projected
vertically upwards then as it ascends, its (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
kinetic energy decreases uniformly with the correct explanation of the (A)
distance. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Its speed decreases not the correct explanation of the (A)
uniformly with time. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 21. Assertion (A): If in a round trip work
not the correct explanation of the (A) done by a force is zero then force is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false conservative.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Work done by conservative
force field is independent of path.
18. Assertion (A): Work done by all external
forces on a system of particles is equal
to change in kinetic energy of the
system. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Work done by a force has not the correct explanation of the (A)
different dimensions from kinetic energy. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 22. Assertion (A): Karnam Malleshwari
not the correct explanation of the (A) famous Indian weight lifter lifts a weight
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false up and returns it to same initial position
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false along the same path. Net work done by
muscles of weight lifter is positive.
19. Assertion (A): Magnitude of linear
momentum cannot be negative. Reason (R): Net displacement of weight
Reason (R): A body with negative energy is zero.
cannot have linear momentum. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
28
23. Assertion (A): The mechanical energy of 26. Assertion (A): There is no term like
earth–moon system remains same when instantaneous work similar to
a heavenly body passes nearby the instantaneous velocity.
earth–moon system. Reason (R): For work to be done, the
Reason (R): Force exerted by heavenly force must act for a displacement.
body on the earth–moon system is non- (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
conservative. the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 27. Assertion (A): A man of mass m,
standing on a frictionless surface
24. Assertion (A): A body cannot have pushes a wall and acquires a velocity v0.
kinetic energy without having linear The work done by the wall on the man
momentum but it can have momentum is non-zero.
without having mechanical energy. Reason (R): Work done by all the forces
Reason (R): Linear momentum and is equal to change in kinetic energy.
energy have same dimensions. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
28. Assertion (A): Power delivered by all
25. Assertion (A): A spring has potential forces acting on a particle moving in a
energy, both when it is compressed or uniform circular motion is always zero.
elongated. Reason (R): Work done by all forces
Reason (R): In compressing or acting on a particle moving in a uniform
stretching, work is done on the spring circular motion is zero as KE remains
against the restoring force. constant.

29. Assertion (A): Comets move around the 32. Assertion (A): A man carrying a load on
sun in elliptical orbits. The gravitational his head and walking with uniform
velocity on a street does not work
force on the comet due to sun is not
against gravity.
normal to the comet’s velocity but the Reason (R): When a body moves with
work done by the gravitation force over uniform velocity, work done by all forces
every complete orbit of the comet is on this body is zero.
zero.
Reason (R): Gravitational force is a
conservative force. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 33. Assertion (A): The potential energy of a
not the correct explanation of the (A) particle varies with distance x as shown
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false in figure.
30. Assertion (A): Work done by or against

force of friction in moving a body in any
round trip is always zero. The force acting on the particle is zero
Reason (R): Frictional force is a at points C and E.
Reason (R): Conservative force f(x)
conservative force.
associated with potential energy U(x) is
dU(x)
related with U(x) as F = − .
the correct explanation of the (A) dx
31. Assertion (A): No work is done when an (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
electron completes a circular or an 34. Assertion (A): The kinetic energy of a
elliptical orbit around the stationary particle continuously increases with
nucleus of an atom. time if the resultant force on the
particle must be at an angle less than
Reason (R): Electrostatic force is a
90° to the velocity at all instants.
conservative force. Reason (R): The work done by the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is external forces on a system equals to
the correct explanation of the (A) change in total energy.
30
35. Assertion (A): The work done by the net 38. Assertion (A): Work done by
force on a particle during non-uniform gravitational force on a block for
circular motion is not equal to zero.
moving P to A and Q to A are equal.
Reason (R): In case of non-uniform
circular motion net force and
elementary displacement are not
perpendicular to each other.
Reason (R): Potential energy is defined
not the correct explanation of the (A) for gravitational force.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
36. Assertion (A): Kinetic energy of a system
can be increased without applying any
external force on the system.
Reason (R): If external forces are absent (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
then work done by internal forces is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
equal to change in kinetic energy.
39. Assertion (A): Frictional forces are
the correct explanation of the (A) conservative forces.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Potential energy can be
associated with frictional forces.
37. Assertion (A): If a spring is compressed,
energy is stored in spring and when it is (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
elongated, energy is released. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Work done by spring force is
equal to change in potential energy of
the spring. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
31
6. System of Particles and Rotational Motion
1. Assertion (A): In any kind of collision, 5. Assertion (A): Two particles undergo
kinetic energy cannot be same rectilinear motion along different straight
throughout. lines. Then the centre of mass of system
Reason (R): In elastic collision kinetic
of given two particles also always moves
energy remains constant throughout.
along a straight line.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): If direction of net momentum
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is of a system of particles (having nonzero
not the correct explanation of the (A) net momentum) is fixed, the centre of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false mass of given system moves along a
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false straight line.
2. Assertion (A): In a perfectly inelastic (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
collision there is a limit to the loss of correct explanation of the (A)
kinetic energy of colliding bodies.
Reason (R): In perfectly inelastic collision,
linear momentum of system is conserved.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
correct explanation of the (A) (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
6. Assertion (A): A half filled bottle is more
stable than a fully filled identical bottle
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false when kept in upright position.
Reason (R): A half filled bottle has lesser
3. Assertion (A): Centre of mass of a body in
pure rolling on a horizontal surface always mass than a fully filled bottle. (The fluid
moves in a straight line. and bottles are identical).
Reason (R): Centre of mass of a body (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
must be inside the body. correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Two objects are moving
4. Assertion (A): In two particle system towards each other due to mutual
when viewed from center of mass attraction. The kinetic energy of the
reference frame, if one particle stops then system remains constant.
other one will also stop simultaneously,
Reason (R): Total linear momentum of the
irrespective of external forces acting on
system system consisting both the objects
Reason (R): Centre of mass of a system is remain constant even in the presence of
a point about which total momentum of external forces.
system is always constant and non-zero. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
32
8. A particle of mass m strikes a wedge of 11. Assertion and Reason are on a situation of
mass M horizontally as shown in the a frog jumping vertically up on a rigid
figure. floor.
Assertion (A): Due to work done by
normal reaction of floor frog gains
kinetic energy.
Reason (R): Normal reaction by ground
Assertion (A): If collision is perfectly
accelerates centre of mass of frog.
inelastic then, it can be concluded that
the particle sticks to the wedge. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): In perfectly inelastic collision correct explanation of the (A)
velocity of both bodies is same along (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
common normal just after collision. not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) 12. Assertion (A): Maximum energy loss
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false occurs when the particles get stuck
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false together as a result of collision.
Reason (R): A point particle of mass m
9. Consider a one-dimensional head on collision
moving with speed v collides with
of two balls.
stationary point particle of mass M. Then
Assertion (A): The loss in kinetic energy of
the system during the collision does not the maximum energy loss possible is
depend on the velocity of the observer.  m  1 2
given    mv 
Reason (R): Kinetic energy of a body is m + M 2 
independent of velocity of observer. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
10. Assertion (A): When one object collides 13. Assertion (A): In case of bullet fired from
with another object, the impulse during
a gun, the ratio of kinetic energy of gun
deformation and reformation will be in
and bullet is equal to ratio of masses of
same direction on one particular object.
bullet and gun.
Reason (R): Due to deformation impulse
Reason (R): In firing of bullet, linear
the objects first deform and due to the
momentum of system is conserved.
same reformation impulse, they again try
to regain its original shape. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
33
14. Assertion (A): The centre of mass of a 18. Assertion (A): By definition, pure rolling of
system of two particles is closer to the a body occurs when velocity of its point
heavier particle.
of contact is zero relative to the surface
Reason (R): Algebraic sum of mass
moments about centre of mass is zero. on which it rolls.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): A body is purely rolling (rolling
correct explanation of the (A) without slipping). The velocity of point of
contact (of body) must be zero with
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false respect to ground.
15. Assertion (A): Value of radius of gyration correct explanation of the (A)
of a body depends on axis of rotation. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Radius of gyration is rms not the correct explanation of the (A)
distance of particles of the body from the
axis of rotation. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 19. Assertion (A): Two cylinders, one hollow
not the correct explanation of the (A) (metal) and the other solid (wood) with
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the same mass and identical dimensions
are simultaneously allowed to roll without
16. Assertion (A): Kinetic energy of a rigid slipping down an inclined plane from the
1 same height. The solid cylinder will reach
body can be greater than mv2 , where
2 the bottom of the inclined plane first.
m is mass of rigid body & v is speed of
centre of mass of body. Reason (R): By the principle of
Reason (R): Kinetic energy of a particle conservation of energy, the total kinetic
(point mass) cannot be greater than energies of both the cylinders are
1 identical when they reach the bottom of
mv2 , where m is mass of particle & v is
2 the incline.
speed of particle.
17. Assertion (A): A disc rolls without slipping
on a fixed rough horizontal surface. Then 20. Assertion (A): When the body is rolling
there is no point on the disc whose purely, the velocity of the point of contact
velocity is in vertical direction.
should be zero relative to the surface in
Reason (R): Rolling motion can be taken
as combination of translation and contact.
rotation. Due to the translational part of Reason (R): Friction is necessary for a
motion a velocity (translational body to roll purely on a level horizontal
component) exist in horizontal direction
ground.
for any point on the disc rolling on a fixed
rough horizontal surface. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
34
21. Assertion (A): Net torque about point B is 25. Assertion (A): If a sphere starts pure
of all real forces is not zero. rolling down a rough incline plane, work
done by friction is zero.
Reason (R): Work done by friction for
translational motion is negative and work
Reason (R): Because it will rotate about done by friction for rotational motion is
point B. positive and equal in magnitude.
22. Assertion (A): The condition of
equilibrium for a rigid body is – 26. Assertion (A): A solid copper and solid
Translational equilibrium:  F = 0, ( i.e. aluminium sphere of same masses are
sum of all external forces equal to zero.) spinning about their axes with same
Rotational equilibrium:   = 0 , (i.e. sum angular velocities copper sphere has more
of all external torques equal to zero.) angular momentum than aluminium.
Reason (R): A rigid body must be in Reason (R): Both copper and aluminium
equilibrium under the action of two equal sphere have same radius.
and opposite forces.
23. Assertion (A): A cyclist always bends 27. Assertion (A): In a conical pendulum
inwards while negotiating a curve
angular momentum of bob L remains
Reason (R): By bending he lowers his
centre of gravity constant with respect to O centre of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the circle swept by it.
24. Assertion (A): A wheel slides downward Reason (R): Net torque (net ) about centre
on frictionless inclined plane, without
O is zero.
rolling.
Reason (R): In pure rolling work done (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
against friction always zero. the correct explanation of the (A)

28. Assertion (A): Speed of any point on a 32. Assertion (A): A ladder is more likely to
rigid body in pure rolling can be calculated slip when a person is near the top than
by expression  = r, where r = distance when he is near the bottom.
of point from instantaneous centre of Reason (R): The friction between the
rotation. ladder and floor decreases as he climbs
Reason (R): Pure rolling of rigid body can
up.
be considered as a pure rotation about
instantaneous centre of rotation. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
33. A sphere is performing pure rolling on a
29. Assertion (A): A sphere rolls down a rough rough horizontal surface with constant
inclined plane without slipping. It gains angular velocity.
rotational K.E due to friction. Assertion (A): Frictional force acting on
Reason (R): In this situation, work done by
the sphere is zero.
static friction is negative.
Reason (R): Velocity of contact point is
correct explanation of the (A) zero.
30. Assertion (A): If there is no external (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
torque on a body about its centre of mass, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
then the velocity of the center of mass 34. Assertion (A): Moment of inertia about an
remains constant. axis passing through center of mass is
Reason (R): The angular momentum of a maximum.
system always remains constant. Reason (R): Theorem of parallel axis can
be applied only for two dimensional body
of negligible thickness.
31. Assertion (A): When a sphere is rolls on a
horizontal table it slows down and
eventually stops. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): When the sphere rolls on the 35. Assertion (A): If earth shrink (without
table, both the sphere and the surface change in mass) to half its present size,
deform near the contact. As a result, the length of the day would become 6 hours.
normal force does not pass through the Reason (R): As size of the earth changes
centre and provide an angular its moment of inertia changes.
deceleration.
36
36. Assertion (A): When the disc rolls 40. Assertion (A): A body is rolling without
without slipping, friction is required slipping on a surface. There must be
because condition of pure rolling is frictional force to start such a motion.
velocity of point of contact is zero. Reason (R): In rolling without slipping,
Reason (R): The force of friction in the work done against the frictional force is
case of a disc rolling without slipping
zero on rolling body.
down an inclined plane is zero.
37. Assertion (A): It is more difficult to open 41. Assertion (A): If the moment of inertia of
the door by applying the force near the a non-uniform thin circular ring is same
hinge. about two different axes parallel to each
Reason (R): Torque is maximum at hinge. other and lying in the plane of ring, then
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the both the axis can be at same distance
from geometrical centre of the ring.
Reason (R): From parallel axis theorem
not the correct explanation of the (A) 2
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false I = Icm + md , (where terms have usual
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false meaning). Moment of inertia of a body
about two axes parallel to each other and
38. Assertion (A): Angular momentum of a
body may remain conserved even when at a same distance from centre of mass
moment of inertia of body changes. of the body is same.
Reason (R): Angular momentum of a body (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
does not depend upon moment of inertia correct explanation of the (A)
of the body. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 42. Assertion (A): A ballet dancer increases
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false or decreases the angular velocity of spin,
39. Assertion (A): In case of rolling without about the vertical axis by pulling in or
sliding, friction force can act in forward extending out her limbs.
and backward direction both.
Reason (R): L= I which is constant about
Reason (R): The angular momentum of a
rotational axis where symbols have their
system will be conserved only about that
point about which external angular usual meaning.
impulse is zero. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
37
43. Assertion (A): It will be much easier to 47. A sphere is rotating about a diameter with
accelerate a merry-go-round full of constant angular acceleration .
children if they stand close to its axis Assertion (A): All the particles on the
then if they all stand at the outer edge. surface have same linear acceleration.
Reason (R): For larger moment of inertia, Reason (R): All the particles on the
the angular acceleration is small for riven surface have same linear speed.
torque. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
48. Assertion (A): A disc is rolling on a rough
44. Assertion (A): Inertia and moment of horizontal surface without slipping. The
inertia are same quantities. velocity of centre of mass is v. Then all
Reason (R): Moment of inertia represents the other points on the disc lying on a
the capacity of a rigid body to oppose its circular arc with point of contact as the
state of translatory motion.
center and this arc passing through center
of mass of disc will have the same speed v.
Reason (R): When a disc is rotating
without sliding on a rough horizontal
surface the magnitude of velocities of all
the points at a distance r from point of
contact is same.
45. Assertion (A): For the purpose of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
calculation of moment of inertia, body's correct explanation of the (A)
mass can be assumed to be (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
concentrated at its centre of mass. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Moment of inertia of a rigid (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
about an axis passing through its centre (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
of mass is zero.
49. Assertion (A): Moment of inertia of a rigid
body is not unique.
Reason (R): Moment of inertia of a rigid
body depends on the distribution of mass
about the axis of rotation.
46. Assertion (A): A sphere is placed such (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
that is its centre is at origin of not the correct explanation of the (A)
coordinate system. If Ix and Iy be the (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
moment of inertia about x-axis and y- (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
axis respectively then moment of inertia 50. Assertion (A): A body rolling without
about z-axis is Ix + Iy slipping has only rotational kinetic energy.
Reason (R): For any body according to Reason (R): The centre of mass of a rolling
perpendicular axis theorem Iz = Ix + Iy. body docs not move forward.
38
51. Assertion (A): Angular velocity of the 54. A sphere moving with a velocity v0 on a
 smooth surface suddenly enters on a
seconds hand of a watch is rad / s .
30 rough horizontal surface as shown in
Reason (R): Angular velocity is equal to figure.
2
where T is the time period.
T
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Assertion (A): The sphere loses
not the correct explanation of the (A) translational kinetic energy and gains
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false rotational kinetic energy.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Friction force acts in forward
direction.
52. Assertion (A): If two different axes are at
same distance from the centre of mass of
a rigid body then moment of inertia of the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
given rigid body about both the axes will not the correct explanation of the (A)
always be equal. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): According to perpendicular (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
2
axis theorem I = Icm + Md where symbols 55. Assertion (A): If total external torque on a
have their usual meaning. rigid system is zero, its angular
momentum remains constant.
Reason (R): The change in angular
momentum is equal to the angular
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is impulse of the resultant torque,
53. Assertion (A): A wheel moving down a (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
perfectly frictionless inclined plane will (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
undergo slipping (not rolling),
56. Assertion (A): For a system of particles
Reason (R): For pure rolling, work done
under central force field, the total angular
against frictional force is zero.
momentum is conserved.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): The torque acting on such a
correct explanation of the (A) system is zero.
39
7. Gravitation
1. Assertion (A): Two satellites A and B are 5. Assertion (A): Gravitational potential of
in the same orbit around the earth, B earth at every place upon it is negative.
being behind A. Satellite B can overtake Reason (R): Every body on earth is bound
satellite A by increasing its speed. by the attraction of earth.
Reason (R): Orbital speeds of two satellite (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
in same orbit may different correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 6. Assertion (A): For a system of masses at
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false some finite distance, gravitational field
can be zero but gravitational potential can
2. Assertion (A): At the centre of the earth,
not be zero.
a body has centre of mass, but no centre Reason (R): Gravitational field is a scalar
of gravity. quantity while gravitational potential is a
Reason (R): Acceleration due to gravity is vector quantity.
zero at the centre of the earth. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 7. Assertion (A): Period of revolution of
satellite in circular orbit around earth is
3. Assertion (A): The mechanical energy of
inversely proportional to cube of its
earth–moon system remains same when orbital speed.
another heavenly body passes nearby the Reason (R): Period of revolution in
earth–moon system. uniform circular motion is given by
Reason (R): Force exerted by heavenly 2r
body on the earth–moon system is non- T= where r is radius of orbit and v is
v
conservative. speed.
4. Assertion (A): An astronaut in an orbiting 8. Assertion (A): Assuming zero potential at
space station above the earth experiences infinity, the gravitational potential at a
weightlessness. point can never be positive.
Reason (R): The magnitude of
Reason (R): An object orbiting around the
gravitational force between two particles
earth under the influence of the earth's
has inverse square dependence on the
gravitational force is in a state of free fall. distance between two particles.
40
9. Assertion (A): Gravitational field of a 13. Assertion (A): Gravitational potential
uniform spherical shell outside it is same energy of any mass particle may not be
as that of particle of same mass placed zero at earth centre.
at its centre of mass.
Reason (R): Gravitational field intensity at
Reason (R): For the calculation of
earth centre is zero.
gravitational force between any two
uniform spherical shells, they can always (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
be replaced by particles of same mass correct explanation of the (A)
placed at respective centres. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 14. Assertion (A): If the product of surface
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false area and density is same for two planets,
10. Assertion (A): The force of attraction escape velocities at surface will be same
between a hollow spherical shell of for both planets.
uniform density and a point mass situated Reason (R): For given mass of a planet
out side is just as if the entire mass of the – 1/2
shell is concentrated at the centre of the ve  R
shell. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): Gravitational forces caused by correct explanation of the (A)
the various regions of the shell have
components along the line joining the
point mass to the centre as well as along not the correct explanation of the (A)
a direction perpendicular to this line. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 15. Assertion (A): When planet moves in
not the correct explanation of the (A) elliptical orbit around Sun. Its angular
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false momentum about sun remains conserved.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Total mechanical energy of
11. Assertion (A): The gravitational force planet – sun system remains conserved.
between two finite bodies is necessarily (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
along the line joining their centre of mass.
Reason (R): The gravitational force
between two particles is not central. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 16. Assertion (A): Moon revolving around
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false earth does not come closer despite
12. Assertion (A): If the law of gravitation, earth’s gravitational attraction.
instead of being inverse square law Reason (R): A radially outward force
becomes an inverse cube law then balances earth’s force of attraction during
planets will still have elliptical orbits.
2 3 revolution of moon.
Reason (R): In that case also, T  r
(symbols having usual meanings)

17. Assertion (A): Earth has an atmosphere 21. Assertion (A): If earth stops rotating
but the moon does not. about its axis, then the value of
Reason (R): Moon is small in comparison acceleration due to gravity increases
to earth. every where, except at the poles.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): The value of acceleration due
correct explanation of the (A) to gravity is maximum at the poles
18. Assertion (A): Potential energy of a planet
increases as it moves from perihelion to
aphelion. 22. Assertion (A): Even when orbit of a
Reason (R): As planet moves from satellite is elliptical, its plane of rotation
perihelion to aphelion work done by passes through the centre of earth.
gravitational pull of sun on planet is Reason (R): According to law of
negative. conservation of angular momentum plane
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the of rotation of satellite always remain
correct explanation of the (A) same.
19. Assertion (A): An artificial satellite of
earth releases a packet. It will hit the
earth exactly below the satellite. 23. Assertion (A): The radius vector from the
Reason (R): Packet will move along a sun to a planet sweeps out equal areas in
straight line towards earth's centre with equal times interval.
respect to satellite. Reason (R): Transverse (perpendicular to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the radius vector) acceleration of the planet
correct explanation of the (A) is zero.
20. Assertion (A): Charged particles
experience both electrical and
gravitational force. But gravitational force 24. Assertion (A): Earth is continuously
is ignored. pulling moon towards its centre but moon
Reason (R): Gravitational force is due to does not fall to earth,
mass of particles while electrical force is Reason (R): Attraction of sun on moon is
due to charge of particles. greater than that of earth on moon.
42
25. Assertion (A): An artificial satellite is 29. Assertion (A): The plane of the orbit of an
moving in a circular orbit of the earth. If artificial satellite must contain the centre
the gravitational pull suddenly of the earth.
disappears, then it moves with the same Reason (R): For the orbital motion of
speed tangential to the original orbit. satellite, the necessary centripetal force
Reason (R): The orbital speed of a is provided by gravitational pull of earth
satellite decreases with the increase in
on satellite.
radius of the orbit.
30. Assertion (A): Escape velocity of a
26. Assertion (A): If a body is taken from
satellite is greater than its orbital velocity.
earth to moon, its gravitational mass
Reason (R): Orbit of a satellite is within
becomes one-sixth on moon.
the gravitational field of planet whereas
Reason (R): Gravitational mass depends
escaping is beyond the gravitational field
upon acceleration due to gravity.
of planet.
27. Assertion (A): A person in an artificial 31. Assertion (A): Escape velocity from
satellite revolving around the earth feels surface of a planet is Ve. If a tunnel is
weightlessness.
made inside the surface, the escape
Reason (R): There is no gravitational force
velocity from a point inside the tunnel
on the satellite.
must be greater than Ve.
Reason (R): Gravitational force is a
conservative central force.
28. Assertion (A): A spherically symmetric (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
shell produces no gravitational field (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
anywhere. 32. Assertion (A): Total energy is conserved in
Reason (R): The field due to various mass moving a satellite to higher orbit.
elements cancel out, everywhere for a Reason (R): Sum of change in potential
spherically symmetric shell. energy and kinetic energy is same in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the magnitude and opposite in nature.
43
8. Mechanical Properties of Solids
1. Assertion (A): A uniform elastic rod lying 2. Assertion (A): Two identical uniform
on smooth horizontal surface is pulled elastic rods are lying horizontally on
by constant horizontal force of smooth horizontal surface under the
magnitude F as shown in figure (i). action of forces as shown in figure. The
Another identical elastic rod is pulled elongation in two rods will be same.
vertically upwards by a constant vertical Reason (R): The acceleration of rod will
force of magnitude F (see figure ii). The be same in both cases.
extension in both rods will be same.
Reason (R): In a uniform elastic rod, the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
extension depends only on forces acting
3. Assertion (A): Identical springs of steel
at the ends of rod.
and copper are equally stretched. More
work will be done on the steel spring.
Reason (R): Steel is more elastic than
copper.
44
9. Mechanical Properties of Fluids
1. Assertion (A): Blood pressure of heart is 3. Assertion (A): When a body floats such
same whether you lie down or stand up. that its parts are immersed into two
immiscible liquids, then force exerted by
Reason (R): Pressure varies with height liquid 1 is of magnitude 1V1g
in a fluid under gravity. Reason (R): Total buoyant force = 1V1g +
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 2V2g
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
2. A barometer made of a very narrow tube the correct explanation of the (A)
(see fig.) is placed at normal (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
temperature and pressure. The
coefficient of volume expansion of
mercury is 0.00018/°C and that of the
tube is negligible. The temperature of 4. Assertion (A): A raindrop after falling
mercury in the barometer is now raised through some height attains a constant
by 1°C but the temperature of the velocity.
atmosphere does not change. Then Reason (R): At constant velocity the
Assertion (A): The mercury height in the viscous drag plus buoyant force is just
equal to its weight.
tube remains unchanged.
Reason (R): The atmospheric pressure
remains same.
5. Assertion (A): In streamline flow
streamlines never intersect each other.
Reason (R): If streamline intersect then
their must two velocities of fluid particle
at the point of intersection, which is
impossible.
45
6. Assertion (A): A mercury barometer 9. Assertion (A): If liquid is equilibrium, the
always reads less than actual pressure. pressure is same at all the points in a
horizontal plane
Reason (R): The density of liquid varies
Reason (R): In equilibrium pressure in a
with rise of temp.
fluid is same at all the points if they are
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is at same height.
7. Assertion (A): Floating condition of 10. Assertion (A): At same horizontal level
needle does not depend on length of of same liquid pressure is always same.
needle. Reason (R): When any fluid travels from

a region of higher pressure to lower
Reason (R): In floating condition, weight
pressure. It gains some speed.
of needle balance by force due to
surface tension. the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 11. Assertion (A): Aeroplanes having wings
fly at low altitudes while jet planes fly at
high altitudes.
8. Assertion (A): The stream of water Reason (R): At low altitudes air is dense,
whereas at high altitude air is less-
flowing at high speed from a garden
dense.
hose pipe tends to spread like a fountain (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
when held vertically up, but tends to the correct explanation of the (A)
narrow down when held vertically down. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): In any steady flow of an
incompressible fluid, the volume flow (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
rate of the fluid remains constant.
12. Assertion (A): A Basilisk lizard can run
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is across the top of a water surface.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): water does not stick to its
legs.
46
13. Assertion (A): The stream of water 16. Assertion (A): The angle of contact of a
emerging from a water tap "necks down" liquid decreases with increase in
as it falls. temperature.
Reason (R): The volume flow rate at Reason (R): With increase in
different levels is same. temperature, the surface tension of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is liquid increases.
14. Assertion (A): Water flows faster than
honey. 17. Assertion (A): The shape of a liquid drop
Reason (R): The co-efficient of viscosity is spherical.
of water is less than honey. Reason (R): The pressure inside the drop
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is is greater than that of outside.
15. Assertion (A): Weight of a empty
balloon measured in air is W1. If air at 18. Assertion (A): Surface energy of an oil
drop is same whether placed on glass or
atmospheric pressure is filled inside
water surface.
balloon and again weight of the balloon
Reason (R): Surface energy is dependent
is measured. Weight of balloon in
only on the properties of oil.
second case is equal to W1.
Reason (R): Upthurst is equal to weight
of the fluid displaced by the body.
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ

47꧂
10. Thermal Properties of(4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Matter
1. Assertion (A): As the temperature of the
4. Assertion (A): Specific heat capacity of a
blackbody increases, the wavelength at
substance in cal/g°C is greater than its
which the spectral intensity (E) is
specific heat capacity in cal/g°F.
maximum decreases. Reason (R): Magnitude (temperature
Reason (R): The wavelength at which the difference) of 1°C is greater than the
spectral intensity will be maximum for a magnitude of 1°F.
black body is proportional to the fourth (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
power of its absolute temperature. correct explanation of the (A)
5. Assertion (A): Water is considered
unsuitable for use in thermometers.
Reason (R): Thermal Expansion of water is
2. Assertion (A): Two metallic spheres of non-uniform.
same size, one of copper and the other of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
aluminium, heated to the same correct explanation of the (A)
temperature, will cool at the same rate (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
when they are suspended in the same not the correct explanation of the (A)
enclosure. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): The rate of cooling of a body
depends only on the excess of 6. Assertion (A): The temperature of a
temperature of the body over the metallic rod is raised by a temperature t
surroundings. so that its length becomes double. The
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the value of  (coefficient of linear expansion)
correct explanation of the (A) log e (2)
is given by .
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is t
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Coefficient of linear
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 1d
expansion is defined as
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false dt
3. Assertion (A): Colour of a glowing black (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
body changes on increasing its
temperature. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Spectral emissive power (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
associated with each wavelength does (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not increase in same proportion on 7. Assertion (A): Liquids usually expand
increasing temperature of the Black more than solids.
Body. Reason (R): The intermolecular forces in
liquids are weaker than in solids.
48
8. Assertion (A): Temperature of a rod is 12. Assertion (A): A sphere, a cube and a thin
increased and again cooled to same initial circular plate made of same material and
temperature then its final length is equal of same mass are initially heated to
to original length. 200°C, the plate will cool at fastest rate.
Reason (R): For a small temperature
Reason (R): Rate of cooling =
change, length of a rod varies as =0
A 4
(1+T) provided T <<1. Here symbol (T − T04 )  surface area. Surface
ms
have their usual meaning.
area is maximum for circular plate.
9. Assertion (A): When you touch two (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
bodies, the body which is felt warmer 13. Assertion (A): A body is emitting primarily
must be of higher temperature than the red light. As the temperature of body is
other one. increased it may emit primarily yellow light.
Reason (R): The heat flows from lower
Reason (R): Rate of radiation emitted by a
temperature to higher temperature.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the body increases as the temperature
correct explanation of the (A) increases.
10. Assertion (A): High thermal conductivity (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
of metals is due to presence of free (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
electrons. 14. Assertion (A): A hot iron bar placed under
Reason (R): Electrons at same
a running tap loses heat by convection.
temperature have very high average
velocity than atoms. Reason (R): Convection involves flow of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the matter within a fluid due to unequal
correct explanation of the (A) temperature of its parts.
11. A solid sphere of copper of radius R and a (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
hollow sphere of the same material of (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
inner radius r and outer radius R are
heated to the same temperature and 15. Assertion (A): A temperature change
allowed to cool in the same environment. which increases the length of a steel rod
Assertion (A): Hollow sphere cools faster by 1% will increase its volume by 3%.
than solid sphere. Reason (R): The coefficient of volume
 d  1 expansion is nearly three times the
Reason (R):  − 
dt m coefficient of linear expansion.
 

49 ꧂
16. Assertion (A): Latent heat of vaporization 20. Assertion (A): If two bodies are in thermal
is more than the latent heat of fusion. equilibrium in one frame, they will be in
Reason (R): When a substance gets thermal equilibrium in all frames.
converted from liquid to vapour, there is Reason (R): The transfer of energy from a
large increase in volume. Hence more hot body to a cold body is a non-
amount of heat is required.
mechanical process.
17. Assertion (A): The coefficients of
expansion are not constant for a given 21. Assertion (A): Specific heat of substance
solid. Their values depend on the is property of material.
temperature range in which they are Reason (R): Specific heat also
measured depends on the condition of the
Reason (R): Values of    are experiment. The way in which heat is
independent of the of length, area and supplied to the body.
volume respectively. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 22. Assertion (A): When hot water is suddenly
poured in cold beaker of thick glass, the
18. Assertion (A): All substances expand on
increasing the temperature. beaker cracks.
Reason (R): Glass is bad conductor of
Reason (R): Energy of molecules may
decrease on increasing the temperature. heat and outer surface of the beaker does
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the not expand.
19. Assertion (A): Radiation of longer (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
wavelengths are predominant at lower 23. Assertion (A): Ice is placed at top of the
temperature. bucket to cold the water.
Reason (R): When a body is heated, only Reason (R): Heat transfer by convection
radiation of wavelength corresponding to
takes place in upward direction.
infrared waves are emitted.
50
24. Assertion (A): Snow is better insulator 28. Assertion (A): During phase change
than ice. temperature of the substance remains
Reason (R): Snow contain air packet and constant.
air is bad conductor of heat. Reason (R): Internal energy of the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the substance during change of phase
correct explanation of the (A) remains constant.
25. Assertion (A): Specific heat for melting
Ice is infinite.
Reason (R): In isothermal process specific 29. Assertion (A): The land surfaces get
heat of substance is infinite. heated and cooled quickly compared to
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the oceans.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Land surfaces are practically
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is opaque to solar radiation and only few
not the correct explanation of the (A) inches of the ground is affected.
26. Assertion (A): For small temperature (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
difference between body and surrounding, not the correct explanation of the (A)
the rate of cooling directly proportional to (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the difference in temperature, known as (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Newton's law of cooling. 30. Assertion (A): Woolen clothes keep the
Reason (R): Newton's law of cooling is body warm in winter.
valid for heat transfer by radiation mode Reason (R): Woolen fibres enclose a large
only.
amount of air in them & both air and wool
are the bad conductors of heat.
27. Assertion (A): Two bodies at different (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
temperatures, if brought in contact do not
31. Assertion (A): Salt is mixed with ice in an
necessary settle to the mean
ice-cream box.
temperature.
Reason (R): Salt lowers the temperature
Reason (R): The two bodies may have
of ice.
different thermal capacities.

51
꧂
32. Assertion (A): An ice skater can slide over 36. Assertion (A): Density of humid air is less
ice smoothly if the skate blades are sharp. then density of dry air at the same
Reason (R): Melting point of ice decreases temperature and pressure.
with increase in pressure. Reason (R): Mass of humid air is more
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the than mass of dry air.
33. Assertion (A): On the sea shore, cool 37. Assertion (A): Temperature near the sea-
breeze flows in the evening. coast are moderate.
Reason (R): Convection currents are set Reason (R): Water has a high thermal
up from sea to the land since land cools conductivity.
slower than water. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 38. Assertion (A): Bodies radiate heat at all
temperature.
34. Assertion (A): Two thin blankets put
Reason (R): Rate of radiation of heat is
together are less warmer than a single
proportional to the fourth power of
blanket of double the thickness. absolute temperature.
Reason (R): Thickness increases because (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
of vacuum layer enclosed between the correct explanation of the (A)
two blankets. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 39. Assertion (A): For an ideal black body,
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false both absorption coefficient and reflection
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false coefficient are one.
35. Assertion (A): Water in a container is to Reason (R): Perfect absorbers are perfect
reflectors.
be cooled by putting an ice cube in it.
Water will get cooled fastest in case 'A'. correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Water is cooled mostly 40. Assertion (A): Heat radiations and light
through convection currents and it is have identical properties.
highest in case A. Reason (R): A cold body does not radiate
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the heat to the hotter surroundings.
52
41. Assertion (A): A body with large 45. Assertion (A): Conduction usually takes
reflectivity is a poor emitter of heat place in solids, convection in liquids and
radiations. gases and no medium is required for
Reason (R): A body with large reflectivity radiation.
is a poor absorber of heat. Reason (R): In conduction and convection,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the heat is transferred from one place to
correct explanation of the (A) other by actual motion of heated material.
42. Assertion (A): If temperature of any body
is increased by 10%, then there will be
40% increase in amount of radiation from 46. Assertion (A): The equivalent thermal
its surface. conductivity of two plates of same
thickness in contact (series) is less than
E T
Reason (R): Equation =4 also the the smaller value of thermal conductivity.
E T Reason (R): For two plates of equal
for large percentage increase where thickness in contact (series), the
4
ET. equivalent thermal conductivity is given
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the 1 1 1
correct explanation of the (A) by = +
K K 1 K2
43. Assertion (A): A hot body is kept in (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
surrounding. As it cools, its temperature (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
falls from 80°C to 78°C in a time duration
47. Assertion (A): The amount of radiation
t1 and from 50°C to 48°C in time duration
from sun’s surface varies as the fourth
t2. The temperature of surrounding is power of its absolute temperature.
constant 20°C, then t1 > t2. Reason (R): The sun is a black body.
Reason (R): According to Newton’s law of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
cooling, rate of cooling depends only on correct explanation of the (A)
the difference of temperature of the body (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
and the surrounding. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 48. Assertion (A): Two spheres of same
not the correct explanation of the (A) material have radius r1 and r2 respectively
and temperature 4000K and 2000K
respectively. The energy radiated per
44. Assertion (A): Most of the heat transfer second by first sphere is more than
that is taking place on earth is by second sphere.
convection. Reason (R): In thermal conduction, energy
Reason (R): Mostly heat radiation from is transferred by transference of particles
sun are obtained in infrared region. of conducting body.
53 ꧂
49. Assertion (A): When temperature 54. Assertion (A): When a hot liquid is mixed
difference across the two sides of a wall with a cold liquid, the temperature of the
is increased, its thermal conductivity
mixer is undefined for some time and
increases.
Reason (R): Thermal conductivity depends then becomes nearly constant.
upon the temperature difference across Reason (R): If two bodies at different
the two sides of a wall. temperature are mixed in a calorimeter,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the the total energy of the two bodies
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is remains conserved.
50. Assertion (A): Specific heat of a body may not the correct explanation of the (A)
be greater than its thermal capacity. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Mass of a body may be less (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
than unity.
correct explanation of the (A) 55. Assertion (A): A bottle is filled with water
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is at 40°C on opening it at moon, water will
not the correct explanation of the (A) boil.
Reason (R): Atmospheric pressure on the
surface of moon is zero and boiling point
51. Assertion (A): Melting of solid causes no
change in internal kinetic energy. is proportional to pressure.
Reason (R): Latent heat is the heat (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
required to melt a unit mass of solid. correct explanation of the (A)
52. Assertion (A): If one gram of ice at 0°C is 56. Assertion: The expanded length  of a rod
mixed with one gram of water at 80°C,
of original length 0 is not correctly given
then the final temperature of mixture will
be 0°C. by (assuming  to be constant with T)
Reason (R): Latent heat of ice is 540 cal/g.  = 0 (1 +  T), if  T is large.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the  T
Reason: It is given by  = 0 e , which
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is cannot be treated as being approximately
not the correct explanation of the (A) equal to 0 (1 +  T) for large value of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false  T.
53. Assertion (A): Water can be made to boil correct explanation of the (A)
without heating. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Boiling point of water is not the correct explanation of the (A)
lowered by decreasing pressure. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
54
11. Thermodynamics
1. Assertion (A): It is possible for both the 4. Assertion (A): Work done by a gas in
pressure and volume of a monoatomic isothermal expansion is more than the
ideal gas of a given amount to change work done by the gas in the same
simultaneously without causing the expansion adiabatically.
internal energy of the gas to change. Reason (R): Temperature remains
Reason (R): The internal energy of an constant in isothermal expansion but
ideal gas of a given amount remains not in adiabatic expansion.
constant if temperature does not (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
change. It is possible to have a process the correct explanation of the (A)
in which pressure and volume are (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
changed such that temperature remains not the correct explanation of the (A)
constant. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
5. Assertion (A): During the melting of a
slab of ice at 273 K at 1 atm, positive
work is done on the ice-water system by
the atmosphere.
Reason (R): In above process, the
2. A system of certain amount of an ideal internal energy of ice–water system
gas is taken from state A to state B once increases.
by process I and next by process II. The (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
amount of heat absorbed by gas is Q1 the correct explanation of the (A)
and Q2 respectively in the two (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
processes. not the correct explanation of the (A)
6. Assertion (A): During free expansion of
an Ideal gas, entropy is zero.
Reason (R): Internal energy of an ideal
gas is zero during free expansion.
Assertion (A): Q1 = Q2 the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Change in internal energy (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
and work done in both processes are not the correct explanation of the (A)
unequal. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) 7. Assertion (A): In an ideal monoatomic
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is gas, The Internal energy of gas is equal
not the correct explanation of the (A) to translational Kinetic energy of all its
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false molecules
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): The Internal energy may get
3. Assertion (A): Energy of molecules contributes from Translational, Rotatory,
increase on increasing the temperature. vibrationally as well as from the Potential
Reason (R): All substances expand on energy corresponding to the molecular
increasing the temperature. force.
55
8. Assertion (A): Bursting of balloon is not 12. Assertion (A): The area of entropy versus
a equilibrium state. temperature graph of a cyclic process, is
Reason (R): Equilibrium state of a equal to work done.
thermodynamic system is completely Reason (R): Change in internal energy of
described by specific values of some cyclic process is zero.
macroscopic properties. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
13. Assertion (A): Absolute zero
9. Assertion (A): Work and heat both can temperature is not the zero energy
be converted into each other in any temperature.
condition. Reason (R): At absolute zero
Reason (R): Work and Heat both are temperature the gas may possess
different form of energy. potential energy.
10. Assertion (A): If volume of a gas is
14. Assertion (A): For gas molecules
increasing but temperature of the gas is
absolute zero temperature is not the
decreasing, then heat given to the gas
temperature of zero energy.
may be positive, negative or zero.
Reason (R): Only the kinetic energy of
Reason (R): Heat given to a gas is a path
the molecules is represented by
function, it is not a state function.
temperature.
11. Assertion (A): Molar heat capacity of a 15. Assertion (A): On sudden expansion a gas
gas in any process can have any value – cools.
to + Reason (R): On sudden expansion, no
Reason (R): Molar heat capacity of a gas heat is supplied to system and hence
in an isothermal process is gas does work at the expense of its
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is internal energy.
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t56

✞☬ঔৣ꧂
16. Assertion (A): At low density, variables (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
of gases P, V and T follows the equation the correct explanation of the (A)
PV = RT (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): At low density real gases are not the correct explanation of the (A)
more closely to ideal gases (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) 20. Assertion (A): In isothermal process
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is whole of the heat energy supplied to the
not the correct explanation of the (A) body is converted into internal energy.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): According to the first law of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false thermodynamics Q = U – PV
17. Assertion (A): The internal energy of a
given sample of an ideal gas depends
only on its temperature according to
kinetic theory of gases.
Reason (R): The ideal gas molecules do
not exert intermolecular forces, thus its
potential energy is always zero and 21. Assertion (A): Total entropy change in
internal energy only depends on the one cycle of carnot engine is zero.
temperature. Reason (R): Entropy is a state function.
22. Assertion (A): The efficiency of a carnot
18. Assertion (A): Internal energy change is
cycle depends on the nature of the gas
zero if the temp is constant, irrespective
used.
of the process being cyclic or non-cyclic.
Reason (R): Adiabatic process is a part
Reason (R): dU = n CvdT for all process
of carnot cycle and work done in
and is independent of path. adiabatic process does not depend on
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is nature of gas.
19. Assertion (A): A gas is taken from state (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
A to state B through two different paths. 23. Assertion (A): It is not possible for a
Molar specific heat capacity in path (1) is system, unaided by an external agency
more as compared to (2). to transfer heat from a body at lower
temperature to another body a higher
temperature.
Reason (R): According to Clausius
statement "No process is possible
whose sole result is the transfer of heat
from a cooled object to a hotter object".
Q (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): C =
nT the correct explanation of the (A)
Q = U + W (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
and W is equal to area under P-V not the correct explanation of the (A)
diagram. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
57
24. Assertion (A): Air quickly leaking out of 28. Assertion (A): The specific heat of a gas
a balloon becomes cooler. in an adiabatic process is zero but it is
infinite in an isothermal process.
Reason (R): The leaking air undergoes
Reason (R): Specific heat of a gas is
adiabatic expansion. directly proportional to heat exchanged
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is with the system and inversely
the correct explanation of the (A) proportional to change in temperature.
25. Assertion (A): If heat is supplied to an
ideal gas in an isothermal process, the 29. Assertion (A): In adiabatic compression,
internal energy of the gas increases. the temperature of system gets
decreased.
Reason (R): When an ideal gas expands
Reason (R): Adiabatic compression is a
adiabatically, it does positive work and slow process.
its internal energy increases. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 30. Assertion (A): All processes in which P
and V are proportional, take place at
26. Assertion (A): In adiabatic expansion of constant temperature.
monoatomic ideal gas, if volume increases Reason (R): Work done in a
by 12%, then pressure decreases by 20%. thermodynamical process is path
Reason (R): In adiabatic process independent.
5/3 (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
PV = constant.
31. Assertion (A): During adiabatic
expansion of an ideal gas, temperature
27. Assertion (A): In an isochoric process, falls but entropy remains constant.
work done by the gas is zero. Reason (R): During adiabatic expansion,
Reason (R): In a process, if initial volume work is done by the gas using a part of
is equal to the final volume, work done internal energy and no heat exchange
takes place the system and the
by the gas is zero.
surrounding.

32. Assertion (A): In a free adiabatic 36. Assertion (A): The internal energy of a
expansion of an ideal gas, the final state real gas is function of both, temperature
is the same is the initial state. and volume.
Reason (R): As temperature of a gas Reason (R): For any gas internal kinetic
increases work done by it is positive. energy depends on temperature and
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is internal potential energy depends on
the correct explanation of the (A) volume.
33. Assertion (A): In adiabatic process, work
done on the system is equal to negative
of change in internal energy. 37. Assertion (A): The curve A and B in
Reason (R): In adiabatic process change figure, show P-V graphs for an
isothermal and an adiabatic process for
of heat zero.
an ideal gas. The isothermal process is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is represented by B.
34. Assertion (A): In cyclic process change Reason (R): On P-V graph, modulus of
in internal energy is zero. slope of the adiabatic curve is greater
Reason (R): In cyclic process net work than the modulus of the slope of the
isothermal curve.
done is zero.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 38. Assertion (A): An ideal gas expands
35. Assertion (A): State variables (P, V and isothermally, during this process, it
T) of any gas at low densities obey the absorbs 25 J heat. In the first law of
equation PV = nRT. thermodynamics, work done on the gas
Reason (R): Real gases are good will be –25J.
approximation of an ideal gas at low Reason (R): There will be no change in
density. the internal energy of the gas during
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is isothermal expansions.
59
12. Kinetic Theory
1. Assertion (A): Vibrational energy of 4. Assertion (A): A gas is kept in an

molecule at temperature T is kT. insulated cylinder with a movable
Reason (R): For every molecule, piston, in compressed state. As the
piston is suddenly released,
vibrational degree of freedom is 2.
temperature of the gas decreases.
Reason (R): According to the kinetic
the correct explanation of the (A) theory of gas, a molecule colliding with
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the piston must rebound with less
not the correct explanation of the (A) speed than it had before the collision.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Hence average speed of the molecules is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false reduced.
2. Assertion (A): There is no change in the correct explanation of the (A)
internal energy for ideal gas at constant (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
temperature. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Internal energy of an ideal (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
gas is a function of temperature only. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 5. Assertion (A): At 0K, pressure of an ideal
the correct explanation of the (A) gas becomes zero.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): At 0K, according to ideal gas
equation PV = 0, volume cannot be zero
hence pressure should be zero to satisfy
this equation.
3. Assertion (A): The atoms of a the correct explanation of the (A)
monoatomic gas have less degrees of
freedom as compared to molecules of
the diatomic gas.
Cp
Reason (R): The ratio of for an ideal 6. Assertion (A): Molar heat capacity of an
Cv
ideal monoatomic gas at constant
diatomic gas is more than that for an volume is a constant at all temperatures.
ideal monoatomic gas (where Cp and Cv Reason (R): As the temperature of an
have usual meaning). monoatomic ideal gas is increased,
number of degrees of freedom of gas
molecules remains constant.

7. Assertion (A): According to kinetic 11. Assertion (A): The total translational
theory of gases the internal energy of a kinetic energy of all the molecules of a
given sample of an ideal gas is only
kinetic. given mass of an ideal gas is 1.5 times
Reason (R): The ideal gas molecules the product of its pressure and its
exert force on each other only when volume
they collide.
Reason (R): The molecules of a gas
the correct explanation of the (A) collide with each other and the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is velocities of the molecules change due
to the collision.
8. Assertion (A): Internal energy of an ideal the correct explanation of the (A)
gas U = nCVT is due to random motion of (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
gas molecules. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): A container is moving with
speed v. It is suddenly stopped by a
force, temperature of gas increases. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A) 12. Assertion (A): Molar heat capacity at
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is constant pressure can be less than
not the correct explanation of the (A) molar heat capacity at constant volume.
Reason (R): Cp – Cv = R is valid only for
ideal monoatomic gas.
9. Assertion (A): Experimental results
indicate that the molar specific heat of (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
hydrogen gas at constant volume below the correct explanation of the (A)
50 K is equal to 5/2 R, where R is the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
universal gas constant.
Reason (R): A diatomic hydrogen
molecule possesses three translational (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
and two rotational degrees of freedom (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
at all temperatures.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 13. Assertion (A): An ideal gas is enclosed
the correct explanation of the (A) within a container fitted with a piston
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is when volume of this enclosed gas is
increased at constant temperature. The
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false pressure exerted by the gas on the
piston decreases.
10. Assertion (A): When an ideal gas is
heated in a rigid non conducting Reason (R): In the above situation the
container then pressure becomes rate of molecules striking the piston
double if the temperature is doubled. decreases. Therefore pressure exerted
Reason (R): Both the frequency of
collisions and momentum transferred by gas on piston decreases.
per collision becomes 2 times. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
61
14. Assertion (A): Gas is suddenly 17. Assertion (A): When temperature rises
compressed, its temperature rises. the coefficient of viscosity of gases
decreases.
Reason (R): Work done in compression
Reason (R): Gases behave more like
of gas increases internal energy of the ideal gases at lower temperature.
gas. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 18. Assertion (A): Maxwell speed
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false distribution graph is symmetric about
most probable speed
15. Assertion (A): If temperature of gas in a Reason (R): rms speed of ideal gas,
closed container in increased, its mean depends upon it’s type (monoatomic,
diatomic and polyatomic)
free path remains unchanged.
Reason (R): Mean free path is inversely the correct explanation of the (A)
proportional to number of molecules per (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
unit volume. not the correct explanation of the (A)
19. Assertion (A): Internal energy of an ideal
gas does not depend upon volume of the
not the correct explanation of the (A) gas
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): Internal energy of ideal gas
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false depends on temperature of gas.
16. Assertion (A): The average translational the correct explanation of the (A)
kinetic energy per molecule of a gas for (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
various gases at the same temperature not the correct explanation of the (A)
is the same.
Reason (R): if a given temperature, all
20. Assertion (A): An ideal gas has infinitely
molecules move with nearly the same
many molar specific heats.
speed. Reason (R): Molar specific heat is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is amount of heat needed to raise the
the correct explanation of the (A) temperature of 1 mole of gas by 1 K.

21. Assertion (A): The specific heat of a 24. Assertion (A): An ideal gas has infinitely
monatomic gas may have value between many molar specific heats.
Reason (R): Specific heat is amount of
0 and . heat needed to raise the temperature of
5 3 1 mole of gas by 1K.
Reason (R): CP = R and CV = R for a (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
2 2
monoatomic gas.
25. Assertion (A): On increasing the
temperature, the height of the peak of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false the Maxwell’s velocity distribution curve
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false increases.
Reason (R): The height of the peak of the
22. Assertion (A): A real gas behaves as an Maxwell’s velocity distribution curve
ideal gas at high temperature and low represents most probable speed.
pressure.
Reason (R): At low pressure and high (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
temperature intermolecular forces vanish not the correct explanation of the (A)
away and volume of gas molecules is
negligible.
26. Assertion (A): All molecular motion
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is ceases at –273.15°C.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Temperature 0K cannot be
attained.
23. Assertion (A): P-T graph of all gases at (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
low density meet at 0 K. 27. Assertion (A): In Maxwell’s speed

distribution graph, for a given amount of
Reason (R): Absolute zero kelvin is less
gas, the area under the graph increases
than 0°C in celsius scale.
as the temperature of the gas increases.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Decrease in temperature
the correct explanation of the (A) broadening the curve.
63
28. Assertion (A): The pressure exerted by 31. Assertion (A): Internal energy of real gas
an enclosed ideal gas does not depend is always negative at absolute zero
on the shape of the container. temperature.
Reason (R): The pressure of an ideal gas Reason (R): Potential energy of a
depends on the number of moles, bounded system is negative.

temperature and volume of the
enclosure.
32. Assertion (A): The average translational
kinetic energy of the molecules in one
mole of all ideal gases, at the same
CP
29. Assertion (A): The ratio is more for temperature is the same.
CV
Reason (R): The average kinetic energy
helium gas than for hydrogen gas. of one mole of any ideal gas at
Reason (R): Atomic mass of helium is 3
temperature T is given by  E = RT.
more than that of hydrogen. 2
33. Assertion (A): For an ideal gas, at
30. Assertion (A): On a V-T graph, the slope constant temperature, the product of
of an isobar increases with pressure. the pressure and volume is constant.
Reason (R): At constant temperature, for Reason (R): The mean square velocity of
gas molecules is inversely proportional
an ideal gas its volume is directly
to mass of molecule.
proportional to its pressure.

13. Oscillations
1. Assertion (A): A hole were drilled through 4. Assertion (A): Total mechanical energy in
the centre of earth and a ball is dropped SHM is conserved.
into the hole at one end, it will not get out Reason (R): Kinetic energy of SHM at
mean position is equal to potential energy
of other end of the hole.
at ends for a particle moving in SHM.
Reason (R): Ball will execute simple (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
harmonic motion inside the hole. correct explanation of the (A)
5. Assertion (A): A SHM may be assumed as
composition of many SHM's.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Superposition of many SHM's
2. Assertion (A): In SHM let x be the (along same line) of same frequency will
be a SHM.
maximum speed, y the frequency of
oscillation and z the maximum correct explanation of the (A)
 xy  (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
acceleration, then   is a constant not the correct explanation of the (A)
 z 
quantity. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
 xy 
Reason (R): This is because   6. Assertion (A): Displacement–time
 z  equation of a particle moving along x–axis
becomes a dimensionless quantity is x = 4 + 6 sint. Under this situation,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the motion of particle is not simple harmonic.
correct explanation of the (A) d2 x
Reason (R): for the given equation is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is dt 2
not the correct explanation of the (A) not proportional to –x.
3. A vertical spring block system is made to
oscillate. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Assertion (A): Its time period on earth is
7. Assertion (A): For a particle performing
more than that on the moon.
SHM, its speed decreases as it goes away
Reason (R): Its extension on moon (in from the mean position.
equilibrium) is more than that on the Reason (R): In SHM, the acceleration is
earth . always opposite to the velocity of the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the particle.
65
8. Assertion (A): Motion of a ball bouncing 11. Assertion (A): Under forced oscillation
elastically in vertical direction on a external periodic force apply to sustain
smooth horizontal floor is a periodic the motion.
motion but not an SHM. Reason (R): Under forced oscillation
Reason (R): Motion is SHM when restoring phase of harmonic motion of the particle
differs from the phase of the driving force.
force is proportional to displacement
from mean position.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 12. Assertion (A): For large angle in simple
pendulum T  2
9. Assertion (A): A particle, simultaneously g
subjected to two simple harmonic Reason (R): sin < , if the restoring force.
motions of same frequency and same mg sin is replaced by mg, this amounts
amplitude, will perform SHM only if the to effective reduction in g for large angle,
two SHM’s are in the same direction. hence an increase in T.
Reason (R): A particle, simultaneously (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
subjected to two simple harmonic
motions of same frequency and same not the correct explanation of the (A)
amplitude, perpendicular to each other (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the particle can be in uniform circular (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
motion.
13. Assertion (A): We can assume damped
oscillation to be approximately periodic
correct explanation of the (A) motion for small damping
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Small damping means
not the correct explanation of the (A) b
 1
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false km
10. Assertion (A): x = A sin t
y = B cos t not the correct explanation of the (A)
In the above co-ordinates particle moves (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
in elliptical path. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): A periodic motion can always 14. Assertion (A): When a simple pendulum is
be expressed as a sum of infinite number made to oscillate on the surface of moon,
of harmonic motions with appropriate its time period increases.
amplitude Reason (R): Gravity at moon is less than
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the gravity at earth.

15. Assertion (A): The spring constant of a 19. Assertion (A): Mechanical energy of a
spring is 'K'. When it is divided into "n" particle executing SHM is E, maximum KE
equal parts, then spring constant of one of particle may be greater than E.
piece is 'K/n'. Reason (R): Minimum 'PE' of a system may
Reason (R): The spring constant is be negative.
independent of material used. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
16. Assertion (A): The amplitude of an 20. Assertion (A): In common practice
oscillating pendulum in air decreases undamped spring block system is an
gradually with time. example of oscillation as well as and
Reason (R): The frequency of the periodic motion.
pendulum decreases with time. Reason (R): Every oscillating motion is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the necessarily a periodic motion.
17. Assertion (A): The time period of spring
2
mass system is greater at equator then at 21. Assertion (A): x = sin (t) represents a
poles. 1
Reason (R): Time period of spring mass SHM about mean position x = .
2
system depends on gravity.
Reason (R): (a  −x) is the necessary
condition for SHM.
18. Assertion (A): In simple pendulum (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
performing SHM net acceleration is
always between tangential and radial 22. Assertion (A): If PE of a particle executing
2
acceleration except its lowest point and SHM is given by U = x – 10x + 27, then it
extreme points. is executing SHM about x = 5.
Reason (R): At lowest point tangential Reason (R): At mean position, restoring
acceleration is zero. force is zero.
67
23. Assertion (A): In resonance amplitude is 27. Assertion (A): In SHM acceleration leads
infinity, in presence of dissipative forces. displacement by phase .
Reason (R): At resonance driving Reason (R): In SHM velocity leads
frequency is equal to natural frequency of displacement by phase /2.
the system. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
28. Assertion (A): Amplitude of SHM
24. Assertion (A): In damped oscillation, the 2 2
x = 4sin t + 2cos t + 2sint cost is 2
motion is periodic.
Reason (R): Angular frequency of given
Reason (R): In damped oscillation, the
equation is 2.
amplitude decreases due to dissipative forces.
29. Assertion (A): For a physical pendulum
25. Assertion (A): The amplitude of damped
period of oscillation is maximum about an
oscillation depends on damping constants.
axis passes through centre of mass.
Reason (R): The angular frequency for a
Reason (R): A physical pendulum is in
damped oscillation depends on damping
neutral equilibrium about centre of mass.
constant only.
26. Assertion (A): General vibrations of a 30.

polyatomic molecule about its equilibrium
position is periodic but not SHM.
Reason (R): A periodic motion can always Assertion (A): Period of oscillation of
be expressed as a sum of infinite number rolling body is more than sliding body.
of harmonic motion with appropriated Reason (R): Frictional force always
amplitude. opposes the spring force in given case.

31. Assertion (A): Two particles are in SHM 35. Assertion (A): For a physical pendulum if
with same time period, same amplitude, distance of point of suspension from
same position and same speed are in the centre of mass increases time period first
same phase. decreases then increases.
Reason (R): Phase of particle depends on Reason (R): For a physical pendulum
position and speed of particle. there is some distance from centre of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the mass at which frequency of oscillation is
correct explanation of the (A) maximum.
32. Assertion (A): In damped oscillation both (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
amplitude and frequency change with (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
time. 36. Assertion (A): A spring block watch gives
Reason (R): Both amplitude and the correct time in orbiting satellite.
frequency vary exponentially. Reason (R): Time period of a spring block
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the watch is independent of g and depends
correct explanation of the (A) only on spring factor and mass of the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is block.
33. Assertion (A): Time period of partially
immersed spring block system is less (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
than full immersed spring block system. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Time period of spring system 37. Assertion (A): If a pendulum clock is
is independent of changing values of g. taken to a mountain top, its time period
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the decreases.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Value of acceleration due to
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is gravity is more at heights.
34. Assertion (A): In forced oscillations, the
steady state motion of the particle (after
natural oscillations die out) is SHM whose (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
frequency is the frequency of the driving 38. Assertion (A): In simple harmonic motion
frequency d, not the natural frequency w total mechanical energy can be negative
of the particle. also.
Reason (R): In forced oscillation d should Reason (R): Potential energy is always
be greater than natural frequency  of the negative and if it is greater than kinetic energy
particle. total mechanical energy will be negative.
69
42. Assertion (A): The graph of potential
39. energy and kinetic energy of a particle in
SHM with respect to position is a
Assertion (A): In an ideal spring mass
parabola.
system, block was given some charge &
Reason (R): The potential energy and
placed in uniform electric field which is
kinetic energy of a particle in SHM, do not
along the spring, it's time period &
frequency of oscillation does not change. vary linearly with position.
Reason (R): In an ideal oscillating spring (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
mass system constant force does not correct explanation of the (A)
change its time period & frequency and it (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
only changes the mean position & not the correct explanation of the (A)
amplitude. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 43. Assertion (A): A simple pendulum is
attached on a roof of a elevator. Time
period of SHM is T when elevator is at
rest. Time period of SHM must be greater
40. Assertion (A): The graph between velocity than T if elevator start moving upward.
and displacement for a harmonic Reason (R): Time period of simple
oscillator is a parabola.
pendulum does not depend on
Reason (R): Velocity does change
acceleration due to gravity.
uniformly with displacement in harmonic
motion.
44. Assertion (A): Maximum potential energy
41. Assertion (A): A small body suspended by
a light spring performing SHM. When the in simple harmonic motion is equal to net
entire system is immersed in a nonviscous mechanical energy.
liquid period of oscillation does not Reason (R): Maximum kinetic energy in
change. simple harmonic motion is equal to net
Reason (R): The angular frequency of mechanical energy.
oscillation of the particle does not (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
change. correct explanation of the (A)
70
45. Assertion (A): Sine and cosine functions 48. Assertion (A): Vibration of polyatomic
are periodic functions. molecules is not simple harmonic motion.
Reason (R): Sinusoidal functions repeat Reason (R): The vibrations are
superposition of SHMs of different
its values after a definite interval of time.
frequency.
49. Assertion (A): If the amplitude of a simple
46. Assertion (A): In SHM the velocity is harmonic oscillator is doubled, its total
maximum when the acceleration is energy also becomes doubled.
minimum. Reason (R): In harmonic oscillation, the
Reason (R): Displacement and velocity in total energy is directly proportional to the
 amplitude of vibration.
SHM differ in phase by .
2 (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
50. Assertion (A): For a system executing
47. Assertion (A): The periodic time of a hard SHM, the mechanical energy remains
spring is less as compared to that of a constant.
soft spring. Reason (R): In SHM, kinetic energy and
Reason (R): The spring constant is large potential energy vary periodically with
for hard spring. double the frequency of SHM.
71
14. Waves ꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂
1. Assertion (A): When a pulse on string 5. Assertion (A): When a wave enters from
reflects from free end, the resultant one medium to another, its frequency is
pulse is formed in such a way that slope not changed.
of string at free end is zero. Reason (R): Speed of a wave in a
Reason (R): Zero resultant slope ensures medium is property of the source.
that there is no force component (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
perpendicular to string. the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 6. Assertion (A): Two waves moving in a
2. Assertion (A): The pitch of wind uniform string having uniform tension
instruments rises and that of string cannot have different velocities.
instruments falls as an orchestra warms up. Reason (R): Elastic and inertial
Reason (R): When temperature rises, properties of string are same for all waves
speed of sound in air increases but speed in same string. Moreover, velocity of wave
of wave in a string fixed at both ends in a string depends on its elastic and
decreases. inertial properties only.
3. Assertion (A): Sound travels faster on a
7. Assertion (A): Two sound waves of same
rainy day than on a dry day.
intensity in a particular medium will
Reason (R): With increase in humidity
have displacement amplitude in ratio of
pressure increases.
2:1 if they have frequency in the ratio 1 : 2.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Two wave of same velocity
the correct explanation of the (A) and amplitude in a particular medium have
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is equal intensity.
4. Assertion (A): Node of pressure wave is not the correct explanation of the (A)
formed at the open end of an organ pipe. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Reflected pressure wave (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
from an open end will have phase 8. Assertion (A): Every small part of string
difference of  w.r.t. to the incident does SHM in sinusoidal travelling wave.
pressure wave. Reason (R): In this small segment of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is string total energy is conserved.
72
9. Assertion (A): If two waves of same 12. Two person A and B sound whistle. The
amplitude produce a resultant wave of person A is stationary and heard sound
same amplitude, then the phase after reflection from a wall which is
difference between them will be 120°. moving toward him; while person B is
moving in a circle and heard the sound
Reason (R): The resultant amplitude of
after reflection from a small object at
two waves is equal to sum of amplitude
the centre of circle.
of two waves.
Assertion (A): The person A observe
change in frequency but no Doppler’s
effect while person B observed
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Doppler’s effect but no change in
not the correct explanation of the (A) frequency.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): Doppler’s effect is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false phenomena of observing change in
frequency due to motion of either
10. Assertion (A): In a sinusoidal travelling
source or observer or both. While
wave on a string potential energy of
change in frequency can be observed
deformation of string element at due to change of wavelength or change
extreme position is maximum. of speed of wave-front relative to
Reason (R): The particles in sinusoidal observer.
travelling wave perform SHM. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 13. In situation A, an observer moves with a
certain velocity towards a stationary
11. Assertion (A): Y = 2A sin kx cos wt source of sound, In situation B, the
refers to a travelling wave along –ve source moves towards the stationary
observer with the same velocity,
x-direction.
Assertion (A): The frequency heard
Reason (R): When a continuous would be the same in both the
travelling wave interacts with its situations.
reflection from a rigid support, forms a Reason (R): The velocity of the source as
standing wave. observed by the observer in both the
situations is the same.
73
14. Assertion (A): Speed of longitudinal 18. Assertion (A): The fundamental
wave in solid and liquid is higher than frequency of an open organ pipe
gases. increases as the temperature is
Reason (R): Modulus of elasticity is more increased.
for solids as compared to liquid & gas.
Reason (R): As the temperature
increases, the velocity of sound
increases more rapidly than length of
the pipe.
15. Assertion (A): The velocity of sound not the correct explanation of the (A)
decreases with increase in humidity.
Reason (R): Velocity of sound does not
depend on medium.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 19. Assertion (A): Transverse mechanical
the correct explanation of the (A) waves can propagate in solid, liquid and
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is gas.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Transverse mechanical
waves needs rigidity in the medium to
propagate.
16. Assertion (A): The change in air (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
pressure, effect the speed of sound at the correct explanation of the (A)
constant temperature. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): The speed of sound in a gas not the correct explanation of the (A)
is directly proportional to pressure.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 20. Assertion (A): When there is no relative
velocity between source and observer then
observed frequency is same as emitted.
Reason (R): Velocity of sound is zero
17. Assertion (A): Sound produced by an when there is no relative velocity
open organ pipe has good quality than
between source and observer.
sound produced by a loosed organ pipe.
Reason (R): In OOP both even & old
harmonics are present.
74
21. Assertion (A): A 80 dB sound has twice 24. Assertion (A): When a high pressure
the intensity of a 40 dB sound. pulse of air travelling down an open pipe
Reason (R): Loudness of a sound of a reaches the other end, turns into a pulse
of low pressure pulse travelling up the tube.
certain intensity 'I' is defined as
Reason (R): Node of pressure means
I
L = 100log 10   antinode of displacement in case of open
 I0  pipe.
22. Assertion (A): For a closed organ 25. Assertion (A): y-x graph of transverse
resonating pipe, the first resonance wave on a string is as shown in figure. At

a point 'A' potential energy and kinetic
length is 60 cm. The second resonating
energy both are minimum.
length will be 180 cm.
Reason (R): For a particular closed pipe
n2 = 3n1
Reason (R): At a point 'A' slope of graph is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is zero.
23. Assertion (A): If two sounds of
frequencies 256 Hz and 260 Hz reach (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
our ear simultaneously then we hear a
sound of frequency 258 Hz. 26. Assertion (A): A person hear maximum
Reason (R): We hear a striking variation sound at displacement node.

Reason (R): Pressure change is
in the intensity of sound that repeat at
maximum at displacement node.
a frequency of 4 Hz.
75
27. Assertion (A): When observer is at rest 30. Assertion (A): Transverse mechanical
with respect to medium and source is waves cannot be generated within the
moving away from the observer the volume of liquids.
wavelength of sound observed by Reason (R): Liquids does not have
observer is more than its actual modulus of rigidity.
wavelength. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): Wavelength appears to the correct explanation of the (A)
increase or decrease respectively if (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
observer is moving towards or away from not the correct explanation of the (A)
stationary source. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) 31. Assertion (A): In longitudinal wave
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is propagation the distance between two
not the correct explanation of the (A) consecutive compression is equal to
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false wavelength of wave.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Standing wave is not a wave
as it does not transport energy.
28. Assertion (A): In mechanical waves energy
transfer takes place because of the the correct explanation of the (A)
coupling through elastic forces between (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
neighbouring oscillating parts of the not the correct explanation of the (A)
medium. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Propagation of wave in (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
medium is due to only elastic properties 32. Assertion (A): Sound travels faster in air
of medium. than in water.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Air is always rarer medium
the correct explanation of the (A) with respect to water medium.
29. Assertion (A): In a hoop revolving with (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
some angular speed  in horizontal
plane, transverse wave may appear to be 33. Assertion (A): Sound waves cannot
stationary. propagate through vacuum but light
Reason (R): Velocity of transverse wave waves can.
pulse w.r.t. string may be equal and Reason (R): Sound waves cannot be
opposite to string velocity. polarised but light waves can be.
76
34. Assertion (A): When two vibrating tuning 38. Assertion (A): An acoustic guitar
forks having frequencies 240 Hz and 300 depends for its sound on the acoustic
Hz are held near each other, beats resonance produced in the hollow body
cannot be heard by us.
of the instrument by the oscillations of
Reason (R): This is because beats cannot
the strings.
be distinctly heard due to the property
of persistence of hearing. Reason (R): Electric guitar is a solid
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is instrument that based upon resonance.
the correct explanation of the (A) (In electric guitar the oscillations of the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is metal strings are sensed by electric
not the correct explanation of the (A) "pickups" that send it to an amplifier).
35. Assertion (A): In a harmonic wave of a
given frequency all particles have the
same amplitude but different phases at
a given time. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): In a stationary wave, all (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
particles have the same phase at a given
39. Assertion (A): When two tuning fork of
instant but have different amplitudes.
frequency 256 Hz and 324 Hz are
vibrating together. Beats will not be
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is heard.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Superposition of sound
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false waves is possible for all frequencies of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false sound.
36. Assertion (A): Interference is position (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
dependent phenomenon. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Beats is time dependent (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
phenomenon. not the correct explanation of the (A)
40. Assertion (A): In a stationary–wave
system, displacement nodes are
pressure antinodes, and displacement
antinodes are pressure nodes.
37. Assertion (A): Sound waves can be used
Reason (R): When a closed organ pipe
to explore the soft tissue of the human
vibrates, the pressure of the gas at the
body.
Reason (R): Oscillations in the real world closed end remains constant.
are usually damped. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

77 ꧂
41. Assertion (A): Interference can happen 45. Assertion (A): With increase in
in sound waves. temperature, the speed of sound in a
Reason (R): In Quincke's tube, gas increases.
interference is present due to initial Reason (R): When temperature
phase difference as well as the phase
increases, the gas molecules move
difference due to path difference.
faster.
42. Assertion (A): When we start filling an
empty bucket with water, the pitch of 46. Assertion (A): Sound waves travel faster
sound produced goes on decreasing. on a hot summer day than on a cold
Reason (R): The frequency of man voice winter day.
is usually higher than that of woman. Reason (R): Velocity of sound is directly
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is proportional to the temperature of
the correct explanation of the (A) medium.
43. Assertion (A): For a given medium in a (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
wave, particle velocity varies w.r.t. time, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
while the wave velocity is independent
47. Assertion (A): Both arms of a tuning fork
of time.
vibrate with the same frequency.
Reason (R): For propagation of
Reason (R): The two arms of a tuning
mechanical wave, medium must have
fork vibrate in phase.
the properties of elasticity and inertia.
44. Assertion (A): Sound is produced due to 48. Assertion (A): Beats are not observed in
vibratory motion, but a vibrating case of light waves from two
pendulum does not produce audible independent sources.
sound. Reason (R): The phase difference
Reason (R): A vibrating source always between two light sources changes
produce audible sound. randomly.
78
49. Assertion (A): A vibrating tuning fork 53.
th
Assertion (A): In n normal mode of a
sounds louder, when its stem is pressed stretched string, there are n antinodes
against a desk top. and (n +1) nodes.
Reason (R): When a sound wave is Reason (R): The ends of string are nodes,
incident on the surface of a desk, it is so the number of nodes is one more
than the number of antinodes.
totally reflected.
54. Assertion (A): It is not possible to have
50. Assertion (A): The energy stored by a interference between the waves
stationary wave is zero. produced by two violins of different
Reason (R): When two identical waves frequency.
Reason (R): For interference of two
travelling in opposite directions
waves, the phase difference between
superimpose, their whole energy is
the waves must remain constant.
converted into heat. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
55. Assertion (A): In everyday life, the
51. Assertion (A): Doppler effect for sound Doppler effect is observed readily for
sound waves than light waves.
waves is symmetrical.
Reason (R): Velocity of light is greater
Reason (R): With the help of Doppler
than the sound.
effect we can determine the distance (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
between source and observer. the correct explanation of the (A)
56. Assertion (A): A tuning fork is in
resonance with a closed pipe in
fundamental mode, but the same tuning
52. Assertion (A): Whistle of the fork cannot be in resonance in
approaching railway engine is shriller fundamental mode with an open pipe of
than the receding engine. same length.
Reason (R): Apparent frequency of Reason (R): The same tuning fork will
railway engine in both cases is same. not be in resonance with open pipe of
same length due to end correction of
pipe.
79
15. Electric Charges and Fields
1. Assertion (A): The tyres of aircrafts are 5. Assertion (A):- The tyres of aeroplanes
slightly conducting. are slightly conducting.
Reason (R): If a conductor is connected Reason (R): During take off and landing
to ground, the extra charge induced on of aeroplanes, the friction between tyres
conductor will flow to ground. and the runway may cause
electrification of tyres.
2. Assertion (A): Both the charge and mass (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
are invariant.
Reason (R): Charge is always associated
6. Assertion (A): We can shield a charge
with mass.
from electric fields by putting it inside a
hollow conductor but we can not shield
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is a body from the gravitational influence
not the correct explanation of the (A) of near by matter by putting it inside a
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false hollow sphere.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Gravitational force in
between two point mass bodies is
3. Assertion (A): The electric field due to a
independent of the intervening medium
charge configuration with total charge
them.
zero may not be zero.
Reason (R): Electric field obeys the
principle of superposition.
7. Assertion (A): A metal sphere of radius 1
cm cannot hold a charge of 1 coulomb in
4. Assertion (A): Vehicles carrying highly
air.
inflammable materials have hanging
chains, slightly touching the ground. Reason (R): The dielectric strength of air
Reason (R): The body of a vehicle gets (minimum field required for ionisation of
charged when moving through air at high a medium) is 3 MV/m.
speed. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t80✞☬ঔৣ꧂

8. Assertion (A): In any electrostatic field, 11. Assertion (A): If a proton and an electron
a charge cannot be in stable equilibrium. are placed in the same uniform electric
Reason (R): An electrostatic field is a field one by one, they experience different
conservative force field. accelerations (The only force acting on
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is proton and electron is that exerted by
uniform electric field).
Reason (R): Electric force on a test
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false charge is independent of its mass.
9. Assertion (A): A positively charged rod is
held near a neutral conducting solid
sphere as illustrated below. The sphere
lies on a insulated stand. The potential (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
of ground (or earth) is zero. The (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
potential at point A (point A need not be 12. Assertion (A): When a negative charge –
centre of the sphere) is higher compared q is released at a distance R from the
to potential of ground (earth).
centre and along the axis of a uniformly
and positively charged fixed ring of
radius R, the negative charge does
oscillation but not SHM.
Reason (R): The force on negative charge
Reason (R): In the situation of assertion, is always towards the centre of the ring
the potential at the centre of conducting but it is not proportional to the
sphere is positive. The solid sphere displacement from the centre of the
being conducting, potential at each
ring.
point in the sphere is same.
10. Assertion (A): A point charge q is placed 13. Assertion (A): Two point charges +Q are
near an arbitary shaped solid conductor fixed some distance apart. O is a point
as shown in figure. The potential exactly in middle of both fixed charges.
difference between the points A and B A charge +q is released from rest at a certain
within the conductor remain same
distance left of O as shown in figure. The
irrespective of the magnitude of charge q.
speed of charge +q is maximum at O.
Reason (R): The electric field inside a Reason (R): The speed of a moving
solid conductor is zero under particle is maxima at stable equilibrium
electrostatic conditions. position.
81
14. Assertion (A): There is an isolated 16. Assertion (A): The electric field due to
system of two charged conducting spheres point charge configuration with total
A and B. The resultant electric field at charge zero is not zero.
point P is the sum of electric field at P due Reason (R): Gauss law does not hold for
to charged sphere A only (that is, assuming a configuration with total charge zero.
sphere B and all its effects to be absent) and (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the electric field at P only due to sphere the correct explanation of the (A)
B (that is, assuming sphere A and all its (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
effects to be absent). not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Superposition theorem for (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
electric field due to point charges states (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
that resultant electric field at a point 17. Assertion (A): Electric field is always
due to point charges is the sum of electric zero in a cavity inside a conductor.
field at that point due to individual charges. Reason (R): All points in a cavity inside a
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is conductor are always at same potential.
15. Assertion (A): A small uncharged solid (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
conducting sphere is suspended from a 18. Assertion (A): If a charge is released
fixed point O by a light insulating string from rest in an electric field, it will
(fig-1). The system is in equilibrium. Now always move along an electric field line.
an horizontal uniform electric field E is Reason (R): Force on a charged particle
switched on. As a result the conducting is always in the direction of electric
sphere is deflected towards left as field.
shown(fig-2). (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
19. Assertion (A): A charged particle is free
to move in an electric field. It may or
Reason (R): When a solid conducting
may not move along an electric line of
sphere having zero net charge is placed
force.
in uniform electric field, charges are
Reason (R): Initial conditions affect the
induced on the surface of sphere.
motion of charged particle.

82 ꧂
20. Assertion (A): If a positron and an 23. Assertion (A): In a given situation of
electron are placed in same uniform arrangement of charges, an additional
electric field, they experience same charge is placed outside the Gaussian
acceleration. surface. In this situation, in the Gauss
Reason (R): Electric force on a test qin
charge is independent of its mass.
theorem  E.ds = 0
,qin remains
unchanged whereas electric field E is
changed.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Electric field E at any point
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false on the Gaussian surface is due to inside
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false charge only.
21. Assertion (A): Two rigid, identical and the correct explanation of the (A)
uniformly charged non conducting (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
spheres with same charge are placed on not the correct explanation of the (A)
a sufficiently rough surface, then (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
spheres must be in equilibrium. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
24. Assertion (A): When a charge is placed

at rest in an electric field its path will
always be along electric line of force.
Reason (R): If net force on a point charge Reason (R): The force on the charge is
is zero it is in equilibrium. along the tangent drawn on electric field
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is line.
22. Assertion (A): We cannot produce
25. Assertion (A): Angular momentum of the
electric field in a neutral conductor.
two dipole system is not conserved.
Reason (R): Neutral conductor cannot
Reason (R): There is a net torque on the
produce electric field.
system.
83
26. Assertion (A): Continuity equation (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
explains conservation of electric 30. Assertion (A): When a dipole is placed in
charge. a non- uniform electric field dipole must
Reason (R): Gauss law shows diversion
experience non zero force and torque.
when inverse square law is not obeyed.
Reason (R): Electric dipole is in stable
the correct explanation of the (A) equilibrium in non uniform electric field.
27. Assertion (A): A moving charge particle
may gets energy from electric field.
Reason (R): Electric field works on (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
moving charge.
31. Assertion (A): When charges are shared
the correct explanation of the (A) between two bodies, there occurs no
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is loss of charge, but there does occur a
not the correct explanation of the (A) loss of energy.
Reason (R): In case of sharing of charges
energy of conservation fails.
28. Assertion (A): Electric field intensity at
surface of a uniformly charged spherical
shell is E. If shell is punctured at a point the correct explanation of the (A)
then intensity at punctured point becomes (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
E/2. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Electric field intensity due to (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
a spherical charge distribution can be
found out by using Gauss law.
32. Assertion (A): If dipole (p1 ) is moved
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is along the line normal to the axis (dotted
not the correct explanation of the (A) line shown) of another dipole (p2 ) , their
interaction energy does not change.
29. Assertion (A): If X-ray is allowed to fall
on uncharged gold leaf in evacuated
glass chamber of electroscope, leaves will
Reason (R): Electric field of p2 at the
diverge.
Reason (R): Uncharged gold leaves will position of p1 is normal to p1 .
get charged positively when x-ray falls
on it. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
84
33. Assertion (A): Excess charge on a 36. Assertion (A): A point charge is brought
conductor resides entirely on the outer in an electric field. The field at a nearby
surface. point will increases, whatever be the
Reason (R): Like charges repel each nature of charge.
other. Reason (R): The direction of electric
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is field lines is independent of the nature
the correct explanation of the (A) of charge.
34. Assertion (A): The whole charge of a (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
conductor cannot be transferred to
another conductor. 37. Assertion (A): If a point charge be
Reason (R): The total transfer of charge rotated in a circle around another
from one to another is not possible. stationary charge at the centre of the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is circle, the work done by electric field
the correct explanation of the (A) will be zero.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Work done by centripetal
not the correct explanation of the (A) force is always zero.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the correct explanation of the (A)
35. Assertion (A): At a point in space, the
electric field points toward east. In the
region, surrounding this point the
potential will be constant along north
and south.
Reason (R): Electric field at a point in
space is proportional to rate of change
of potential with distance.
85
16. Electric Potential and Capacitance
1. Assertion (A): Consider a conducting 4. Assertion (A): Electrostatic field inside a

sphere of radius R. Now a charge q is conducting shell is always zero.
placed in front of sphere. Electric Reason (R): The electrostatic potential is
always same from center to surface of a
Kq
potential at point O is . conducting shell.
r (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): Electric potential at the 5. The electrostatic potential on the surface
centre of sphere due to induced charges of a charged solid conducting sphere is
is zero. 100 volts. Two statements are made in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the this regard :-
correct explanation of the (A) Assertion (A): At any point inside the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is sphere, electrostatic potential is 100 volt.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): At any point inside the sphere,
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false electric field is zero.
2. Assertion (A): When a isolated charged
body is connected to earth, all its charge
flows to earth and it becomes electrically (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
neutral.
Reason (R): Electric potential of earth is 6. Assertion (A): If electric field in x-y plane
non zero, so the body connected to earth is given by E = yiˆ + xjˆ then equipotential
should also attain zero potential. curve is given by xy = constant.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): Electric field may not be
correct explanation of the (A) perpendicular to equipotential surface/
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is curve/line.
3. Assertion (A): Potential difference (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
between two points in space is zero if
electric field at all points in space is zero. 7. Assertion (A): Distance of closest
Reason (R): Electric field E at a point P is approach for free target is more than that
zero if potential at that point is zero. for fixed target.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): Total energy is conserved for
correct explanation of the (A) free target but not for fixed target.

86
8. Assertion (A): When two positive point 11. Assertion (A): If capacitor is filled with,
charges move away from each other, their same thickness t (t < d) of dielectric and
electrostatic potential energy decreases. conducting sheet one after another, then
Reason (R): Change in potential energy capacitance are C1 and C2 respectively
between two points is equal to the work then C1 < C2
done by electrostatic forces. Reason (R): Capacitance is more in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the presence of metal sheet in compare to
correct explanation of the (A) dielectric sheet as
9. Assertion (A): Electric potential of earth is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
taken as zero. 12. Assertion (A): Circuits containing high
Reason (R): Electric field strength on the capacity capacitors, charged to high
surface of earth is zero. voltage should be handled with caution,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the even when the current in the circuit is
correct explanation of the (A) switched off.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): When an isolated capacitor is
not the correct explanation of the (A) touched by hand or any other part of the
human body, there is an easy path to the
ground available for the discharge of the
capacitor.
10. Assertion (A): A charge 3  C is moved (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
from a point A that is on the equatorial correct explanation of the (A)
line of an electric dipole to the centre of (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
the dipole along a path as shown in figure. not the correct explanation of the (A)
For this motion, work done by electric
force will be zero.
13. Assertion (A): Time constants of the
circuits shown in the figure are same.
Reason (R): Instantaneous current

Reason (R): Electric force is a through the capacitor branch is same at
conservative force. any instant for both the circuits, if
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the batteries are inserted in the circuits at
t=0
87
14. Assertion (A): Charges are given to plates 16. Assertion (A): A parallel plate capacitor is
of two plane parallel plate capacitors C1 charged to a potential difference of 100V,
and disconnected from the voltage
and C2 (such that C2 = 2C1) as shown in
source. A slab of dielectric is then slowly
figure. Then the key K is pressed to
inserted between the plates. Compared to
complete the circuit. Finally the net the energy before the slab was inserted,
charge on upper plate and net charge on the energy stored in the capacitor with
lower plate of capacitor C1 is positive. the dielectric is decreased.
Reason (R): When we insert a dielectric
between the plates of a capacitor, the
induced charges tend to draw in the
dielectric into the field (just as neutral
objects are attracted by charged objects
Reason (R): In a parallel plate capacitor due to induction). We resist this force
while slowly inserting the dielectric, and
both plates always carry equal and
thus do negative work on the system,
opposite charge.
removing electrostatic energy from the
system.
15. Assertion (A): A charged plane parallel
17. Assertion (A): If one plate of a charged
plate capacitor has half interplanar region
parallel plate capacitor is dipped in water
(I) filled with dielectric slab. The other and other plate is above it, then water
half region II has air. Then the magnitude level will rise in capacitor.
of net electric field in region I is less than Reason (R): Total charge on plates
that in region II. increases.
18. Assertion (A): When outer grounded shell
Reason (R): In a dielectric medium of a two charged concentric shell system
is removed, the capacitance of system
induced (or polarised) charges tend to
decreases.
reduce the electric field.
Reason (R): Electric field will spread in
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the vast region till infinity.
88
19. Assertion (A): If a capacitor (fully charged) 23. Assertion (A): When two capacitors of
is discharged through an ideal inductor capacitance 300 pF and 600 pF which can
then the charge makes SHM between the work upto maximum potential of 4 kV and
capacitor and inductor.
3 kV respectively, are connected in series,
Reason (R): Current in the circuit, when a
capacitor discharges through an inductor their combination can work upto
reverses its direction periodically. maximum potential of 7 kV.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): In series combination,
correct explanation of the (A) maximum working potential will be sum
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is of maximum working potential of
individual capacitors.
20. Assertion (A): In dielectric, the electric (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
field due to polarization, is weaker than not the correct explanation of the (A)
external field. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Free movement of charge is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
not possible in dielectric.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the 24. Assertion (A): After charging a capacitor
correct explanation of the (A) of capacitance C from a battery, It is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is connected to the same battery of
not the correct explanation of the (A) potential difference V with reverse
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false polarity. Loss of energy in this process is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 2
2CV of
21. Assertion (A): If separation between Reason (R): Work done by the battery is
plates of a parallel plate isolated charged equal to loss of energy in the given case.
capacitor is increased, its energy stored (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
will be increased. correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Work done to separate the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
plates get converted in electrostatic not the correct explanation of the (A)
potential energy. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 25.
22. Assertion (A): When a dielectric slab is
kept near an isolated parallel plate Assertion (A): If a dielectric is inserted
charged capacitor, it will pull the between plates of capacitor with
dielectric slab between the plates. constant velocity a constant current is
Reason (R): Energy of system decreases flowing in circuit.
when dielectric slab enters between Reason (R): Rate of change of capacitance
is constant.
plates of charged parallel plate capacitor.
89
26. Assertion (A): In a system of two 30. Assertion (A): A dielectric slab is slightly
concentric shell of inner radius a and inserted in charged parallel plate
outer radius b. If outer is grounded and capacitor and then released slab will
inner shell is given charge has less
execute oscillation.
capacitance than inner has grounded and
outer is given charge. Reason (R): Electrostatic field is
Reason (R): Electric field is zero outside conservative field.
outer shell when inner shell is grounded. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
31. Assertion (A): Capacitor reduces sparks in
27. Assertion (A): Two parallel plates having induction coil.
unequal charges have same capacitance
Reason (R): Capacitor provides alternative
as that of equal and opposite charges on
same plates and same configuration. path to current when circuit is broken.
Reason (R): Capacitance of system/ (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
configuration is independent of charge on correct explanation of the (A)
plates. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 32. Assertion (A): If temperature is increased,
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false the dielectric constant of a polar
dielectric decreases whereas that of a
28. Assertion (A): When a dielectric slab is
gradually inserted between the plates of non-polar dielectric does not change
an isolated parallel-plate capacitor, the significantly.
energy of the system decreases. Reason (R): The magnitude of dipole
Reason (R): The force between the plates moment of individual polar molecule
decreases. decreases significantly with increase in
temperature.
29. Assertion (A): A parallel plate capacitor is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
connected across battery through a key. A
dielectric slab of dielectric constant K is 33. Assertion (A): A capacitor of a certain
introduced between the plates. The capacity, whenever charged, will always
energy which is stored becomes K times store the same amount of charge.
Reason (R): The surface density of charge
Reason (R): A definite capacity implies
on the plate remains constant or
always a same definite value of charge.
unchanged.

34. Assertion (A): Two protons placed at 37. Assertion (A): If the distance between
different distances, between the plates of parallel plates of a capacitor is halved and
a parallel plate capacitor experience the dielectric constant is three times, then
same force. the capacitor becomes 6 times.
Reason (R): Capacity of a capacitor
Reason (R): The electric field between the
depends upon the nature of the plate
plates of parallel plate capacitor is
material.
constant. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
38. Assertion (A): It is not possible to make a
35. A capacitor of capacitance C is connected spherical conductor of capacitor one
across a battery of potential difference V. farad.
Assertion (A): The energy stored in Reason (R): It is possible for earth as its
radius is 6400 km.
1 2
capacitor is CV . (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
2
Reason (R): The energy supplied by the
2
battery is CV . not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) 39. Assertion (A): Electrolytic capacitors have
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false larger capacities.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Electrolytic capacitors have a
positive and a negative terminal.
36. Two metal plates each of area A forms a (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
parallel plate capacitor. correct explanation of the (A)
40. Assertion (A): In parallel plate capacitor

separation 'd' should be smaller than the
Assertion (A): If one plate is displaced up, 2
linear dimension of the plates (d << A).
then the capacitance of capacitor 2
Reason (R): For d << A fringing effect can
decreases.
be ignored in the region sufficiently far
Reason (R): Due to displacing one plate
from the edge.
up, the overlapping area decreases.
91
17. Current Electricity
1. Assertion (A): When constant current is 3. Assertion (A): In the circuit shown both
passing through a conductor of variable cells are ideal and of fixed emf, the
area of cross section, electric field inside resistor of resistance R1 has fixed
conductor is inversely proportional to resistance and the resistance of resistor R2
cross sectional area.
can be varied (but the value of R2 is not zero).
Reason (R): Microscopic form of Ohm's
Then the electric power delivered to resistor
law is E = J . where E stands for electric of resistance R1 is independent of value of
field, stands for resistivity and J stands resistance R2.
for current density.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): If potential difference across
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false a fixed resistance is unchanged, the
power delivered to the resistor remains
2. An electric current flows along strip PQ of constant.
a metallic conductor. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
4. Assertion (A): The current density J at

any point in ohmic resistor is in direction
of electric field E at that point.

Assertion (A): The resistance per unit
Reason (R): A point charge when released
length of the strip is constant.
from rest in a region having only
Reason (R): The current density in the
electrostatic field always moves along
strip varies as shown in the graph.
electric lines of force.

5. Assertion (A): The rate at which energy is 9. Assertion (A): When two conducting wires
being delivered to a light bulb is lower of different resistivity having same cross
after it has been on for a few seconds section area are joined in series, the
than just after it is turned on.
electric field in them would be equal
Reason (R): As the filaments warms up, its
resistance rises and the current falls. when they carry current.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): When wires are in series they
correct explanation of the (A) carry equal current.
6. Assertion (A): Ohm's law holds only for
small currents in metallic wire not for
high currents. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): For metallic wire resistance
increases with increase in temperature. 10. Assertion (A): In a Meter Bridge
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the experiment, null point for an unknown
correct explanation of the (A) resistance is measured. Now, the unknown
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is resistance is put inside an enclosure
not the correct explanation of the (A) maintained at a higher temperature. The null
point can be obtained at the same point as
before by decreasing the value of the
7. Assertion (A): The drift speed of electrons standard resistance.
in metals is small (in the order of a few
Reason (R): Resistance of a metal
mm/s) and the charge of an electron is
–19 decreases with increase in temperature.
also very small (= 1.6 × 10 C), yet we can
obtain a large current in a metal.
Reason (R): At room temperature, the correct explanation of the (A)
thermal speed of electron is very high (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
7
(about 10 times the drift speed). not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) 11. Assertion (A): Two identical cells are
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false connected in (a) series (b) parallel then
maximum power transferred to the load
8. Assertion (A): If a resistor is connected to is same in both cases.
a battery, the current decreases when the Reason (R): Value of load resistance for
temperature increases. maximum power transfer for series and
Reason (R): For most of the resistors, parallel combination of cells are same
resistance increases with increase in
temperature.
93
12. Assertion (A): Kirchoff's loop law 16. Assertion (A): In R = R0(1 + T) when
represents conservation of energy temp. is increased from 27°C to 227°C
Reason (R): If the sum of "Potential resistance increases from 100 to 150 
Differences" around a closed loop is not –3
this implies  = 2.5 × 10 /°C.
zero, unlimited energy could be gained by
Reason (R): R = R0(1 + T) is valid only
repeatedly carrying a charge around a
loop when change in temp (T) is very small i.e.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the R = (R–R0) << R0.
13. Assertion (A): total 17. Assertion (A): Potential difference across
the battery can be greater than its emf
power consumed in circuit is maximum Reason (R): When current is taken from
when current in circuit is maximum. battery V =  – ir
Reason (R): Current in circuit is maximum (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
when power consumed by load is maximum. correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 18. Assertion (A): Current flows in conductor
14. Assertion (A): As drift velocity increases only when there an electric field is applied
current flowing through conductor to a conductor
decreases. –
Reason (R): Drift velocity of e decreases
Reason (R): Current flowing through in presence of electric field
conductor is inversely proportional to (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
drift velocity correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 19. Assertion (A): When a battery is supplying
15.
–
Assertion (A): Drift velocity of e in a power to a circuit, work done by
metallic wire will decrease if temperature electrostatic force on electrolyte ions
of wire is increased inside the battery is +ve.
Reason (R): On increasing temperature Reason (R): Electric field is directed from
conductivity of metallic wire decreases. positive to –ve electrode inside a battery.
94
24. Assertion (A): When a wire is stretched,
then its resistance changes directly as
square of its length.
20. Assertion (A):- when
Reason (R): When wire is stretched its
thickness/ radius decreases and volume
switch S is ON reading of ammeter and
remains constant.
voltmeter will increase.
Reason (R): In parallel combination net (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
resistance will reduce. correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 25. Assertion (A): The brightness of light bulb
in a room decreases when heavy current
appliance is switched on.
21. Assertion (A): In Reason (R): There will be no change in
brightness of bulb if source is ideal and
circuit R is variable, value of I is maximum for non ideal source voltage drop across
when r = R bulb decreases.
Reason (R): At r = R power produced (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
across R is minimum.
26. Assertion (A): 100 W, 60 W and 20 W
22. Assertion (A): bulbs, each marked 220 volt, are
connected in series with a voltage source,
If Vb > Va current flows from b to a.
then 20 W bulb gives maximum
Reason (R): Direction of current inside illumination.
battery is always from –ve to +ve
Reason (R): Resistance of filament 20 W
terminal.
bulb is maximum.
23. Assertion (A): Resistance of ammeter is
less than resistance of milliammeter, (If 27. Assertion (A): A car engine can be started
made from same galvanometer) more easily on a warm day than on a cold day.
Reason (R): Value of shunt resistance in Reason (R): EMF of battery is more on a
case of ammeter is more than a cold day.
milliammeter. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
95
28. Assertion (A): The electric bulb glows 31. Assertion (A): A voltmeter is an inherently
immediately when switch is on. inaccurate instrument.
Reason (R): The drift velocity of electrons Reason (R): A voltmeter is always
in a metallic wire is very high (near speed of
connected in parallel in a circuit.
light).
29. Assertion (A): Though the same current 32. Assertion (A): Electric field is present in
flows through the line wires and the the vicinity of a current carrying wire.
filament of the bulb but the rate of heat Reason (R): The principle of conservation
produced in the filament is much higher
of charge is not followed, when charges
than that in line wires.
are in motion.
Reason (R): The filament of bulbs is made
of a material of high resistance and low
melting point.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 33. Assertion (A): In real battery total
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false chemical energy lost in the battery can
30. Assertion (A): Electrolyte are more not be obtained at load resistance.
conducting than metal. Reason (R): Two heaters with different
Reason (R): Ions moves faster than resistance are connected in parallel.
Higher resistance heater will glow more.
electrons
96
34. Assertion (A): Consider a current carrying 37. Assertion (A): The coil of a heater is cut
wire whose cross section area decreases into two equal halves and only one of
gradually along the direction of current, them is used into heater. The heater will
like as shown in figure. As one goes from now require half the time to produce the
cross-section A to cross-section B, the same amount of heat.
drift speed of electron increases. Reason (R): The heat produced is directly
proportional to the square of current.
Reason (R): Electric field intensity at any not the correct explanation of the (A)
cross-section in a current carrying wire is (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
inversely proportional to its cross (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
sectional area.
38. Assertion (A): The bending of an insulated
wire increases the resistance of wire.
Reason (R): The drift velocity of electrons
in bent wire decreases.
35. Assertion (A): Thick metallic strips are not the correct explanation of the (A)
used to join wires in a potentiometer. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Metallic strips are used to (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
provide mechanical support to
39. Assertion (A): A potentiometer of longer
potentiometer wires.
length is used for accurate measurement.
Reason (R): The potential gradient for a
potentiometer of longer length with a
given source of e.m.f. becomes small.
36. Assertion (A): The emf of the driver cell in
the potentiometer experiment should be
greater than the e.m.f. of the cell to be
determined.
40. Assertion (A): The average thermal
Reason (R): The fall of potential drop
velocity of the electrons in the conductor
across the potentiometer wire should be
is zero.
less than the e.m.f. of the cell to be
Reason (R): Direction of motion of
determined.
electrons are randomly oriented.
97
41. Assertion (A): In series combination of 45. Assertion (A): The connecting wires are
electrical bulb, lower power bulb emits made of copper.
more light than that of higher power bulb. Reason (R): Copper is a superconductor at
Reason (R): The lower power bulb in room temperature.
series gets more current than the higher (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
power bulb. correct explanation of the (A)
46. Assertion (A): In a metallic conductor,
current is due to free electrons moving in
a definite direction.
42. Assertion (A): A galvanometer can be used
Reason (R): A current carrying conductor
as an ammeter only.
is negatively charged.
Reason (R): A galvanometer can be used
in electric circuit to detect the electric
current only.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 47. Assertion (A): Fuse wire should have low
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false melting temperature and high resistivity.
Reason (R): Fuse saves an appliance from
43. Assertion (A): The average thermal
damage by increasing its current passing
velocity of the electrons in a conductor is
capacity.
zero.
Reason (R): In the absence of an electric
field, the electrons are at rest.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 48. Assertion (A): As temperature of a
metallic current carrying conductor is
44. Assertion (A): The resistivity of a increased, its resistance increases.
semiconductor increases with temperature. Reason (R): Decrease of temperature
Reason (R): The atoms of a results in decrease of electric field
semiconductor vibrate with larger
strength along the conductor so that
amplitude at higher temperature thereby
current reduces.
increasing its resistivity.
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t 98

✞☬ঔৣ꧂
49. Assertion (A): As a wire is stretched to 53. Assertion (A): The resistivity of a
four times its length, its resistivity semiconductor decreases with increase in
becomes four times, such that resistance temperature.
also increases. Reason (R): In a conductor, the rate of
A collisions between free electrons and ions
Reason (R): R = where symbols have
l increases with increase of temperature.
their usual meaning. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
54. A filament emits electrons at a constant
50. Assertion (A): Arrows indicating current in rate as shown in figure. The electrons are
different branches of a circuit follow then subjected to a constant electric
vector- addition laws. field.
Reason (R): Current is a scalar quantity
but it adds like vector
not the correct explanation of the (A) The two stops ensure that the electron
beam has a uniform cross-section.
Assertion (A): The speed of the electrons
51. Assertion (A): As temperature of an is greater at B than at A.
electrolyte is increased, its conductivity Reason (R): The current at cross-section
increases. B is greater than the current at A.
Reason (R): Increase of temperature (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
makes the electrolyte less viscous. correct explanation of the (A)
55. Assertion (A): Terminal potential
52. Assertion (A): Electric appliances with a difference of a cell is always less than its
metallic body have three pin connections emf.
whereas an electric bulb has two pin Reason (R): Potential drop across internal
connections. resistance of cell increases terminal
Reason (R): Three pin connection reduces potential difference.
heating of connecting cable. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
99
56. Assertion (A): A larger dry cell has higher 59. Assertion (A): When identical cells are
emf. connected in parallel to the external load,
Reason (R): The emf of a dry cell is the effective emf increases.
proportional to its size. Reason (R): All the cells will be sending
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the unequal current to the external load in
correct explanation of the (A) the same direction.
57. Assertion (A): A car battery is of 12 V.
Eight dry cells of 1.5 V connected in series
can give 12 V. Still such cells are not used
60. Assertion (A): In balanced Wheatstone
in starting a car.
bridge, the current through cell depends
Reason (R): It is easier to start a car
on resistance of galvanometer.
engine on a warm day than on a rainy day.
Reason (R): At balanced condition current
through galvanometer is non-zero.
58. Assertion (A): In the circuit of figure, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
maximum power transferred by the source
61. Assertion (A): In the shown circuit if lamp
of emf to the external circuit is 1 W.
B or C fuses then brightness of lamp A
decreases.
Reason (R): Maximum power is

transferred when external resistance Reason (R): It is due to decrement in
equals the internal resistance of the voltage on bulb A.
source. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the

100
18. Moving Charge and Magnetism
1. Assertion (A): Magnetic force between 4. Assertion (A): Two long parallel
two charge is generally much smaller conductors carrying currents in the
than the electric force between them. same direction experience a force of
Reason (R): Speeds of charges are much attraction.
smaller than the free-space speed of Reason (R): The magnetic fields
light. produced in the space between two long
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is parallel current carrying conductors (by
the correct explanation of the (A) each of these conductors) are in the
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is same direction.
2. Assertion (A): Pole pieces of the magnet (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
used in a moving coil galvanometer are (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
given a concave shape to achieve a radial 5. Assertion (A): Force on a current
magnetic field.
carrying wire of length dl placed in
Reason (R): A radial magnetic field
magnetic field B is given by dF = idl  B
ensures a better current sensitivity and
Reason (R): Net force on a current
also makes possible to use a linear scale
carrying loop in a non-uniform magnetic
for current measurement.
field must be non-zero.
3. Assertion (A): Parallel current in wires 6. Assertion (A): If an observer is moving

attracts to each other due to magnetic with drift speed of electrons in direction
force. opposite to current, observer will not
Reason (R): Two electron beams moving experience any magnetic field.
paralled to each other repels to each Reason (R): In the frame of observer
other due to electric force. charged particles in conductor are at
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is rest.
101
7. Assertion (A): The nature of 10. Assertion (A): A system can not have
electromagnetic force acting on a magnetic moment when its net charge is
moving charged particle in external zero.
magnetic field is frame dependent. Reason (R): Magnetic field arises due to
Reason (R): The force acting on a charge in motion
charged particle always varies with shift (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
of frame. the correct explanation of the (A)
11. Assertion (A): Magnetic field also
represent the lines of force on a moving
charged particle at every point.
Reason (R): The magnetic force is always
8. Assertion (A): When a straight wire normal to B [where magnetic force =
carrying current is placed along the axis q(V  B)]
of a current carrying ring, it starts (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
rotating about the wire. the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Charged ring will experience (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
a torque when current carrying cable not the correct explanation of the (A)
will pass through its axis. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) 12. Assertion (A): When external magnetic
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is field is parallel to plane of current
not the correct explanation of the (A) carrying circular loop then its potential
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false energy is maximum.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): From U = –MB cos and
when
 = 0° or 180°, |cos| = 1
9. A small coil lies inside a larger coil as
shown in the figure. The two coils are the correct explanation of the (A)
horizontal, concentric and carry (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
currents in the same sense. not the correct explanation of the (A)
13. Assertion (A): A planar circular coil of

Assertion (A): The small coil will not area A and current I is equivalent to
experience resultant force. magnetic dipole of dipole moment
Reason (R): The small coil will M = IA
experience a torque about a vertical Reason (R): At large distances, magnetic
axis. field of circular loop and magnetic
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is dipole is same.

14. Assertion (A): A point charge moving 17. Assertion (A): To produce high magnetic
with constant velocity may produce moment from a current carrying cable, it
radial magnetic field. should be turned in maximum number
Reason (R): Rest point charge produces of circular loops.
radial electric field. Reason (R): Magnetic moment is directly
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (1) Both proportional to number of turns of
(A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the circular loop for a given length of wire.
correct explanation of the (A) (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
15. Assertion (A): The surface integral of 18. Assertion (A): If a uniform current
magnetic field over any closed surface is carrying loop is placed in uniform
always zero. magnetic field perpendicular to plane of
Reason (R): Magnetic poles are always loop. Tension or compression is created
exists in pairs. in loop.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Net force on any closed loop
the correct explanation of the (A) in uniform magnetic field is zero.
16. Assertion (A): The magnetic field (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
induction due to an infinite long current
carrying solid cylindrical conductor of 19. Assertion (A): If a flexible loop (irregular
radius R, at a distance R/2 and 2R from shape) carrying current is located in an
its axis is same. external uniform magnetic field then it
Reason (R): An infinite long current may be changed to circular shape.
carrying solid cylindrical conductor is a Reason (R): A current carrying loop in
source of uniform magnetic field. uniform magnetic field has zero net
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is force.
103
20. Assertion (A): A solenoid tends to 24. Assertion (A): A rectangular current loop
expand, when a current passes through is in an arbitrary orientation in an
it. external uniform magnetic field. No
Reason (R): Two straight parallel
work is required to rotate the loop about
metallic wires carrying current in same
an axis perpendicular to its plane.
direction repel each other.
Reason (R): All positions represent the
the correct explanation of the (A) same level of energy.
21. Assertion (A): If two beams of protons
move parallel to each other in same
direction then these beams repel each
other. 25. Assertion (A): In Ampere's law for
Reason (R): Like charges repel while
opposite charges attract each other.
magnetostatics  B.d = i, the current
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is outside the amperian loop is not
the correct explanation of the (A) included on the right side.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Magnetic field calculated
not the correct explanation of the (A) using Ampere's law is due to inside as
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false well outside the current of closed loop.
22. Assertion (A): When a magnet is brought
near iron nails, only translatory force act
on it.
Reason (R): The field due to a magnet is not the correct explanation of the (A)
generally uniform. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the correct explanation of the (A) 26. Assertion (A): If an electron is not
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is deflected while passing through a
certain region of space, then only
possibility is that there is no magnetic
region.
23. Assertion (A): The Lorentz force is a Reason (R): Force is directly
non-conservative force. proportional to the magnetic field
Reason (R): The work done by the applied.
Lorentz force is always zero. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
104
27. Assertion (A): A charged particle is 30. Assertion (A): If a proton and an
moving in a circle with constant speed -particle enter a uniform magnetic
in uniform magnetic field. If we increase field perpendicularly, with the same
the speed of particle to twice, its
speed, then the time period of
acceleration will become four times.
revolution of the -particle is double
Reason (R): A charge particle in circular
than that of proton.
path with constant speed in magnetic
field, acceleration is given by centripetal Reason (R): In a magnetic field, the time
acceleration. If speed is doubled centripetal period of revolution of a charged particle

acceleration will become four times. is directly proportional to mass.
28. Assertion (A): Work done by magnetic
31. Assertion (A): The direction of magnetic
force on any moving charge is zero.
moment and orbital angular momentum
Reason (R): Magnetic force is
perpendicular to velocity. are opposite to each other for electron.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Electron is negatively
the correct explanation of the (A) charged.
29. Assertion (A): When a charged particle is
projected in a uniform magnetic field
with certain angle to it, during its motion
in helical path it will never move parallel 32. Assertion (A): A charged particle moves
or perpendicular to field. perpendicular to magnetic field. Its
Reason (R): When the charged particle is kinetic energy will remain constant but
projected at a certain angle to the momentum changes.
magnetic field, the force experienced by
Reason (R): Magnetic force acts
the charged particle is neither in the
perpendicular to velocity of particle.
direction of field nor in the
perpendicular direction of the field. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

33. Assertion (A): A charged particle moving 36. Assertion (A): A charged particle enters
in a magnetic field in general, a uniform magnetic field with a velocity
experiences a force but its kinetic inclined to the field direction at 60°. The
energy remains constant. particle will move along a circular path
Reason (R): Work done by magnetic inside the magnetic field.
force is always zero. Reason (R): Magnetic force on a charge
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is inside a magnetic field provides
the correct explanation of the (A) centripetal force for the circular motion
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is of the charge.
34. Assertion (A): Electric force between not the correct explanation of the (A)
two like charged particles is repulsive (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
but magnetic force between them could (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
be attractive or repulsive or absent
depending on the features of their 37. Assertion (A): A current-carrying coil
motion. placed in a uniform magnetic field
Reason (R): Magnetic field does not experiences a force which depends on
interact with static charges. the orientation of plane of the coil
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is relative to the field direction.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): A current-carrying
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is conductor placed in a magnetic field
not the correct explanation of the (A) experiences a force F = iIB sin 
35. Assertion (A): An electron and a proton (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
enter a uniform magnetic field at right not the correct explanation of the (A)
angles to the field with equal velocities, (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
then, deviation of both from the original (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
path will be the same.
Reason (R): In the situation described
above, electron and proton will
experience magnetic forces of different
magnitude.
106
19. Magnetism and Matter
1. Assertion (A): Magnetic field arises due to 4. Assertion (A): The product of magnetic
charge in motion but a system may have susceptibility and absolute temperature
magnetic moment even though its net of a paramagnetic substance is a
charge is zero. constant.
Reason (R): Uncharged magnetic material Reason (R): Paramagnetic substances
may have dipole moment. obey Curie's law.
2. Assertion (A): Permeability of a 5. Assertion (A): The permanent magnetic

ferromagnetic material is independent of moment of the atoms of a material is
the applied magnetic field. zero. The material must be diamagnetic
Reason (R): Permeability of ferromagnetic Reason (R): Hard magnetic materials have
substances is lower for higher value of high retentivity, high coercivity and large
applied field. hysteresis- loss and are suitable for
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the permanent magnetism.
3. Assertion (A): A system displaying a
hysteresis loop, such as a ferromagnet is 6. Assertion (A): The poles of magnet cannot
a device for storing memory. be separated by breaking into two pieces.
Reason (R): A ferromagnetic substance Reason (R): The magnetic moment will be
remains magnetised even after external reduced to half when a magnet is broken
field is removed. into two equal pieces.

107
7. Assertion (A): A paramagnetic sample 10. Assertion (A): The properties of
shows greater degree of magnetisation when paramagnetic and ferromagnetic
cooled. substances are not affected by heating.
Reason (R): Magnetisation of Reason (R): As temperature changes, the
paramagnetic material is inversely alignment of molecular magnets does not
proportional to temperature. change.
8. Assertion (A): Ferromagnetic materials of 11. Assertion (A): Soft iron is used as
high retentivity are used to form transformer core.
permanent magnet. Reason (R): Soft iron has narrow
Reason (R): Ferromagnetic materials have hysteresis loop.
positive intensity of magnetisation. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
12. Assertion (A): All magnetic materials lose
9. Assertion (A): For a perfectly diamagnetic their magnetic properties when strongly
substance, permeability is always 1. heated.
Reason (R): Small pieces of any magnetic Reason (R): Most of the substances show
substance are attracted by a strong diamagnetism.
magnetic field. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
108
20. Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)
1. Assertion (A): A changing magnetic flux 4. Assertion (A): A metal ring is kept on a
induces an electric field. cardboard on top of a fixed current
Reason (R): An inductor always tends to carrying solenoid. If current in the
keep the flux constant. solenoid is switched off, the upward
reaction of card board on the ring will
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is increase.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Induced current in the ring
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false will be in the same direction as in the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false solenoid.
2. Assertion (A): A vertical iron rod has a coil
of wire wound over it at the bottom end. correct explanation of the (A)
An alternating current flows in the coil. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
The rod goes through a conducting ring as not the correct explanation of the (A)
shown in the figure. The ring can float at (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
a certain height above the coil (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
5. Assertion (A): If an iron rod is inserted

into a steady current carrying solenoid,
the current in solenoid decreases.
Reason (R): Magnetic flux linked with
solenoid increases
Reason (R): In the above situation, a
current is induced in the ring which
interacts with the horizontal component correct explanation of the (A)
of the magnetic field to produce an (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
average force in the upward direction. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 6. Assertion (A): If a cylindrical bar magnet
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false is dropped through a metallic pipe, it
takes more time to come down the a
3. Assertion (A): When a circuit having large similar unmagnetised cylindrical iron bar
inductance is switched off sparking dropped through the same metallic pipe.
occurs at the switch.
Reason (R): For the magnet, eddy currents
Reason (R): Emf induced in an inductor is
are produced in the metallic pipe.
given by |  |= L di .
dt (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
109
7. Assertion (A): The self inductance of a 10. Assertion (A): The probability of burn out
solenoid can be increased by decreasing of a dc motor is maximum, when the
length if number of turns are fixed. motor is just switched on.
Reason (R): Self inductance of a solenoid
Reason (R): No back emf is developed in
is directly proportional to current passing
the armature of dc motor, when it is just
through it.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the switched on.
8. Assertion (A): If a coil carrying current in (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
counter clockwise direction moves
towards another stationary coil in the
11. Assertion (A): If a closed loop is kept in a
same plane, current induced in stationary
space having time varying magnetic field,
coil will be counter clock wise.
Reason (R): Mutual induction between emf is always induced in the loop.
coils is independent of direction of Reason (R): Induced emf in the loop is
current conservative in nature.
9. Assertion (A): If a bar magnet is moved
towards a conducting coil in a direction
12. Assertion (A): If a magnet is allowed to
perpendicular to the plane of coil, the
work done in moving the magnet will be fall co-axially through a long copper tube,
more if it is moved faster rather than its acceleration decreases with time.
slower. Reason (R): The direction of force on
Reason (R): If the magnet is moved at a
magnet doesn't change when it pass
faster rate towards the circular coil, then
through a tube.
the induced current in the circular coil is
more. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
110
13. Assertion (A): At the instant when 16. Assertion (A): ac current flows through a
magnetic flux is zero, emf induced in the bulb and a solenoid connected in series.
coil is maximum when it is rotating in If a soft iron core is inserted in the
uniform magnetic field w.r.t. axis in the solenoid, the bulb glows much brighter.
plane of coil. Reason (R): The inductance of solenoid
Reason (R): emf induced in the coil is decreases on inserting soft iron core in it.
equal to rate of change of magnetic flux. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
17. Assertion (A): A choke coil has the
14. Assertion (A): Inductance coil are made of characteristic of high inductance and low
copper. resistance
Reason (R): More is the inductive property
Reason (R): Induced current is more in
of the choke coil, Power factor of the
wire having less resistance.
circuit approaches maximum.
15. Assertion (A): A transformer cannot work

18. Assertion (A): Magnetic flux is a vector
on D.C. supply.
quantity.
Reason (R): D.C. changes neither in
Reason (R): Value of magnetic flux cannot
magnitude nor in direction.
be negative.
111
19. Assertion (A): Change in magnetic flux 22. Assertion (A): When a coil is rotated in a
w.r.t. time produces an induced emf. uniform magnetic field about an axis
Reason (R): Faraday established induced perpendicular to the field, emf is induced
in it which is maximum for the orientation
emf experimentally.
of coil in which magnetic flux through the
coil is zero.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): In an electric generator,
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is electrical energy is generated by rotating
not the correct explanation of the (A) a coil in a magnetic field.
20. Assertion (A): An emf is induced in a
closed loop where magnetic flux is varied. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
The induced electric field is not a
23. Assertion (A): Two identical coaxial
conservative field. circular coils carry equal currents
Reason (R): For induced electric field, the circulating in same direction. If coils
approach each other, the current in each
line integral  E  dl around a closed path coil decreases.
is non-zero.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): When coils approach each
other, the magnetic flux linked with each
coil increases.
21. Assertion (A): It is more difficult to push not the correct explanation of the (A)
a magnet into a coil with more loops. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): This is because emf induced (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
in each current loop resists the motion of 24. Assertion (A): If we use a battery across
the magnet. the primary of a step up transformer, no
voltage is obtained across secondary.
Reason (R): Battery gives a steady current.
112
25. Assertion (A): Only a change of magnetic 28. Assertion (A): A system cannot have
flux with time, will maintain an induced mutual inductance without having self
current in the coil. inductance.
Reason (R): If mutual inductance of
Reason (R): The presence of a large
system is zero, its self-inductance must
magnetic flux will maintain an induced
be zero.
current in the coil.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 29. Assertion (A): At any instant, if the
current through an inductor is zero, then
26. Assertion (A): The mutual inductance of the induced emf may not be zero.
two coils is doubled if the self-inductance Reason (R): An inductor tends to keep the
of the primary and secondary coil is flux constant.
doubled. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): Mutual inductance M  L 1L2 . (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 30. In shown circuit, switch is closed at t = 0.
Assertion (A): At t = 0, current through
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false battery I=
E and at t =  , current
2R
27. Assertion (A): If a charged particle is E

through battery will be I = .
R
released from rest in a time varying
magnetic field, it moves in a circle.
Reason (R): In a time varying magnetic
field, conservative electric field is
induced.
Reason (R): At t = 0, inductor will behave
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the like open circuit and at t = , inductor will
correct explanation of the (A) behave like short circuit.
113
21. Alternating Current (AC)
1. Assertion (A): In a series LCR circuit at 4. Assertion (A): The power rating of an
resonance, the voltage across the element in AC circuit refers to average
capacitor or inductor may be more than power rating.
the applied voltage. Reason (R): A given value for AC voltage
or current is usually its average value.
Reason (R): At resonance in a series LCR
circuit, the voltages across inductor and
capacitor are out of phase.
5. Assertion (A): Average power consumed in
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false a circuit is never negative.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Instantaneous power is
always positive.
2. Assertion (A): Average power consumed in (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
an ac circuit is equal to average power correct explanation of the (A)
consumed by resistors in the circuit. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Average power consumed by not the correct explanation of the (A)
capacitor and inductor is zero (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
correct explanation of the (A) 6. Assertion (A): At an airport, a person is

(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is made to walk through the doorway of a
not the correct explanation of the (A) metal detector.
Reason (R): Metal detector works on the
principle of resonance in AC circuits.
3. Assertion (A): Peak voltage across the
resistance can be greater than the peak
voltage of the source in an series LCR (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
circuit. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Peak voltage across the
7. Assertion (A): Smaller the band width,
inductor can be greater than the peak
sharper the resonance and easier it is to
voltage of the source in an series LCR tune an LCR circuit.
circuit. Reason (R): Resonant frequency is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the arithmetic mean of half power frequencies.
114
8. Assertion (A): At resonance in AC circuits 11. Assertion (A): The impedance of series
current and emf are in phase. L-C-R circuit can be greater, equal or less
Reason (R): At resonance in AC circuits, than the resistance.
current is maximum. Reason (R): The minimum impedance of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the series LCR circuit depends over angular
frequency of applied emf.
9. Assertion (A): At frequency greater than
resonant frequency, circuit is inductive in
nature.
Reason (R): Reciprocal of reactance is 12.
called susceptance.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Assertion (A): Current i1 & i2 can not be in
correct explanation of the (A) same phase.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): If XL = XC, i1 & i2 may be in same
not the correct explanation of the (A) phase.
10. Assertion (A): If the resistance of a series
resonant LCR circuit is decreased, then
the peak current versus frequency graph
will be taller and narrower. 13. Assertion (A): A capacitor of suitable
Reason (R): If the resistance of a series capacitance can be used in an A.C. circuit
resonant LCR circuit decreased, then its in place of the choke coil.
resonance will be unaffected. Reason (R): A capacitor blocks D.C. and
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the allows A.C. only.
115
14. Assertion (A): For series RLC network, 17. Assertion (A): The moving coil ammeters
power factor of circuit in region (1) is or voltmeters can't be employed to
positive and in region (2) is negative. measure alternating current or voltage
Reason (R): Overall nature of circuit in respectively.
region (1) is inductive while in region Reason (R): If an alternating current is
(2) is capacitive. passed through a moving coil ammeter or
voltmeter, then the average value of
torque experienced by the coil is zero.
15. Assertion (A): KVL rule is also being 18. Assertion (A): In ac supply we cannot feel
applied in AC circuit shown below. any fluctuations of current in bulbs.

Reason (R): House hold ac supply has very
low frequency.
Reason (R): VC in the circuit = 2V.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 19. Assertion (A): 220V, 50 Hz appliance
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false implies that potential difference in bulb is
16. Assertion (A): When frequency is greater always 220V.
than resonance frequency in a series LCR Reason (R): Every appliance is specified
circuit, it will be an inductive circuit. with its peak tolerable voltage.
Reason (R): Resultant voltage will lead the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
current. correct explanation of the (A)
116
20. Assertion (A): Transformer does not work 23. Assertion (A): An electric lamp is
on dc connected in series with a long solenoid
Reason (R): dc neither changes in of copper with air core and then
connected to ac source. If an iron rod is
magnitude nor in direction.
inserted in solenoid, the lamp will become
dim.
Reason (R): If an iron rod is inserted in
solenoid, the inductance of solenoid
not the correct explanation of the (A) increases.
21. Assertion (A): Choke coil is preferred over not the correct explanation of the (A)
a resistor to adjust current in an ac (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
circuit. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Power factor for inductance

24. Assertion (A): For an electric lamp
is zero.
connected in series with a variable
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the capacitor and ac source, its brightness
correct explanation of the (A) increases with increase of capacitance.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Capacitive reactance
not the correct explanation of the (A) decreases with increase in capacitance of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false capacitor.
22. Assertion (A): The divisions are equally
marked on the scale of ac ammeter.
Reason (R): Heat produced is directly (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
proportional to the current.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the 25. Assertion (A): In series RL ac circuit
voltage leads the current.
Reason (R): In series LCR circuit current
may lead the voltage.
117
22. Electromagnetic Waves
1. Assertion (A): When cooking in microwave 5. Assertion (A): Electromagnetic radiations

ovens, metal containers are used. like UV, visible and IR coming from Sun
Reason (R): Energy of microwaves can be towards earth's surface can't be trapped
easily transferred to the food through by earth's magnetic field where as cosmic
rays coming towards earth's surface are
metal.
trapped by the magnetic field of earth.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): Electromagnetic wave doesn't
correct explanation of the (A) contain any live charge where the cosmic
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is rays is a huge storage of charged particle.
2. Assertion (A): Infrared waves are often (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
called heat waves. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Infrared waves vibrate not
only electrons but entire atoms or 6. Assertion (A): An E.M. wave has
constantly interchanging electric and
molecules.
magnetic fields, which are perpendicular to
each other.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): The direction of propagation
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is is given by (B  E) .
3. Assertion (A): Conduction and
displacement current may be present in
the same region of space.
Reason (R): There is no perfectly 7. Assertion (A): Average value of electric
conducting or perfectly insulating field and magnetic field in one cycle is
medium. same in electromagnetic waves.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): The ratio of electric field
correct explanation of the (A) intensity and magnetic field intensity of
EM waves is equal to speed of EM waves.
4. Assertion (A): Electromagnetic waves (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
cannot penetrate through a perfect (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
conductor and hence are totally reflected.
8. Assertion (A): Comet tail points away
Reason (R): The speed of electromagnetic from the sun.
waves in any dielectric medium is less as Reason (R): Solar radiation vapourise the
compared to vacuum. volatile materials within the comet.
118
9. Assertion (A): When electromagnetic 12. Assertion (A): A magnetic needle when
waves are incident on a surface, exert placed in between the plates of a parallel
radiation pressure on the surface. plate capacitor under charging, the needle
shows deflection.
Reason (R): Electromagnetic waves carry
Reason (R): As the charge on the
energy as well as momentum.
capacitor plates increases, the electric
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the field and the electric flux between the
correct explanation of the (A) plates changes which generates a
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is magnetic field.
10. Assertion (A): In an electromagnetic wave,
both the electric and magnetic field
vibrates with same phase and frequency. 13. Assertion (A): In an electromagnetic wave,
Reason (R): Amplitude of vibration of magnitude of magnetic field vector is much
electric and magnetic field are equal in an smaller than the magnitude of electric
field vector.
electromagnetic wave.
Reason (R): Energy of electromagnetic
waves is shared equally by the electric
and magnetic fields.
11. Assertion (A): The energy in a small (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
volume through which an EM wave is passing
14. Assertion (A): The gyrating electron can
oscillates with double the frequency of
be a source of EMW.
wave. Reason (R): The electron in circular
Reason (R): The electric field and motion is accelerated motion.
magnetic field can not have equal average (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
numerical value in each half cycle. correct explanation of the (A)
119
23. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
1. Assertion (A): A simple microscope may 5. Assertion (A): Keeping a point object
have different magnification for different fixed, if a plane mirror is moved, the
persons. image will also move.
Reason (R): All persons must have the Reason (R): In case of a plane mirror,
same near point distance of 25 cm. distance of object and its image is equal
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is from any point on the mirror.
2. Assertion (A): If an object placed on the
optic axis of a lens is illuminated by 6. Assertion (A): A small square loop is
white light, then image formed will be kept in front of the concave mirror as
coloured and not exactly white. shown in the figure. It’s image will also
Reason (R): The lens has different focal be a square. (Assume paraxial rays)
lengths for different colours.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): All dimensions will be
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false magnified equally because all dimensions
are almost at the same distance from the
3. Assertion (A): Paraxial rays are always mirror.
parallel to the principal axis. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): A parallel beam parallel to the correct explanation of the (A)
principal axis converges at the focal (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
point. not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) 7. Assertion (A): A lens has two principal
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false focal lengths which may be different in
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false magnitude.
Reason (R): The distance of both
4. Assertion (A): The image focus principal focus from optical centre of
nd
(2 focus) and the object focus (1st focus) lens depend on the two radii of
are on the opposite side of the biconvex or curvature of the lens. Distance of both
biconcave lens. principal focus from optical centre a
Reason (R): The radii of curvature of a lens are same only if radii of curvature
biconvex lens and biconcave lens are on
of both sides of lens are same.
the opposite side of the lens.
120
8. Assertion (A): A parallel beam of light is 10. Assertion (A): When the upper half of a
incident on a thin convex lens and is also converging lens is missing, a real image
parallel to the principal axis of convex formed by the lens for a real object will
lack its lower half.
lens as shown. The magnitude of
Reason (R): The real image formed by a
deviation of each ray of this beam thin lens for a real object will be always
produced by given convex lens is erected.
different. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
11. Assertion (A): A parallel beam of light
Reason (R): A thin convex lens can be
travelling in air can be displaced laterally
assumed to be made of prisms of small
by a parallel transparent slab by
angles. The magnitude of deviation
distance more than the thickness of the
produced by prism of small angle for plate.
small angles of incidence depends on Reason (R): The lateral displacement of
angle of prism. Each ray of the beam in light travelling in air increases with fall
situation of assertion is incident on a in value of refractive index of slab.
prism of different angles, hence the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
magnitude of deviation for each ray is the correct explanation of the (A)
different.
12. Assertion (A): A virtual image formed by
plane mirror may be inverted.
Reason (R): Longitudinal magnification
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false in this case of plane mirror is –1.
9. Assertion (A): If there is relative motion the correct explanation of the (A)
between a point object & a plane mirror (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
then there must be relative motion not the correct explanation of the (A)
between object and image formed by
mirror.
Reason (R): If the gap between object 13. Assertion (A): A convex lens of glass
and mirror will change, the gap between ( = 1.5) behaves as a diverging lens
object and image remains same. when immersed in a medium of
refractive index  = 1.65.
Reason (R): A diverging lens is thinner in
the middle and thicker at the edges.
121
14. Assertion (A): Biconvex lens can form 18. Assertion (A): The Snell's law sin =
virtual image of a virtual object. constant is valid at different boundaries
Reason (R): Nature of lens depends on irrespective of the shape of the
refractive index of surrounding. boundaries.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): When light enters from
the correct explanation of the (A) vacuum into a medium of refractive
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is index , its speed and wavelength
not the correct explanation of the (A) increases by .
15. Assertion (A): The minimum length of not the correct explanation of the (A)
mirror required to form complete image (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
of man of height H is H/2. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
Reason (R): Image of an object is
19. Assertion (A): A solid glass sphere is
obtained if incident light ray reaches the
placed in air. A light ray enters into the
reflecting surface.
sphere from outside. The ray cannot
undergo total internal reflection inside
the sphere.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is st
Reason (R): The angle of incidence at 1
surface cannot be greater than the
critical angle for air-glass system.
16. Assertion (A): Concave mirror can not the correct explanation of the (A)
form real image of real object. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Concave mirror behave as a not the correct explanation of the (A)
diverging mirror.
the correct explanation of the (A) 20. Assertion (A): Wavelength of light
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is changes on changing medium.
not the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Light ray always deviates
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false from its path when refracted.
17. Assertion (A): Radius of curvature of a (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
concave mirror is 20 cm. If a real object not the correct explanation of the (A)
is placed in front of a mirror at 10cm (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
from pole of the mirror, image is formed (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
at infinity. 21. Assertion (A): Turpentine is denser
Reason (R): When object is placed at medium than water for light
focus of a converging optical system Reason (R): Unit volume of turpentine is
then its image is formed at infinity. heavier than unit volume of water
122
22. Assertion (A): The sun appears oval 26. Assertion (A): In case of a concave
shape at sunrise. mirror if a point object is moving
Reason (R): At the time of sunrise sun towards the mirror along its principal
appears a little before the actual sunrise axis then its image will always move
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is away from the mirror.
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): In case of reflection (along
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the principal axis of mirror) object and
not the correct explanation of the (A) image always travel in same directions.
23. Assertion (A): An object placed at a
distance less than 25 cm, infront of a
normal eye. The image of this object on (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
retina is blurred.
27. Assertion (A): Any ray of light suffers a
Reason (R): Image is formed before
deviation of 180°–2i after one reflection
retina.
from plane mirror .
Reason (R): For normal incidence of light
on the plane mirror deviation is zero.
24. Assertion (A): In telescopes objective (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
lens is taken of large diameter or (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
aperture 28. Assertion (A): Rear view mirror of a
Reason (R): Larger aperture remove vehicle is a convex mirror.
spherical aberration. Reason (R): It never makes real image of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is real objects.
25. Assertion (A): Splitting of light into its
component colours is possible in 29. Assertion (A): There is refracting glass
refraction at plane surface of two media. slab between Ram and Anoop, then Ram
Reason (R): On each refraction appears nearer to Anoop as Compared
dispersion is possible but in prism at to the actual distance between them.
both surface dispersion is in same Reason (R): Ray of light starting from
direction so it is clearly seen. Ram will undergo two times refraction
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is before reaching to Anoop.
123
30. Assertion (A): In case of single refraction 33. Assertion (A): If one half of a mirror is
by plane surface image and object are covered by an opaque material, then
on the same side.
only half image of the object is formed.
Reason (R): If object is real, image will
Reason (R): By covering one half of the
be virtual and vice-versa.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is mirror, focal length of mirror will be
the correct explanation of the (A) halved.
31. Assertion (A): In displacement method (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
of finding focal length of a convex lens, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
if magnification in a position of lens is –
2, then magnification in another position 34. Assertion (A): In medical technology
of lens should be –1/2. endoscopy, optical fibres are used to
Reason (R): This method can not be facilitate visual examination of internal
applied for diverging lens. organs of the body.
Reason (R): Optical fibres are fabricated
so that there should be very less
not the correct explanation of the (A) absorption of light and hence no
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false appreciable loss of light intensity.
32. Assertion (A): White light is incident on
face AB of an isosceles right angle prism
as shown in figure. Colours for which not the correct explanation of the (A)
refractive index of the material of prism (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
is more than 1.414 will be able to emerge (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
from the face AC.
35. Assertion (A): When light passes
through a prism, it disperses while if
the same light passes through a
rectangular glass slab of same material,
it doesn't disperse.
Reason (R): Total internal reflection can
Reason (R): Dispersive power of prism is
take place for the light travelling from
non zero while that of glass slab is zero.
rarer medium to denser medium.
124
36. Assertion (A): When white light passes 40. Assertion (A): Iris of the eye contains
successively through two identical rods and cones which transmits electric
prisms, one inverted with respect to signal to brain through optic nerve.
other, then in emergent side, again white Reason (R): Rods sense colour of object
light is obtained. and cone sense intensity of light.
Reason (R): Prism has no ability to
create colour but it only separates the
colours already present in white light. not the correct explanation of the (A)
not the correct explanation of the (A) 41. Assertion (A): A virtual image can't be
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false caught on screen, yet we see a virtual
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false image. We are obviously bringing it on to
the screen, i.e. the retina.
37. Assertion (A): Secondary rainbow is Reason (R): The retina is a special type
fainter than primary rainbow. of screen present in the back of eye
Reason (R): Secondary rainbow is seen consisting of nerve fibre which can
due to the scattering of primary rainbow catch both real & virtual image.
through water molecules. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
42. Assertion (A): In a magnifying glass, the
38. Assertion (A): In clear weather, sky angle subtended by an object at the eye
appears to be blue not violet. is equal to the angle subtended by its
Reason (R): In clear atmosphere, light of virtual image at the eye. Still the
shorter wavelength is scattered more as magnifying glass provides angular
compared to light of longer wavelength. magnification.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Magnifying glass produce a
the correct explanation of the (A) virtual magnified image of the object.
39. Assertion (A): During sunset and sunrise (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
sun appears to be red.
Reason (R): During sunrise or sunset, 43. Assertion (A): Concave mirror can't form
sun emits electromagnetic radiations of virtual image of a virtual object.
comparatively higher wavelength only. Reason (R): Convex mirror can't form
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is real image of a real object.
125
44. Assertion (A): In total internal reflection 48. Assertion (A): Lens formula can be
reflected light is in the phase with applied only for thin lenses
incident light. Reason (R): For thick lenses one cannot
Reason (R): Reflecting surface is rarer in find image position.
TIR. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
49. Assertion (A): For better resolution, in
45. Assertion (A): For a Concave mirror, if microscope we prefer "Oil immersed object".
object is made to accelerate uniformly Reason (R): Refractive index of oil is
toward the mirror from infinity, then its closer to the refractive index of
image will also show uniform
objective glass.
acceleration in opposite direction.
Reason (R): Concave mirror may act as a
diverging mirror.
50. Assertion (A): Rainbow is an example of
the dispersion of sunlight by the water
droplets.
46. Assertion (A): When two thin equiconvex
lens are placed in contact, the effective Reason (R): Light of shorter wavelength
power of combination may decrease. is scattered much more than light of
Reason (R): Power of lens is defined as larger wavelength.
ability of bending of light. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
51. Assertion (A): The focal length of a

47. Assertion (A): Although the surface of
spherical mirror does not depend on the
goggle lens are curved, it does not have
any power wavelength of light.
Reason (R): In case of goggle, both the Reason (R): In case of reflection of light
curved surfaces have equal radius of from a denser medium the phase
curvature and have centre of curvature changes by .
on the same side (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

52. Assertion (A): A healthy man wearing 56. Assertion (A): A ray of white light shows
glasses of focal length + 1m cannot see no dispersion on emerging from a glass
beyond 1m. slab although there occurs dispersion
Reason (R): A convex lens can form a inside the glass slab.
real image of a point object placed on its Reason (R): The velocity of light inside
principal axis. If the upper half of the
the glass slab is same for all different
lens is painted black, the intensity of the
colours.
image will decrease but the image will
not be shifted upward or downward. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
57. Assertion (A): A completely transparent
53. Assertion (A): Sky appears blue. material will be invisible in vacuum,
Reason (R): Sensitivity of eye is higher when the refractive index is unity.
for blue colour as compare to violet Reason (R): The ratio of the refractive
colour. index of red light to blue light in vacuum
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is is less than unity.
54. Assertion (A): Blue colour of sky is due
to scattering. 58. Assertion (A): For every observer
Reason (R): According to Rayleigh blue rainbow is a personal one.
colour shows more scattering as Reason (R): Every observer intercepts
compare to violet colour. light from same water drops.
55. Assertion (A): A convex lens of glass 59. Assertion (A): The persistence of vision
( = 1·5) behave as a diverging lens when (1/16 second) is used in cinematography.
immersed in carbon disulphide of higher Reason (R): The human eye forms the
refractive index ( = 1·65) real image of an object at its retina.
Reason (R): A diverging lens is thinner in (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the middle and thicker at the edges. the correct explanation of the (A)
127
60. Assertion (A): Warning signals installed 64. Assertion (A): Law of reflection is
at the top of tall buildings and applicable for all type of mirrors.
monuments employ red light. Reason (R): Rays which are parallel to
Reason (R): Human eye is most sensitive principal axis are known as paraxial rays.
to red colour. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
65. Assertion (A): A convex lens suffers
61. Assertion (A): A single lens cannot be
from chromatic aberration.
free from chromatic aberration.
Reason (R): When light passes through Reason (R): All parallel rays of
single lens dispersion must occur. monochromatic light passing through a
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is convex lens do not come to a focus at
the correct explanation of the (A) the same point.
62. Assertion (A): When white light passes (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
through a prism, deviation of violet light (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
is more than green light. 66. Assertion (A): If an object moves in front
Reason (R): In a prism average deviation of a concave mirror parallel to principal
is measured as deviation of yellow light. axis. The angle between the object
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is velocity and image velocity can never be
acute.
Reason (R): Object velocity and image
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false velocity per-pendicular to principal axis
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false for spherical mirror is not same.
63. Assertion (A): A light ray is incident on a
glass slab. Some portion of it is reflected
and some is refracted. Refracted and
reflected rays are always perpendicular
to each other.
67. Assertion (A): The Focal length of lens is

same for all colours of light
Reason (R): The focal length depends
Reason (R): Angle of incidence is not
only upon the material of the lens
equal to angle of reflection.
128
68. Assertion (A): When light moves from a 71. Assertion (A): If an object is placed
denser medium to rarer medium then between f and 2f of a convex lens, a real
snell's law can't satisfied for all angle of image can be seen on a screen placed at
incidence. image location. If the screen is removed
Reason (R): When light moves from then image will not be seen.
denser to rarer medium, for angle of Reason (R): Real image of a object can
not formed in air.
incidence greater than the critical angle,
no refraction is possible.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 72. Assertion (A): Optical fibre
communication is fastest way of
69. Assertion (A): On hot summer days, communication.
optical density of different layer of air Reason (R): Optical interference
increases with height from ground. between fibres is zero.
Reason (R): Refractive index of air (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
increases with its density. the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 73. Assertion (A): A white parallel beam of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false light is incident on a plane glass-
vacuum interface as shown. The beam
70. Assertion (A): For observing a rainbow, may undergo dispersion after suffering
sun should be shining in one part of the deviation at the interface (The beam is
sky and it is raining in the opposite part not incident normally on the interface.)
of sky, and observer should stand with
his back towards raining side.
Reason (R): Rainbow appears due to
directly reflection of sunlight from water
drops of rain. Reason (R): Vacuum has same refractive
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is index for all colours of white light.
129
  78. Assertion (A): Diamond in air shine
74. Assertion (A): The formula  1 + 1 = 1 
v u f brightly and when dipped in transparent
connecting u and v for a spherical mirror oil, its shine reduces.
is valid only for mirrors whose sizes are Reason (R): Diamond shines due to
very small compared to their radii of
multiple total internal reflections.
curvatures.
Reason (R): Laws of reflection are (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
strictly valid for smaller size of optical the correct explanation of the (A)
system. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
79. Assertion (A): A plano-convex lens is
silvered at plane surface. It can act as a
75. Assertion (A): A point object is placed at
converging mirror.
a distance of 26 cm from a convex
mirror of focal length 26 cm. The image Reason (R): Focal length of concave
will form at infinity. mirror is independent of medium.
Reason (R): For above given system the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
1 1 1 the correct explanation of the (A)
equation − = gives position of
v u f (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
image. not the correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 80. Assertion (A): Biconvex lens can form
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false virtual image of a virtual object.
Reason (R): Nature of lens depends on
76. Assertion (A): Focal length of a convex
refractive index of surrounding.
mirror may be negative.
Reason (R): Distances measured in the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
direction of incident rays may be taken the correct explanation of the (A)
as negative. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
81. Assertion (A): Optical path length is
always greater than or equal to
77. Assertion (A): A rectangular glass slab
geometrical path length.
produces no deviation and no
Reason (R): Light travels with speed of
dispersion.
8
Reason (R): Dispersive power of glass 3 × 10 m/s in vacuum.
slab is zero. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
130
82. Assertion (A): It is never possible to 86. Assertion (A): The focal length of
produce a real image using a plane spherical mirror does not depend on the
mirror. wavelength of light.
Reason (R): Radius of curvature of a Reason (R): The number of wavelengths
plane mirror is negative. in the visible region of spectrum are
infinite.
83. Assertion (A): A dentist uses a concave
mirror to examine a small cavity.
Reason (R): A concave mirror always 87. Assertion (A): A real object is placed on
forms a magnified and erect image. the optic axis of a lens such that an
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is erect image of twice the size of the
object is obtained. The lens must then
be a convergent lens.
Reason (R): Erect image of a real object
can be produced by a concave lens and
also by a convex lens.
84. Assertion (A): Law of reflection is the correct explanation of the (A)
applicable for all type of mirrors. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
Reason (R): Rays which are parallel to not the correct explanation of the (A)
the principal axis are known as paraxial (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
rays. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is 88. Assertion (A): A real object is placed on
the correct explanation of the (A) the optic axis of a lens such that
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is magnification of the image is +0.5. The
not the correct explanation of the (A) lens must then be a divergent lens.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): A concave lens always
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false produces a virtual image of a real object.
85. Assertion (A): When an object is placed
between two plane parallel mirrors, all
the images formed are of equal not the correct explanation of the (A)
intensity. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): In above situation of two (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
plane parallel mirrors, only two images
89. Assertion (A): A lens L (shown in the
are possible.
figure) kept in a surrounding medium X
has a power + 10D. If the same lens is
kept in a surrounding medium Y, its
power is found to be +12.5D. Also if the
same lens is placed in a surrounding
medium Z, its power is now measured to
be –3.5D, then mZ > mX > mY.
131
92. Assertion (A): A concave mirror and a
concave lens have the same focal length
in air. When dipped in water, the focal
length of the two are equal.
Reason (R): The focal length depends
Reason (R): In different surroundings, only on the radii of curvature.
power of a given lens has different the correct explanation of the (A)
values but the same sign. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 93. Assertion (A): Light of wavelength 5500
not the correct explanation of the (A) Å travelling in medium I is incident on an
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false interface and gets refracted into medium 2.
Due to refraction, if it deviates by an
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false angle 15°, then its wavelength in medium
2 could be greater than or smaller than
5500 Å but never the same.
90. Assertion (A): Minimum distance
Reason (R): As light is refracted, its
between a real object and its real image colour changes.
formed by a convex lens is three times (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
the focal length of lens.
Reason (R): Distance between an object not the correct explanation of the (A)
and its real image formed by convex lens (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
is minimum when magnification
94. Assertion (A): If an air bubble is trapped
produced by the lens has minimum
in a glass slab will not produce any lens
value. action.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is Reason (R): Behaviour of a shape like a
lens is in dependent of surrounding
the correct explanation of the (A) medium.
95. Assertion (A): A prism of refracting angle
91. Assertion (A): Resolving power of a
60° is made of a material of refractive
microscope is different for different index 2 for a certain wavelength. As
colours of illuminating light. light of this wavelength passes through
the prism, angle of minimum deviation is
Reason (R): Resolving power of a
30°.
microscope is directly proportional to Reason (R): At minimum deviation, angle
the wavelength of illuminating light. of refraction of the first face is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is A
r1 = = 30.
2
96. Assertion (A): When a glass prism is 99. Assertion (A): The refractive index of
immersed in water, the deviation caused diamond is 6 and that of liquid is 3 .
by prism decrease. If the light travels from diamond to the
liquid, it will totally reflected when the
Reason (R): Refractive index of glass
angle of incidence is 30°.
prism relative to water is less than relative
Reason (R): For total internal reflection,
to air. angle of incidence should be less than
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is  
critical angle C = sin−1  1  .
the correct explanation of the (A) 
97. Assertion (A): When a light wave travels (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
from a rarer to a denser medium, it loses 100. Assertion (A): The speed of light in an
energy. optically rarer medium is greater than
that in an optically denser medium.
Reason (R): When a light wave travels
Reason (R): One light year equals to
from a rarer to a denser medium, it loses 12
9.5 × 10 km
speed and energy carried by the wave is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
proportional to its speed. the correct explanation of the (A)
101. Assertion (A): Consider a prism A of
refracting angle 5° and another prism B
of refracting angle 10°. Both prisms are
98. Assertion (A): When a monochromatic made of crown glass, If white light is
incident on each prism, angular
beam of light is incident from one
dispersion caused by prism B will be
medium to another, the frequency of
more.
incident, reflected and refracted rays Reason (R): Dispersive power depends
are equal. on the nature material.
Reason (R): The incident, reflected and (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
refracted rays are co-planar. the correct explanation of the (A)
133
24. Wave Optics
1. Assertion (A): When a width of one of the 5. Assertion (A): If white light is used in
slits of Young's double slit experiment is place of monochromatic light in YDSE
double that of the other than brighter then central point is white. Although at
frings are nine times brighter than the
other places coloured fringes will be
dark fringes.
obtained.
Reason (R): The amplitude of the wave is
proportional to the width of the slit. Reason (R): At centre path difference is
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the zero for all wave lengths. Hence all wave
correct explanation of the (A) will interfere constructively.
2. Assertion (A): When tiny circular obstacle (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
is placed in the path of light from some (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
distance, a bright spot is seen at the
centre of shadow of the obstacle. 6. Assertion (A): White light is used in YDSE
Reason (R): Constructive interference now a glass slab is inserted infront of the slit,
occurs at the centre of the shadow. then red fringe will shift less (in upward
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the direction) compared to violet.
Reason (R): Refractive index of violet
3. Assertion (A): In the figure shown zero
colour will be more
order maxima will be above point "O".
Reason (R): Zero order maxima means a
point where the path difference is zero. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
7. Assertion (A): Distance between two
not the correct explanation of the (A) coherent sources S1 and S2 is 4. A large
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false circle is drawn around these sources with
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false centre of circle lying on centre of S1 and
4. Assertion (A): If width of one of the slit in S2. there are total 16 maxima on the circle.
YDSE is slightly increased, then maximum Reason (R): Total number of minima on
and minimum both Intensity will increase. this circle are less compare to total
Reason (R): Intensity reaching from that number of maximas.
slit on screen will slightly increase.
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t134

✞☬ঔৣ꧂
8. Assertion (A): As the separation between 12. Assertion (A): If light incident on surface
the two slits is increased width of fringes of two different media. The refracted
decreases.
beam may be partially polarized.
Reason (R): On increasing separation
between two slits, angular separation of Reason (R): If sum of angle of incidence
fringes decreases. and angle of refraction is /2 then a
reflected light is totally polarised.
9. Assertion (A): In case of young double slit (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
experiment width of all fringes were (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
equal.
Reason (R): Angular width of fringes were
13. Assertion (A): On increasing wavelength
equal.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the of light used, resolving power increases.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): On increasing wavelength,
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is width of central maxima decreases.
10. Assertion (A): In case of single slit
diffraction intensity of higher order
maxima decreases. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Reason (R): Higher order maxima are at (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
larger distance.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the 14. Assertion (A): If three polarisers are
correct explanation of the (A) arranged such that the axis of any two
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is successive polarisers make equal angle
with each other. If unpolarised light of
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false intensity I0 incident on first polariser then
intensity of emergent light after 3rd
11. Assertion (A): If black strips of width w
I0
are separated by white strips of width polariser is . If angle between them is
8
d (d < w) are just distinguishable from a
distance D. Then resolving power of eye 45°.
will be higher for smaller d. Reason (R): Each time intensity becomes
Reason (R): Resolution of eye is d/D and
50% by Malus law.
resolving power inversely proportional to
resolution. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
135
d 18. Assertion (A): When refractive index of
15. Assertion (A): If in YDSE =200 and
 medium is increased resolving power also
screen is semicylinderical as shown. Axis increases.
of semicylinder is passing through mid Reason (R): In medium of higher refractive
point between slits. index wavelength is higher
then number of bright fringes are 200.
Reason (R): Maximum path difference is 19. Assertion (A): The resolving power of a
n = d between lowest and highest telescope is more if the diameter of the
objective in more.
d
position and n = = 200. Reason (R): Objective lens of larger focal

length collect more light.
16. Assertion (A): If in YDSE, wavelength of
light used is increased, angular width 20. Assertion (A): In single slit diffraction
remain unchanged only linear width of arrangement, instead of keeping the
fringes increases. screen far away, often a converging lens
Reason (R): Only linear fringe width is placed after the slit and a screen is
proportional to wavelength and angular fringe placed at its focus.
width does not depends on wavelength. Reason (R): Lens doesn't introduce any
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the extra path difference for a parallel beam.
17. Assertion (A): As angle subtended by the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
diameter of objective lens at the focus of 21. Assertion (A): The stars which are not
microscope increased, resolving limit also resolved in the image produced by the
increases.
objective of a telescope can't be further
Reason (R): Resolving limit proportional to
resolved by its eye piece.
tangent of the angle subtended by the
Reason (R): The primary purpose of
diameter of objective lens at the focus of
eyepiece of telescope is to provide the
microscope.
magnification of image produced by the
correct explanation of the (A) objective.
136
22. Assertion (A): When a monochromatic 25. Assertion (A): Wave nature can be
light beam is incident normally on a proved by phenomena of interference
reflective surface, under some condition and diffraction.
it is possible that all lights is transmitted Reason (R): Only transverse wave can
without any reflection. show the phenomena of polarization.
Reason (R): When light after passing (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
through a polaroid is incident on a correct explanation of the (A)
reflecting surface at angle of incidence (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
equals to polarizing angle, then all light not the correct explanation of the (A)
gets transmitted without any reflection. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is 26. Assertion (A): Huygens's principle can
not the correct explanation of the (A) explain converging nature of convex lens.
Reason (R): Snell's law can be derived
from Huygens's principle.
23. Assertion (A): Two persons separated by (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
a 7m partition wall in a room of 10 m high correct explanation of the (A)
can heard each other easily but cannot (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
see each other. not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Any sound wave can bend by (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
the obstacle while light can't. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
correct explanation of the (A) 27. Assertion (A): In a YDSE, the two slits are
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is at distance 'a' apart. Interference pattern
not the correct explanation of the (A) is observed on a screen at a distance D
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false from the slits. At a point on the screen
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false which is directly opposite to the slit, a
dark fringe is observed. Then the
24. Assertion (A): The fringe pattern in
wavelength of wave is proportional to
Young's double slit experiment is result of
square of distance between slits.
both phenomena of interference and
Reason (R): The light ray coming from two
diffraction.
slits do not interfere at the screen.
Reason (R): Diffraction results from
superposition of wavelets of same
wavefront.

31. Assertion (A): If the phase difference
between the light waves emerging from
28. the slits of the Young's experiment is 
radian, then central fringe will be dark.
S1 and S2 are two pinhole coherent point Reason (R): Phase difference is equal to
sources and screen is perpendicular to 2

times the effective path difference.
line joining source. 
Assertion (A): Shape of a fringe on screen (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
is circular. correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Fringe is locus of all points (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
having common path difference.
not the correct explanation of the (A) 32. Assertion (A): In YDSE central maxima
means the maxima formed with zero
optical path difference. It may be formed
29. Assertion (A): In a Young's double slit anywhere on the screen.

experiment if slit separation is slightly greater Reason (R): In an interference pattern,
than nl if n is integer No. of maxima on whatever energy disappears at the
screen is 2n + 1 & no of minima is 2n. minimum, appears at the maximum.
Reason (R): In Young's double slit (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
experiment path difference at different correct explanation of the (A)
position are different.
33. Assertion (A): Diffraction takes place for
all types of waves mechanical or non-
30. Assertion (A): In standard YDSE mechanical, transverse or longitudinal.
experiment if upper slit is slightly moved Reason (R): Diffraction's effects are
downward then central maxima shifts perceptible only if wavelength of wave is
downward. comparable to dimensions of diffracting
Reason (R): Fringe width in such case will device.
increase.
138
34. Assertion (A): Light is diffracted around 38. Assertion (A): In Young's experiment, the
the edges of obstacles and it bend such a fringe width for dark fringes is different
way which is not easily observed. from that for bright fringes.
Reason (R): The wavelength of light is very Reason (R): In Young's double slit
small. experiment with a source of white light,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the only black and white fringes are observed.
35. Assertion (A): In Young's double slit
experiment if intensity of each source is 39. Assertion (A): The plane of polarization of
I0 then minimum and maximum intensity reflected ray is parallel to the refracting
is zero and 4I0 respectively. surface, when light is incident at
Reason (R): In Young's double slit polarising angle.
experiment energy conservation is not Reason (R): Vibration of electric field in
followed. refracted ray ceases about plane parallel
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the to refracting surface.
36. Assertion (A): Radio waves cannot be (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
diffracted by the buildings.
Reason (R): The wavelength of radio 40. Assertion (A): Diffraction is common in
waves is very small. sound but not common in light waves.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the Reason (R): Wavelength of light wave is
correct explanation of the (A) more than the wavelength of sound.
37. Assertion (A): In standard YDSE set up (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
with visible light, the position on screen (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
where phase difference is zero appears
41. Assertion (A): If a glass slab is placed in
bright.
front of one of the slits, then fringe width
Reason (R): In YDSE set up amplitude of
will decrease.
electromagnetic field at central bright
Reason (R): Glass slab will produce no
fringe is not varying with time.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the path difference.
139
42. Assertion (A): If incident wavefront is 46. Assertion (A): In everyday life, we do not
plane, then after reflection or refraction encounter diffraction of light in contrast
the emerging wave front also must be to that for sound.
plane. Reason (R): Diffraction characteristic is
not exhibited by all kind of waves.
Reason (R): Wavefronts are in the
direction of energy propagation by light.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 47. Assertion (A): In the double slit
experiment, if one of the slit is closed, no
43. Assertion (A): If two sodium lamps are fringe pattern will be observed on the
used illuminating two pinholes, screen.
interference fringes will not be observed. Reason (R): In interference, phenomenon
Reason (R): Light waves coming from an of diffraction is also included.
ordinary source like sodium lamp are (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
unpolarised in nature. correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 48. Assertion (A): Incoherent sources do not
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false produce an interference pattern.
Reason (R): Light from two coherent
44. Assertion (A): In a Young's double slit sources that are not in phase does not
experiment (YDSE), if the screen is move produce an interference pattern.
away from the plane of slits, Angular (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
fringe width remains unchanged. correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Linear and Angular fringe (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
width is directly proportional to D. not the correct explanation of the (A)
49.
45. Assertion (A): In case of YDSE, if Assertion (A): In YDSE, as shown in figure,
monochromatic light is replaced by white central bright fringe is formed at O. If path
light then closest on either side of central difference at O increases y-coordinate of
white fringe will be blue and farthest will central bright fringe will change.
Reason (R): In YDSE, as shown in figure,
appear red.
central bright fringe is formed at O. If a
Reason (R): Fringe width for blue will be
liquid is filled between plane of slits and
greater than that for red for same bright screen, the central bright fringe is shifted
fringe. in upward direction.
140
50. Assertion (A): Light is a wave 54. Assertion (A): In Young's double slit
phenomenon. experiment, assuming slits to be of equal
Reason (R): Light requires a material
widths, intensity at interference maxima
medium for its propagation.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the is four times the intensity due to each slit.
correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Intensity is proportional to
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is the square of amplitude.
51. Assertion (A): Two sources of light emit
light waves of same frequency but of
different amplitudes. Also the phase (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
difference between light waves from the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
two sources at any point is time
55. Assertion (A): If Young's double slit
independent. Therefore, observable
interference will be obtained when light experiment is performed with white light,
waves from the two sources superimpose. the bright fringes produced are white and
Reason (R): The sources are not coherent the dark fringes black.
due to unequal amplitudes. Reason (R): In case of interference, there
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the is no colour splitting.
52. Assertion (A): Interference pattern is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
obtained on a screen due to two identical
coherent sources of monochromatic light. 56. Assertion (A): In Young's double slit
The intensity at the central part of the experiment, if one of the slits is closed,
screen becomes one-fourth if one of the intensity at the position of central fringe
sources is blocked. becomes half.
Reason (R): The resultant intensity at any Reason (R): Resultant intensity, being
point is the algebraic sum of the
sum of intensities from individual slits,
intensities due to two sources.
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the becomes half as one slit is closed.
53. Assertion (A): Energy is created during
constructive interference and destroyed 57. Assertion (A): In YDSE, fringes with blue
during destructive interference. light are thicker than those for red light.
Reason (R): The positions of constructive th
interference are sources of energy while Reason (R): In YDSE, the n maxima
th
the positions of destructive interference always comes before the n minima.
are sinks of energy. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the

58. Assertion (A): The best contrast of the 62. Assertion (A): Diffraction of light is due to
interference pattern is obtained when the dispersion.
intensity of the emerging lights from the Reason (R): Change in path of light around
two slits of the Young's experimental set- "the corners separates the wavelength of
various colours.
up are equal.
Reason (R): Intensity is proportional to correct explanation of the (A)
the square of the amplitude. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
not the correct explanation of the (A) 63. Assertion (A): Sound waves in air cannot
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false be polarised.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Polarisation is the
59. Assertion (A): The central fringe is bright characteristic of light wave only.
or dark, it dependents on the initial phase (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
difference between the two coherent correct explanation of the (A)
sources.
Reason (R): The pattern and position of (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
fringes always remains same even after (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the introduction of transparent medium
64. Assertion (A): Two polaroids are crossed
in a path of one of the slit.
to each other. When either of them is
rotated through 30°, then only one eighth
of the incident unpolarised light passes
not the correct explanation of the (A) through the combination.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): According to Malus's law, I 
2
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false cos  where I is the resultant intensity
60. Assertion (A): Diffraction is a sure transmitted and  is the angle between
indication of wave nature. the optical axis of analyser and polariser.
Reason (R): Only transverse waves can be (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
diffracted. correct explanation of the (A)
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 65. Assertion (A): At the first glance the top
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false surface of a Morpho's butterfly's wing
61. Assertion (A): We cannot get diffraction appears a beautiful blue-green. If the
pattern from a wide slit illuminated by wing moves, the colour changes.
monochromatic light. Reason (R): Different pigments in the wing
Reason (R): In diffraction pattern, all the reflect light at different angles.
bright bands are not of the same [Hint: It is due to interference of light rays
intensity. reflected from different layers of wing.]
142
25. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter
1. Assertion (A): Two photons having equal 4. Assertion (A): Wave velocity is equal to
wavelengths have equal linear momentum. group velocity in a non-dispersive medium.
Reason (R): When monocloromatic light Reason (R): A non dispersive medium is
shows its photon character, each one in which the wave velocity is
frequency dependent.
h
photon has a linear momentum p = . (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is

5. Assertion (A): In photoelectric effect,
cathode or emitter plate is usually
coated with barium oxide, barium
2. Assertion (A): If the accelerating sulphide or strontium oxide.
potential of a X-Ray tube is increased Reason (R): Coating prevents cathode
then the characteristic wavelength from erosion.
decreases. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): The cut-off wavelength for the correct explanation of the (A)
hc not the correct explanation of the (A)
a X-ray tube is given by  min = ,
eV (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
where V is accelerating potential. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
6. Assertion (A): A particle at rest breaks
the correct explanation of the (A) into two particles of different masses.
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is They fly off in different directions. Their
not the correct explanation of the (A) de Broglie wavelengths will be different.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): Their speed will be different.
3. A photon and an electron both have
energy 50 eV. (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
Assertion (A): Both have different (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
wavelengths.
Reason (R): Wavelength depends on 7. Assertion (A): Photo cell is also called
electric eye.
energy and not on mass.
Reason (R): Photo cell can see the things
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is placed in front of it.
143 ꧂
8. Assertion (A): In photon-particle 12. Assertion (A): When ultraviolet light
collision the total energy and total incident on a photo cell, its stopping
momentum are conserved. potential is VS and the maximum kinetic
Reason (R): The number of photons are energy of photoelectrons is Kmax. When the
conserved in a collision. ultraviolet light is replaced by X-rays,
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is both VS and Kmax increases
the correct explanation of the (A) Reason (R): Photo electrons are emitted
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is with speed ranging from zero to a
not the correct explanation of the (A) maximum value because of the range of
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false frequencies present in the incident light.
9. Assertion (A): Cut-off wavelength of x- the correct explanation of the (A)
ray is independent of type of target (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
metal not the correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Wavelength of K x-ray (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
depends upon type of target metal. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the correct explanation of the (A) 13. Assertion (A): By de-Broglie hypothesis,
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is p = h/ for both the electron and the
not the correct explanation of the (A) photon.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): If an electron has the same
wavelength as a photon, they have the
10. Assertion (A): The stopping potential same energy.
increases, when frequency of incident
rays are increased.
Reason (R): Stopping potential is
directly proportional to the frequency of
incident radiation.
not the correct explanation of the (A) 14. Assertion (A): Charge of a photon is zero.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false Reason (R): Rest mass of a photon is
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false zero.
11. Assertion (A): A metallic surface is (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
irradiated by monochromatic light of the correct explanation of the (A)
frequency  > 0 (the threshold frequency). (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
The maximum kinetic energy and stopping not the correct explanation of the (A)
potential are Kmax and VS respectively. If the (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
frequency of incident on the surface is (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
doubled, both Kmax & VS are more than
doubled. 15. Assertion (A): The relative velocity of
Reason (R): The maximum kinetic energy two photons travelling in opposite
and the stopping potential of directions is c.
photoelectrons emitted from a surface
Reason (R): The rest mass of a photon is
are linearly dependent on the frequency of
zero.
incident light.
144
16. Assertion (A): In the process of photo 20. Assertion (A): An electron microscope is
electric emission, all the emitted based on de Broglie's hypothesis of
photoelectrons have same KE. matter waves.
Reason (R): According to Einstein’s Reason (R): Higher the accelerating
photo electric equation KE= h –  potential, smaller is the de Broglie
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is wavelength of the electron.
17. Assertion (A): In photo electric effect, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
photo electrons come out from inner
orbits of atom. 21. Assertion (A): Photons do not carry
Reason (R): Free electrons of the metal momentum
can not absorb energy of a photon. Reason (R): A photon is a material
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is particle.
18. Assertion (A): In photoelectric effect, on (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
increasing the intensity of light, both the
number of electrons emitted and kinetic 22. Assertion (A): Increase in intensity of
energy of each of them get increased light increases the kinetic energy of
but photoelectric current remains photoelectrons.
unchanged. Reason (R): At stopping potential, no
Reason (R): The photoelectric current current flows in the circuit.
depends only on wavelength of light. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
23. Assertion (A): Work function of a metal
19. Assertion (A): The smaller the
increases with increase in intensity of
wavelength of a photon, the more energy
incident light.
it has.
Reason (R): Maximum kinetic energy of
Reason (R): The smaller the wavelength
ejected photoelectrons depends upon
of a photon, the less momentum it has.
the intensity of incident light.
145
24. Assertion (A): Kinetic energy of 27. Assertion (A): On increasing the
photoelectrons emitted by a frequency of incident light, the
photosensitive surface depends upon the photoelectric current increases.
intensity of incident photon. Reason (R): Photoelectric current
Reason (R): The ejection of electrons depends upon the wavelength of
from metallic surface is possible with incident light.
frequency of incident photon below the (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
threshold frequency. the correct explanation of the (A)
28. Assertion (A): In photoelectric effect, the
number of photoelectrons emitted is
25. Assertion (A): Photoelectrons have a always equal to number of photons
range of kinetic energy. incident.
Reason (R): The work function varies as Reason (R): All the photons falling on
a function of depth from the surface. the surface will eject photoelectrons.
26. Assertion (A): Photoelectric effect 29. Assertion (A): Electron from metal
demonstrates the wave nature of light. surface ejects only when light of
Reason (R): The number of particular wavelength will fall on
photoelectrons is proportional to the surface.
frequency of light. Reason (R): Light shows wave nature.
146
26. Atoms
1. Assertion (A): On the atomic scale, mass 5. Assertion (A): Penetration power of hard
is measured in atomic mass units (u). X-ray is more than that of soft X-ray.
Reason (R): 1u is 1/12
th
mass of one atom Reason (R): Hard X-ray is used for
12 –27 engineering purpose while soft X-ray is
of C (1u = 1.66 × 10 kg)
used for medical purpose.
2. Assertion (A): Bohr model can explain 6. Assertion (A): An electron and a positron
moving towards each other with equal
spectra of hydrogen or hydrogen like
and opposite velocities can annihilate into
species.
photons.
Reason (R): Bohr model is the best atomic
Reason (R): A photon has non zero energy
model.
and momentum
7. Assertion (A): For the scattering of
3. Assertion (A): Zeeman effect is strong
–particles at a large angles only the
evidence of magnetic quantum number.
nucleus of the atom is responsible.
Reason (R): Magnetic quantum number is
Reason (R): Nucleus is very heavy in
the result of space quantization.
comparison to electrons.
4. Assertion (A): Wavelength of continuous 8. Assertion (A): When white radiations

(visible light) are passed through a sample
X-ray varies from a minimum value to
of hydrogen gas at room temperature,
infinity.
absorption lines corresponding to Lyman
Reason (R): Continuous X-rays are
series only are obtained.
emitted due to transition of electron
Reason (R): At room temperature
from higher to lower energy level. hydrogen atom is in the ground state.
147
9. Assertion (A): In H-atom, according to 12. Assertion (A): It is essential that all the
Bohr's theory, electron revolves around lines available in the emission spectrum
the nucleus in orbits in which the angular will also be available in the absorption
momentum of electron is as integral
spectrum.
multiple of h/2.
Reason (R): The spectrum of hydrogen
Reason (R): Mass of electron is equal to
atom is only absorption spectrum.
the mass of proton.

10. Assertion (A): The ratio of wavelength in
first transition of lyman series for H atom 13. Assertion (A): Bohr postulates that the
+
and He atom is exactly equal to four electrons in stationary orbits around the
Reason (R): In all atoms electron revolve nucleus do not radiate.
around fixed nucleus.
Reason (R): According to classical physics
all moving electrons radiate.
11. Assertion (A): If the accelerating
potential in an X-ray tube is increased, (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the wavelength of the characteristic X-

rays does not change. 14. Assertion (A): Anode of Coolidge tube gets
Reason (R): When an electron beam heated up at time of emission of X-rays.
strikes the target in an X-ray tube, part of
Reason (R): The anode of Coolidge tube is
the kinetic energy is converted into X-ray
made of a material of high melting point.
energy.
148
15. Assertion (A): In a Bohr's atom, frequency 18. Assertion (A): Wavelength of Lyman scries
of revolution of an electron in its orbit is is less than of Balmer series.
same as frequency of spectral line, for Reason (R): In hydrogen spectrum Balmer
transition between large quantum scries belongs to visible spectrum.
numbers. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): As Principal quantum number correct explanation of the (A)
increases in a Bohr's atom, energy gap (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
between the energy levels decreases. not the correct explanation of the (A)
19. Assertion (A): The frequency of K X-
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false radiations is greater than K for a given
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false target.

Reason (R): K radiation is produced when
16. Assertion (A): When the speed of an an electron from n = 2 jumps into the
electron increases its specific charge vacancy in n = 1 orbit, whereas in K
decreases. radiation the transition takes place from n

Reason (R): Specific charge is the ratio of = 3 to n = 2.
the mass to charge. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
20. Assertion (A): Frequency of characteristic
17. Assertion (A): A beam of charged particles
X-ray will change if atomic number of
is employed in the treatment of cancer.
target is changed.
Reason (R): Charged particles on passing
Reason (R): When high energy electron
through a material medium lose their energy by
strikes on target then characteristics and
causing ionization of the atoms along their
continuous X-rays are emitted.
path.
149
21. Assertion (A): A hydrogen atom can absorb 24. Assertion (A): Laser has very height
a photon whose energy is greater than 13.6 intensity.
Reason (R): Light from laser overlap
eV.
constructively.
Reason (R): The binding energy of a
hydrogen atom is 13.6 eV. correct explanation of the (A)
23
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 25. Assertion (A): In sodium nucleus 11 Na ,
there are no electrons.
Reason (R): Atomic number of sodium is
11.
22. Assertion (A): A welder uses mouth mask
for protection of eyes. correct explanation of the (A)
Reason (R): Welding arc produces X-rays. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
26. Assertion (A): It is easier to release an
orbital electron, but quite difficult to
release a nucleon.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): An electron is much lighter
than a nucleon.
23. Assertion (A): The electron will be ejected (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
from a hydrogen atom when electron correct explanation of the (A)

beam of kinetic energy 10.6 eV falls on it.
Reason (R): The difference between n1
and n2 is 10.2 eV. (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the 27. Assertion (A): Atoms of greater mass
correct explanation of the (A) number are more stable,
(2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is Reason (R): Their mass defects are more.
150
27. Nuclei ꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂
1. Assertion (A): When a beam of highly 4. Assertion (A): The Q value of nuclear
energetic neutrons is incident on a process is Q = total final binding energy –
tungsten target, X-rays will be produced. total initial binding energy.
Reason (R): Neutrons do not exert any Reason (R): The Q value of nuclear
reaction initially appears in form of kinetic
electrostatic force on electrons or
energy of products.
nucleus of an atom.
5. Assertion (A): The effective mass of
-particles when they are emitted is
2. Assertion (A): Strong nuclear force holds higher than the mass of electrons
protons inside nucleus. obtained by Milikan oil-drop experiment.
Reason (R): Strong nuclear force is not a Reason (R):  -particle and electron, both
fundamental force. are similar particles.
6. Assertion (A): If number of protons in a
3. Assertion (A): Consider the following nucleus is more than number of neutrons
14
present, the nucleus is unstable.
nuclear reaction of an unstable 6 C Reason (R): Electrostatic force between
nucleus initially at rest. The decay two protons in a nucleus dominates over
the nuclear force between them.
6 C ⎯⎯
→ 14
7 N + −1e +
14 0
v . In a nuclear (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
reaction total energy and momentum is correct explanation of the (A)
conserved experiments show that the (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
electrons are emitted with a continuous
range of kinetic energies upto some
maximum value.
7. Assertion (A): Nucleus having more
Reason (R): Remaining energy is released
binding energy is more stable
as thermal energy.
Reason (R): Stability increases with
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the increase in number of nucleons.
151
8. Assertion (A): Fe
56
nucleus is more stable 12. Assertion (A): Fragments produced in the
235 235
than U nucleus. fission of 92
U are radioactive.
56
Reason (R): Binding energy of Fe nucleus Reason (R): The fragments have
235
is more than binding energy of U abnormally high proton to neutron ratio.
9. Assertion (A): Electron capture occurs 13. Assertion (A): The binding energy per
more often than positron emission in
nucleon, for nuclei with atomic mass
heavy elements.
number A > 100 decreases with A.
Reason (R): Heavy elements exhibit
Reason (R): The nuclear forces become
radioactivity.
weaker for heavier nuclei.
10. Assertion (A): Strong nuclear force is

14. Assertion (A): All protons have non zero
fundamental quark-quark interaction.
magnetic moment.
Reason (R): Strong nuclear force is
Reason (R): All nuclei have non zero
shortest range force in nature.
magnetic moment.
11. Assertion (A): The value of Rydberg
constant is independent of mass of 15. Assertion (A): Rydberg constant varies
nucleus. with mass number of a given element.
Reason (R): Electrons revolve around Reason (R): The reduced mass of electron
stationary nucleus of atom. depends on the mass of the nucleus.

152
16. Assertion (A): Although elements are 20. Assertion (A): Nuclear forces are charge
different, their nuclei are of the same dependent forces.
size. Reason (R): Nuclear forces are attractive
Reason (R): Nuclear density is not same forces.
for all nuclei.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 21. Assertion (A): A nuclei has more mass
than the sum of the masses of the
individual nucleons in them.
17. Assertion (A): Neutrons penetrate matter
Reason (R): In nuclei, number of neutrons
more readily as compared to protons.
is less than the number of electrons.
Reason (R): Neutrons are slightly more (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
massive than protons. correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 22. Assertion (A): Isotopes of an element can
be separated by using a mass
18. Assertion (A): Energy released in one spectrometer.
fusion process is less than the energy Reason (R): Separation of isotopes is
released in a single fission event. possible because of the difference in
Reason (R): Fusion is a weaker source of electron numbers of isotopes.
energy than fission. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 23. Assertion (A): Nuclear binding energy per
nucleon is in the
9
4
Be  37Li  24He .
19. Assertion (A): Fragments produced in
235 Reason (R): Binding energy per nucleon
fission of U are radioactive.
increases linearly with difference in
Reason (R): The entire mass of atom is
number of neutrons and protons.
concentrated in the nucleus.
153
24. Assertion (A): Energy is released when 28. Assertion (A): Deuterium is a good
heavy nuclei undergo fission or light moderator of fast neutrons.
nuclei undergo fusion.
Reason (R): Fast neutrons transfer 90% of
Reason (R): For heavy nuclei, binding
energy per nucleon increases with their kinetic energy to the nuclei of the
increasing Z while for light nuclei, it moderator in an elastic collision.
decreases with increasing Z. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
25. Assertion (A): Size of nucleus determined
electron scattering and -scattering are
29. Assertion (A): Beryllium, can be used as a
same.
Reason (R): Electron scattering or by moderator in nuclear fission reactor.
-scattering is controlled by distribution Reason (R): A fast moving electron on
of charge in nucleus. collision with a light stationary particle
loses most of its energy in nuclear
reactor.
26. Assertion (A): It is very easy to detect not the correct explanation of the (A)
neutrino in nature.
Reason (R): It has high affinity to interact
with matter.
correct explanation of the (A) 30. Assertion (A): Nuclear force is short range
while gravitation and electric force are
universal.
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false Reason (R): Nuclear force does not follow
inverse square law.
27. Assertion (A): More energy is released in
fusion than fission per nucleon. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is the
Reason (R): More number of nucleons correct explanation of the (A)
takes part in fusion. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is

154
28. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits
1. Assertion (A): NPN transistor is 5. Assertion (A): The conductivity of an

preferred over PNP transistor. intrinsic semiconductor depends on its
Reason (R): Mobility of hole is more than temperature.
free electron. Reason (R): No important electronic
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is device can be developed using intrinsic
the correct explanation of the (A) semi conductor.
2. Assertion (A): The number of electrons (3) (A) is true but (R) is false
in n-type semiconductor is higher than (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
the number of electrons in a pure silicon 6. Assertion (A): Width of depletion region
semiconductor. is reduced in forward bias.
Reason (R): The law of mass action is Reason (R): In forward bias external
applicable only to n-type battery reduced the internal electric
semiconductors. field in depletion layer.
3. Assertion (A): A transistor amplifier in 7. Assertion (A): Bridge full wave rectifier
common emitter configuration has a low is more used than centre tap full wave
input impedance. rectifier.
Reason (R): The base to emitter region Reason (R): In bridge full wave rectifier
is forward biased. four diodes are used.
4. Assertion (A): In solid each electron will
8. Assertion (A): The semiconductor used
have a different energy level.
for fabrication of visible LED must at
Reason (R): In solid crystal each electron
least have a band gap of 1.8 eV.
has a unique position and no two
Reason (R): The spectral range of visible
electrons see exactly the same pattern
light is from 0.4 eV to 1.8 eV.
of surrounding charges.
155
9. Assertion (A): In an OR gate if any of the 13. Assertion (A): In LED e -hole
–
pair
input is high the output is high. recombination gives us photon.
Reason (R): OR gate is the basic gate. –
Reason (R): In LED e -hole pair
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is recombination occurs in depletion
the correct explanation of the (A) region.
10. Assertion (A): In an oscillator, the (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
feedback is in the same phase which is
14. Assertion (A): As we increase applied
called as positive feedback.
voltage on LED intensity of emitted light
Reason (R): If the feedback voltage is in
first increases then decreases.
opposite phase the gain is greater than
Reason (R): We use LED in forward bias.
one. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
15. Assertion (A): In a N-type
semiconductor, the number of holes
11. Assertion (A): Working principle of
get reduced.
photodiode and photocell is same.
Reason (R): Rate of recombination of
Reason (R): Biasing circuit for
holes would increase due to the
photodiode and photocell is same.
increase in the number of electrons
12. Assertion (A): GaAs is preferred for 16. Assertion (A): Electron hole
making solar panels. recombination takes place in P-region
and N-region of PN Junction diode
Reason (R): Eg for GaAs is 1.5 eV and
except in depletion region.
sun's radiation has highest intensity
Reason (R): Electric field in depletion
around this energy level.
region oppose the diffusion.
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ156

꧂
17. Assertion (A): In a transistor, collector 21. Assertion (A): Transistor can be used as
current in active state is almost an amplifier & oscillator.
independent of potential difference of Reason (R): In transistor, collector is
collector and emitter. larger in size as compared to the
Reason (R): Base emitter junction of a emitter.
transistor is in forward bias in active (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
state the correct explanation of the (A)
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false 22. Assertion (A): The drift current in a p–n
junction is from n-side to p-side.
18. Assertion (A): Output frequency of time Reason (R): The diffusion current in a
varying DC voltage in a full wave rectifier p–n junction is from p–side to n–side.
is twice of input frequency. (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
Reason (R): A center tap transformer the correct explanation of the (A)
increases the frequency of input. (2) Both (A) & (R) are true but the (R) is
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 23. Assertion (A): P-type semiconductor has
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false high density of holes in valence band
while N-type semiconductor has high
19. Assertion (A): A NAND gate can be
density of electrons in conduction band.
obtained by using NOR gates.
Reason (R): In N-type semiconductor, as
Reason (R): NOR, NAND and XOR gates
the density of donor atoms ND is
are called universal gates.
increased, the fermi energy level shifts
towards the valence band.
20. Assertion (A): Width of depletion region (4) Both (A) and (R) are false
is reduced in forward bias.
Reason (R): In n-type semiconductor 24. Assertion (A): Generally npn transistors
majority charge carriers are free are widely used.
electrons while in p-type they are holes. Reason (R): In npn transistor the
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is mobility of majority charge carriers is
the correct explanation of the (A) more.
157
25. Assertion (A): Light emitting diode (LED) 28. Assertion (A): Semiconductors do not
emits self radiation. obey Ohm's law.
Reason (R): LED are reverse biased p-n Reason (R): Electric current is
junctions. determined by the rate of flow of
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is charge carriers.
29. Assertion (A): The temperature
26. Assertion (A): Conductivity of intrinsic
coefficient of resistance is positive for
semiconductor is less as compared to
metals and negative for
extrinsic semiconductor.
semiconductors.
Reason (R): With increase in
Reason (R): On raising the temperature,
temperature conductivity of
in metals drift velocity increases but in
semiconductor increases.
semiconductors more charge carriers
are released.
27. Assertion (A): Avalanche breakdown
dominates when the doping 30. Assertion (A): The temperature
concentration is high and depletion coefficient of resistance is positive for
layer is thin. p-type semiconductors and negative for
Reason (R): Zener breakdown occurs n-type semiconductors.
due to the collision of minority charge Reason (R): The effective charge carriers
carrier. in p-type semiconductors are electrons
(1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is and in n-type semiconductors are holes.
158
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ ꧂
33. Assertion (A): Two p-n junction diodes
31. Assertion (A): The probability of
electrons to be found in the conduction placed back to back, will work as an
band of an intrinsic semiconductor at a n-p-n transistor.

finite temperature decreases Reason (R): The p-region of two p-n
exponentially with increasing band gap. junction diodes back to back will form
Reason (R): It is more difficult for the the base of n-p-n transistor.
electrons to jump to the conduction (1) Both (A) & (R) are true and the (R) is
band from the valence band if the band
gap between them is large.
(3) (A) is true but (R) is false 34. Assertion (A): When base region has
(4) Both (A) and (R) are false larger width, the collector current
decreases.
32. Assertion (A): The logic gate NOT can not
Reason (R): In transistor, sum of base
built using diode.
current and collector current is equal to
Reason (R): The output voltage and the
emitter current.
input voltage of the diode does not have
180° phase difference.
159
1. Units and Measurements
ANSWER KEY ꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. 4 1 2 4 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 3 4 1 2 3 3 3
2. Motion in a Straight Line

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 3 3 3 4 3 2 4 3 4 4 1 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. 4 1 4 4 3 4 4 1 1 4 1 2 3 1
3. Motion in a Plane
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 4 2 4 3 4 1 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 3 4 3 4 4 4 3 1 3 2 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
Ans. 3 3 2 4 3 4 3 4 2 2 3 4
4. Laws of Motion
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 3 4 1 2 1 4 2 2 4 1 3 1 3 3 4 4 4 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 4 2 4 4 1 4 4 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 3 1 4 4 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Ans. 4 1 4 4 4 4 1 3 3 4 4 2 4 4
5. Work, Energy and Power

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 4 1 3 1 4 3 2 4 1 4 3 4 1 1 3 2 4 3 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
Ans. 4 2 4 3 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 4
160
6. System of Particles and Rotational Motion
ANSWER
꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli KEY ✞☬ঔৣ꧂
Ch@h@t
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 1 4 3 4 2 4 4 3 3 4 3 1 1 3 2 4 3 2 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 3 2 2 3 4 1 1 3 4 1 3 2 4 2 4 3 3 2 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans. 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 1 1 4 1 4 2 3 1 1
7. Gravitation
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 1 4 1 1 3 1 2 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 3 2 1 4 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Ans. 2 1 1 2 2 4 3 4 1 1 2 4
8. Mechanical Properties of Solids

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3
Ans. 3 1 3
9. Mechanical Properties of Fluids

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. 2 4 4 1 1 2 1 1 1 4 4 1 3 2 2 3 2 4
10. Thermal Properties of Matter

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 4 2 1 1 1 1 2 4 3 1 1 2 4 1 1 2 4 3 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 1 4 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 4 1 3 3 1 4 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans. 1 4 4 2 3 4 1 4 4 1 2 3 1 2 1 1
11. Thermodynamics
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 4 3 2 2 4 2 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
Ans. 1 4 1 1 4 4 3 1 4 4 1 4 4 3 1 1 1 1
161
12. Kinetic Energy
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 4 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 4 4 2 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Ans. 2 1 2 2 4 2 4 1 2 4 1 3 2
13. Oscillations
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 2 4 3 1 4 3 1 4 2 2 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 1 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 1 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 4 2 3 2 1 4 3 1 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. 2 2 4 3 1 2 1 1 4 2
14. Waves
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 3 2 3 4 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 4 4 1 1 4 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 2 2 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 4 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 3
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans. 3 4 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 4 4 3 1 1 2 3
15. Electric Charge and Fields

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 4 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 4 4 3 4 4 1 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans. 4 3 3 4 4 2 1 2 1 4 3 1 2 4 1 4 1
16. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 4 4 1 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 3 3 1 1 3 1 1 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 1 1 4 1 1 3 1 3 3 2 1 3 4 1 2 1 3 3 2 1
162
17. Current Electricity
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 3 1 3 1 1 2 1 4 4 3 1 3 4 2 3 2 3 4 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 4 3 3 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 2 4 3 1 2 3 2 4 1 1
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 4 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 4 1 3 2 3 4 4 2 1 4 4
Que. 61
Ans. 1
18. Moving Charge and Magnetism

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 1 4 1 3 4 2 2 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
Ans. 2 4 3 1 2 4 4 1 3 2 3 1 1 2 4 4 4
19. Magnetism and Matter

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. 1 4 1 1 2 2 1 2 4 4 1 2
20. Electromagnetic Induction (EMI)

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 4 2 1 1 1 4 3 4 2 1
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 3 2 1
21. Alternating Current (AC)

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 4 3 3 2 3 3 2 2 4 3 2 4 3 1 1 3 4 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. 1 4 1 1 2
22. Electromagnetic Waves

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans. 4 1 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 1 2 1
163
23. Ray Optics and Optical Instruments
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 1 4 2 3 3 2 1 4 4 4 1 3 1 3 4 1 4 3 3
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 3 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 1 2 2 4 4 2 1 2 3 2 3 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 3 2 2 1 4 4 1 3 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 3
Que. 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Ans. 1 2 4 3 2 2 4 2 1 4 1 2 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 1
Que. 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Ans. 2 4 3 3 4 2 2 2 3 4 3 4 3 4 2 1 4 2 4 2
Que. 101
Ans. 2
24. Wave Optics

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 2 1 2 4 1 4 4 4 3 3 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. 2 3 3 2 2 2 3 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 4 2 4 3 4
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Ans. 4 4 2 3 4 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 4 2 3 3
Que. 61 62 63 64 65
Ans. 2 4 3 1 3
25. Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter

ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 4 4 3 3 4 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 1 2 4 4 4 3 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. 4 4 4 4 3 4 4 4 4
26. Atoms
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 4 3 3 2 4 3 2 2 3 2 2 4 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
Ans. 3 3 4 3 2 2 4
164
27. Nuclei
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 2 3 3 2 2 3 4 3 2 4 2 3 3 3 1 4 2 3 2 4
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. 4 3 4 3 4 4 2 3 3 2
28. Semiconductor Electronics: Materials,

Devices and Simple Circuits
ANSWER KEY
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. 3 3 1 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 3 2
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
Ans. 2 2 3 1 4 2 4 2 3 4 1 1 4 2
165
PHYSICS
ASSERTION
AND REASON
FOR NEET UG
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S.No. Chapter Name Pg. No.

1. Units and Measurements 3-4

6. System of Particles and Rotational Motion 32-39

9. Mechanical Properties of Fluids 45-47

11. Thermodynamics 55-59

12. Kinetic Energy 60-64

13. Oscillations 65-71

15. Electric Charge and Fields 80-85

16. Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance 86-91

17. Current Electricity 92-100

19. Magnetism and Matter 107-108

21. Alternating Current (AC) 114-117

24. Wave Optics 134-142

26. Atoms 147-150

1. Assertion (A): A displacement can be 5. Assertion (A): Mean absolute error of a

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 3

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 4

4. Assertion (A): At point P object is slowing

The acceleration(a) at P is negative

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 6

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 8

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 9

velocity of magnitude 10 m/s is subjected with velocities v 1 and v 2 respectively in a

32. Assertion (A): A coin is allowed to fall in a

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 10

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 12

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 14

tension in the string at the highest apparent weight is equal to mg minus

position is maximum. tension in string.

correct explanation of the (A) correct explanation of the (A)

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂

correct explanation of the (A) in opposite sense in equatorial plane with

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 18

13. Assertion (A): A coin dropped in a closed

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 20

33. Assertion (A): If pseudo force on a body

man and horizontal surface Reason (R): Action-reaction must acts

37. Assertion (A): The time taken by a

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 23

46. Assertion (A): Magnitude of the contact

43. Assertion (A): A man starts walking

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 24

Reason (R): To compress and to expand

꧁ঔৣ☬✞ Chulbuli Ch@h@t ✞☬ঔৣ꧂ 29

(4) Both (A) and (R) are false

30. Assertion (A): Work done by or against

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needle. Reason (R): When any fluid travels from

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1. Assertion (A): Vibrational energy of 4. Assertion (A): A gas is kept in an

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low density meet at 0 K. 27. Assertion (A): In Maxwell’s speed

depends on the number of moles, bounded system is negative.

of an isobar increases with pressure. the pressure and volume is constant.

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