This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E1996 − 23

Standard Specification for

Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and
Impact Protective Systems Impacted by Windborne Debris
in Hurricanes1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1996; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope environmental practices and determine the applicability of

1.1 This specification covers exterior windows, glazed cur- regulatory limitations prior to use.
tain walls, doors, and impact protective systems used in 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
buildings located in geographic regions that are prone to dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
hurricanes. ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.1.1 Exception—Exterior garage doors and rolling doors Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
are governed by ANSI/DASMA 115 and are beyond the scope mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
of this specification. Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This specification provides the information required to
2. Referenced Documents
conduct Test Method E1886.
1.3 Qualification under this specification provides a basis 2.1 ASTM Standards:3
for judgment of the ability of applicable elements of the C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-
building envelope to remain unbreached during a hurricane; meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman
thereby minimizing the damaging effects of hurricanes on the Cycle)
building interior and reducing the magnitude of internal C1135 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Prop-
pressurization. While this standard was developed for erties of Structural Sealants
hurricanes, it may be used for other types of similar wind- D3575 Test Methods for Flexible Cellular Materials Made
storms capable of generating windborne debris. from Olefin Polymers
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
1.4 This specification provides a uniform set of guidelines E1886 Test Method for Performance of Exterior Windows,
based upon currently available information and research.2 As Curtain Walls, Doors, and Impact Protective Systems
new information and research becomes available it will be
Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to Cyclic Pressure
considered.
Differentials
1.5 All values are stated in SI units and are to be regarded
2.2 ANSI/DASMA Standard:4
as standard. Values given in parentheses are for information
ANSI/DASMA 115 Standard Method for Testing Sectional
only. Where certain values contained in reference documents
Garage Doors and Rolling Doors: Determination of Struc-
cited and quoted herein are stated in inch-pound units, they
tural Performance Under Missile Impact and Cyclic Wind
must be converted by the user.
Pressure
1.6 The following precautionary statement pertains only to
the test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: This 2.3 ASCE/SEI Standard:5
standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, ASCE/SEI 7 American Society of Civil Engineers Minimum
if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and

3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on contact ASTM Customer Service at [email protected]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
on Performance of Windows, Doors, Skylights and Curtain Walls. the ASTM website.
4
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as E1996 – 20. DOI: 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
5
10.1520/E1996-23. Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander
2
See the Significance and Use Section of Test Method E1886. Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http://www.asce.org.

Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States

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2.4 Other Standard:6 4.1.1.2 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the small
International Residential Code missile test.
4.1.1.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted for
3. Terminology each of the tests should no more than one of the original three
3.1 Definitions: specimens fail any portion of the testing.
3.1.1 General terms used in this specification are defined in 4.1.2 Impact Protective Systems:
Terminology E631. 4.1.2.1 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-
3.1.2 Terms common to this specification and Test Method ted for the large missile test for the largest span to be qualified.
E1886 are defined in Test Method E1886, unless defined 4.1.2.2 A minimum of three test specimens shall be submit-
herein. ted for the small missile test.
4.1.2.3 One additional test specimen may be submitted for
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: each of the tests should no more than one of the original
3.2.1 assembly elevation, n—vertical dimension above ad- specimens fail any portion of the testing.
jacent mean ground level at which fenestration or impact
4.1.2.4 For porous impact protective systems, the large and
protective system assembly is to be installed, measured to the
small missile tests shall be allowed to be performed on the
lowest point of the assembly.
same specimens, or on separate specimens. If the large and
3.2.2 basic wind speed, n—three-second gust speeds as small missile tests are performed on the same specimens, the
defined in the latest edition of ASCE/SEI 7. small missile impacts shall be performed first, followed by the
3.2.3 combination mullion, n—a horizontal or vertical mem- large missile impacts.
ber formed by joining two or more individual fenestration units 4.2 Test specimens shall be prepared as specified in Test
together without a mullion stiffener. Method E1886.
3.2.4 impact protective system, n—construction applied, 4.3 The size of the test specimen shall be determined by the
attached, or locked over an exterior glazed opening system to specifying authority. All components of each test specimen
protect that system from windborne debris during high wind shall be full size.
events.
3.2.4.1 Discussion—Impact protective systems include 4.4 Where it is impractical to test the entire fenestration
types that are fixed, operable, or removable. assembly such as curtain wall and heavy commercial
assemblies, test the largest size of each type of panel as
3.2.5 infill, n—glazing in a fenestration assembly or curtain
required by the specifying authority to qualify the entire
wall.
assembly.
3.2.6 integral mullion, n—a horizontal or vertical member
which is bounded at both ends by crossing frame members. 4.5 Fenestration assemblies and impact protective systems
intended to be mulled together shall be tested separately or
3.2.7 maximum deflection, n—greatest deformation of an tested by combining three specimens into one mounting frame
element or component under the application of an applied separated only by the mullions.
force.
3.2.8 maximum dynamic deflection, n—greatest deformation 5. Test Methods
of an element or component during the missile impact.
5.1 Test specimens shall be tested according to Test Method
3.2.9 meeting rail or check rail, n—one of the two horizon- E1886.
tal members of a sliding sash that come together when in the
closed position. 5.2 Determine the missile based upon building classificat-
ion, wind speed, and assembly elevation according to Section
3.2.10 meeting stile, n—one of the two vertical members of 6.
a sliding sash that come together when in the closed position.
5.3 Location of Impact:
3.2.11 porous impact protective system, n—an assembly
5.3.1 Large Missile Test—Impact each impact protective
whose aggregate open area exceeds ten percent of its projected
system specimen and each fenestration assembly infill type
surface area.
once as shown in Fig. 1.
3.2.12 valley, n—a pivoting axis of an impact protective 5.3.1.1 Impact one specimen with the center of the missile
system designed to rotate adjacent slats or panels outward. within a 65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle and with the center of the
circle located at the center of each type of infill.
4. Test Specimens 5.3.1.2 Impact a different specimen with the center of the
4.1 Number of Test Specimens: missile within a 65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle and with the
4.1.1 Fenestration Assemblies: center of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supporting
4.1.1.1 Three test specimens shall be submitted for the large members at a corner.
missile test. 5.3.1.3 Impact the remaining specimen with the center of
the missile within a 65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle and with the
center of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supporting
6
Available from International Code Council (ICC), 500 New Jersey Ave., NW, members at a diagonally opposite corner.
6th Floor, Washington, DC 20001, http://www.iccsafe.org. 5.3.2 Special Considerations:

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 E1996 − 23
5.3.3.4 The center impact location shall be entirely within a
250 mm (10 in.) radius circle having its center located at the
horizontal and vertical centerline of the infill.
NOTE 1—Impact locations for small missile test may overlap depending
on the size of the specimen.
5.4 Air Pressure Cycling:
5.4.1 Air Pressure Differential:
5.4.1.1 The air pressure portion of the test shall use the test
loading program in Table 1. Select Ppos and Pneg for the
maximum inward (positive) and maximum outward (negative)
air pressure differential for which qualification is sought.
FIG. 1 Impact Locations for Large Missile Test 5.4.1.2 The air pressure differential to be used for porous
(Each Type of Infill) impact protective systems shall be F (the design wind force for
other structures as specified in ASCE/SEI 7) divided by the
horizontally projected area of the entire assembly.
5.4.2 Porous impact protective systems whose aggregate
5.3.2.1 For test specimens containing multiple panels, im- open area exceeds 50 % of their projected surface area that
pact the exterior glazing surface innermost from the exterior pass the small missile test and that are not subject to the large
plane of the fenestration assembly or impact protective system missile test need not be tested for the air pressure portion of the
panel innermost from the exterior. test described in this section.
5.3.2.2 For test specimens containing fixed and operable
panels of the same type of infill, impact the operable portion. 5.5 For impact protective system specimens that are tested
5.3.2.3 For operable test specimens, a corner impact loca- independently of the fenestration assemblies they are intended
tion shall be nearest a locking device and the other corner to protect, measure, and record both the maximum dynamic
impact location shall be at a corner diagonally opposite. deflection and the residual deflection following the impact test
5.3.2.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specified and measure and record the maximum positive deflection in
impact location(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocated to combination with the residual deflection during the air pressure
the nearest area with no bracing. cycling test. Measure all deflections to the nearest 2 mm
5.3.2.5 The impacts on accordion impact protective systems (0.1 in.).
shall be at the valleys located closest to the impact locations
shown in Fig. 1. 6. Missiles
5.3.3 Small Missile Test—Impact each impact protective 6.1 The specifying authority shall select an applicable
system specimen and each fenestration assembly infill type missile by defining a level of protection, a wind zone, and an
three times with ten steel balls each as shown in Fig. 2. assembly elevation above the ground.
5.3.3.1 Each impact location shall receive distributed im- 6.2 The applicable missile from Table 2 shall be chosen
pacts simultaneously from ten steel balls. The impact shall be using Table 3 or Table 4, unless otherwise specified.
described in the test report. 6.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, select the appropriate level
5.3.3.2 The corner impact locations shall be entirely within of building protection from 6.2.1.1 – 6.2.1.3 and enter Table 3
a 250 mm (10 in.) radius circle having its center located at or Table 4 at the appropriate column.
275 mm (11 in.) from the edges. 6.2.1.1 Enhanced Protection (Essential Facilities)—
5.3.3.3 The edge impact locations shall be entirely within a Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities,
250 mm (10 in.) radius circle at the centerline between two including, but not limited to, hospitals; other health care
corners having its center located at 275 mm (11 in.) from the facilities having emergency treatment facilities; jails and de-
edge. tention facilities; fire, rescue and police stations, and emer-
gency vehicle garages; designated emergency shelters; com-
munications centers and other facilities required for emergency

TABLE 1 Cyclic Static Air Pressure Loading

Loading Number of Air
Loading Direction Air Pressure Cycles
Sequence Pressure Cycles
1 Positive 0.2 to 0.5 Ppos 3500
2 Positive 0.0 to 0.6 Ppos 300
3 Positive 0.5 to 0.8 Ppos 600
4 Positive 0.3 to 1.0 Ppos 100
5 Negative 0.3 to 1.0 Pneg 50
6 Negative 0.5 to 0.8 Pneg 1050
7 Negative 0.0 to 0.6 Pneg 50
FIG. 2 Impact Locations for Small Missile Test 8 Negative 0.2 to 0.5 Pneg 3350
(Each Type of Infill)

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 E1996 − 23
TABLE 2 Applicable Missiles 6.2.2.3 Wind Zone 3—Basic wind speed ≥150 mph (67 m/s)
Missile Level Missile
Impact Speed or ≥140 mph (63 m/s) and within 1.6 km (1 mile) of the
(m/s) coastline. The coastline shall be measured from the mean high
A 2 g (31 grains) ± 5 % steel ball 39.62 (130 f/s) water mark.
B 910 g ± 100 g (2.0 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 × 4 in. 15.25 (50 f/s) 6.2.2.4 A specifying authority who wishes to specify addi-
52.5 cm ± 100 mm (1 ft – 9 in. ± 4 in.) lumber tional protection from hurricane damage may use the informa-
tion in Appendix X4, Additional Protection.
C 2050 g ± 100 g (4.5 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 × 4 in. 12.19 (40 f/s)
1.2 m ± 100 mm (4 ft ± 4 in.) lumber
7. Pass/Fail Criteria
D 4100 g ± 100 g (9.0 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 × 4 in. 15.25 (50 f/s)
2.4 m ± 100 mm (8 ft ± 4 in.) lumber 7.1 In Wind Zones 1, 2, and 3, the specifying authority shall
select an applicable pass/fail criterion based on 7.1.1 and 7.1.2.
E 4100 g ± 100 g (9.0 lb ± 0.25 lb) 2 × 4 in. 24.38 (80 f/s)
2.4 m ± 100 mm (8 ft ± 4 in.) lumber 7.1.1 Fenestration Assemblies and Non-Porous Impact Pro-
tective Systems:
7.1.1.1 The test specimen shall resist the large or small
TABLE 3 Description Levels missile impacts, or both, with no tear formed longer than 130
NOTE 1—For Missiles B, C, D, and E, also use Missile A for porous mm (5 in.) and wider than 1 mm (1⁄16 in.) through which air can
impact protective systems (see 8.5). pass, or with no opening formed through which a 76 mm (3 in.)
Level of Enhanced Protection diameter solid sphere can freely pass when evaluated upon
Basic Protection Unprotected
Protection (Essential Facilities) completion of missile impacts and test loading program.
Assembly Elevation #9.1 m >9.1 m #9.1 m >9.1 m #9.1 m >9.1 m 7.1.1.2 All test specimens meeting the enhanced protection
(30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) impact levels shall resist the large or small missile impacts, or
Wind Zone 1 D D C A None None
Wind Zone 2 D D C A None None both, without penetration of the inner plane of the infill or
Wind Zone 3 E D D A None None impact protective system, and resist the cyclic pressure loading
specified in Table 1 with no tear formed longer than 130 mm (5
in.) and wider than 1 mm (1⁄16 in.) through which air can pass.
TABLE 4 Description of Levels for Rooftop Skylights 7.1.2 Porous Impact Protective Systems Tested Indepen-
in One- and Two-Family Dwellings
dently of the Fenestration Assemblies They are Protecting:
NOTE 1—The term “One- and Two-Family Dwellings” includes all 7.1.2.1 There shall be no penetration of the innermost plane
buildings included under the scope of the International Residential Code. of the test specimen by the applicable missile(s) during the
Level of Protection Basic Protection impact test(s).
Assembly Elevation #9.1 m (30 ft) >9.1 m (30 ft) 7.1.2.2 Upon completion of the missile impact(s) and test
Wind Zone 1 A A
Wind Zone 2 B A loading program, there shall be no horizontally projected
Wind Zone 3 C A opening formed through which a 76 mm (3 in.) diameter solid
sphere can pass.

8. Product Qualification
8.1 When all test specimens submitted have met the require-
response; power generating stations; other public utility facili- ments of this specification based on the pass/fail criteria
ties required in an emergency; and buildings and other struc- described in Section 7, except in the case of 8.2, the set of test
tures having critical national defense functions. specimens shall be accepted according to the designated
6.2.1.2 Basic Protection—All buildings and structures ex- building classification, wind speed, and assembly elevation.
cept those listed in 6.2.1.1 and 6.2.1.3.
8.2 If any test specimen fails to meet the requirements of
6.2.1.3 Unprotected—Buildings and other structures that this specification based on the pass/fail criteria described in
represent a low hazard to human life in a windstorm including, Section 7, it shall be rejected and one additional identical test
but not limited to: agricultural facilities, production shall be performed on the additional specimen specified in
greenhouses, certain temporary facilities, and storage facilities. 4.1.1.3 or 4.1.2.3. Any additional failures shall constitute
6.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, select the wind zone based failure of the entire set of test specimens and it shall be
on the basic wind speed as specified in 6.2.2.1 – 6.2.2.3. For rejected.
Basic Protection buildings, use the ASCE/SEI 7 VULT map for 8.3 Impact protective system offset requirements:
risk category II. For Enhanced Protection buildings, use the 8.3.1 Porous impact protective systems that are tested inde-
ASCE/SEI 7 VULT map for risk category IV. pendently of the fenestration assembly shall be accepted for
6.2.2.1 Wind Zone 1—130 mph (58 m/s) ≤ basic wind speed installations in which they are offset from the fenestration
<140 mph (63 m/s), and Hawaii. assemblies by the greater of the following:
6.2.2.2 Wind Zone 2—140 mph (63 m/s) ≤ basic wind speed 8.3.1.1 The maximum dynamic deflection, as measured in
<150 mph (67 m/s) at greater than 1.6 km (one mile) from the 5.5 plus 25 %; or
coastline. The coastline shall be measured from the mean high 8.3.1.2 The sum of the maximum positive deflection and the
water mark. residual deflection, as measured in 5.5 plus 25 %.

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 E1996 − 23
8.3.2 Non-porous impact protective systems in essential 8.7 Qualification at any load level automatically includes
facilities in all wind zones that are tested independently of the qualification for all lower load levels.
fenestration assembly shall be accepted for installations in
which they are offset from the fenestration assemblies by the 9. Compliance Statement
greater of the following:
8.3.2.1 The maximum dynamic deflection, as measured in 9.1 Report the following information:
5.5 mm + 2 mm (0.1 in.); or 9.1.1 Detailed description of test specimen(s) and test re-
8.3.2.2 The sum of the maximum positive deflection and the sults in accordance with the report section of Test Method
residual deflection, as measured in 5.5 mm + 2 mm (0.1 in.). E1886.
8.4 Fenestration and non-porous impact protective systems 9.1.2 Missile type and cyclic loading pressure(s) for which
that have passed the large missile impact test are not required the test specimen qualified.
to pass the small missile test.
9.2 Attach a copy of the test report from Test Method
8.5 Substitutions: E1886, to the compliance statement for this specification.
8.5.1 Substitutions within fenestration assemblies with suc-
cessful tests shall be in accordance with Annex A1. 10. Keywords
8.5.2 Substitutions within impact protection systems with
successful tests shall be in accordance with Annex A2. 10.1 building envelope; curtain walls; cyclic pressure load-
ing; doors; fenestration; hurricanes; impact protective systems;
8.6 Manufactured assemblies successfully tested shall not missile impact; windborne debris; windows; windstorms
be combined unless the structural supports and connections
between assemblies have been designed for the wind loads.

ANNEXES

(Mandatory Information)

A1. FENESTRATION SUBSTITUTIONS

A1.1 Introduction A1.2.2 Engineering Analysis—Demonstrated or docu-

A1.1.1 Substitution allowances are presented in the follow- mented performance through a review of materials that predi-
ing text. There are three types of substitutions for fenestration cates a minimum of equivalent performance.
assemblies qualified under this standard: (1) substitutions of A1.2.3 Single Specimen—One specimen, identical to the
infill elements, (2) substitutions of anchorage, and (3) substi- original specimens qualified with the only difference being the
tutions of all other elements. elements to be substituted.
A1.1.2 The substitution criteria in Annex A1 are related to A1.2.4 Not Allowed—Not qualified by testing of a single
impact and cycling performance only as found in this specifi- specimen. Three identical specimens out of four are required to
cation and in Test Method E1886 and do not qualify systems qualify the substitution, as for a new product.
for other performance attributes.
A1.3 General Premises for Substitution
A1.1.3 The substitution language applies to the following
fenestration types (representative diagrams of these fenestra- A1.3.1 Substitutions are only allowed to assemblies that
tion types are located in Fig. A1.1): have initially qualified by having three initial specimens that
Sliding windows
are identical in every way, excluding anchorage and mounting,
Sliding doors pass all the prescribed performance requirements of Section 8.
Storefront framing
Fixed windows A1.3.2 For fenestration assemblies other than curtain wall
Mullions and storefront, any substitution of an assembly of the same
Projected or hinged windows
Dual action windows and doors
type as the three initial specimens shall be allowed
Hinged doors automatically, provided the substitution is (1) equal to or
Curtain wall smaller in overall area, (2) contains the same or a fewer
Skylights and roof windows
number of equal dimension or smaller dimension sash, panels,
A1.1.3.1 Specialty windows and greenhouse windows are or lites, and (3) is rated at equal or lower design pressures.
not covered in these substitution allowances. Assemblies are allowed automatically to be stretched in one
dimension only, provided (1) the overall area of the originally
A1.2 Substitution Categories tested specimens is not exceeded, (2) the span of any interme-
A1.2.1 Automatic—No additional testing or analysis neces- diate member is not exceeded, and (3) the rating of the
sary. originally tested specimens is not exceeded. Engineering

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 E1996 − 23

FIG. A1.1 Visual Grouping of Window Types in This Specification

analysis or testing of additional specimen sizes can be con- A1.3.4.4 Multiple substituted elements that are individually
ducted to override these limitations. qualified by a single specimen test shall be allowed to be
A1.3.2.1 For curtain wall and storefront, any substitution of combined into a system when supported by engineering
an assembly of the same type as the three initial specimens analysis.
shall be allowed automatically, provided (1) the infill elements
are equal to or smaller in overall area, and (2) the rating is at A1.3.5 Anchorage:
equal or lower design pressures. Assemblies are allowed A1.3.5.1 Each method of anchoring shall be qualified by
automatically to be stretched in one dimension only, provided testing a single specimen in the condition that produces the
(1) the overall area of the originally tested specimens is not greatest load on the anchoring method, or qualified by engi-
exceeded, (2) the deflection and stress limits of any structural neering analysis.
member or component is not exceeded, and (3) the rating of the A1.3.5.2 Any substitution of the fastener within an anchor-
originally tested specimens is not exceeded. Testing of addi- ing method, supported by engineering analysis to be equal to or
tional specimen sizes can be conducted to override these stronger than the initial qualified fastener, shall be allowed
limitations. automatically provided the original spacing is not exceeded.
A1.3.3 For products qualified under 5.3.3, Small Missile A1.3.6 Insect Screens—If the initial specimens were tested
Test, substitutions of all elements that are not infill elements or without screens the addition of screens shall be allowed
anchorage shall be allowed automatically. automatically. If the initial specimens were tested with insect
A1.3.4 For products qualified under 5.3.1, Large Missile screens, substitution or elimination of the insect screen shall
Test, substitutions of all elements that are not infill elements or require single specimen testing.
anchorage shall be allowed according to the criteria below:
A1.3.4.1 Any substitution testing shall be qualified at a PREMISES FOR SUBSTITUTION—GLAZED
pressure equal to or greater than the design pressure at which PRODUCTS
the three initial specimens were qualified. However, the origi- A1.4 General
nally achieved qualified design pressure shall be maintained.
A1.3.4.2 Any substitution of an element shall not be al- A1.4.1 When substituting an element on the basis of a single
lowed if a failure occurs for any reason during a single specimen test refer to Fig. 1 (for large missile impact in Wind
specimen test of that substitution. Zones 1-3), Fig. X4.1 (for large missile impact in Wind Zone
A1.3.4.3 Automatically substituted elements shall be al- 4), or Fig. 2 (for small missile impact). Select the worst case
lowed to be combined into a system. for impact locations.

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 E1996 − 23
A1.5 Glazing Sealants, Adhesives, and Backbedding A1.7.4.2 Annealed to chemically-strengthened.
A1.5.1 Substitution of glazing sealants, insulating glass A1.7.4.3 Annealed to fully tempered.
primary or secondary sealants, adhesives, or backbedding color A1.7.4.4 Heat-strengthened to fully tempered.
shall require the testing of a single specimen, or when A1.7.4.5 Chemically-strengthened to fully tempered.
supported by engineering analysis provided the only change A1.7.5 Glass type change from heat-strengthened to an-
from the initial three qualified specimens is a change in the nealed or heat-strengthened to chemically-strengthened shall
sealant color and documentation is provided that the nominal not be allowed.
specific gravity of the substituted material is 60.06 from that A1.7.6 Glass type change from fully tempered to heat-
used in the initial three specimens or historic data/ strengthened, chemically-strengthened, or annealed shall not
documentation is provided showing that different colors per- be allowed.
form to the same performance properties that are either within
or outside the allowable specific gravity range. A1.7.7 Glass decorative surface (sandblasted, acid etched,
and so forth) substitution shall require a single specimen test.
A1.5.2 Any substitution within the fenestration glazing
sealant, insulating glass primary or secondary sealants, adhe- A1.8 Insulating Glass Units
sives or backbedding demonstrated to be equal to or stronger in A1.8.1 Preconditions for Insulating Glass Unit Substitu-
ultimate tensile strength as shown in Test Method C1135 than tions:
the initial three qualified specimens shall require a single
A1.8.1.1 The impact resisting lite (monolithic or laminated)
specimen test. Substitution of a sealant, adhesive or backbed-
of an insulating glass unit shall be composed of the same glass
ding material with a lower movement capability as shown in
type and treatment with equal thickness or thicknesses of glass,
Test Method C719 shall not be allowed.
and thicker or equal interlayer of the same manufacturer and
A1.6 Glazing Tapes type as originally tested and approved.
A1.8.1.2 The glazing detail (glazing sealants, adhesives,
A1.6.1 Substitution of glazing tape color shall require a stops, etc.) shall be unchanged other than to accommodate any
single specimen test, or shall be supported by engineering variations in overall glazing thickness.
analysis provided the only change from the initial three A1.8.1.3 Substitutions for insulating glass shall only be
qualified specimens is a change in the tape color, as follows: made for systems with the impact resistant glazing structurally
A1.6.1.1 For preformed tapes, documentation is provided adhered to the frame or sash glazing leg or bed in the same
that the nominal specific gravity of the substituted material is manner and position as originally tested and approved.
60.06 from that used in the initial three specimens or historic A1.8.1.4 In an insulating glass unit, typically one lite
data/documentation is provided showing that different colors provides the impact resistance (usually a laminated lite) and the
perform to the same performance properties that are either other lite is considered to be “sacrificial.” This sacrificial lite
within or outside the allowable specific gravity range. can fracture without detriment to the impact resistant lite which
A1.6.1.2 For foam tapes, documentation is provided that the is providing the actual building envelope protection.
specific gravity, as determined by Test Methods D3575 does A1.8.1.5 Glazing systems typically have a stationary glaz-
not differ by more than 620 % from that used in the initial ing stop that is a permanent part of the frame or sash, or a
three specimens. removable glazing stop (also referred to as a glazing bead), or
A1.6.2 Any substitution within the fenestration glazing both. If a removable stop is used, a system can be tested with
tapes demonstrated by an applicable reference standard to be this stop removed, if it considered to be non-structural and
equal to or stronger than the initial three qualified specimens unnecessary to pass the required test.
shall require a single specimen test. A1.8.2 Systems Tested with a Removable Glazing Stop or
A1.7 Glass Plies Bead in Place:
A1.8.2.1 Any substitution to an insulating glass unit from a
A1.7.1 Glass color change shall be allowed automatically. single glazing (monolithic or laminated glass) shall require the
A1.7.2 Substitution or adding of glass coating (reflective, testing of one additional specimen provided the system meets
coated, low-e, frit, and so forth) shall be allowed when all the preconditions in A1.8.1.
supported by engineering analysis of the durability and com- A1.8.2.2 Substitutions in glass treatment, specifically and
patibility of the treatment with glazing infill, interlayer, and only from annealed to tempered, or annealed to heat-
sealant, adhesives or back-bedding materials. strengthened, or heat-strengthened to tempered shall be al-
lowed automatically to sacrificial lites (see A1.8.1.4) of insu-
A1.7.3 For any non-sacrificial lite, individual glass ply lating glass units, provided the system meets all the
thickness increase shall require the testing of a single speci- preconditions in A1.8.1.
men. A substitution with a decrease in glass ply thickness shall
A1.8.2.3 Increase in glass thickness shall be allowed auto-
not be allowed.
matically to sacrificial lites, providing the system meets all the
A1.7.4 For any non-sacrificial lite, any of the following preconditions in A1.8.1.
glass type changes shall require a single specimen test (see A1.8.2.4 Reductions in glass thickness in sacrificial lites of
A1.8.1.4, A1.8.2.2, A1.8.2.3, and A1.8.2.4 for sacrificial lites): insulating glass units shall require a single specimen test,
A1.7.4.1 Annealed to heat-strengthened. provided the system meets all the preconditions in A1.8.1.

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 E1996 − 23
A1.8.2.5 Substitutions of a monolithic sacrificial lite with a A1.11.6 Decrease of the nominal interlayer thickness of
laminated sacrificial lite shall be allowed automatically in more than 10 % for the same type interlayer as was originally
insulating glass units, provided the system meets all the qualified shall not be allowed.
preconditions in A1.8.1.
A1.8.2.6 Substitution of a laminated sacrificial lite with a PREMISES FOR SUBSTITUTION—FRAMING
monlithic sacrificial lite shall not be allowed to the sacrificial MATERIALS
lite. A1.12 General
A1.8.3 Systems Tested without a Removable Glazing Stop or A1.12.1 For all wind zones, any substitution of framing
Bead in Place: materials on the basis of a single specimen test shall require
A1.8.3.1 Any substitution to an insulating glass unit from a infill impacts as shown in A1.4. Any such substitution by users
single glazing (monolithic or laminated glass) shall be allowed of Appendix X4, Additional Protection, shall require additional
automatically provided the system meets all the preconditions impacts in accordance with the locations specified in X4.4.2.1
of A1.8.1. Spacers, setting blocks, primary seals and secondary and X4.4.2.2.
seals that do not alter any other performance criteria of the
assembly shall be allowed to be used in this substitution. A1.12.2 The substitution profile section moduli and mo-
ments of inertia must be greater than or equal to the original
A1.8.3.2 Substitutions in glass thickness and type shall be
profile tested as evaluated in accordance with standard engi-
allowed automatically to sacrificial lites (see A1.8.1.4) of
neering practices.
insulating glass units, provided the system meets all the
preconditions in A1.8.1. A1.12.3 Any substitution within the material of the framing,
sash, panel, or door leaf must maintain the same glazing
A1.8.4 Substitutions from a system approved with an insu-
design, detail, and glass bite as originally tested.
lating glass unit to a monolithic or single laminated unit shall
not be allowed. A1.13 Sliding-Projected-Dual Action Windows; Sliding
Doors; and Hinged Doors Consisting of Sliding Door
A1.9 Insulating Glass Unit Spacers
and Window Panels, Fixed Panels of Door or Win-
A1.9.1 When the approved system was tested with an dow Assemblies, Window Sash, Window Vents, and
insulating glass unit a change in spacer type, shape or dimen- Hinged Door Leafs
sion shall require a single specimen test.
A1.13.1 Any substitution within the operable window or
A1.9.2 If the conditions in A1.8.1.3 are met, a change in operable door assembly shall meet the requirements of A1.12
spacer type, shape, or dimension is allowed automatically. and A1.2.2 or require a single specimen test.
A1.10 Asymmetrical Insulating Glass Unit Orientation A1.13.2 Rolling, Sliding, and Hinging Hardware—Any sub-
stitution within the operable window or operable door assem-
A1.10.1 A change in the orientation (order of lites from bly of operation hardware shall require the testing of one
outboard to inboard) of an asymmetrical insulating glass unit additional specimen. A reduction in the number of operation
from the approved orientation shall not be allowed. points (for example, butt hinges, pivots, casters, and so forth)
A1.11 Interlayer Type or Brand shall be allowed automatically, provided the center-to-center
and edge-to-center spacing between operation points is not
A1.11.1 Any substitution of interlayer color from the same exceeded. The addition of operation points over and above the
manufacturer and type as was originally qualified shall be number originally tested shall be allowed when supported by
allowed automatically. engineering analysis as stated in A1.2.2.
A1.11.2 Any substitution of interlayer decorative treatment A1.13.3 Locking Hardware for Sliding-Projected-Dual Ac-
from the same manufacturer and type as was originally tion Windows, Sliding Doors, and Hinged Doors—Any substi-
qualified shall be allowed automatically provided the decora- tution within the operable window or operable door assembly
tive treatment does not contact the glass or plastic glazing. of locking hardware shall require a single specimen test. A
A1.11.3 Any increase of the interlayer thickness by any reduction in the number of lock points shall be allowed
amount, provided it is the same manufacturer and type as was automatically, provided the center-to-center and edge-to-center
originally qualified, shall be allowed automatically. spacing between lock points is not exceeded. The addition of
locking points over and above the number originally tested
A1.11.4 Any substitution of interlayer type shall not be shall be allowed when supported by engineering analysis as
allowed. Provided the interlayer type and thickness remain the stated in A1.2.2.
same (see A1.11.5 and A1.11.6), any substitution of interlayer
manufacturer shall require a single specimen test. A1.14 Storefront Framing, Curtain Walls, Fixed Windows,
A1.11.5 A decrease of the nominal interlayer thickness up to and Mullions
10 % for the same type or brand interlayer as was originally A1.14.1 Framing Members—Any substitution within the
qualified shall require a single specimen test. framing or fixed window assembly, vertical or horizontal

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 E1996 − 23
mullion profile shall meet the requirements of A1.12.2, A1.3, A1.15.2 Locking Hardwares—Any substitution within the
and A1.2.2 or require a single specimen test. fenestration assembly of locking hardware shall require a
single specimen test.
A1.15 Skylight and Roof Windows
A1.15.1 Hinging Hardware—Any substitution within the
fenestration assembly of hinging hardware shall require a
single specimen test.

A2. IMPACT PROTECTIVE SYSTEM SUBSTITUTIONS

A2.1 Introduction A2.1.2 These substitutions are limited to performance quali-

A2.1.1 Substitution allowances are presented in the follow- fied under Test Method E1886 and this specification.
ing text for Impact Protective System assemblies qualified A2.1.3 The substitution language applies to the following
under this standard: Impact Protective System types illustrated in Fig. A2.1. These

FIG. A2.1 General Types of Impact Protective Systems

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 E1996 − 23
figures are general in nature. Infill, bracing, and locking refer to Fig. A2.2. Impact a single specimen test sample in two
methods may vary. locations in the configuration that is considered the worst case.
Accordion Systems—Bi-Folding Systems Order of impact is immaterial.
Bahama Systems—Top Hinging Systems
Colonial Systems—Side Hinging Systems/Sliding Systems A2.5 For systems that are substituting two track or mount-
Panel Systems—Corrugated or Flexible ing conditions refer to Fig. A2.3. Impact a single specimen test
Roll Systems—Slatted or Continuous
sample in two locations in the configuration that is considered
A2.2 Substitution Categories the worst case. Order of impact is immaterial.
A2.2.1 Automatic—No additional testing or analysis neces- A2.5.1 When a build-out or offset type mounting element
sary. has been tested at a given separation between the primary
system track or frame and the primary substrate anchor
A2.2.2 Engineering Analysis—Demonstrated or docu-
connections and where that projection provides a build-out or
mented performance through a review of materials that predi-
offset of the primary system track or frame attachment from the
cates a minimum of equivalent performance.
plane of the primary substrate anchor connections, all other
A2.2.3 Single Specimen—One specimen, identical to the build-out or offset elements of a lesser projection or offset,
original specimen qualified with the only difference being the using the same material thickness and basic profile, shall be
element to be substituted. allowed automatically.
A2.2.4 Not Allowed—Three identical specimens out of four A2.6 For systems that are substituting two track or mount-
are required to qualify the substitution, as for a new product. ing conditions in combination with infill bracing substitution or
A2.3 General Premises for Substitution other substitutions refer to Fig. A2.4. Impact a single specimen
test sample in three locations in the configuration that is
A2.3.1 Successful tests of an impact protective system shall considered the worst case. Order of impact is immaterial.
qualify other assemblies of the same or less area, and the same
or greater section modulus, provided the construction details A2.7 Substitutions for porous impact protective systems
and reinforcement are unchanged. that require both large and small missile tests, except for infill
substitutions, shall not be required to perform the small missile
A2.3.2 Any substitution which changes only the color of a
impact test. For infill substitutions in porous impact protective
product and is deemed to not have any structural influence, in
systems perform the small missile impact test on a single
dimension and strength, shall be allowed automatically.
specimen.
Changes to pigments of color of homogeneous materials shall
require engineering analysis for equivalency. A2.8 Accordion Systems
A2.3.3 Any substitution shall be allowed for materials and A2.8.1 Any substitutions of a different center locking
components only after a minimum of three out of four initial mechanism shall require a single specimen test with a mini-
specimens have passed the prescribed performance require- mum of one impact to the center lock mechanism.
ments and are identical in every way including anchorage and
A2.8.2 Any substitution of locking system location different
mounting.
from the original three identical passing specimens shall
A2.3.4 Any substitution shall be qualified at a pressure require the testing of one additional specimen.
equal to the design pressure at which the three initial specimens A2.8.3 The inclusion of additional locking mechanisms in
were qualified. the same system shall require the testing of one additional
A2.3.5 Substitution of an element shall not be allowed if a specimen.
specimen failure occurs for any reason during a single speci-
men test of that substitution. A2.9 Bahama Systems
A2.3.6 Automatically substituted elements shall be allowed A2.9.1 Any substitution of an alternate locking or retaining
to be combined into a system without requiring engineering system shall require the testing of one additional specimen.
analysis or testing.
A2.3.7 Any substitution of a stronger substrate for a weaker
substrate shall be allowed with engineering analysis to confirm
the anchor type and strength required for the stronger substrate.
A2.3.8 No more than three substituted elements that are
individually qualified by a single test shall be combined into a
system.
PREMISE FOR SUBSTITUTION—IMPACT
PROTECTION SYSTEMS
A2.4 Unless otherwise stated in this Annex A2, when FIG. A2.2 Default Impact Locations for Substitutions Based On
substituting an element on the basis of a single specimen test a Single Specimen Test

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 E1996 − 23
A2.9.2 Any substitution of backing material shall not be
allowed.
A2.10 Colonial Systems
A2.10.1 Any substitution of an alternate locking or retain-
ing system shall require the testing of one additional specimen.
A2.10.2 Any substitution of backing materials shall not be
allowed.
FIG. A2.3 Impact Locations for Substituting Two Track or
Mounting Conditions Based On a Single Specimen Test A2.11 Panel Systems
A2.11.1 Any modification to mounting hole size, shape, or
location shall require the testing of one additional specimen,
provided the diameter or the shape, or both, of the hole are not
increased or altered.
A2.11.2 Any substitution of larger diameter or increased
area mounting holes shall not be allowed.
A2.12 Roll Systems
A2.12.1 Any substitution of an alternate locking or retain-
FIG. A2.4 Impact Locations for Substituting Two Track or ing system shall require the testing of one additional specimen.
Mounting Conditions in Combination with Infill Bracing or
Other Substitutions Based On a Single Specimen Test

APPENDIXES

(Nonmandatory Information)

X1. BREACHING OF THE BUILDING ENVELOPE

X1.1 Damage and Internal Pressurization—Windows, X1.1.1 ASCE/SEI 7 specifies that buildings in “windborne
doors, and curtain walls are building envelope components debris regions” having glazing in the bottom 60 ft that is not
(defined as “components and cladding,” in ASCE/SEI 7) often designed or protected from missile impact, have such glazing
subject to damage in windstorms. Windborne debris impact can be treated as openings for the purpose of classifying a building
not only cause failure of these building envelope components as “enclosed” or “partially enclosed.” This may require these
but can also expose a building’s contents to the damaging buildings to be designed for larger internal pressures if classi-
effects of continued wind and rain. From a structural fied as a “partially enclosed building.” It is the intent of this
perspective, a potentially more serious result can be internal specification to quantify the requirements for windborne debris
pressurization of the building. When the windward wall of a impact.
building is breached, the internal pressure in the building NOTE X1.1—Dade (1)7 and Broward (2) counties, Southern Building
increases resulting in larger outward acting pressure on the Code Congress International (SBCCI) Standard SSTD 12 (3), and The
Texas Department of Insurance Building Code for Windstorm Resistant
other walls and roof. Similarly, when a breached wall is subject
Construction (4) do not limit missile impact protection to the bottom
to leeward wall pressures, the internal pressure in the building 18.2 m (60 ft).
decreases possibly resulting in larger inward acting pressures
on the other walls and roof. Depending on the size of the X1.2 Design Pressure and Product Qualification Under This
breached envelope components, the building may be classified Specification:
as a “partially enclosed building” as defined in ASCE/SEI 7. X1.2.1 The air pressure cycling portion of Test Method
For this classification of building, the internal pressure coeffi- E1886 applies pressures that are a function of P, where P
cient increased to +0.55 (from +0.18 for an enclosed building) denotes the maximum inward (Ppos) and outward (Pneg) air
and to −0.55 (from −0.18 for an enclosed building) this pressure differentials, which are either specified or are equal to
represents more than a three fold increase in internal pressure
and, if not accounted for in design, can significantly increase
the net pressure (both positive and negative) for which the 7
The boldface numbers given in parentheses refer to a list of references at the
envelope components were designed. end of the standard.

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 E1996 − 23
the design pressure. “Design pressure” is defined in Test X1.2.3 All of these parameters should be considered when
Method E1886 as follows: selecting Ppos and Pneg. When defining substitution criteria the
“—the uniform static air pressure difference, inward or outward, for specification addresses only one of these, area of assembly, in
which the test specimen would be designed under service load A1.3.2 (“For fenestration assemblies other than curtain wall
conditions using conventional structural engineering specifications and
concepts. This pressure is determined by either analytical or wind and storefront, any substitution of an assembly of the same
tunnel procedures (such as are specified in ASCE/SEI 7).” type as the three initial specimens shall be allowed
X1.2.2 ASCE/SEI 7 defines the fenestration as “compo- automatically, provided the substitution is (1) equal to or
nents and cladding.” The procedure for determining the design smaller in overall area…”) and A1.3.2.1 (“For curtain wall and
pressure for components and cladding is different for low-rise storefront, any substitution of an assembly of the same type as
buildings (buildings having a mean roof height less than or the three initial specimens shall be allowed automatically,
equal to 18.2 m (60 ft) than for other buildings not classified as provided: (1) the infill elements are equal to or smaller in
low-rise buildings. In either case, the design pressure is a overall area…”). Section 5.4.1.1 of this specification states that
function of several parameters including Importance Factor (I), the selection of Ppos and Pneg should be made “...for which
Exposure Category (A, B, C, or D), topography and Topo- qualification is sought.” A conservative approach would base
graphic Factor (Kzt), Mean Roof Height (h), height of the Ppos and Pneg on the highest factor for each parameter (that is,
fenestration assembly above the ground, location (zone) of the open exposure, tallest building, highest importance factor, edge
fenestration assembly on the building elevation, and the location, and smallest area). An alternate approach should
Effective Wind Area (A) of the fenestration assembly. Only the explicitly state what assumptions were made for each param-
latter parameter, Effective Wind Area (A), is under the control
eter in the selection of Ppos and Pneg.
of the building designer and fenestration manufacturer.

X2. IMPACT RISK ANALYSIS

X2.1 Summary of Risk Parameters in Twisdale et al (5)— tion (4). All of these are based on analysis and judgment of
The report discusses the following parameters that affect the experts after many years of windstorm study. The Twisdale et
risk of building damage from windborne debris: al study (5) represents new inputs into this body of analysis and
X2.1.1 Wind velocity, experience. Since it so far has covered only a very limited
range of buildings out of the total scope of this specification, its
X2.1.2 Type and quantity of missiles in the wind-field application to the development of this specification has also
generated from ground sources, required a degree of judgment.
X2.1.3 Type and quantity of missiles in the wind-field
generated from building sources, as function of the quality of X2.3.2 The energy and momentum curves included in the
construction, Twisdale et al (5) report are referenced to a zero energy or
momentum curve, that can be interpreted as the reliability
X2.1.4 Density of buildings, achieved at various wind speeds when no impact resistance is
X2.1.5 Shape and height of buildings, and provided. Other curves describe reliability versus wind speed
X2.1.6 Percentage of glazed openings. at increasing amounts of impact resistance, for example 10 lb,
20 lb, 50 lb, 100 lb, 200 lb, and 300 lb of momentum. All the
X2.2 The report combines a hurricane wind field model, a curves illustrated by Twisdale et al (5) including the zero
missile generation model, a missile trajectory model and an resistance curve, demonstrate reliability above 0.85 at 110 mph
impact model to produce a risk analysis. The output is wind speed. Reliability diminishes rapidly, with varying
expressed in terms of curves of specified impact energy slopes, at higher wind speeds.
resistance or impact momentum resistance levels plotted on a
X2.3.3 Two approaches can be taken to using these curves
graph with reliability (R) (from 0.75 to 1.00) on the vertical
to inform the specification process: the absolute reliability
axis and wind velocity (from 110 mph to 170 mph peak gusts)
approach, and the relative improvement approach.
on the horizontal axis. Plots have been generated for single
story detached residential buildings, for two different values X2.3.4 The absolute reliability approach establishes the
for the quality of construction and density of buildings, and objective of achieving a specified level of reliability, say 0.90,
three different values for percentage of glazed openings. by specifying the appropriate impact resistance for different
wind speeds, and, possibly, building types. This approach is
X2.3 The Performance Objective of This Specification attractive because it enables the definition of reliability to be
X2.3.1 This specification establishes missile impact criteria consistent with the reliability objective of traditional structural
for all building types and occupancies. The antecedents for this design. However, it has two disadvantages in this case:
effort are the criteria established in Australian National Stan- X2.3.4.1 The curves plotted are actually average values and
dards (6), in the Florida counties of Dade (1) and Broward (2), should be thought of as broad fuzzy bands with large confi-
in SBCCI Standard SSTD 12 (3), and in the Texas Department dence bounds due to the many uncertainties embedded in the
of Insurance Building Code for Windstorm Resistant Construc- analytical models that produce them. Therefore, establishing a

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 E1996 − 23
specified reliability level may be misleading without extensive 0.80 to 0.90, and so forth, could be the objective. The curves
qualifying statements. illustrated by Twisdale et al (5), for the limited range of
X2.3.4.2 The curves diminish so fast at higher wind speeds parameters analyzed, suggest that a 50 % or better improve-
that the levels of resistance required to achieve high values of ment can be achieved by providing impact protection from a
reliability at these wind speeds would require impact energies 4100 g (9 lb) 2 by 4 travelling at 15.24 m/s (50 f/s). This is of
and momenta far in excess of anything considered heretofore, the same order of magnitude included in the Australian,
and possibly in excess of the capabilities of the apparatus SBCCI, Florida, and Texas standards.
specified in Test Method E1886.
X2.3.6 Thus, the proposed specification can be justified on
X2.3.5 The relative improvement approach takes its cue
the basis of the relative improvement approach and its relation
from the zero protection curves and establishes the objective of
to previous research and antecedents. It can be further refined
achieving a specified proportional improvement in reliability.
A 50 % improvement, 0.50 to 0.75, 0.60 to 0.80, 0.70 to 0.85, as more analytical information is developed.

X3. ASSEMBLY ELEVATION ABOVE THE GROUND

X3.1 Section 6.1 of this specification establishes assembly debris and structural debris are specified in the former (≤9.1 m
elevation above the ground as one of three parameters to be (30 ft)). Two g steel balls (small missiles) representative of roof
used in the selection of an applicable missile. Unless otherwise gravel are specified in the latter (>9.1 m (30 ft)). The assembly
specified, Table 3 is to be used. Table 3 uses two elevation elevation subject to large missiles may be increased by the
categories: ≤9.1 m and >9.1 m (30 ft and 30 ft). Various 2 in. specifying authority where it determines that the assembly is
by 4 in. lumber (large) missiles representative of ground-level exposed to structural debris from adjacent structures.

X4. ADDITIONAL PROTECTION

X4.1 The first edition of this specification, E1996-99, in- Zone 3 of this specification and with the following require-
cluded three Wind Zones (1, 2, and 3). The requirements for ments:
these Wind Zones were developed on the basis of the Impact X4.4.1 Additional Large Missile Impact Locations in Wind
Risk Analysis discussed in Appendix X2 and the relative Zone 4 (See Fig. X4.1):
improvement approach included therein. Wind Zone 4 was X4.4.1.1 Impact the same specimen specified in 5.3.1.1 of
added to the specification in its 2003 edition to provide this specification a second time with the center of the second
additional impact criteria that were generally based on some, missile within a 65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle and with the
but not all, requirements of the Florida High Velocity Hurri- center of the circle located 150 mm (6 in.) from supporting
cane Zone (HVHZ), developed independently by Miami-Dade member at a corner.
County. The original intent was to harmonize the standards so X4.4.1.2 Impact the same specimen specified in 5.3.1.2 of
that Miami-Dade would be able to adopt Specification E1996. this specification a second time with the center of the second
However Miami-Dade has decided to continue to maintain missile within a 65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle and with the
their own HVHZ standards. Therefore the Wind Zone 4 center of the circle located at the center of each type of infill.
requirements are now moved to this Appendix X4 as optional X4.4.1.3 Impact the same specimen specified in 5.3.1.3 of
information for those who desire to continue to test products to this specification a second time with the center of the second
Wind Zone 4 criteria. missile within a 65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle and with the
X4.2 The specifying authority who wishes to specify addi- center of the circle located at the center of each type of infill
tional protection from hurricane damage may define a Wind except as specified in X4.4.2.1.
Zone 4. The IBC 2012 specifies Wind Zone 4 as areas where
the basic wind speed is greater than 160 mph. The 2010 Florida
Building Code specifies Wind Zone 4 as areas where the basic
wind speed is greater than 170 mph (76 m/s).
X4.3 The requirements specified in this Appendix X4 are
similar to, but not identical to, the requirements of the Florida
Building Code for the High Velocity Hurricane Zone. The
scope of these requirements, applicable to exterior windows,
glazed curtain walls, doors, and impact protective systems, is
more limited than the scope of the High Velocity Hurricane
Zone requirements.
FIG. X4.1 Additional Large Missile Impact Locations
X4.4 Comply with all the requirements applicable in Wind in Wind Zone 4

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X4.4.1.4 For test specimens with bracing at the specified
impact location(s), the impact location(s) shall be relocated to
the nearest area with no bracing.
X4.4.1.5 If the specimens are sufficiently small to cause the
65 mm (21⁄2 in.) radius circle to overlap, two separate speci-
mens shall be impacted one time each.
X4.4.2 Special Considerations in Wind Zone 4:
X4.4.2.1 Impact the integral mullion and other intermediate
members such as a meeting rail, check rail, or meeting stile
mid-span in lieu of the impact specified in 5.3.2.3 if applicable.
(See Fig. X4.2, Fig. X4.3, and Fig. X4.4.) FIG. X4.3 Combination Mullion with Meeting or Check Rail
X4.4.2.2 For each type of mullion impact one vertical or
horizontal combination mullion with the longest span at mid
span in addition to impacts specified in 5.3 and X4.4.1. (See
Fig. X4.3.)
X4.5 Porous impact protective systems shall be tested to the
air pressure portion of the test, and shall not be subject to the
exception specified in 5.4.2 of this specification.
X4.6 The following missiles shall be applicable in Wind
Zone 4 (see Tables X4.1 and X4.2).
X4.7 In Wind Zone 4 the specifying authority shall be
permitted to select an optional applicable pass/fail criterion FIG. X4.4 Meeting Stile
based on X4.7.1 – X4.7.3.
X4.7.1 All test specimens shall resist the large or small TABLE X4.1 Description Levels
missile impacts, or both, without penetration of the inner plane NOTE 1—For Missiles B, C, D, and E, also use Missile A for porous
of the infill or impact protective system, and resist the cyclic impact protective systems (see 8.5).
pressure loading specified in Table 1 of this specification with Level of Enhanced Protection
Basic Protection Unprotected
no tear formed longer than 130 mm (5 in.) and wider than 1 Protection (Essential Facilities)
mm (1⁄16 in.) through which air can pass. Assembly Elevation #9.1 m >9.1 m #9.1 m >9.1 m #9.1 m >9.1 m
(30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft) (30 ft)
X4.7.2 The overlap seams of an impact protective system Wind Zone 4 E D D A None None
shall not have a separation greater than 1⁄180 of the span or
13 mm (1⁄2 in), whichever is less, after impact. The length of

the separation shall not be greater than 900 mm (36 in.) or

40 % of the span, whichever is less.
X4.7.3 Fasteners, when used, shall not become disengaged
during the test procedure.

X4.8 Where the specifying authority has specified optional

additional pass/fail criteria in accordance with X4.6, nonporous
impact protective systems that are tested independently of the
fenestration assembly shall be accepted for installations only in
which they are offset from the fenestration assemblies as
FIG. X4.2 Integral Mullion specified in 8.3.2 of this specification.

TABLE X4.2 Description of Levels for Rooftop Skylights

in One- and Two-Family Dwellings

NOTE 1—The term “One- and Two-Family Dwellings” includes all

buildings included under the scope of the International Residential Code.
Level of Protection Basic Protection
Assembly Elevation #9.1 m (30 ft) >9.1 m (30 ft)
Wind Zone 4 D A

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 E1996 − 23

REFERENCES

(1) “Section 2315 Impact Tests for Windborne Debris,” South Florida (4) Building Code for Windstorm Resistant Construction, Texas Depart-
Building Code—Dade County Edition, Metro Dade County, Miami, ment of Insurance, 33 Guadalupe Street, Austin, TX 78714-9104,
FL, 1994, pp. 23–33 and 23–38. 1997.
(2) “Section 2315 Impact Tests for Windborne Debris and Section 2316 (5) Twisdale, L. A., Vickery, P. J., and Steckley, A. C., Analysis of
Impact Test Procedures,” South Florida Building Code—Broward Hurricane Windborne Debris Impact Risk for Residential Structures,
County Edition, Broward County Board of Rules and Appeals, Ft. Applied Research Associates, Inc., Raleigh, NC, March 1996 .
Lauderdale, FL, 1994, pp. 23–24 and 23–21. (6) Standards Association of Australia, SAA Loading Code, Part 2: Wind
(3) SBCCI Test Standard for Determining Impact Resistance from Wind- Loads, AS 1170.2, Australian Standards, North Sydney, New South
borne Debris, Southern Building Code Congress International, Inc., Wales, Australia, 1989.
900 Montclair Road, Birmingham, AL 35213-1206, 1994.

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