2024 INSC 396 REPORTABLE

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA

CIVIL APPELLATE JURISDICTION
CIVIL APPEAL NO. 6144 OF 2024
(@ SLP (C) No. 14213 of 2015)

K.P. Khemka & Anr. … Appellant (s)

Versus
Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure
Development Corporation Limited & Ors. ...Respondent(s)

With

CIVIL APPEAL NO. 6145 OF 2024

(@ SLP (C) No. 23041 of 2015)

Charanjeet Gaba … Appellant (s)

Versus
State of Haryana & Ors. ...Respondent(s)

ORDER

K.V. Viswanathan, J.

1. Leave granted.
Signature Not Verified

Digitally signed by
satish kumar yadav
Date: 2024.05.08
15:57:29 IST
Reason:

1
2. The present appeals arise from the judgment of a

Division Bench of the High Court of Punjab and Haryana at

Chandigarh dated 24.04.2015 in CWP No. 15983 of 2013 and

CWP No. 26452 of 2014. By the said judgment, the High

Court dismissed the writ petitions and rejected the contention

of the appellants herein that if a debt is time-barred under the

Limitation Act, 1963, the same cannot be recovered by

resorting to the Haryana Public Moneys (Recovery of Dues)

Act, 1979 (for short “the Recovery of Dues Act”) read with

the State Financial Corporation Act, 1951. In so holding, the

Division Bench applied the well established principle that the

Limitation Act, which applies to Courts, merely bars the

remedy and does not extinguish the debt.

3. The appellants herein had relied upon the judgment of a

three-Judge Bench of this Court in State of Kerala and

Others vs. V.R. Kalliyanikutty & Anr. (1999) 3 SCC 657 to

contend that a time-barred debt under the Limitation Act

cannot be recovered under the Recovery of Dues Act. While

2
dealing with this contention, the High Court relied upon the

judgment of a Constitution Bench of this Court in Bombay

Dyeing and Manufacturing Company Limited vs. The State

of Bombay and Ors., 1958 SCR 1122 to reiterate the

principle that the Limitation Act merely bars the remedy and

does not extinguish the debt. The High Court also

distinguished the judgment in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) by

holding that the judgments of this Court in Bombay Dyeing

and Manufacturing Company Limited (supra) and

Tilokchand and Motichand and Others vs. H.B. Munshi

and Another, (1969) 1 SCC 110 were not brought to the

notice of the Bench deciding V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra).

4. Facts in Civil Appeal arising out of SLP (C) No. 14213 of

2015 are as follows:

i. Respondent No.3 - M/s Khemka Ispat Limited was a

Company engaged in the business of manufacture,

production, import, export, sale and distribution of all types

3
of Cold Rolled Strips, steel sockets, pipe and tube products,

and other allied goods.

ii. On 07.03.2003, Respondent No.3 had taken a Term

Loan under an Equipment Finance Scheme from Respondent

No.1 - Haryana State Industrial and Infrastructure

Development Corporation Limited (hereinafter referred to as

“the HSIDC Ltd.”) for a sum of Rs.105.90 lakhs. In view of

the said Term Loan, Respondent No.3 had entered into a

Loan Agreement with HSIDC Ltd. along with the personal

guarantees of the appellants herein.

iii. On 31.03.2003, the sanctioned loan amount to the tune

of Rs.105 lakhs was disbursed to Respondent No.3. On

15.07.2003, further amount of Rs. 2 lakhs was disbursed.

The Loan was to be repaid in five years with a moratorium

period of six months w.e.f. 01.10.2003.

iv. On 19.08.2004, the First Default Notice was issued to

Respondent No.3 by HSIDC Ltd. along with intimation of a

4
right under Section 29 of the State Financial Corporations

Act.

v. In the meantime, Respondent No.3 became a Sick

Company and reference was made to the Board for Industrial

and Financial Reconstruction (for short “the BIFR”). On

31.07.2006, the outstanding as on date to HSIDC Ltd. was

Rs.99.32 lakhs.

vi. On 17.08.2006, BIFR declined Respondent No.3’s

Reference and the One-Time Settlement request. ING Vysya

Bank also informed the BIFR that it had taken over

possession of the unit, in accordance with which the BIFR

ordered the reference to have abated. Respondent No. 3

informed the said ING Vysya Bank that the latter will not be

responsible for the dues of the HSIDC Ltd, and that the

machinery is in possesison of the Company. On 01.06.2007,

HSIDC Ltd. took possession of the movables.

vii. While proceedings were carrying on against the

principal borrower, on 08.08.2007, Respondent No.1 HSIDC

5
Ltd. issued a show cause notice under Section 3(1)(b) of the

Recovery of Dues Act to Respondent No.3, which notice was

returned back with the remarks “closed/left”.

viii. On 25.09.2007, a winding up petition was filed by one

of the creditors of Respondent No.3 in C.P. NO. 171 of 2007

before the High Court of Delhi, wherein a provisional order

to wind-up was passed and a provisional liquidator

appointed. Further, Final Order of winding up of Respondent

No.3 appears to have been passed on 24.03.2009.

ix. When the matter stood thus, on 29.10.2009, Respondent

No.1 issued a show cause notice under Section 3(1)(b) of the

Recovery of Dues Act to the Appellants and the same was

returned with the remarks “left/closed”.

x. Thereafter, on 10.01.2012, recovery notice sent to the

appellants by Respondent No.2, the Additional General

Manager of HSIDC Ltd., under Section 3(1)(b) of the

Recovery of Dues Act was returned with the remarks

6
“left/closed”. The order determining the amount due as Rs.

213.19 lakhs w.e.f 10.01.2012 was passed by the HSIDC Ltd.

xi. On 02.02.2012, the HSIDC Ltd. sent a notice under the

provisions of the Recovery of Dues Act to the Appellants and

the Respondent No. 3 indicating the sum determined to be

due from them, which was to the tune of Rs.213.19 lakhs.

On 01.03.2012, the appellants filed their reply. This was

rejected by the Respondent No. 2, Additional General

Manager of HSIDC Ltd., on 15.11.2012. Thereafter, the

Respondent No. 2, Additional General Manager of HSIDC

Ltd., issued a Final Notice under the provisions of the

Recovery of Dues Act dated 15.11.2012 calling upon the

appellants to pay Rs. 213.19 lakhs which was determined to

be due from the Appellants and Respondent No. 3.

xii. On 11.01.2013, recovery certificate under Section 3(1) of

the Recovery of Dues Act for a sum of Rs. 243.11 lakhs, was

issued.

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xiii. On 12.07.2013, appellants filed CWP No. 15983 of 2013

challenging the recovery notice. The relevant ground was

raised in the following terms:

“G. BECAUSE the Impugned Orders deserve to be

quashed as the recovery which has been initiated by first
sending the notice on 10.01.2012 under the provisions of
Haryana Public Moneys (Recovery of Dues) Act, 1979 is
much beyond the limitation to recover any dues by the
Corporation. The period of limitation if any was 3 years
from 31.07.2004, when the amount stood and payable by
Respondent No. 3 Company (in Liqn.). The period to
recovery from either the Company or the Guarantors who
stood surety for the said amount expired in the year 2007.
The recovery as per the notices sent by the Respondent
Corporation admittedly have been sent on 10.01.2012
and subsequent thereto and therefore any adjudication or
determination of a sum due in view of the above said Act
is unsustainable and is in any case time barred”

xiv. The Writ Petition was dismissed vide the impunged

order.

5. The facts in Civil Appeal arising out of Special Leave

Petition (C) No. 23041 of 2015 are as under:

i. The Haryana Financial Corporation sanctioned a term

loan of Rs.88,74,000/- to Respondent No.5 - Cosmo Flex

Private Limited on 31.01.1996. The loan was to be repaid

within a period of eight weeks by way of quarterly

8
instalments and the agreed rate of interest was 19.5% with

half yearly rests. On 17.03.1997, the loan agreement was

executed.

ii. The appellant, who was a Director of the R-5 Company,

claims that he resigned from the Directorship of the

Respondent No. 5 Company on 06.04.1998.

iii. On 29.07.1998, the loan was recalled by the Haryana

Financial Corporation.

iv. In the meantime, the appellant claims that on account of

his resignation from Directorship of the Respondent No. 5

company, he was paid a full and final settlement from the

Company on 23.10.1998. Thereafter, he claims that the

Registrar of Companies was also intimated about the fact of

his resignation, on 12.10.1998.

v. The Haryana Financial Corporation, on 19.08.1999,

sent a notice for taking over possession of the Company’s

assets and thereafter took possession on 31.08.1999.

9
vi. The Haryana Financial Corporation has set-out the

time-line of events where multiple recovery notices under the

Recovery of Dues Act were issued, leading up to the

determination of the sum due from the Appellants herein, in

the following terms:

“4. ...On continous non-repayment of dues, the possession

of the mortgaged properties was taken over under section
29 of the State Financial Corporations Act, 1951. The
primary security was disposed of by the Corporation for
Rs. 61.00 lakh on 16.12.1999. The Recovery Certificate
was issued on 22.09.2000 to the Collectors Gurgaon,
Delhi & Srinagar and were returned in the year 2001 on
the ground that no immovable/movable properties were
available in the names of directors/guarantors and they
were not residing at the given addresses. The fresh
Recovery Certificate was issued on 10.08.2005 u/s 3 of
Haryana Public Moneys (Recovery of Dues) Act, 1979 in
the name of Collectors, Sri Nagar, Delhi & Gurgaon
through Collector, Gurgaon. The Recovery Certificate
pertaining to Collectors, Sri Nagar & Delhi were
returned by Collector, Gurgaon to send the same directly
to the concerned Collectors as there was no provisions to
send the same by one Collector to another Collector.
After obtaining legal opinion as per which, it was advised
that as per Section 3 of the Revenue Recovery Act, the
Collector may send a certificate to other Collector,
Recovery Certificates were returned to Collector,
Gurgaon. However, Recovery Certificate in the name of
Collector Gurgaon was being pursued. As Recovery
Certificate with Collector Delhi was not traceable in his
office, photocopy of the Recovery Certificate was re-
lodged with Collector Delhi on 16.04.2008. It was
informed by Collector Delhi that the Recovery Certificate

10
lodged with them was not in their jurisdiction and as
such recovery cannot be effected. Further, the directors
residing at Gurgaon & Delhi had shifted to some
unknown places. However, as the new addresses of one of
the Directors Sh. Charanjeet Gaba were found out, fresh
RCs were issued to Collectors Delhi (Central, East, South
& West), Gurgaon & Sri Nagar (Kashmir) on 19.04.2010
u/s 32G of the State Financial Corporations Act.
However, the Recovery Certificate dated 19.04.2010 was
quashed by the High Court of Punjab and Haryana vide
order dated 02.12.2011 passed in CWP No. 12226 of
2010 on the ground that the same was issued without
affording the Petitioners an opportunity of personal
hearing. The Corporation was given liberty to proceed
after hearing the petitioner and giving him opportunity to
file his objections.
xxx xxx xxx
7. Accordingly, personal hearings were given to
defaulting borrowers/guarantors for sum determination
under Section 32-G of the State Financial Corporations
Act, 1951 on 11.12.2013, 19.03.2014 and 06.08.2014,
objection raised by Sh. Charanjeet Gaba,
borrower/guarantor verbally during the personal hearing
as well as through various representations were dealt in
detail in the proceeding of personal hearing held on
06.08.2014. However, as no constructive proposal for
repayment/settlement under the new Settlement Policies
of HFC-2011 was recived from Sh. Charanjeet Gaba or
other borrowers/guarantors, Recovery Certificate was
issued to Collectors, Srinagar, Solan (HP), Gurgaon &
Delhi on 08.10.2014 for the recovery of Rs.
14,55,11,275/- with further interest @24% from
01.03.2014, the same stand challenged by the petitioner
before the Hon’ble High Court as stated above.”
(emphasis supplied)

11
vii. The appellant challenged the proceedings dated 06.08.2014

by filing CWP No. 26452 of 2014. By the Impugned Order, the

Writ Petition was dismissed.

viii. In the Special Leave Petition filed before this Court, the

case of the Appellant as regards the debt being time-barred is as

follows:

“A. Because the order/proceedings dated 06.08.2014 passed

by Respondent No. 3 under Section 32 (G) of the State
Financial Corporation Act for recovery of Rs. 14,55,11,275/-
along with pendente lite and future interest could not have
been issued as the recovery had already become time barred
against the petitioner. Since the recovery on the basis of
mortgaged property had already been effected by way of sale
dated 16.12.1999 the remaining amount could not be
recovered beyond the limited time of three years”

Contentions of the Parties

6. Before us, learned counsel for the appellants contend that

the judgment in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) directly covers the

issue as according to them, in substance, there is no difference

between the provisions of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act,

with which V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) was concerned, and the

Recovery of Dues Act of the State of Haryana. According to the

12
learned counsel, V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) has clearly held that

Acts, like the Recovery of Dues Act, are intended for speedy

recovery of loans and do not create a new right in the creditor. It

is their contention that on that reasoning the word “due” in the

Recovery of Dues Act cannot be interpreted to include time-

barred debts.

7. Learned counsel for the respondent-Corporations strongly

refuted these contentions and contended that the impugned order

was perfectly justified in holding that the decision of this Court

in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) has not considered the holding in

Bombay Dyeing (supra) and Tilokchand Motichand (supra).

Questions that arise for this Court’s consideration

8. The questions that fall for consideration are, firstly, are the

appellants right in contending that the recovery proceedings

initiated against them under the Recovery of Dues Act are barred

in view of the principle laid down in V.R.Kalliyanikutty (supra).

Secondly, if they are right, then is the decision in V.R.

13
Kalliyaikutty (supra) contrary to the holding in Bombay Dyeing

and Manufacturing Company Limited (supra) and if so what is

the course open for this two-Judge Bench.

Reasoning in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra)

9. To appreciate these contentions, we need to first

understand the law laid down in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra).

The primary question of law involved in V.R. Kalliyanikutty

(supra) was, whether a debt which is barred by the law of

limitation can be recovered by resorting to recovery proceedings

under the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act, 1968. This apart, the

Bench, after setting out the scheme of the Kerala Revenue

Recovery Act, examined the further question as to whether the

object of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act was only for speedy

recovery or if the said Act also enlarged the right to recover.

Additionaly, the Bench addressed the question as to whether the

words “amount due” would refer to the amounts repayable under

the terms of the Loan Agreement executed between the debtor

and the creditor irrespective of whether the claim was time-

14
barred or whether the words refer to only those claims which are

legally recoverable.

10. Relying upon Hansraj Gupta vs. Dehra Dun-Mussorie

Electric Tramway Co. Ltd., AIR 1933 PC 63, the Bench in

Kalliyanikutty (supra) held that the Kerala Recovery Act did not

create any new right and that it merely provided a process for

speedy recovery. In view of the same, it held that since the Act

did not create any right, the person claiming recovery cannot

claim recovery of amounts which are not legally recoverable.

The Bench thereafter distinguished the judgment in Khadi Gram

Udyog Trust v. Ram Chandraji Virajman Mandir, Sarasiya

Ghat, Kanpur, (1978) 1 SCC 44 as having no applicability to

the interpretation of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act. It

further relied on the judgment of this Court in Director of

Industries, U.P. vs. Deep Chand Agarwal (1980) 2 SCC 332 to

reinforce its holding on the interpretation of the word ‘due’

under the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act. The plea that the

15
statute of limitation merely bars the remedy and does not touch

upon the right was not accepted by the Court by holding that the

rights of the parties are not enlarged by the Kerala Revenue

Recovery Act and that unless the Act expressly provided for

enlargement of claims extending to the recovery of barred debts,

that principle will not apply. Ultimately, the Court held that

under the provisions of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act a debt

which is barred by the law of limitation cannot be recovered.

11. The Division Bench, in the impugned order, has relied on

Bombay Dyeing (supra) to reinforce the point that the statute of

limitation only bars the remedy and does not extinguish the debt.

The decision in Bombay Dyeing (supra) was a case where the

Constitution Bench of this Court reiterarted the principle that

statutes of limitation only bar the remedy and do not extinguish

the right and so holding, it found that the definition of “unpaid

accumulations” in that case did apply to wages of employees

that were time-barred. The Court went on to hold that while

16
time-barred wages did vest in the State, since the Act did not, in

that case, provide for disbursement of the wages to the workers

whose claims could be established and since there was no

provision for the workers making the claim, the Act was held to

be contrary to Article 31(2) of the Constitution, which then

existed.

12. It is well settled that the laws of limitation only bar the

remedy and do not extinguish the right, except in cases where

title is acquired by prescription. We may note here that V.R.

Kalliyanikutty (supra) did not dispute the principle that the

statute of limitation only bars the remedy and does not

extinguish the debt. After considering this principle it went onto

hold that there was no enlargement of right in the Kerala

Revenue Recovery Act. The impugned order, in the present case,

further holds that Bombay Dyeing (supra) and Tilokchand and

Motichand (supra) were not brought to the notice in V.R.

Kalliyanikutty (supra). The decision in Tilokchand and

17
Motichand (supra) was a case which inter alia dealt with

extension of the principles of laches and res judicata to writ

proceedings and have no direct relevance to the present

controversy. The impugned order, in the present case, thereafter

goes on to hold that the machinery for recovery under the

Recovery of Dues Act or the State Financial Corporations Act do

not have the trappings of a Court to hold that the provisions of

the Limitation Act have no application for the same.

Discussion and Reasoning:-

13. In our view, the findings of the Division Bench in the

impugned order do not directly address the holding in V.R.

Kalliyanikutty (supra) that the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act

did not create any additional right to recover and enforce the

outstanding amounts due.

14. The real question that arises is do the State Financial

Corporations Act, 1951 and the Recovery of Dues Act create a

distinct right and provided an alternative mechanism of

18
enforcement to reover the amount due, even if the amounts due

were time barred? To answer this question, we need to examine

the relevant statutory provisions.

15. The objects and reasons of the State Financial Corporations

Act are relevant for the purposes of the present case. They read

as under:

“The intention is that the State Corporations will confine their

activities to financing medium and small scale industrial and
will, as far as possible, consider only such cases as are outside
the scope of the Industrial Finance Corporation. The State
Governments also consider that the State Corporations should be
established under a special Statute in order to make it possible to
incorporate in the Constitution necessary provisions in regard to
majority control by Government, guaranteed by the State
Government in regard to the repayment of principal, and
payment of a minimum rate of dividend on the shares, restriction
on distribution of profits and special powers for the
enforcement of its claims and recovery of dues.
The main features of the Bill are as follows:-
(vii) The Corporation will be authorised to make long-term loans
to industrial concerns and to guarantee loans raised by industrial
concerns which are repayable within a period of not exceeding
25 years. The Corporation will be further authorised to
underwrite the issue of stocks, shares, bonds or debentures by
industrial concerns, subject to the provision that the Corporation
will be required to dispose of any shares, etc., acquired by it in
fulfilment of its underwriting liability within a period of 7 years.
(ix) The Corporation will have special privileges in the
matter of enforcement of its claims against borrowers”

19
 (emphasis supplied)

Section 32-G of the State Financial Corporations Act reads as

under:-

“32G. Recovery of amounts due to the Financial Corporation

as an arrear of land revenue.—Where any amount is due to the
Financial Corporation in respect of any accommodation granted
by it to any industrial concern, the Financial Corporation or any
person authorised by it in writing in this behalf, may, without
prejudice to any other mode of recovery, make an application
to the State Government for the recovery of the amount due to it,
and if the State Government or such authority, as that
Government may specify in this behalf, is satisfied, after
following such procedure as may be prescribed, that any amount
is so due, it may issue a certificate for that amount to the
Collector, and the Collector shall proceed to recover that
amount in the same manner as an arrear of land revenue.”
(emphasis supplied)

16. This apart, for the purposes of the present case, the relevant

provisions of the Recovery of Dues Act, being Section 2(c) and

Section 3 of the Recovery of Dues Act, are for the sake of

convenience set out hereinbelow:

“2. Definitions
In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires, -
(c) “defaulter” means a person who either as principal or as
surety, is a party –
(i) to any agreement relating to a loan, advance or grant given
under that agreement or relating to credit in respect of, or relating

20
to hire-purchase of, goods sold by the State Government or the
Corporation, by way of financial assistance;

and such person makes any default in repayment of the loan or

advance or any instalment thereof or, having become liable under
the conditions of the grant to refund the grant or any portion
thereof, makes any default in the refund of such grant or portion
or any instalment thereof or otherwise fails to comply with the
terms of the agreement;

3. Recovery of certain dues as arrears of land revenue

(1) Where any sum is recoverable from a defaulter –

(a) by the State Governemnt, such officer as it may, by

notificaitaon, appoint in this behalf;
(b) by a Corporation or a Government company, the
Managing Director thereof, shall determine the sum due from
the defaulter.

(2) The Officer or the Managing Director, as the case may be,
referred to in sub-section (1), shall send a certificate to the
Collector mentioning the sum due from the defaulter and
requesting that such sum together with the cost of proceedings be
recovered as if it were an arrear of land revenue.

(3) A certificate sent under sub-section (2) shall be conclusive

proof of the matters stated therein and the Collector, on receipt of
such certificate, shall proceed to recover the amount stated
therein as an arrear of land revenue.

(4) No civil court shall have jurisdiction –

(a) to entertain or adjudicate upon any case; or

(b) to adjudicate upon or proceed with any pending case;

relating to the recovery of any sum due as aforesaid from the

defaulter. The proceedings relating to the recoery of the sums due
from the defaulters, pending at the commencement of this Act in
any civil court, shall abate.”
(emphasis supplied)
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17. It will be clear from Section 32-G of the State Financial

Corporations Act that the Section confers a right of recovery on

the financial corporation, without prejudice to any other mode of

recovery which includes the right to file a suit. The conferment

of such a right to recover an ‘amount due’ as arrears of land

revenue, notwithstanding any other remedy, is for a public

purpose and in public interest.

18. At this point, we deem it appropriate to refer to a passage

from Salmond on Jurisprudence, 12th Edition, on the concepts of

“Right” and “Power” [Page 224, 229 & 230]:

“42. Legal rights in a wider sense of the term

We must now consider the wider use of the term, according to
which rights, do not necessarily correspond with duties. In this
generic sense, a legal right may be defined as any advantage or
benefit conferred upon a person by a rule of law. Of rights in this
sense there are four distinct kinds. These are (1) Rights (in the
strict sense), (2) Liberties, (3) Powers, and (4) Immunities. Each
of these has its correlative, namely (1) Duties, (2) No-Rights, (3)
Liabilities, and (4) Disabilities.
A debt is not the same thing as a right of action for its recovery.
A former is the right in the strict and proper sense,
corresponding to the duty of the debtor to pay; the latter is a
legal power, corresponding to the liability of the debtor to be

22
 sued. That the two are distinct appears from the fact that the
right of action may be destroyed (as by prescription) while the
debt remains
A power may be defined as ability conferred upon a person by
the law to alter, by his own will directed to that end, the rights,
duties, liabilities or other legal relations, either of himself or of
other persons. Powers are either public or private. The former
are those which are vested in a person as an agent or instrument
of the functions of the state; they comprise the various forms of
legislative, judicial, and executive authority…The correlative of
power is a liability. This connotes the presence of a power vested
in someone else, as against the person with the liability. It is the
position of one whose legal rights (in the wide sense) may be
altered by the exercise of a power…the most important form of
liability is that which corresponds to the various powers of
action and prosecution. Such liability is independent of the
question whether the particular action or prosecution will be
successful, and is therefore independent of (say) the duty to pay
damages for a civil wrong”
(emphasis supplied)

As would be clear from the passage above, a debt is not the same

thing as the right of action for its recovery. While the debt is the

right in the creditor with the corelative duty on the debtor the

right of action for recovery is in the nature of a legal power.

While the process of filing a civil suit may be barred because of

the statute of limitation, the power to recover vested through

Section 32-G of the State Financial Corporations Act read with

Section 2(c) and Section 3 of the Recovery of Dues Act is a

23
distinct power which continues notwithstanding that another

mode of recovery through a civil suit is barred. Understood in

that sense, it does appear that there is an additional right to

enforce the claims of the financial corporations notwithstanding

the bar of limitation. The same is the case with the provisions of

the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act which fell for consideration of

this Court in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra).

19. No doubt, even where the statute of limitation does not

apply, the power has to be exercised within a reasonable time. In

that scenario the further question would be: Whether the time

available would analogously be the time available for execution

of decrees? Since no specific arguments have been advanced

and since the Division Bench in the Impugned Order was not

engaged with that issue, we refrain from dealing with the same.

20. In the context of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act, the

decision in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) needs to be discussed.

The relevant portions of the judgment is extracted hereinbelow:

24
“3. ...Under Section 71, however, there is a provision for
extending the Act to recovery of certain other dues if the
Government is satisfied that it is necessary to do so in public
interest. Under Section 71 it is provided as follows:

“71. Power of Government to declare the Act applicable to

any institution.—The Government may, by notification in the
Gazette, declare, if they are satisfied that it is necessary to do
so in public interest, that the provisions of this Act shall be
applicable to the recovery of amounts due from any person or
class of persons to any specified institution or any class or
classes of institutions, and thereupon all the provisions of this
Act shall be applicable to such recovery.”

4. In exercise of its powers under Section 71, the State

Government has issued a notification bearing SRO No. 797 of
1979 by which the provisions of the said Act have been made
applicable to the recovery of the amounts due from any person to
any bank on account of any loan advanced to such person by that
bank for agriculture or agricultural purposes. Under another
notification SRO No. 851 of 1979 issued under Section 71 by the
State Government the provisions of the said Act are also made
applicable to the recovery of amounts due from any person or
class of persons to the Kerala Financial Corporation. Thus in
public interest the State Government has made the said Act
applicable for speedy recovery of loans given by a bank for
agricultural purposes as well as for speedy recovery of loans
given by the Kerala Financial Corporation. The overall scheme
of the Act, therefore, is to provide for speedy recovery, not merely
of public revenue but also of certain other kinds of loans which
are required to be recovered speedily in public interest.

5. Explaining analogous provisions of the U.P. Public Moneys

(Recovery of Dues) Act, 1965, this Court in Director of
Industries, U.P. v. Deep Chand Agarwal [(1980) 2 SCC 332 :
AIR 1980 SC 801] held that the said Act is passed with the object
of providing a speedier remedy to the State Government to
realise the loans advanced by it or by the Uttar Pradesh
Financial Corporation. Explaining the need for speedy recovery,
it says that the State Government while advancing loans does not
25
 act as an ordinary banker with a view to earning interest.
Ordinarily it advances loans in order to assist the people
financially in establishing an industry in the State or for the
development of agriculture, animal husbandry or for such other
purposes which would advance the economic well-being of the
people. Moneys so advanced have to be recovered expeditiously
so that fresh advances may be made for the same purpose. It is
with the object of avoiding the usual delay involved in the
disposal of suits in civil courts and providing for an expeditious
remedy that the U.P. Act had been enacted. It was on this ground
that this Court upheld the classification of loans which are
covered by the said U.P. Act in a separate category. It held that
this is a valid classification and the provisions of the Act are not
violative of Article 14.

6. The same reasoning would apply to the loans which are

covered by the said notifications under Section 71 of the Kerala
Revenue Recovery Act. Agricultural loans and loans by the State
Financial Corporation are also loans given in public interest for
the purpose of economic advancement of the people of the State,
to help them in agricultural operations or establishment of
industries. For this reason the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act has
been made applicable to such loans so that there can be a speedy
recovery of such loans and the amounts can be utilised for
similar objects again.
18. In the premises under Section 71 of the Kerala Revenue
Recovery Act claims which are time-barred on the date when a
requisition is issued under Section 69(2) of the said Act are not
“amounts due” under Section 71 and cannot be recovered under
the said Act. Our conclusion is based on the interpretation of
Section 71 in the light of the provisions of the Kerala Revenue
Recovery Act.”

Under the said provision, the Government in public interest

could make the Revenue Recovery Act applicable to recovery of

amounts due to any person or class of persons or to any specified

26
institution or any class or classes of institutions and on such

notification by the provisions of the Act was applicable to such

recovery. Admittedly, in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) a

notification was issued making the provisions of the Kerala

Revenue Recovery Act applicable to the Kerala Financial

Corporation. The Kerala Financial Corporation is also a

Corporation under the said Financial Corporation Act to which

Section 32-G applied.

21. In our view, while the Court focused on the implication of

a notification under Section 71 of the Kerala Revenue Recovery

Act whereunder the Government could declare the Act

applicable to any institution, the attention of the Court in V.R.

Kalliyanikutty (supra) was not drawn to the powers envisaged

under the State Financial Corporations Act which were also

applicable to the recovery of debts in Kerala. As noticed above,

the statement of objects and reasons of the State Financial

Corporations Act refers to providing State Financial

Corporations with ‘special privileges in the matter of

27
enforcement of claims against borrowers’. This is reflected

through Section 32-G of the State Financial Corporations Act

which we have set-out hereinabove.

22. This Court in V.R. Kallliyanikutty (supra) held that the

words ‘amounts due’ occuring in the Kerala Revenue Recovery

Act would only include legally recoverable debts i.e. debts

which are not time-barred. For this purpose, it may be apposite

to refer to the relevant portions from the decision in V.R.

Kalliyanikutty (supra):

“9. In the case of Hansraj Gupta v. Dehra Dun-Mussoorie

Electric Tramway Co. Ltd. [AIR 1933 PC 63 : 60 IA 13] the
Privy Council was required to interpret the words “money due”
under Section 186 of the Companies Act, 1913. Section 186 dealt
with the recovery of any money due to the company from a
contributory. Interpreting the words “money due”, the Privy
Council said that the phrase would only refer to those claims
which were not time-barred.

10. The same reasoning would apply in the present case also.
The Kerala Revenue Recovery Act does not create any new right.
It merely provides a process for speedy recovery of moneys due.
Therefore, instead of filing a suit, (or an application or petition
under any special Act), obtaining a decree and executing it, the
bank or the financial institution can now recover the claim under
the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act. Since this Act does not create
any new right, the person claiming recovery cannot claim
recovery of amounts which are not legally recoverable nor can a
defence of limitation available to a debtor in a suit or other legal

28
proceeding be taken away under the provisions of the Kerala
Revenue Recovery Act. In fact, under Section 70 of the Kerala
Revenue Recovery Act, it is provided that when proceedings are
taken under this Act against any person for the recovery of any
sum of money due from him, such person may, at any time before
the commencement of the sale of any property attached in such
proceedings, pay the amount claimed and at the same time
deliver a protest signed by himself to the officer issuing the
demand or conducting the sale as the case may be. Sub-section
(2) of Section 70 provides that when the amount is paid under
protest, the officer issuing the demand or the officer at whose
instance the proceedings have been initiated, shall enquire into
the protest and pass appropriate orders. If the protest is
accepted, the officer disposing of the protest shall immediately
order the refund of the whole or part of the money paid under
protest. Under sub-section (3) of Section 70, the person making a
payment under protest shall have the right to institute a suit for
the refund of the whole or part of the sum paid by him under
protest.

11. Therefore, under Section 70(3) a person who has paid under
protest can file a suit for refund of the amount wrongly
recovered. In law he would be entitled to submit in the suit that
the claim against which the recovery has been made is time-
barred. Hence no amount should have been recovered from him.
When the right to file a suit under Section 70(3) is expressly
preserved, there is a necessary implication that the shield of
limitation available to a debtor in a suit is also preserved. He
cannot, therefore, be deprived of this right simply by making a
recovery under the said Act unless there is anything in the Act
which expressly brings about such a result. Provisions of the said
Act, however, indicate to the contrary. Moreover, such a wide
interpretation of “amount due” which destroys an important
defence available to a debtor in a suit against him by the
creditor, may attract Article 14 against the Act. It would be ironic
if an Act for speedy recovery is held as enabling a creditor who
has delayed recovery beyond the period of limitation to recover
such delayed claims.

29
12. In the case of New Delhi Municipal Committee v. Kalu Ram
[(1976) 3 SCC 407] relying on the Privy Council decision in
Hansraj Gupta v. Dehra Dun-Mussoorie Electric Tramway Co.
Ltd. [AIR 1933 PC 63 : 60 IA 13] this Court interpreted Section
7 of the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised Occupants)
Act, 1958 in a similar way. Under that section where any person
is in arrears of rent payable in respect of any public premises,
the Estate Officer may, by order, require that person to pay the
same within such time and in such instalments as may be
specified in the order. While considering the meaning of the
words “arrears of rent payable” this Court examined whether
Section 7 creates a right to realise arrears of rent without any
limitation of time. The Court observed that the word “payable”
is somewhat indefinite in import and its meaning must be
gathered from the context in which it occurs. In the context of
recovery of arrears of rent under Section 7, this Court said that if
the recovery is barred by the law of limitation, it is difficult to
hold that the Estate Officer could still insist that the said amount
was payable. When a duty is cast on an authority to determine
the arrears of rent the determination must be in accordance with
law. Section 7 only covers arrears not otherwise time-barred.

16. There is no question, however, in the present case of any

payment voluntarily made by a debtor being adjusted by his
creditor against a time-barred debt. The provisions in the present
case are statutory provisions for coercive recovery of “amounts
due”. Although the necessity of filing a suit by a creditor is
avoided, the extent of the claim which is legally recoverable is
not thereby enlarged. Under Section 70(2) of the Kerala Revenue
Recovery Act the right of a debtor to file a suit for refund is
expressly preserved. Instead of the bank or the financial
institution filing a suit which is defended by the debtor, the
creditor first recovers and then defends his recovery in a suit
filed by the debtor. The rights of the parties are not thereby
enlarged. The process of recovery is different. An Act must
expressly provide for such enlargement of claims which are
legally recoverable, before it can be interpreted as extending to
the recovery of those amounts which have ceased to be legally
recoverable on the date when recovery proceedings are
undertaken. Under the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act such a
30
 process of recovery would start with a written requisition issued
in the prescribed form by the creditor to the Collector of the
district as prescribed under Section 69(2) of the said Act.
Therefore, all claims which are legally recoverable and are not
time-barred on that date can be recovered under the Kerala
Revenue Recovery Act.”
(emphasis supplied)

23. In order to arrive at the conclusion that the words ‘amounts

due’ occurring in the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act would only

include legally recoverable debts i.e. debts which are not time-

barred, the Court in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) relies upon

three decisions. First is the decision of the Privy Council in

Hansraj Gupta (supra), second is the decision of the this Court

in New Delhi Municipal Committee vs. Kalu Ram, (1976) 3

SCC 407 and third, is the decision of this Court Deep Chand

(supra).

24. The decision in Hansraj Gupta (supra) was in the context

of an application filed by the Official Liquidator praying that the

Appellants therein, in their capacity as contributories, must be

ordered to pay a debt owed by them to the Company. This

31
Application was made under Section 186(1) of the Indian

Companies Act, which provides as follows:

“Court may, at any time after making a winding-up Order, make

an order on any contributory for the time being settled on the list
of contributories to pay, in manner directed by the order, any
money due from him or from the estate of the person whom he
represents to the company exclusive of any money payable by
him or the estate by virtue of any call in pursuance of this Act.”

The decision in Hansraj Gupta (supra) involved interpretation

of the words ‘any money due’ occurring in Section 186(1) of the

Indian Companies Act. The Privy Council, while following and

affirming the judgment of the Lahore High Court in Sri Narain

v. Liquidator, Union Bank of India, ILR 4 Lah. 109, held that a

time-barred debt could not be enforced by a summary order

under Section 186 since the section did not create new liability

or confer new rights and since it merely created a summary

procedure for enforcing existing liabilities.

25. Additionally, in Hansraj (supra) the Limitation Act

applied to the company court, since it was a ‘court’. Section 46-

B of the State Financial Corporations Act provides that the said

Act was to have effect notwithstanding anything inconsistent

32
therewith contained in any other law. The authority under the

Recovery of Dues Act not being a ‘court’, the provisions of the

Limitation Act cannot proprio vigore apply.

26. The decision of this Court in Kalu Ram (supra) is again

based fully on the interpretation of the Privy Council in Hansraj

(supra). That apart, the decision in Kalu Ram (supra) involved

the interpretation of the words ‘arrears of rent payable’ under

Section 7 of the Public Premises (Eviction of Unauthorised

Occupants) Act, 1958. The Court noted that the word ‘payable’

generally means ‘that which should be paid’ and thereafter

concluded that the word can only be interpreted to mean dues

which are legally recoverable. The provisions herein use the

words ‘amounts due’ and are provisions which create a right to

recover through a separate mechanism, notwithstanding the right

to file a civil suit.

27. At this juncture, we also deem it fit to note the decision of

this Court in KGU Trust (supra).The decision in KGU Trust

(supra) was rendered while interpreting the words ‘entire

33
amount of rent due’ occurring in Section 20(4) of the U.P

Buildings (Regulation of Letting, Rent and Eviction) Act, 1972.

While the landlord could file an eviction suit on the ground that

the tenant is in arrears of rent, the Tenant was given an option to

resist this eviction suit by depositing this ‘entire amount of rent

due’. While the decision in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) rightly

states that the said provision was a benefit being conferred on

the tenant, we deem it necessary to refer to the other findings of

this Court in KGU Trust (supra) which are of relevance for the

purposes of answering the questions before us. In arriving at the

conclusion that the ‘entire amount of rent due’ would include

even time-barred claims, the Court in KGU Trust (supra)

specifically noted the decision in Bombay Dyeing (supra) and

the principle that the Limitation Act only bars the remedy and

does not extinguish the debt. The Court also noted Halsbury’s

Laws of England where it is stated that the Limitation Act

would only take away the remedy while leaving the right

untouched, and that ‘if a creditor whose debt is statute-barred

34
has any means of enforcing his claim other than by action or

set-off, the Limitation Act does not prevent him from recovering

by those means’. [Paragraph 4, 5 of KGU Trust (supra)]

28. Deep Chand (supra) was a case where there was a

challenge to the constitutionality of Section 3 of the U.P Public

Moneys (Recovery of Dues) Act, 1965. The argument was that

Section 3 provided two remedies to the Government – one being

a suit and another being a remedy under the Act – and that the

latter remedy was more onerous and without any guidelines in

law. [Paragraph 2 of Deep Chand (supra)] In upholding the

Constitutionality of the U.P Act, the Court noted that the object

of the U.P Act was to enable speedy recovery of money and that

therefore, the classification was valid. [Para 6 of Deep Chand

(supra)]

29. While it is true that the U.P Act, similar to the Haryana

Revenue Recovery Act [in the present case] or the Kerala

Revenue Recovery Act, was enacted with the object to have

speedy recovery of dues, this does not take away from the fact
35
that the right was vested in the Financial Corporations to recover

the loans through the said Acts, notwithstanding any other right,

including the right to file a suit.

30. As far as the finding in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra)

regarding Section 70(3) of the Kerala Revenue Recovery Act,

which provides for a suit by the debtor for refund after payment

under protest, is concerned, what is to be noted is that the

defence for the State Financial Corporations that the State

Financial Corporations Act conferred an additional right to

recover amounts due would still be applicable. Therefore, the

existence of the right to the debtor under Section 70(3) of the

Kerala Revenue Recovery Act cannot be said to be determinative

of the issue.

31. It would also be apposite to point out that the applicability

of V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) to Section 56(2) of the Electricity

Act, 2003 recently fell for consideration before a three-judge

Bench of this Court in K.C. Ninan v. Kerala State Electricity

Board, 2023 INSC 560. One of the questions which the Court
36
was faced with was whether the statutory bar on recovery of

electricity dues after the limitation period of two years provided

under Section 56(2) of the Electricity Act, 2003 would have an

implication on the civil remedies of the Electric Utilities to

recover such arrears. The auction purchasers, who had purchased

premises where electricity had been disconnected due to defaults

of the previous owners, argued that the period of limitation

would apply to such dues and that Electric Utilities could not

demand such time-barred dues from them. The Court in K.C.

Ninan (supra), after a comprehensive analysis of the scheme of

the Electricity Act, held that the power to initiate proceedings to

recover the electricity dues was independent of the power to

disconnect electrical supply. Thereafter, the Court noticed the

decision in V.R. Kalliyanikutty (supra) and concluded that

statute of limitation only barred a remedy, while the right to

recover the loan through ‘any other suitable manner provided’

remains untouched. Having so held, the Court rejected the

argument of the auction purchasers and concluded that the bar of

37
limitation under Section 56(2) of the Electricity Act would only

restrict the remedy of disconnection under Section 56 of the

Electricity Act and that the Electric Utilities were entitled to

reocver electricity arrears through civil remedies or in exercise

of its statutory power.

32. In view of what has been pointed out hereinabove, we are

of the opinion that, for a comprehensive consideration and an

authoritative pronouncement after taking into account all

aspects, including those dealt with hereinabove, the matter needs

to be placed before the Hon’ble Chief Justice of India to

constitute an appropriate three-judge bench.

33. Let the papers along with this order be placed before

Hon’ble the Chief Justice of India for seeking appropriate

directions from His Lordship, in this regard.

…..…………………J.
(Surya Kant)

…..…………………J.
(K.V. Viswanathan)
New Delhi;
May 08, 2024
38