Vitamin C Paper 6 Atp Practice
Vitamin C Paper 6 Atp Practice
REFERENCE
INVESTIGATE THE QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE CONTENT OF VITAMIN C IN FOODS 2.4
(6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 6.10, 9.2)
Introduction
Objectives
Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is an antioxidant. It protects cells from damage by
free radicals (unstable molecules made during metabolism) by becoming ●● To investigate the qualitative
oxidised by the free radicals. Free radicals may promote cancer, heart disease and quantitative vitamin C
and stroke, so vitamin C is essential for general good health. Vitamin C is also content of foods
essential for keeping skin, blood vessels and joints healthy by helping to Equipment
make collagen. ●● eye protection
DCPIP (dichlorophenolindophenol) is blue when dissolved in water and in the ●● syringes – 1 mL and 5 mL
oxidised state. When reduced, it becomes colourless. In acid conditions DCPIP
●● 0.1% DCPIP solution
is red/pink. When DCPIP is reduced by vitamin C, the vitamin C is oxidised.
●● test tubes
So, when you add DCPIP solution to a solution of vitamin C, the blue colour of
DCPIP disappears. This shows that vitamin C is present. This is a qualitative ●● test tube rack
test; it shows that vitamin C is present but does not measure how much ●● 0.1% vitamin C solution
vitamin C there is. ●● a selection of fruit juices
If we use a vitamin C solution of known concentration, we can find out how ●● a selection of vegetable
much vitamin C is needed to decolorise a specific volume of DCPIP solution. extracts
We can then find out how much vitamin C is in particular liquids such as fruit
juices or vegetable extracts. This is a quantitative test. ! Safety notes
If each group of students tests a different juice or extract in the quantitative ●● Wear eye protection.
tests below, you can share your results with each other. ●● Avoid skin contact with the
Your teacher may watch to see if you can: DCPIP and any of the other
solutions.
●● follow instructions
●● Do not taste any of the juices
●● work carefully and take readings from equipment accurately
or extracts.
●● work safely, reducing the risk of harm from hazards.
●● Wash off any chemical
splashes immediately.
Part 1: Qualitative test
Sample material. Not for resale, circulation or distribution in whole or in part. © Pearson 2021.
Method
1 Use a 1 mL syringe to place 1 mL DCPIP solution into a test tube in a rack.
2 Use another syringe to add fruit juice or vegetable extract to the DCPIP
solution until all the blue colour of the DCPIP solution has disappeared.
3 This shows you that the juice or extract you tested contains vitamin C.
However, it does not tell you how much vitamin C is in that food.
Learning tip
Part 2: Quantitative test ● A 0.1% solution contains 0.1 g (100 mg) of solid in 100 mL
Method water. Therefore, in 1 mL of the solution there is 1 mg of solid.
● Vitamin C and DCPIP react together in a 1 : 1 ratio. This
means that when 1 mL 0.1% DCPIP solution (containing 1 mg
solid DCPIP) is decolorised, 1 mg vitamin C has been added.
● You should find that 1mL 0.1% vitamin C solution
decolorises 1mL 0.1% DCPIP solution, because there is
100mg solid vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in 100mL of 0.1%
solution of vitamin C. Therefore, there is 1mg vitamin C per
1mL of the 0.1% solution.
Analysis
fruit juice solution The 0.1% vitamin C solution contains 1mg vitamin C per mL.
The 0.1 % DCPIP solution contains 1mg DCPIP per mL.
DCPIP and vitamin C react together in a 1:1 ratio.
test tube Therefore 1mL 0.1% vitamin C solution decolorises 1mg
DCPIP.
Therefore, the volume of fruit juice that decolorises 1mL 0.1%
DCPIP solution contains 1mg vitamin C.
DCPIP solution
2
Investigating the Vitamin C Content of Food & Drink
• Vitamin C is found in green vegetables, fruits, and potatoes
• It is essential for a healthy diet
• The chemical name for vitamin C is ascorbic acid
o Ascorbic acid is a good reducing agent and therefore it is easily oxidised
• Methods for the detection of vitamin C involve titrating it against a solution of an oxidising
agent called DCPIP
o DCPIP is a blue dye that turns colourless in the presence of vitamin C
o Titration is a method of chemical analysis that involves determining the quantity of a
substance present by gradually adding another substance; in this case the concentration of
vitamin C is determined by gradual addition of a vitamin C solution to DCPIP
Apparatus
• Measuring cylinder
• Vitamin C solutions • Pipette
• 1% DCPIP solution • Stop watch
• Distilled water • Test tubes
• Range of fruit juices
Method
Drops of vitamin C solution of known concentration can be added to DCPIP to determine the
volume required for the DCPIP to be decolourised
Risk assessment
• DCPIP is an irritant
o Avoid contact with the skin
o Wear eye protection
Results
• The volume of vitamin C solution required to decolourise DCPIP should decrease as the
concentration of the vitamin C solution increases
• The results of the experiment can be plotted on a graph of volume of vitamin C needed to
decolourise DCPIP against the concentration of vitamin C
o The line of best fit for such a graph is known as a calibration curve; unknown substances
can be compared to it to gain an estimate of their vitamin C concentration
• The calibration curve produced from this experiment can be used to estimate the concentration
of vitamin C in fruit juices
2 Fig. 2.1 is a photograph of a tomato fruit that has been cut in half.
Fig. 2.1
(a) (i) Draw a large diagram of the tomato fruit shown in Fig. 2.1.
[4]
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(ii) Describe how you could show that a tomato fruit contains vitamin C.
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magnification ×50
Fig. 2.2
length of PQ ................................................. mm
Calculate the actual size of the tomato seed using the formula and your measurement.
length of line PQ
magnification = actual length of the tomato seed
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[3]
(c) Plan an investigation to determine the optimum (best) temperature for germination of tomato
seeds.
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[Total: 16]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
2 Cabbage leaves contain vitamin C. Boiling the cabbage in water reduces the vitamin C content of
the leaves. Some students investigated the effect of boiling time on the concentration of vitamin C
remaining in the cabbage leaves.
(a) The students prepared the cabbage samples using this method:
Step 3 Place the chopped cabbage leaves into the boiling water.
Step 5 Remove a sample of cabbage leaves from the water at each time interval.
State two pieces of apparatus, other than safety equipment, that would be required to carry
out the method described in steps 1 and 2.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) The vitamin C concentration of each cabbage leaf sample was then determined.
Table 2.1
vitamin C
boiling time concentration
/ minutes / mg per 100 g of
cabbage leaves
0 34
5 31
10 26
15 22
25 13
(i) Plot a line graph on the grid of the data in Table 2.1.
[4]
(ii) Use your graph to estimate the concentration of vitamin C in a sample of cabbage leaves
that has been boiled for 20 minutes.
(iii) Table 2.1 shows that at the start of the investigation 100 g of unboiled cabbage leaves
contained 34 mg of vitamin C.
Using the information in Table 2.1, calculate the percentage decrease in the vitamin C
content of 100 g of cabbage leaves after boiling for 25 minutes.
............................................................ %
[3]
(c) The students wanted to know if the vitamin C had moved from the cabbage leaves into the
water that the leaves were boiled in.
State how the students could test the water for the presence of vitamin C.
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[Total: 13]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.
(i) State the name of the reagent or solution that would be used to test the fruit juice for
starch.
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(ii) State the name of the reagent or solution that would be used to test the fruit juice for
reducing sugars.
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(c) Scientists wanted to find out if drinking beetroot juice lowers blood pressure.
Two groups of men had their systolic blood pressure measured. Group 1 drank 500 cm3 of
beetroot juice and group 2 drank 500 cm3 of apple juice.
After six hours their systolic blood pressures were measured again.
Table 2.1
1 132.4 127.4
2 131.3 132.1
(i) Using the data in Table 2.1, calculate the percentage change in mean systolic blood
pressure for group 1.
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[3]
(ii) State one factor that was kept constant in the investigation described in 2(c).
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• The students added iodine solution, counting drop by drop, until a blue colour
appeared. This was the end-point for solution S1.
(a) Record the students’ observations in a suitable table using the space below.
[4]
(b) Use these results to suggest the approximate vitamin C concentration of S3. For
Examiner's
Use
Give reasons for your answer.
[3]
(c) Suggest four ways in which you could improve this method to find the concentration of
an unknown vitamin C solution.
1.
2.
3.
4.
[4]
(d) Fig. 1.1 shows the results of a similar investigation into the concentration of vitamin C For
in five fruit juices. The students counted the number of drops of iodine solution used to Examiner's
Use
reach the end-point for each fruit juice.
Fig. 1.1
(i) On the grid below plot the data from Fig. 1.1 to show the variation in the number of
drops of iodine solution required to reach the end-point.
[5]
(ii) State which fruit juice has the highest concentration of vitamin C.
[1]
[Total: 17]
1 Vitamin C is an important component of a balanced diet. Many health drinks contain vitamin C.
DCPIP is an indicator for vitamin C. When added to a vitamin C solution, the blue DCPIP reacts
with vitamin C and becomes colourless. Drops of DCPIP are added to the vitamin C solution until
the solution remains blue.
Step 1 The student labelled four beakers A, B, C and D and used the information in Table 1.1 to
make the vitamin C solutions in the four labelled beakers.
Table 1.1
A 10 30 0.25
B 20 20 0.50
C 30 10
D 40 0 1.00
(a) (i) Complete Table 1.1 by calculating the final percentage concentration of vitamin C in
beaker C.
...................................................... % [1]
Step 2 A syringe was used to transfer 0.5 cm3 of the vitamin C solution from beaker A into a
test‑tube labelled A.
Step 3 The student filled a dropping pipette with a 1% DCPIP solution and added one drop at a
time to test‑tube A. The blue colour disappeared as vitamin C reacted with the DCPIP.
The number of drops was counted as they were added to the test‑tube.
Step 4 The student stopped adding drops of DCPIP to test‑tube A when the solution remained
blue in colour when a drop was added. The total number of drops of DCPIP added was
recorded.
Step 5 The student then repeated steps 2 to 4 using the solutions from beakers B, C and D and
test‑tubes labelled B, C and D.
Step 6 The student then repeated steps 2 to 5 to obtain a second set of results.
Trial
1 2
Trial ps
= 6 dro test-t
ube A ube A
test-t = 4 dr
rops ops
B = 13 d test-t
ube ube B
test-t = 11 d
= 18 drops test-t
rops
ube C ube C
test-t = 18 d
23 d rops rops
test-t
ube D = ube D
test-t = 21 d
rops
Fig. 1.1
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Step 7 The student put 0.5 cm3 of health drink H into a clean test‑tube. They then added drops
of 1% DCPIP to the test‑tube until the solution in the test‑tube remained blue.
(v) Estimate the percentage concentration of vitamin C in health drink H, using the
information in Table 1.1, your table in 1(a)(ii) and step 7.
...................................................... % [1]
(vi) Suggest two improvements to the method that would allow a more precise estimation of
the vitamin C concentration in health drink H.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
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2 ........................................................................................................................................
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[2]
(vii) Identify two variables that were kept constant in this investigation.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Explain why counting the number of drops of DCPIP is not accurate.
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(c) The manufacturers of health drink H claim that it also contains protein and glucose.
Describe how you would test health drink H for protein and glucose.
protein .......................................................................................................................................
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glucose .....................................................................................................................................
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[5]
[Total: 19]
Vitamin C is an important part of a balanced diet and is found in some fruits and vegetables. When
vegetables are boiled in water the vitamin C diffuses out into the surrounding water. A dialysis
tubing bag filled with vitamin C solution was used to represent a vegetable.
The blue dye DCPIP was used as an indicator for the presence of vitamin C. High concentrations
of vitamin C decolourise DCPIP quickly.
Step 1 A syringe was used to fill a dialysis tubing bag with 10 cm3 of vitamin C solution.
Step 2 The outside of the filled dialysis tubing bag was rinsed by dipping it into a beaker of
distilled water.
Step 3 A large test-tube was labelled hot. The dialysis tubing bag was put into the large
test-tube and secured in place with an elastic band, as shown in Fig. 1.1.
Step 4 Steps 1 to 3 were repeated with a second dialysis tubing bag and a large test-tube
labelled cold.
large test-tube
dialysis tubing bag
containing 10 cm3
of vitamin C solution
Fig. 1.1
Step 5 The large test-tube labelled hot was half-filled with hot water.
Step 6 The large test-tube labelled cold was half-filled with cold water.
Step 7 The temperature of the water in the large test-tube labelled hot was measured.
Step 8 The temperature of the water in the large test-tube labelled cold was measured.
Fig. 1.2 shows the readings on the thermometer used in step 7 and step 8.
40 20
35 15
30 10
Fig. 1.2
(a) (i) State the temperatures of the hot water and the cold water shown on the thermometers
in Fig. 1.2. Include the unit.
Step 9 The dialysis tubing bags were left in the large test-tubes for 15 minutes.
Step 10 After 15 minutes, the dialysis tubing bags were removed from the large test-tubes and
discarded. 1 cm3 of the liquid remaining in the large test-tube labelled hot was put into a
clean standard test-tube.
Step 12 One drop of DCPIP was added to the liquid in the standard test-tube and swirled to mix.
After a few seconds the blue colour disappeared.
Step 13 The student continued to add drops of DCPIP until the blue colour remained after mixing.
Step 14 Steps 10 to 13 were repeated with 1 cm3 of the liquid remaining in the test-tube labelled
cold.
The unused volumes of DCPIP remaining in the syringes are shown in Fig. 1.3.
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 DCPIP remaining 3
2 2
1 1
Fig. 1.3
(ii) Record the volumes of the DCPIP remaining in the syringes shown in Fig. 1.3.
(iii) Prepare a table to record the volume of DCPIP that has been used in each test-tube, in
the space provided.
Use your answer in 1(a)(ii) and the equation to calculate the volume of DCPIP that has
been used in each test-tube:
[3]
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(v) Suggest why the dialysis tubing bag was rinsed in step 2.
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(vi) Identify one source of error in step 5 or step 6 and suggest a suitable piece of equipment
to overcome this error.
error ...................................................................................................................................
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equipment .........................................................................................................................
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[2]
(vii) Identify the variable that the student changed (independent variable) and the variable
that was measured (dependent variable) in this investigation.
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(viii) Suggest why repeating the procedure several times would improve the investigation.
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(b) Dialysis tubing acts as a partially permeable membrane and can be used to represent a
model cell to investigate osmosis.
Plan an investigation to find out how different concentrations of sugar solutions affect the
movement of water into or out of dialysis tubing.
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[Total: 19]
• drink A
• drink B
• drink C.
The student used these methods for the three tests on each of the drinks:
Fig. 1.1
(i) Prepare a table to record the colours observed by the student for all three tests for
each drink.
[4]
drink A ...............................................................................................................................
drink B ...............................................................................................................................
drink C ...............................................................................................................................
[3]
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(b) The vitamin C content and the fat content of three other drinks D, E and F were determined.
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(ii) Describe the method for the emulsion test for fats.
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(iii) The results for one of the drinks are shown in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1
test observation
(iv) Explain how you identified the drink from the results provided in Table 1.1.
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(c) Three types of food contain different concentrations of the enzyme catalase.
Catalase catalyses the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide to release water and oxygen gas:
The production of oxygen gas can be used to measure the activity of the enzyme.
Plan an investigation to compare the concentrations of catalase in the three types of food.
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[Total: 19]
1 A student investigated the vitamin C concentration in three different health drinks: A, B and C.
The concentration of vitamin C can be estimated in a sample of health drink by testing it with
iodine solution. The test involves adding drops of iodine solution to the health drink sample until
the sample remains blue-black.
The greater the volume of iodine solution added, the higher the concentration of vitamin C in the
health drink.
Step 2 Use a syringe to add 1 cm3 of starch suspension to each of test-tubes A, B and C.
Step 6 Use a dropping pipette to add one drop of iodine solution to test-tube A and shake the
test-tube gently to mix the contents.
Step 7 Repeat step 6, counting the number of drops added, until a blue-black colour appears
and stays blue-black after mixing.
Step 8 Record the total number of drops of iodine solution added to test-tube A.
Step 9 Repeat steps 6 to 8 with test-tubes B and C. Refill the dropping pipette with more iodine
solution as necessary.
Step 10 Pour the contents of test-tubes A, B and C into the waste container and rinse the
test-tubes in clean water. Repeat steps 2 to 9 to obtain another set of results.
C = 3 drops
Solution A = 5 B = 17 =2
=4 = 19 =1
=6 = 15
Fig. 1.1
(a) (i) Prepare a table and record the results shown in Fig. 1.1.
Calculate the average number of drops of iodine solution used for each solution.
[4]
(ii) Suggest a reason why the starch suspension was added to each of the test-tubes in this
investigation.
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(iii) State which health drink, A, B or C, has the highest concentration of vitamin C and give
a reason for your answer.
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(iv) Identify the variable that was measured (the dependent variable) in this investigation.
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(v) Explain why it was important to use a clean syringe in steps 3, 4 and 5.
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(vi) Identify one possible source of error in steps 6 and 7 and suggest an improvement to the
method to reduce the effect of this error.
error ...................................................................................................................................
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improvement .....................................................................................................................
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[2]
(b) A student prepared six vitamin C solutions of different concentrations. They added drops of
iodine solution until each concentration of vitamin C solution remained blue-black.
The experiment was repeated three times and the average number of drops of iodine solution
added was calculated for each concentration.
Table 1.1
(i) The student decided that the result for trial 2 of the 0.050% vitamin C solution was
anomalous.
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(ii) State how the student dealt with the anomalous result when calculating the average
value for the 0.050% vitamin C solution.
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(iii) Using the data in Table 1.1, plot a line graph on the grid of the percentage vitamin C
concentration against the average number of drops of iodine solution added.
[4]
(iv) The student was given a health drink, D. It took seven drops of iodine solution to change
it to a blue-black colour.
(v) Describe one way in which the method for testing a substance with Benedict’s solution
differs from the method for testing a substance with biuret solution.
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[Total: 19]
2 (a) Fig. 2.1 is a photograph of the largest butterfly in the world, the Queen Alexandra’s birdwing
butterfly.
E F
magnification ×0.3
Fig. 2.1
(i) Line EF represents the wingspan of the Queen Alexandra’s birdwing butterfly.
Calculate the actual wingspan of the butterfly using the formula and your measurement.
length of line EF
magnification =
actual wingspan of the butterfly
......................................................... mm
[3]
(ii) Fig. 2.2 shows one wing from the Queen Alexandra’s birdwing butterfly.
Fig. 2.2
[4]
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A solution containing a higher concentration of vitamin C will take fewer drops to decolourise
DCPIP.
The student is provided with a set of four solutions containing different concentrations of vitamin C
and a fruit juice of an unknown vitamin C concentration.
add drops
to well
DCPIP solution
solution
of vitamin C spotting tile
or fruit juice
• Using a dropping pipette, the student places two drops of DCPIP into each of five wells of a
white spotting tile.
• She adds drops of the 0.25% vitamin C solution into one of the wells as shown in Fig. 2.1.
She counts the number of drops needed to decolourise the DCPIP.
• She repeats the process for the remaining vitamin C solutions and the fruit juice.
Table 2.1
(a) (i) On the grid provided, use the data from Table 2.1 to plot a graph of the number of drops
needed to decolourise DCPIP against percentage concentration of vitamin C on the
x-axis.
[2]
(b) Use your graph to estimate the percentage concentration of vitamin C in the fruit juice.
(c) The student suggested that drops of distilled water are added to two drops of DCPIP in
another well.
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(d) Suggest two ways in which the experiment may be changed to give more accurate results.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
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[Total: 9]