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Essentials of Clinical Pulmonology
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Essentials of Clinical Pulmonology
Edited by
Pallav L. Shah
Felix J.F. Herth
Yun Chor Gary Lee
Gerard J. Criner
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and
information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publishers
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ily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical, scientific or health-care
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Preface ix
Editors xi
Contributors xiii
4 History 44
Samuel Kemp and Maren Schuhmann
5 Clinical examination 49
Samuel Kemp
6 Imaging techniques 58
Arjun Nair and Joseph Jacob
7 Non-oncological pulmonary nuclear medicine 88
Deena Neriman and Leon Menezes
8 PET–CT in oncological pulmonary nuclear medicine 102
Raekha Kumar and Bhupinder Sharma
9 Pulmonary function and exercise testing 113
James H. Hull and Simon Ward
10 Bronchoscopy 128
Zaid Zoumot and Daniela Gompelmann
11 Endosonography for pulmonary diseases: Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) 147
Jouke T. Annema and Laurence Crombag
12 Pleural procedures 156
Luke Garske and Claire Tobin
13 Medical thoracoscopy 175
Jason Akulian and David Feller-Kopman
14 Essentials of clinical pulmonology: Interventional radiology 180
Evangelos Skondras, Fernando Rukshan, and Simon Padley
v
vi Contents
20 The upper respiratory tract—Allergic rhinitis and rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps 228
Steve Durham and Guy Scadding
21 Sleep apnea and sleep disordered breathing 240
Maria Elena Vega Sanchez, Samuel Krachman, and Fredric Jaffe
22 Asthma 250
Cole Liberator, Robert Marron, Jeffrey Barry, and Kartik Shenoy
23 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 270
Matthew Gordon, Patrick Mulhall, Amandeep Aneja, and Gerard J. Criner
24 Bronchiectasis 291
Fredric Jaffe, Karla M. Criner, and Chandra Dass
25 Cystic Fibrosis 303
Nicholas J. Simmonds, Laura J. Sherrard, and Scott C. Bell
Answers 698
Index 702
Preface
There are a number of substantial reference respiratory global textbook representative of the highest international
textbooks available, but we wanted to develop a new format standards expected from pulmonary medicine. Without
that would be suitable for a wider audience. There is sub- their perseverance and dedication, there would be no final
stantial evidence that visual images are important for product. I would also like to thank their families for their
learning, and also information needs to be in a concise patience and sacrifice, as we are only too aware of the sac-
format due to the pressures of time that we all face. With this rifices all our families have made in our advancement of
in mind, we have tried to develop a textbook for pulmonary medicine and allowing us to ensure that the knowledge is
medicine that will cater to doctors and nurses in training, disseminated promptly.
through to the specialist who would like a quick refresher or Finally, a new book of this size with a novel approach
a concise reference textbook. We have developed a more always requires patience, and this particular book has
visual approach to this textbook with numerous figures, evolved with three editorial teams. We would like to thank
radiological images, algorithms for disease management, and Caroline Makepeace in believing in our vision and starting
text boxes highlighting key learning points. We have also the project, Alice Oven and then Gabriel Schenk for their
incorporated case studies that emphasize and reinforce persistence and ensuring that the project comes to fruition.
key learning points and important approaches to disease
management. Pallav L. Shah
We would like to thank all the contributing authors Felix J.F. Herth
for their contribution. The authors originate from leading Yun Chor Gary Lee
hospitals across four continents, making this textbook a Gerard J. Criner
ix
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Editors
Pallav L. Shah qualified from Guys Hospital Medical Yun Chor Gary Lee is a chest physician and clinician
School and then trained at the Royal Brompton Hospital scientist with an interest in translational research of
and did his research degree with University of London. pleural disease. His pleural program includes a labo-
He is currently Professor of Medicine at Imperial ratory and a clinical research arm closely integrated
College, London. He is also a Senior Consultant with an active tertiary clinical pleural disease service.
Physician at the Royal Brompton Hospital and Chelsea His work has translated to clinical practice on many
and Westminster Hospital. Professor Shah is active in occasions and contributed directly to reducing mor-
both the research and the development of new treat- tality, morbidity, and healthcare costs in patient care.
ments. He has authored and edited key medical He has a strong record in training clinical fellows and
textbooks: Gray’s Anatomy (39th and 40th editions) postdoctoral scientists. He is Professor of Respiratory
and the Oxford Textbook of Medicine (6th edition). He Medicine at the University of Western Australia,
has been on national and global guideline groups and is Director of Pleural Services at Sir Charles Gairdner
a specialist advisor to the National Institute of Clinical Hospital, and leads the Pleural Medicine research
Excellence (NICE) and the Commission on Human group at the Institute for Respiratory Health in Perth,
Medicines (Cardiovascular, Diabetes, Renal, Respiratory Australia.
and Allergy Expert Advisory Group).
Gerard J. Criner graduated from Temple University
Felix J.F. Herth graduated at the University of Freiburg School of Medicine. He is Chair and Professor of
and was trained in Karlsruhe, Heidelberg, Germany and Thoracic Medicine and Surgery at the Lewis Katz
Boston, USA. He is Professor of Pneumology at the Uni- School of Medicine at Temple University. He is also
versity of Heidelberg. His Department of Pulmonary and Director of Temple Lung Center and co-director of the
Respiratory Critical Care Medicine focuses on the diag- Center for Lung Inflammation Research. He is on the
nosis and therapy of respiratory tract diseases such as Board of Directors for the Global Initiative for Chronic
lung emphysema, cystic fibrosis, fibrosing alveolitis, and Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). He has extensive
pulmonary hypertension; on noninvasive ventilatory experience in conducting, designing, and leading
support for patients with respiratory deficiency or failure; multicenter trials for the past 25 years. He has been
and on sleep-related respiratory disorders. He provides involved in multiple National Institutes of Health
outstanding expertise in all fields of bronchoscopy, steering committees, ad hoc technical panels, and
taking a lead position in the development of devices for capo work groups over the past 20 years.
diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. His research inter-
est is lung cancer, interstitial lung diseases, and
interventional bronchoscopy. Felix Herth is one of
the European health leaders working closely with the
European Health Commission.
xi
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Contributors
xiii
xiv Contributors
Midaxillary line
Horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Left lower lobe
Right lower lobe
Cardiac notch
Figure 1.1 Lobes and fissures of the left and right lungs.
Figure 1.2 Chest radiograph from a patient who presented to the emergency department with acute onset dyspnea found to
have a primary spontaneous pneumothorax of the left lung.
4 Lung anatomy and development
Apical Apico-
posterior
Posterior
Anterior Anterior Superior
Superior
Lateral Superior
lingular Antero-
medial
Medial Lateral
basal
Anterior basal
basal Inferior
Lateral lingular
basal
Note: Note:
posterior basal and medial basal posterior basal segment is
segments are obscured from view obscured from view
Figure 1.3 Diagram of the bronchopulmonary segments. The right lung normally contains 10 different bronchopulmonary
segments, while the left lung contains 8.
Cartilage
Tracheal lumen
Figure 1.4 Histologic cross-sectional picture of the adult trachea. Note the C-shaped cartilaginous ring that spares the posterior
wall of the trachea.
CJW
Portable
Erect
Figure 1.5 Chest radiograph of a 38-year-old male with aspiration pneumonia related to a drug overdose. Aspirated contents
preferentially enter the right lung via the right mainstem bronchus due to its shorter length, wider diameter, and more vertical
alignment in comparison to the left mainstem bronchus.
6 Lung anatomy and development
Trachea
Figure 1.6 Airway divisions of the left and right mainstem bronchus.
Tertiary bronchus
Bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole
Respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct
Alveolar sac
CO2
O2
Alveolus
Capillaries
microtubule formation (two central signets surrounded by respiratory tract. Basal cells, another specialized cell-type in
nine peripheral doublets) (Figure 1.8). In addition, the epi- the epithelium, function as reserve cells capable of differen-
thelium contains secretory cells known as goblet cells that tiating into goblet or columnar epithelial cells. Distal to the
produce and release mucous. The production of mucous epithelium is the submucosal layer (comprised of smooth
along with the rhythmic movement of cilia allow for retrieval muscle and mucous glands) and, finally, the fibrocartilaginous
and a “sweeping” of inspired dust particles up and out of the layer that provides a supporting framework (Figure 1.9).
Figure 1.8 Electron micrograph image of respiratory cilia in cross-section. Note the characteristic microtubule arrangement of
motile cilia (nine peripheral doublets + two central singlets).
Bronchus Bronchlole
GC
CL
Mucosa CC
BC
BM
SM
Submucosa
MG
Fibrocartilaginous
layer CA
(a) (b)
Figure 1.9 Diagram of the cellular components comprising the airway wall. Note the contrasting structures present in the large
airways (panel a) compared to the smaller airways (panel b). CC, ciliated columnar epithelial cell; GC, goblet cell; BM, basement
membrane; BC, basal cell; SM, smooth muscle; MG, mucous gland; CA, cartilage; CL, Clara cell.
8 Lung anatomy and development
Figure 1.11 Chest radiograph from a 32-year-old man with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from pneumonia.
Additionally, the patient had apical pneumothoraces bilaterally. In ARDS, a “leaky” alveolar epithelium is caused by excessive
destruction of type I pneumocytes. This results in the development of noncardiogenic pulmonary edema.
bronchi and branch parallel to them. The pulmonary arteries The bronchial circulation, a second pulmonary blood
lead into arterioles and eventually terminate with the for- supply, provides nutrients to the airways and connective
mation of a thin-walled dense capillary network surrounding tissue of the lung. The bronchial arteries originate from
the alveolar walls. either the thoracic aorta or the upper intercostal arteries
After gas exchange occurs at the alveolar–capillary unit, the (Figure 1.12). The bronchial arteries also contribute to the
capillary network forms into venules that coalesce into pul- blood supply of the visceral pleura via anastomoses that form
monary veins. Pulmonary veins, in contrast to pulmonary with pulmonary arteries. Of note, only blood received from
arteries, course through connective tissues between lobules the bronchial arteries is oxygenated. The bronchial veins
independent from the parallel course of bronchi and arteries. return only a small portion of blood supplied by the bron-
The pulmonary veins develop into larger superior and inferior chial arteries, with the remainder entering into the pulmo-
pulmonary veins for each respective lung (four total), which nary veins (a region of normal admixture of oxygenated and
lastly return oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart. deoxygenated blood).
Superior left
bronchial artery
(directly from aortic arch
T6 at level of T5 or T6)
Right bronchial artery
(from fifth or sixth
posterior intercostal artery) Inferior left
bronchial artery
(directly from aortic arch
at level of T5 or T6)
T8
T10
Figure 1.12 Bronchial artery circulation. Note that the right bronchial artery arises from an intercostal artery, while the superior
and inferior left brachial arteries arise directly from the aorta.
10 Lung anatomy and development
Table 1.2 Stimuli and reflexes for major afferent receptors in the lung
ENVOI
THE TRAILMAN
(Lines written in 1909 in honor of John Muir)
By Henry Meade Bland
The wild, high climb o’er the mountain, the lodge by the river’s brim;
The glance at the great cloud-horses, as they plunge o’er the range’s
rim;
The juniper’s balm for the nostril, the dash in the cool trout stream;
Yea, these are the Trailman’s glory; Yea, these are the Trailman’s
dream!
The ride up the wild river-canyon where the wild oats grow breast
high;
The shout of the quail on the hillside; the turtle dove flashing by;
An eve round the fragrant fire, and the tales of heroic theme;
Lo, these are the Trailman’s glory; Lo, these are the Trailman’s
dream!
DRIFTING
By Thomas Buchanan Read
My soul to-day
Is far away,
Sailing the Vesuvian Bay;
My wingèd boat,
A bird afloat,
Swims round the purple peaks remote:—
I heed not, if
My rippling skiff
Float swift or slow from cliff to cliff;—
With dreamful eyes
My spirit lies
Under the walls of Paradise.
O happy ship,
To rise and dip,
With the blue crystal at your lip!
O happy crew,
My heart with you
Sails, and sails, and sings anew!
No more, no more
The worldly shore
Upbraids me with its loud uproar;
With dreamful eyes
My spirit lies
Under the walls of Paradise!
JOHN ANDERSON, MY JO
By Robert Burns
RECESSIONAL
By Rudyard Kipling
MY COUNTRY
By Robert Whitaker
SERENADE
By Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
THE BROOKSIDE
By Richard Monckton Milnes
The maid shakes her head, on her lip lays her fingers,
Steals up from her seat,—longs to go, and yet lingers;
A frightened glance turns to her drowsy grandmother,
Puts one foot on the stool, and spins the wheel with the other.
Lazily, easily, swings now the wheel round;
Slowly and lowly is heard now the reel’s sound;
Noiseless and light to the lattice above her
The maid steps,—then leaps to the arms of her lover.
Slower—and slower—and slower the wheel swings;
Lower—and lower—and lower the reel rings;
Ere the reel and the wheel stop their ringing and moving,
Through the grove the young lovers by moonlight are roving.
—From Judge.