Review Chapters - Lý thuyết tài chính
Review Chapters - Lý thuyết tài chính
Table of Contents
Chapter 1 – What is money? ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.1 Definition of money ..................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Function of money ...................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Evolution of payment system .................................................................................................... 4
1.4 M2, M1 .......................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter 2 – An overview of the financial system .................................................................................... 6
2.1 Analyzing the functions of financial market in the economy. ................................................ 6
2.2 Describe some ways in which financial intermediates help lower transaction cost in the
economy................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 What are the basic differences between bonds and stocks? ................................................. 6
2.4 Compare the problem of estimating stock cash flows to estimating bond cash flows? .... 6
2.5 Discuss the difference between Primary Market and Secondary Market (definition, type of
purchasing, financing, intermediary, price, organizational difference…) ......................................... 7
2.6 Analyze the difference between primary and secondary market (Definition, type of
product, purchase type, frequency of selling, parties involved, intermediary, purpose, price). .... 8
2.7 Describe the primary and secondary markets, and explain why secondary markets are so
important to businesses. ........................................................................................................................ 9
2.8 Analyze the difference between Money Market and Capital Market (Nature of market,
financial instruments, risk factor, liquidity, purpose, time horizon, function, merits, return on
investment). ............................................................................................................................................. 9
2.9 Characteristics of financial market ......................................................................................... 10
2.10 Types of debt ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.11 Secondary market ..................................................................................................................... 10
2.12 Liquid assets ............................................................................................................................. 10
2.13 Money market vs Capital market ............................................................................................. 10
2.14 Bonds ......................................................................................................................................... 11
2.15 Equity and debt ......................................................................................................................... 11
2.16 Direct finance vs Indirect finance ............................................................................................ 11
Chapter 3: The Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market
Hypothesis ................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.1 Stockholder................................................................................................................................ 12
3.2 Dividends ................................................................................................................................... 12
3.3 The value of any investment .................................................................................................... 12
3.4 Gordon Growth Model .............................................................................................................. 12
3.5 One-period valuation model..................................................................................................... 12
3.6 Generalized dividend model .................................................................................................... 12
3.7 Rational expectation ................................................................................................................. 12
3.8 Efficient markets hypothesis ................................................................................................... 13
Chapter 4 - Understanding Interest Rate ................................................................................................ 14
A. Lý thuyết ........................................................................................................................................ 14
4.1 The time value of money .......................................................................................................... 14
4.2 Loans .......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.3 Bonds ......................................................................................................................................... 14
4.4 Consols ...................................................................................................................................... 15
B. Bài tập tính toán ............................................................................................................................ 15
4.5 Dạng bài xác định trái tức ........................................................................................................ 15
4.6 Dạng bài tính giá hiện tại của trái phiếu ................................................................................. 15
4.7 Dạng bài tính tỷ suất sinh lợi đến ngày đáo hạn (Yield-to-maturity) của trái phiếu .......... 15
4.10 Dạng bài tập về Giá trị hiện tại – Giá trị tương lai của dòng tiền đầu kỳ, cuối kỳ .............. 18
Chapter 5 – Goals and governance of the firm ...................................................................................... 19
5.1 Finance / Financial market: ...................................................................................................... 19
5.2 Organizational structure of a corporation: ............................................................................. 19
5.3 Sole proprietorship: .................................................................................................................. 19
5.4 Limited partnership vs General partnership: ......................................................................... 20
5.5 Goals of the firm: ...................................................................................................................... 20
5.6 Agency problems: ..................................................................................................................... 20
5.7 Real assets vs financial assets: .............................................................................................. 20
5.8 Investing decisions vs Financing decisions: ......................................................................... 21
5.9 Tangible assets vs Intangible assets: ..................................................................................... 21
5.10 Capital structure: ...................................................................................................................... 21
5.11 Stakeholders:............................................................................................................................. 21
Chapter 6 – How to calculate present value?......................................................................................... 22
6.1 LÝ THUYẾT: ............................................................................................................................... 22
6.2 Dạng bài “Single payment cashflow” – Chỉ có 𝑪𝟎 và 𝑪𝒏 ...................................................... 22
6.3 Dạng bài “Multiple payment cashflows” – Có 𝑪𝟎, 𝑪𝟏, 𝑪𝟐, …., 𝑪𝒏 ........................................ 23
6.4 Dạng bài “Net present value”: ................................................................................................. 24
6.5 Dạng bài “Annuity” ................................................................................................................... 25
6.6 Dạng bài “Perpetuity” ............................................................................................................... 27
6.7 Dạng bài “Growth Annuity” ..................................................................................................... 28
6.8 Dạng bài “Growth Perpetuity” ................................................................................................. 29
6.9 Dạng bài “Discount Factor” ..................................................................................................... 29
6.10 Dạng APR (Annual Percentage Rate) ...................................................................................... 30
6.11 Dạng EAR ................................................................................................................................... 30
Chapter 7 – The value of common stocks and payout policy .............................................................. 32
LÝ THUYẾT: ........................................................................................................................................... 32
7.1 Dạng bài tính “Market Capitalization”: ................................................................................... 33
7.2 Dạng bài tính “P/E, EPS”: ......................................................................................................... 33
7.3 Dạng bài tính “dividend payout ratio” vs “plowback ratio”: ................................................ 33
7.4 Dạng bài tính “Price” của stock: ............................................................................................. 34
7.5 Dạng bài tính “Rate of return” (r%): ........................................................................................ 36
7.6 Dạng bài tính “dividend growth rate” (g%): ........................................................................... 36
7.7 Dạng bài tính “Dividend in year n”: ........................................................................................ 37
7.8 Dạng Stock price ....................................................................................................................... 37
7.9 Dạng Value of dividend ............................................................................................................ 37
7.10 Dạng Stock outstanding / Split stocks ................................................................................... 38
Chapter 8 – Financial Analysis ................................................................................................................ 39
Key terms cần nhớ: .............................................................................................................................. 39
Financial statements ............................................................................................................................. 39
Income of a company ........................................................................................................................... 39
8.1 Measuring performance ........................................................................................................... 40
8.2 Measuring Profitability ............................................................................................................. 40
8.3 Measuring Efficiency ................................................................................................................ 41
8.4 Measuring Leverage ................................................................................................................. 42
8.5 Measuring Liquidity: ................................................................................................................. 43
8.6 Measuring Investment .............................................................................................................. 44
8.7 Dạng tổng hợp........................................................................................................................... 44
Chapter 9 – Working Capital Management ............................................................................................. 47
Key terms cần nhớ: .............................................................................................................................. 47
9.1 Inventory Management ............................................................................................................. 47
9.2 Receivables Management ........................................................................................................ 48
9.3 Payables Management .............................................................................................................. 50
9.4 Cash Management .................................................................................................................... 50
Chapter 10 – Financial Planning .............................................................................................................. 52
Key terms cần nhớ: .............................................................................................................................. 52
10.1 Sources of cash ........................................................................................................................ 52
10.2 Uses of cash .............................................................................................................................. 53
10.3 Cash budgeting ......................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 1 – What is money?
1.1 Definition of money
Money Currency Income Wealth
• Money is anything • Currency includes • Income is a flow of • The total collection
that is generally paper money and earnings per unit of of pieces of
accepted in coins. time. property that serve
payment for goods • An individualʹs to store value is a
and services or in annual salary is her person’s wealth.
the repayment of income.
debt.
• Money is used to
make purchases
1.2 Function of money
Of moneyʹs three functions, the one that distinguishes money from other assets is its function as a
medium of exchange.
Transaction costs are the time and resources spent trying to exchange goods and services.
Compared to an economy that uses a medium of exchange, in a barter economy, transaction costs are
higher.
Kevin purchasing concert tickets with his debit card is an example of the medium of exchange function of
money.
When money prices are used to facilitate comparisons of value, money is said to function as a unit of
account.
If there are five goods in a barter economy, one needs to know ten prices in order to exchange one good
for another. If, however, there are ten goods in a barter economy, then one needs to know 45 prices in
order to exchange one good for another.
Because it is a unit of account, money reduces the number of prices that need to be calculated.
Patrick places his pocket change into his savings bank on his desk each evening. By his actions, Patrick
indicates that he believes that money is a medium of exchange.
1.3 Evolution of payment system
A disadvantage of commodity money is that it is very heavy and hard to transport from one place to
another.
Compared to checks, paper currency and coins have the major drawbacks that they are easily stolen.
When compared to exchange systems that rely on money, disadvantages of the barter system include:
the requirement of a double coincidence of wants.
1.4 M2, M1
Which of the following statements best explains how the use of money in an economy increases
economic efficiency? Money increases economic efficiency because it decreases transactions costs.
Since it does not have to be converted into anything else to make purchases, money is the most liquid
asset.
Ranking assets from most liquid to least liquid, the correct order is currency; savings bonds; house.
The M1 measure of money includes travelerʹs checks.
Small-denomination time deposits is not included in the M1 measure of money but is included in the M2
measure of money.
Chapter 2 – An overview of the financial system
2.1 Analyzing the functions of financial market in the economy.
• Channel funds from economic players that have saved surplus funds to those that have a shortage
of funds;
• Direct finance: borrowers borrow funds directly from lenders in financial markets by selling them
securities;
• Promotes economic efficiency by producing an efficient allocation of capital, which increases
production;
• Directly improve the well-being of consumers by allowing them to time purchases better.
2.2 Describe some ways in which financial intermediates help lower transaction cost in the
economy
• Economies of scale-financial intermediaries have expertise in lowering transaction costs and their
large size allows them to reduce transaction costs per dollar as the size (scale) of transactions
increases (banks can use information over and over again to check credit)
• Able to draft single contract for a single cost & use it for thousands of people as a universal contract,
minimizing cost per contract.
2.3 What are the basic differences between bonds and stocks?
Bond Stock
Definition A bond is a certificate of indebtedness that stock represents a share of ownership in
specifies the obligations of the borrower to a firm and is, therefore, a claim on the
the holder of the bond profits that the firm makes.
Sales The sale of bonds to raise money is called the sale of stock is called equity finance
debt finance
Profits the owner of bonds receives a fixed the owner of shares of stock in a company
interest rate share in the profits of a company
Risk - Return Compared to bonds, stocks offer the
holder both higher risk and a potentially
higher return.
2.4 Compare the problem of estimating stock cash flows to estimating bond cash flows?
Bond cashflows Stock cashflows
Types of Bond cash flows also consist of two parts, There are two cash flows from stock:
cashflow periodic interest payments and a final periodic dividends and a future sales
maturity payment. price.
Profits These payments are established in writing Dividends are frequently changed when a
at the time the bonds are issued and firm’s earnings either rise or fall, which
can make them difficult to estimate.
cannot be changed without the firm The future sales price is also difficult to
defaulting and being subject to bankruptcy estimate, because it depends on the
dividends that will be paid at some date
even further in the future.
Price Stock prices tend to be more volatile,
because their cash flows are more
subject to change.
2.5 Discuss the difference between Primary Market and Secondary Market (definition, type of
purchasing, financing, intermediary, price, organizational difference…)
BASIS FOR
PRIMARY MARKET SECONDARY MARKET
COMPARISON
Type of
Direct Indirect
Purchasing
Buying and
Company and Investors Investors
selling between
Basis of
Primary Market Secondary Market
Comparison
A platform that offers security for The market where investor’s trade
Definition the first time is the primary already issued securities is known as
market. the secondary market.
All the purchases in this market The issuer (company raising capital)
Purchase type
happen directly. is not involved in the trading.
Frequency of Security can be sold to the Here the traders can buy and sell the
selling investors just once in this market. shares as many times they want.
2.8 Analyze the difference between Money Market and Capital Market (Nature of market,
financial instruments, risk factor, liquidity, purpose, time horizon, function, merits, return
on investment).
BASIS FOR
MONEY MARKET CAPITAL MARKET
COMPARISON
To fulfil short term credit needs of the To fulfil long term credit needs of the
Purpose
business. business.
Return on
Less Comparatively High
Investment
- Lưu ý:
• Market capitalization: còn được gọi là Market Value of Equity
• Book value of equity: được lấy trên Balance Sheet, khoản mục Equity.
• Economic Value Added (EVA): còn được gọi là Residual Income.
1. Given a book value per share of $10 and a market value of $24, what is the market capitalization of a
firm with 2,000,000 outstanding shares?
2. Given a book value per share of $5 and a market value of $12, what is the market value added of a
firm with 2,000,000 outstanding shares?
8.2 Measuring Profitability
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Return on capital (ROC): Đo lường tổng khả năng sinh lợi trong hoạt động của doanh nghiệp
từ tất cả các nguồn tài trợ
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑂𝐶 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙
- Return on equity (ROE): Đo lường khả năng sinh lơị đối với cổ phần nói chung, bao gồm cả
cổ phần ưu đãi.
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑂𝐸 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
- Return on assets (ROA): Đo lường hiệu quả hoạt động của công ty mà không quan tâm đến
cấu trúc tài chính
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑂𝐴 =
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
- Profit Margin: Chỉ số này cho biết mỗi đồng doanh thu thu về tạo ra được bao nhiêu đồng thu
nhập.
Net Income
Profit Margin =
Sales
- Operating Profit Margin: Hệ số biên lợi nhuận hoạt động cho biết một đồng doanh thu có thể
tạo ra bao nhiêu đồng lợi nhuận trước thuế và lãi vay.
After tax interest + Net Income
Operating Profit Margin =
Sales
- DuPont System: để làm thay đổi chỉ số ROE doanh nghiệp có thể tác động một trong ba yếu tố
cấu thành sau: Tỷ suất lợi nhuận ròng, Vòng quay tài sản, Đòn bẩy tài chính. ROA và ROE có
mối tương quan với nhau thông qua mô hình phân tích Dupont.
Net profit Sales Assets
ROE = × × = Net Profit Margin × Asset turnover × Financial Leverage
Sales Assets Equity
Sales Net Income + Interest
ROA = × = Asset turnover × Operating Profit Margin
Assets Sales
ROE = ROA × Financial Leverage
1. Given the following data: EBIT = 400; Tax = 100; Sales = 3000; Average Total Assets = 1500, calculate
net profit margin?
2. Given the following data: EBIT = 400; Tax = 100; Sales = 3000; Average Total Assets = 1500, calculate
the ROA?
3. Given the following data: EBIT = 400; NI = 100; Average Equity = 1000, calculate the ROE?
8.3 Measuring Efficiency
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Asset turnover: Đo lường khả năng doanh nghiệp tạo ra doanh thu từ việc đầu tư vào tổng tài
sản. Chỉ số này bằng 3 có nghĩa là : với mỗi đô la được đầu tư vào trong tổng tài sản, thì công
ty sẽ tạo ra được 3 đô la doanh thu. Các doanh nghiệp trong ngành thâm dụng vốn thường có
chỉ số vòng quay tổng tài sản thấp hơn so với các doanh nghiệp khác.
Sales
Asset turnover =
Average total assets
- Inventory turnover: Trong 1 năm, hàng được lấy ra khỏi kho và mua lại hàng mới bỏ lại trong
kho hết bao nhiêu lần?
Cost of goods sold
Inventory turnover =
Average inventory
- Average days in inventory: Số ngày trung bình để công ty bán hết hàng trong kho
365
Average days in inventory =
Inventory turnover
- Receivables turnover: Trong 1 năm, cty đã cho khách hàng thiếu nợ và thu hồi được các khoản
phải thu bao nhiêu lần?
Sales
Receivables turnover =
Average receivables
- Average collection period: Số ngày trung bình để công ty thu hồi nợ từ khách hàng
365
Average collection period =
Receivables Turnover
- Payables turnover: Trong 1 năm, cty đã trả nợ cho nhà cung ứng hết bao nhiêu lần
COGS
Payables turnover =
Average payables
- Average payment period: Số ngày trung bình để công ty trả nợ cho nhà cung ứng
365
Average payment period =
Payables Turnover
1. Given the following data: Sales = 3200; Cost of goods sold = 1600; Average total assets = 1600;
Average inventory = 200, calculate the asset turnover ratio?
2. Given the following data: Sales = 3200; Cost of goods sold = 1600; Average total assets = 1600;
Average inventory = 200. Calculate Inventory turnover and the days in inventory?
3. A company has sales of $1,150,000 and cost of goods sold of $830,000. The firm had a beginning
inventory of $65,000 and an ending inventory of $72,000. Calculate Inventory turnover. What is the
length of the inventory period?
4. Given the following data: Sales = 3200; Cost of goods sold = 1600; Average receivables = 200.
Calculate the receivable turnover and the average collection period?
5. A company has average accounts receivable of $33,700, average inventory of $54,200, sales of
$364,200, and cost of goods sold of $193,400. How long does it take the firm to sell its inventory and
collect payment on the sale?
8.4 Measuring Leverage
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Long term debt ratio: Phản ánh tình hình nợ dài hạn của doanh nghiệp. (D/V)
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 + 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
- Debt-equity ratio: Phản ánh mức độ tài trợ bằng vốn vay một cách thường xuyên (qua đó thấy
được rủi ro về mặt tài chính mà công ty phải chịu) qua việc loại bỏ các khoản nợ ngắn hạn (tín
dụng thương mại phi lãi suất và những khoản phải trả ngắn hạn). (D/E)
𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑦
- Total debt ratio: Đây là một loại tỉ lệ đòn bẩy xác định tổng số nợ liên quan đến tài sản, cho
phép so sánh mức đòn bẩy được sử dụng giữa các công ty khác nhau.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
- Times interest earned: Hệ số khả năng thanh toán lãi vay cho biết mức độ lợi nhuận đảm bảo
khả năng trả lãi như thế nào.
𝐸𝐵𝐼𝑇𝐷𝐴
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑑 =
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
1. Given the following data: EBIT = 100; Depreciation = 40; Interest = 20; Dividends = 10; calculate the
Times Interest Earned (TIE) ratio.
2. If the debt ratio is 0.5 what is the debt-equity ratio?
3. Given the following data: Long-term debt = 100; Value of leases = 20; Book value of equity = 80; Market
value of equity = 100, calculate long-term debt ratio.
4. Given the following data: Long-term debt = 100; Value of leases = 20; Book value of equity = 80; Market
value of equity = 100, calculate the debt-equity ratio.
8.5 Measuring Liquidity:
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Net working capital: Chỉ số này xác định xem một công ty có thể đáp ứng các nghĩa vụ nợ hiện
tại với tài sản hiện tại của mình không; và thiếu hoặc thừa bao nhiêu.
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 − 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
- Net working capital to total assets ratio: Biểu thị tỷ trọng tài sản hiện tại ròng hoặc vốn lưu
động của một công ty chiếm bao nhiêu phần trăm trên tổng tài sản của công ty đó.
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑁𝑊𝐶 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
- Current ratio: Hệ số này đánh giá khả năng mà một công ty có thể thanh toán các nghĩa vụ nợ
ngắn hạn bằng cách sử dụng các tài sản hiện tại (tiền mặt, chứng khoán ngắn hạn, các khoản
phải thu hiện tại, hàng tồn kho và các khoản trả trước).
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
- Quick ratio: Hệ số này (còn được gọi là chỉ số Acid Test) đo lường khả năng một công ty có
thể thanh toán các nghĩa vụ ngắn hạn bằng cách sử dụng các loại tài sản hiện tại hoặc "tài sản
nhanh" (tiền mặt, chứng khoán ngắn hạn và các khoản phải thu hiện tại).
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
- Cash ratio: Chỉ số này đo lường khả năng một công ty có thể trả các khoản nợ hiện tại của
mình bằng cách sử dụng tiền mặt và chứng khoán ngắn hạn. Chứng khoán ngắn hạn là công
cụ nợ ngắn hạn tốt, giống như tiền mặt.
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
- Lưu ý:
• Current ratio, Quick ratio, Cash ratio: Tử số và mẫu số dư trung bình cộng trên Balance
Sheet.
1. Given the following data: Total current assets = $852; Total current liabilities = $406; Long-term debt =
$442, calculate the net working capital.
2. Given the following data: Current assets = 500; Current liabilities = 250; Inventory = 200; Account
receivables = 200; calculate the current ratio.
3. Given the following data: Current assets = 500; Current liabilities = 250; Inventory = 200; Account
receivables = 200; calculate the quick ratio.
4. Given the following data: Current assets = 500; Current liabilities = 250; Inventory = 200; Account
receivables = 200; calculate the cash ratio? Assume that the firm has no marketable securities.
5. Given the following data: Current assets = 700; Current liabilities = 350; Inventory = 250; Account
receivables = 200; calculate the quick ratio.
8.6 Measuring Investment
Chiến lược làm bài:
- P/E ratio: Chỉ số P/E thể hiện mức giá mà bạn sẵn sàng bỏ ra cho một đồng lợi nhuận thu được
từ cổ phiếu. Hoặc nhà đầu tư sẵn sàng trả giá bao nhiêu cho cổ phiếu của 1 doanh nghiệp dựa
trên lợi nhuận (thu nhập) của doanh nghiệp đó.
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑃/𝐸 =
𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝐸𝑃𝑆 =
𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘𝑠
- Dividend yield: là cổ tức mà một công ty trả trong một thời kỳ kế toán, thường là 1 năm, được
tính bằng cách lấy cổ tức của mỗi cổ phần chia cho giá trị hiện hành trên thị trường của cổ phiếu.
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 =
𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒
- Payout ratio: Tỷ lệ trả cổ tức là tỷ trọng của tổng lợi nhuận được phân phối dưới dạng cổ tức,
phần còn lại được gọi là lợi nhuận giữ lại.
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑢𝑡 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
1. Given the following data: Earnings per share = $6; Dividends per share = $3; Price per share = $60,
calculate the P/E ratio?
2. Given the following data: Earnings per share = $5; Dividends per share = $3; Price per share = $50.
calculate the dividend yield?
3. Given the following data: Earnings per share = $5; Dividends per share = $3; Price per share = $50.
Calculate the payout ratio?
8.7 Dạng tổng hợp
Look up the financial statement of Company ABC:
Balance Sheet at 31/12/2020
Assets 31/12/2020 31/12/2019
Current assets
Cash and marketable securities 661 530
Account receivable 166 247
Inventories 8,209 7,611
Other current assets 215 298
Total current assets 9,251 8,686
Fixed assets
Tangible fixed assets
Property, plant, and equipment 31,477 28,836
Less accumulated depreciation 8,755 7,475
Net tangible fixed assets 22,722 21,361
4. In the EOQ inventory model, the optimal order size is achieved when carrying costs = order costs.
5. When credit is granted to another firm this gives rise to an Accounts receivable.
6. Account receivables include Trade credit and Consumer credit.
7. Examples of transactions involve credit: 2/30, net 60 or 2/10 EOM, net 60.
8. If a firm grants credit with terms of 3/10 net 30, the creditor receives a discount of 3% when payment
is made in less than 10 days after the sale.
9. The net credit period for a company with terms of 3/10 net 60 is 50 days.
10. The most important source of short-term financing is bank loan.
11. A large firm may hold substantial cash balances because these balances are required by the bank in
the form of compensating balances.
12. The market for short-term investments is called money market.
9.1 Inventory Management
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Để quản trị hàng tồn kho, ngoài các chỉ số như Inventory Turnover, Days in inventory, thì công ty có
thể quản trị thông qua tính toán số lượng tối ưu hàng tồn kho – nghĩa là ở mức số lượng đó thì chi
phí liên quan đến hàng tồn kho là thấp nhất.
- Nhận diện dạng bài có chữ “optimal” (tối ưu).
- Dùng công thức:
- Trong đó:
• EOQ: Số lượng đặt hàng tối ưu để chi phí liên quan đến hàng tồn kho là thấp nhất
• Sales: Số đơn vị sản phẩm dự kiến sẽ bán trong năm (units)
• Cost per order: Chi phí cố định cho 1 đơn đặt hàng ($ / đơn)
• Carrying cost: Chi phí lưu kho cho 1 sản phẩm ($ / unit)
1. A company uses 400,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $100/ton. The cost per order
is $500. Calculate the economic order quantity per order.
2. A company uses 400,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $100/ton. The cost per order
is $500. Calculate the optimal number of orders per year.
3. A company uses 400,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $100/ton. The cost per order
is $500. Calculate the optimal annual order costs.
4. A company uses 400,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $100/ton. The cost per order
is $500. Calculate the optimal carrying costs.
5. A company uses 400,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $100/ton. The cost per order
is $500. Calculate the total costs of optimal inventory.
6. A company uses 400,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $100/ton. The cost per order
is $500. Calculate the economic order quantity per order, the optimal number of orders per year, the
optimal annual order costs, the optimal carrying costs and the total costs of optimal inventory.
7. A company uses 1,200,000 tons of stone per year. The carrying costs are $75/ton. The cost per order
is $480. Calculate the economic order quantity per order, the optimal number of orders per year, the
optimal annual order costs, the optimal carrying costs and the total costs of optimal inventory.
8. A company expects to sell 2,430 printers next year. Annual carrying cost is $50 per printer, and ordering
cost is $30. The company operates 360 days a year. Calculate the EOQ, number of times per year the
company reorder, the total annual cost if the EOQ quantity is ordered, the length of an order cycle.
9. A firm has sales of $860,000 and cost of goods sold of $490,000. The firm had a beginning inventory
of $98,000 and an ending inventory of $112,000. What is the length of the inventory period?
10. A firm has sales of $498,000 and cost of goods sold of $221,000. At the beginning of the year, inventory
was $36,400. At the end of the year, the inventory balance was $31,800. What is the inventory turnover
rate?
11. A firm has sales of $710,000. The cost of goods sold is equal to 57 percent of sales. The firm has
average inventory of $23,940. How many days on average does it take the firm to sell its inventory?
9.2 Receivables Management
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Để quản trị các khoản phải thu, ngoài các chỉ số như Receivales Turnover, Collection period thì công
ty có thể quản trị thông qua Terms of sales và Break-even analysis.
- Nhận diện dạng bài có “term of sale” (chính sách bán hàng), hỏi Effective annual rate hoặc implied
interest rate hoặc cost of forgoing the discount.
- Dùng công thức:
365
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑡
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 (𝐸𝐴𝑅) = (1 + ) −1
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
- Nhận diện dạng bài có “credit”, “possibility” (xác suất khách hàng trả tiền mua hàng), hỏi kêu tính
“Break-even p” hoặc “Expected profit from new customer”.
- Dùng công thức:
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝐵𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑘 − 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑝 =
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
1. A company has sales of $626,000. The cost of goods sold is equal to 68 percent of sales. The beginning
accounts receivable balance is $75,534 and the ending accounts receivable balance is $76,209. How
long on average does it take the firm to collect its receivables?
2. Supposing you purchase goods on terms of 1/10, net 30. Taking compounding into account, what
annual rate of interest is implied by the cash discount? (Assume a year has 365 days, sale is $100)
3. Suppose you purchase goods on terms of 3/10, net 60. Taking compounding into account, what annual
rate of interest is implied by the cash discount? (Assume a year has 365 days, sale is $100.)
4. Suppose you purchase goods on terms of 2/10, net 50. Taking compounding into account, what annual
rate of interest is implied by the cash discount? (Assume a year has 365 days, sale is $100.)
5. A supplier offers you credit terms of 1.5/10, net 30. What is the cost of forgoing the discount on a $1,200
purchase?
6. A supplier offers you credit terms of 2/15, net 45. What is the cost of forgoing the discount on a $218,400
purchase?
7. Ms. Nhu has ordered goods with a value of $800. The production cost is $600. Under what conditions
should you extend credit if there is no possibility of repeat orders?
8. Ms. Nhu has ordered goods with a value of $2000. The production cost is $1800. Under what conditions
should you extend credit if there is no possibility of repeat orders?
9. Ms. Nhu has ordered goods with a value of $1200. The production cost is $800. Under what conditions
should you extend credit if there is no possibility of repeat orders?
10. The default rate of a firm' new customers has been running at 10%. The average sale for each new
customer amounts to $800, generating a profit of $100 and a 40% chance of a repeat order next year.
The default rate on repeat orders is only 2%. If the interest rate is 9%, what is the expected profit from
each new customer?
11. The default rate of a firm 's new customers has been running at 20%. The average sale for each new
customer amounts to $500, generating a profit of $200 and a 30% chance of a repeat order next year.
The default rate on repeat orders is only 5%. If the interest rate is 6%, what is the expected profit from
each new customer?
12. A firm is currently experiencing a bad debt ratio of 4%. Terry is convinced that, with looser credit
controls, this ratio will increase to 8%; however, she expects sales to increase by 10% as a result. The
cost of goods sold is 80% of the selling price. Per $100 of current sales, what is a firm 's expected profit
under the proposed credit standards?
13. A firm is currently experiencing a bad debt ratio of 6%. The manager convinced that, with tighter credit
controls, he can reduce this ratio to 2%; however, he expects sales to drop by 8% as a result. The cost
of goods sold is 75% of the selling price. Per $100 of current sales, what is the manager's expected
profit under the proposed credit standards?
9.3 Payables Management
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Để quản trị các khoản phải trả, chúng ta có thể dùng chỉ số về Payables Turnover và Payment period.
- Dùng công thức:
𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
365
𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 =
𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
1. A firm has sales of $642,000 and average accounts payable of $56,400. The cost of goods sold is
equivalent to 68 percent of sales. How long does it take Down Towner to pay its suppliers?
2. A firm had a beginning accounts payable balance of $56,900 and an ending accounts payable balance
of $62,800. Sales for the period were $675,000 and costs of goods sold were $448,000. What is the
payables turnover?
9.4 Cash Management
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Nhận diện dạng bài hỏi “Operating cycle”, “Cash cycle”, “Cash Balance”
- Dùng công thức:
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 + 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 − 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
= 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
+ 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 − 𝑃𝑎𝑦𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏𝑦 𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑑𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
1. A firm has an inventory turnover rate of 16, a receivables turnover rate of 21, and a payables turnover
rate of 11. How long is the operating cycle?
2. A company sells its inventory in 87 days on average. Its average customer charges their purchases on
a credit card and payment are received in 10 days. A company takes 56 days on average to pay for its
purchases. Given this information, what is the length of D&M's cash cycle?
3. A company has an inventory turnover rate of 13, an accounts payable period of 44 days, and an
accounts receivable period of 35 days. What is the length of the cash cycle?
4. A company has an inventory turnover of 16 and an accounts receivable turnover of 10. The accounts
payable period is 51 days. What is the length of the cash cycle?
5. A company currently has an operating cycle of 76 days. The firm is analyzing some operational changes
that are expected to decrease the accounts receivable period by 3 days and decrease the inventory
period by 8 days. The accounts payable turnover rate is expected to increase from 7 to 9 times per
year. If all of these changes are adopted, what will the firm's new operating cycle be?
6. A company has an inventory period of 33 days, an accounts payable period of 41 days and an accounts
receivable period of 27 days. Management is considering offering a 5 percent discount if its credit
customers pay for their purchases within 10 days. If the new discount is offered the accounts receivable
period is expected to decline by 13 days. If the new discount is offered, the cash cycle will change from
_____ days to _____ days.
7. A firm currently has a 36-day cash cycle. Assume the firm changes its operations such that it decreases
its receivables period by 3 days, increases its inventory period by 2 days, and decreases its payables
period by 3 days. What will the length of the cash cycle be after these changes?
8. For its most recent year a company had Sales (all on credit) of $830,000 and Cost of Goods Sold of
$525,000. At the beginning of the year its Accounts Receivable were $80,000, its Accounts Payable
were $125,000 and its Inventory was $100,000. At the end of the year its Accounts Receivable were
$86,000, its Accounts Payable were $105,000 and its Inventory was $110,000. Calculate cash cycle
operations.
9. As of the beginning of the quarter, a firm has a cash balance of $250. During the quarter the firm pays
its suppliers $310 and collects $420 from customers. It also pays an interest payment of $30 and a tax
bill of $170. In addition, the firm borrows $135. What is the cash balance at the end of the quarter?
10. On April 1st, a firm had a beginning cash balance of $200. March sales were $460 and April sales were
$510. During April the firm had cash expenses of $150 and payments on accounts payable of $210.
The accounts receivable period is 30 days. What is the firm's beginning cash balance on May 1st?
11. A firm had a Quarter 2 beginning cash balance of $430. Sales for Quarters 1 through 3 are estimated
at $600, $800, and $900, respectively. The cost of goods sold is equal to 70 percent of sales. Goods
are purchased one quarter prior to the month of sale. The accounts payable period is 30 days and the
accounts receivable period is 15 days. The firm had quarterly cash expenses of $180. What was the
cash balance at the end of Quarter 2? Assume a 360-day year.
Chapter 10 – Financial Planning
Key terms cần nhớ:
1. Short-term financial decisions involve short lived assets, short lived liabilities and are easily reversed.
2. The main difference between short-term and long-term finance is the timing of short-term cash flow
being within a year or less.
3. Cumulative capital requirement can be met by long-term financing and short-term financing.
4. The sustainable growth rate is equal to Plowback ratio x Returns on equity.
5. Example of one of the least liquid assets: Long-term assets.
6. The order of liquidity: Marketable securities – Receivables – Inventories - Long-term assets.
7. Net working capital is defined as the difference between current assets and current liabilities.
8. The general formula for calculating the "Ending accounts receivable (AR)”:
Ending (AR) = beginning (AR) + sales - collections
9. The cash cycle is represented by the following sequence:
Cash, raw materials, finished goods, and receivables, cash
10. The first step in the preparation of cash budget is sales forecast.
11. Cash inflow in cash budgeting comes mainly from collection on accounts receivable.
12. A large part of cash outflow in cash budgeting is due to payments on accounts payable.
10.1 Sources of cash
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Nhận dạng bài kêu tính “forcasted collections on AR in ….” hoặc “Ending AR”
- Áp dụng công thức:
Collection của tháng x = Collection từ sales trong tháng x + Collection từ AR của tháng trước
Ending (AR) = beginning (AR) + sales – collections
- Trường hợp đề cho Ending (AR) của tháng i, nhưng ko cho sales của tháng i thì mặc định luôn
Ending (AR) của tháng i sẽ được collect vào tháng (i + 1).
1. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): January,
$60; February, $80; March, $100. 60% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place
and 40% in the following month. Receivables at the end of December were $24 million. What are the
forecasted collections on accounts receivable in March?
2. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): January,
$90; February, $20; March, $30. 70% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place
and 30% in the following month. Receivables at the end of December were $20 million. What are the
forecasted collections on accounts receivable in March?
3. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): January,
$80; February, $60; March, $40. 70% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place,
20% in the following month, and the final 10% in the next month. Receivables at the end of December
were $23 million. What are the forecasted collections on accounts receivable in March?
4. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): January,
$200; February, $140; March, $100. 50% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place,
30% in the following month, and the final 20% in the next month. Receivables at the end of December
were $100 million. What are the forecasted collections on accounts receivable in March?
5. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): February,
$120; March, $135; April, $90. 65% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place and
35% in the following month. Receivables at the end of January were $45 million.
a. What are the forecasted collections on accounts receivable in April?
b. What are the receivable at the end of April?
6. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): January,
$120; February, $135; March, $90. 60% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place
and 40% in the following month. Receivables at the end of December were $75 million.
a. What are the forecasted collections on accounts receivable in March?
b. What are the receivable at the end of March?
7. A company has forecast sales in the first 3 months of the year as follows (figures in millions): January,
$90; February, $20; March, $30. 60% of sales are usually paid for in the month that they take place
and 40% in the following month. Receivables at the end of December were $25 million.
a. What are the forecasted collections on accounts receivable in March?
b. What are the receivable at the end of March?
10.2 Uses of cash
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Nhận diện dạng bài kêu tính “Uses of cash in ….”
- Áp dụng công thức:
Payment của tháng x = Payment từ purchases trong tháng x + Payment từ AP của tháng trước
1. Calculate payment in February and March by cash of a company with following information:
February March
1. Purchases of materials
+ For cash 40 40
+ For credit 10 20
2. Other expenses 10 10
3. Taxes, interest, … 5 5
4. Capital investment 20 0
10.3 Cash budgeting
Chiến lược làm bài:
- Nhận dạng bài kêu tính “cumulative financing requirement”
- Lập bảng Sources of cash, Uses of cash, Cash budgeting
- Áp dụng công thức:
Changes in cash = Sources of cash – Uses of cash
Ending (Cash) = Beginning (Cash) + Changes in cash
Cash requirement = Ending (Cash) – Minimum Cash
- Nếu Cash requirement > 0: surplus; Nếu Cash requirement < 0: shortage.
1. Complete the uses of cash and cumulative financing requirement on February and March.
February March Purchases:
1. Purchases of materials + Jan (credit) 20
+ For cash 40 40 + Credit 1 month
+ For credit 10 20 Minimum Cash 50
2. Other expenses 10 10 Cash at start Feb. 60
3. Taxes, interest, … 5 5
4. Capital investment 20 0
3. Complete the sources and the uses of cash on February and March.
Sales Purchases
+ For cash 60% + Jan (credit) 20
+ For credit 40% + Credit 1 month
+ Jan 70 Minimum Cash 50
February March Cash at start Feb. 60
1. Total sales 90 100
2. Purchases of materials
+ For cash 40 40
+ For credit 10 20
3. Other expenses 10 10
4. Taxes, interest, 5 5
5. Capital investment 20 0
4. Most of Tesla’s cash flow inflow comes from the sale of soup. We therefore start with a sales forecast
by quarter for 2014:
Second Third Fourth
First Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter
Receivables at start of period ($
millions) 187
Sales ($ millions) 650 748 585 234
We assume that sales in the last quarter of the previous year were $ 250 million.
Second Third Fourth
First Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter
Cash at start of period 50
Sales become accounts receivable before they become cash. Cash flow comes from collections on account
receivable. Suppose that 65% of sales are cashed in in the immediate quarter and 35% are cashed in the
following quarter.
Uses of cash:
First Second Third Fourth
Uses of cash Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter
Payments on account payable 220 210 367 252
Increase in inventory 150 150 170 180
Labor and Other expenses 136 136 136 136
Capital expenditures 70 10 8 14.5
Taxes, interest and dividends 46 46 46 46
Total uses 622 552 727 628.5
a. Calculate receivables at the end of period in 2014.
b. Construct table showing Tesla’s cumulative financing requirement in 2014. We assume that Tesla’s
minimum operating cash balance is $30 million.
5. Most of Vingroup’s cash flow inflow comes from the sale of mattresses. We therefore start with a sales
forecast by quarter for 2015:
First Second Third Fourth
Quarter Quarter Quarter Quarter
Receivables at start of
period ($ millions) 150
Sales ($ millions) 560 502 742 836
We assume that sales in the last quarter of the previous year were $ 240 million.
Cash at start of period 25
Sales become accounts receivable before they become cash. Cash flow comes from collections
on account receivable. Suppose that 65% of sales are cashed in in the immediate quarter and
35% are cashed in the following quarter.
Uses of cash:
Uses of cash
Payments on account payable 250 250 267 261
Increase in inventory 150 150 170 180
Labor and Other expenses 136 136 136 136
Capital expenditures 70 10 8 14.5
Taxes, interest and dividends 46 46 46 46
Total uses 652 592 627 637.5
a. Calculate receivables at the end of period in 2015.
b. Construct table showing Vingroup’s cumulative financing requirement in 2015. We assume that
Vingroup’s minimum operating cash balance is $28 million.