EXPERIMENT NO.

TITLE: TENSION TEST

AIM: To determine the tensile strength of specimen

Specimen and equipments

Universal testing machine (fig1.a)
Specimen as shown in the( fig1.b)
Of different ferrous and non ferrous materials

Fig.1(a)

THEORY

The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of a test piece are
fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied
load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically
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deformed solid will return to its original position as soon as load is removed. However, if the
load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension
curve (fig.2), which is recoverable immediately after unloading, is termed as elastic and rest
of the curve, which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is
termed plastic. The stress below which the deformation is essentially entirely elastic is known
as the yield strength of material. In some materials (like mild steel) the onset of plastic
deformation is denoted by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and lower yield
point. However, some materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic
deformation, at larger extensions strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in
section and thus the load passes through a
Maximum and then begins to decrease. As this stage the’ Ultimate strength ‘, which is
defined as the ratio of the specimen to original cross –sectional area, reaches a maximum
value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture. Usually a tension
test is conducted at room temperature and the tensile load is applied slowly. During this test
either round or flat specimens (fig.1) may be used. The round specimens may have smooth,
shouldered or threaded ends. The load on the specimen is applied mechanically or
hydraulically depending on the type of testing machine.

Stress strain Diagram

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PROCEDURE
1. Measure the dimensions of a specimen Diameter =d= ,
Total length of a specimen, Cross sectional area = Ao= ,
Mark gage length (Lo) at three different portions on the specimen,
Covering effective length of a specimen.(this is required so that necked portion will remain
between any two points of gage length on the specimen.)
2. Grip the specimen in the fixed head of a machine. (Portion of the specimen has to be
gripped as shown in the fig.
3. Fix the extensometer within the gauge length marked on the specimen.
Adjust the dial of extensometer at zero.
4. Adjust the dial of a machine to zero, to read load applied.
5. Select suitable increments of loads to be applied so that corresponding elongation can be
measured from dial gauge.
6. Keep speed of machine uniform. Record yield point, maximum load point, point of
breaking of specimen.
7. Remove the specimen from machine and study the fracture observes type of fracture.
8. Measure dimensions of tested specimen. Fit the broken parts together and measure reduced
diameter and final gage length.
OBSERVATIONS
Specimen prepared from M.S bar/CI/Al
1. Diameter = d = mm

2. Gage length (lo)= 5Xd= mm

3. Original cross sectional area of the specimen = Ao = mm2
4. Final gage length obtained= Lo’=
5. Final diameter obtained = mm

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 OBSERVATION TABLE 1

Sl. No. Load applied (N) Area of a Stress (N/mm 2 ) Modulus of

specimen (Ao) elasticity (E)
(P)
N/mm2

Note:
1. Use vernier caliper to measure diameter, gage length etc. for the specimen.
2. If C.I. specimen is to be tested only one observation will be taken at failure.

RESULTS
1. Calculate stress and strain for every interval of applied
load. Draw stress strain curve as shown in the Fig.
2. Compute the following;

A. Modulus of elasticity
Hook’s law states that stress is always proportional to strain within elastic limit. The ratio of
stress and strain is constant, called modulus of elasticity or young’s modulus (E)
E= Stress/strain
B. Yield stress (fy);
The point, at which strain increases without increase in stress, is known as Yield point. Stress
measured at yield point is called yield stress.
C. Tensile strength:

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Maximum carrying capacity of a material in tension is called tensile strength
Tensile strength= maximum tensile load/ original cross sectional Area.
D. Percentage elongation:
The extension produced in a gage length, expressed as a percentage of its original value (LO)
% Elongation= [(LO’ – Lo)/Lo] X 100
Where Lo’ is final gage length after fracture.
E. Percentage reduction in area:
= [(AoAo’)/Ao ] X100
Where Ao’ is final reduced cross sectional area after fracture.

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 EXPERIMENT NO.2

TITLE: TORSION TEST

AIM: To find the modulus of rigidity.

SPECIMEN AND EQUIPMENTS

1. A torsion testing apparatus,

2. Standard specimen of mild steel or cast iron.
3. Twist meter for measuring angles of twist
4. A steel rule and calipers and micrometer.

Figure. Torsion Testing Machine

THEORY
A torsion test is quite instrumental in determining the value of rigidity (ratio of shear stress to
shear strain) of a metallic specimen. The value of modulus of rigidity can be found out
through observations made during the experiment by using the torsion equation:

T/IP = C𝜽/ l or C = Tl/ I 𝜽

Where T=torque applied,

Ip= polar moment of inertia,
C=modulus of rigidity, 𝜽= Angle of twist (radians), and l= gauge length.

In the torque equipment refer fig. One end of the specimen is held by a fixed support and the
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 other end to a pulley. The pulley provides the necessary torque to twist the rod by addition of
weights (w). The twist meter attached to the rod gives the angle of twist.

Procedure
1. Prepare the testing machine by fixing the two twist meters at some constant lengths from
fixed support.
2. Measure the diameter of the pulley and the diameter of the rod.
3. Add weights in the hanger stepwise to get a notable angle of twist for T1 and T2
4. Using the above formula calculate C

Observation Table:
No (T) Torque Angle of Twist No (T) Torque Angle of Twist
Θ in radian Θ in radian
1 19
2 20
3 21
4 22
5 23
6 24
7 25
8 26
9 27
10 28
11 29
12 30
13 31
14 32
15 33
16 34
17 35
18 36

CONCLUSION:
RESULT
Modulus of rigidity of the shaft……….

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 EXPERIMENT NO.3
TITLE: IMPACT TEST

AIM: To determine the Impact toughness (strain energy) through Izod test and Charpy test

THEORY

In a impact test a specially prepared notched specimen is fractured by a single blow from a
heavy hammer and energy required being a measure of resistance to impact. Impact load is
produced by a swinging of an impact weight W (hammer) from a height h. Release of the
weight from the height h swings the weight through the arc of a circle, which strikes the
specimen to fracture at the notch (fig.Kinetic energy of the hammer at the time of impact is
mv 2 /2, which is equal to the relative potential energy of the hammer before its release.
(mgh),where m is the mass of the hammer and v = 2 gh is its tangential velocity at impact, g
is gravitational acceleration (9.806 m/s 2 ) and h is the height through which hammer falls.
Impact velocity will be 5.126 m/s or slightly less. Here it is interesting to note that height
through which hammer drops determines the velocity and height and mass of a hammer
combined determine the energy. Energy used can be measured from the scale given. The
difference between potential energies is the fracture energy. In test machine this value
indicated by the pointer on the scale. If the scale is calibrated in energy units, marks on the
scale should be drawn keeping in view angle of fall () and angle of rise (. Height h1 and h2
equals,
h1= R (1-cos𝜃) and h2= (1-cos𝜃).
With the increase or decrease in values, gap between marks on scale showing energy also
increase or decrease. This can be seen from the attached scale with any impact machine.
Energy used in fracturing the specimen can be obtained approximately as Wh1-Wh2
This energy value called impact toughness or impact value, which will be measured, per unit
area at the notch.
Izod introduced Izod test in 1903. Test is as per the IS: 1598
Charpy introduced Charpy test in 1909. Test is as per the IS: 1499.

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A. IZOD TEST
Specimen and equipment
1. Impact testing machine.
2. Specimen and v notch is shown in the fig.4. Size of the specimen is 10mm X 10mm X
75mm
Mounting of the specimen:
Specimen is clamped to act as vertical cantilever with the notch on tension side.
Direction of blow of hammer is shown in fig.

Fig. Impact Testing Machine

PROCEDURE
1. Measure the dimensions of a specimen. Also, measure the dimensions of the notch.
2. Raise the hammer and note down initial reading from the dial, which will be energy to be
used to fracture the specimen.

3. Place the specimen for test and see that it is placed center with respect to hammer. Check
the position of notch.
4. Release the hammer and note the final reading. Difference between the initial and final
reading will give the actual energy required to fracture the Specimen.
5. Repeat the test for specimens of other materials.
6. Compute the energy of rupture of each specimen.

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 RESULT Table

Energy Absorbed
No Types of material Remark
Charpy Izod

Conclusion of Charpy Test

Conclusion of Izod Test

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