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 Introduction to
Computing Applications
in Forestry and Natural
Resource Management
 Introduction to
Computing Applications
in Forestry and Natural
Resource Management

Jingxin Wang
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

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International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-62630-0 (Hardback)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Wang, Jingxin, 1963-

Title: Introduction to computing applications in forestry and natural
resource management / Jingxin Wang.
Description: Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2017. | Includes bibliographical
references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017011246 | ISBN 9781138626300 (hardback : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Forest management--Data processing. | Forest
management--Computer programs | Forest management--Problems, exercises,
etc. | Natural resources--Management--Data processing. | Natural
resources--Management--Problems, exercises, etc.
Classification: LCC SD381.5 .W36 2017 | DDC 634.9/20285--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017011246

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To my dear wife, Xiaoming Liang, and our dear son, Jerry Wang.
Contents

Preface................................................................................................................... xvii
Author.....................................................................................................................xix

Section I Foundations

1. Fundamental Computing Concepts.............................................................3

1.1 Computer Operating Systems..............................................................3
1.2 Brief History of Operating Systems.....................................................4
1.3 Types of Operating Systems.................................................................5
1.4 Major Operating System Responsibilities..........................................6
1.4.1 User Interface............................................................................7
1.4.2 Device Management.................................................................7
1.4.3 Time Management....................................................................7
1.4.4 Memory Management..............................................................7
1.4.5 File Management.......................................................................8
1.5 Computer Resources and File Systems...............................................8
1.5.1 Computer Resources................................................................8
1.5.2 File Systems...............................................................................8
1.5.2.1 File Attributes or Properties.....................................9
1.5.2.2 File Operations...........................................................9
1.5.2.3 File Types and Naming...........................................10
1.5.2.4 Directory Structure..................................................10
Class Exercises................................................................................................. 11
References........................................................................................................ 11

2. Programming Languages and Software Engineering.............................13

2.1 Programming Languages....................................................................13
2.2 Object-Oriented Programming..........................................................15
2.2.1 C and C++................................................................................16
2.2.2 Visual Basic .NET....................................................................16
2.3 Software Engineering..........................................................................17
2.4 Example of Forest Harvesting Simulator Design............................20
2.4.1 System Design.........................................................................20
2.4.2 Functional Requirements.......................................................21
2.4.2.1 Specification Document..........................................22
Class Exercises.................................................................................................23
References........................................................................................................23

vii
viii Contents

Section II Data Manipulation and Analysis

3. Elementary Data Manipulation Using Excel............................................27

3.1 Excel Formulas.....................................................................................27
3.1.1 Operators in Formulas...........................................................28
3.1.2 Entering Formulas..................................................................28
3.1.3 Referencing Cells Outside the Worksheet...........................29
3.1.4 Relative versus Absolute References....................................29
3.1.4.1 Relative Reference...................................................30
3.1.4.2 Absolute Reference.................................................31
3.2 Excel Functions.....................................................................................32
3.2.1 Function Arguments...............................................................33
3.2.2 Entering Functions..................................................................33
3.3 Major Excel Functions.........................................................................34
3.3.1 Mathematical and Trigonometric Functions.......................35
3.3.1.1 INT.............................................................................35
3.3.1.2 RAND.......................................................................35
3.3.1.3 ROUND....................................................................36
3.3.1.4 SIN or COS...............................................................36
3.3.1.5 SQRT.........................................................................36
3.3.1.6 SUM...........................................................................37
3.3.1.7 SUMIF.......................................................................37
3.3.2 Statistical Functions................................................................37
3.3.2.1 AVERAGE, MEDIAN, and MODE.......................37
3.3.2.2 COUNT.....................................................................38
3.3.2.3 COUNTIF.................................................................38
3.3.2.4 MAX and MIN.........................................................38
3.3.2.5 STDEV.......................................................................38
3.3.3 Text Functions..........................................................................39
3.3.3.1 LEFT and RIGHT.....................................................39
3.3.3.2 LEN...........................................................................39
3.3.3.3 MID...........................................................................39
3.3.3.4 REPLACE and SUBSTITUTE.................................39
3.3.3.5 UPPER, LOWER, and PROPER............................40
3.3.3.6 FIND..........................................................................40
3.3.4 Logical Functions....................................................................40
3.3.4.1 IF................................................................................40
3.4 Build Your Own Functions.................................................................41
3.5 Charts.....................................................................................................42
3.5.1 Excel Chart Example..............................................................42
3.5.2 Combination Chart.................................................................45
3.5.3 Gantt Chart..............................................................................46
Class Exercises.................................................................................................49
References........................................................................................................52
Contents ix

4. Statistical Analysis and Mathematical Programming Using Excel......53

4.1 Data Analysis with Analysis ToolPak...............................................53
4.1.1 Correlation...............................................................................53
4.1.2 Regression................................................................................54
4.1.3 t-Test..........................................................................................58
4.2 Mathematical Programming in Forest Management......................62
4.2.1 Linear Programming..............................................................62
4.2.2 Network Analysis...................................................................63
4.2.3 Multi-Objective Programming..............................................64
4.2.4 Integer Programming.............................................................64
4.2.5 Dynamic Programming.........................................................65
4.3 Linear Programming Formulation....................................................68
4.4 Solve Mathematical Models in Forest Management Using
Excel Solver...........................................................................................69
4.4.1 Example of Optimization Problem.......................................69
4.4.2 Activate Excel Solver..............................................................73
4.4.3 Use Excel Solver......................................................................73
Class Exercises.................................................................................................76
References........................................................................................................81

5. Visual Basic for Applications in Microsoft Excel....................................83

5.1 Introduction to VBA.............................................................................83
5.1.1 Visual Basic Editor in Excel...................................................83
5.1.2 Writing Code in VB Editor.....................................................84
5.1.3 Running Events within Excel................................................85
5.2 VBA Fundamentals..............................................................................87
5.2.1 Variables and Data Types.......................................................87
5.2.2 Modules....................................................................................87
5.2.3 Variable Scope.........................................................................88
5.3 Harvesting Machine Rate Spreadsheet Program.............................88
5.3.1 Machine Rate...........................................................................88
5.3.2 Example of Machine Rate Program with VBA...................89
5.3.2.1 Design Interface.......................................................90
5.3.2.2 Write Code................................................................91
5.4 VBA User Forms and Controls...........................................................93
Class Exercises.................................................................................................96
References........................................................................................................96

Section III Database Management

6. Database Concepts and the Entity-Relationship Model........................99

6.1 Fundamental Database Concepts......................................................99
6.1.1 Database Management System.............................................99
6.1.2 Database...................................................................................99
x Contents

6.1.3 Table, Record, and Field.......................................................100

6.1.4 MS Access Database.............................................................100
6.2 Relational Databases and the Entity-Relationship Model...........101
6.2.1 Entity.......................................................................................102
6.2.2 Keys.........................................................................................102
6.2.3 Relationships.........................................................................102
6.2.4 Types of Relationships.........................................................103
6.3 ER Model Examples in Forest Operations......................................105
6.3.1 ER Model Notations.............................................................105
6.3.2 ER Model for Timber Cruising............................................105
6.3.3 ER Model for Time Study of Timber Harvesting.............106
Class Exercises...............................................................................................108
References......................................................................................................108

7. Introduction to MS Access.........................................................................109
7.1 MS Access Usability and Functionality..........................................109
7.1.1 MS Access Usability..............................................................109
7.1.2 Major MS Access Functionality........................................... 110
7.1.3 Why Use More than One Table?......................................... 110
7.2 Access Tables and Queries................................................................ 111
7.2.1 Access Tables......................................................................... 111
7.2.2 Relationships between Tables............................................. 112
7.2.3 Access Queries....................................................................... 113
7.3 Access Forms and Reports................................................................ 116
7.3.1 Access Forms......................................................................... 116
7.3.2 Access Reports....................................................................... 117
Class Exercises...............................................................................................120
References......................................................................................................123

8. Structured Query Language and Access Query Examples..................125

8.1 Structured Query Language.............................................................125
8.1.1 SQL Statements and Clauses...............................................125
8.1.2 SQL Syntax.............................................................................125
8.2 Basic SQL Examples...........................................................................127
8.2.1 Statements and Clauses.......................................................127
8.2.2 SQL Functions.......................................................................130
8.3 MS Access Queries.............................................................................132
Class Exercises...............................................................................................136
References......................................................................................................137

Section IV Handheld Devices

9. Handheld Computers and Windows Mobile.........................................141

9.1 Handheld Terms and Features.........................................................141
9.2 Handheld PCs and Windows Mobile.............................................143
Contents xi

9.2.1 Hewlett-Packard Jornada Series.........................................143

9.2.2 Zebra Workabout Handheld Field PC...............................143
9.2.3 Allegro Field PC....................................................................145
9.2.4 Archer Field PC.....................................................................146
9.2.5 NAUTIZ X7 Field PC............................................................146
9.2.6 Trimble GeoExplorer 3000 Series Handhelds...................148
9.3 Mobile Operating Systems and Data Communications...............149
9.3.1 Mobile Operating Systems.................................................. 149
9.3.2 Data Communications between HPCs and PCs...............150
9.4 Data Storage and Program Execution.............................................150
9.4.1 Random Access Memory.....................................................151
9.4.2 External PC, CF, and SD Cards...........................................151
9.4.3 Program Execution...............................................................151
Class Exercises...............................................................................................152
References......................................................................................................152

10. Handheld PC Applications: An Integrated Computer-Based

Cruising System...........................................................................................153
10.1 Introduction........................................................................................153
10.2 System Structure................................................................................155
10.3 System Implementation....................................................................157
10.3.1 Handheld System..................................................................157
10.3.2 Data Transfer.........................................................................159
10.3.3 Data Analysis.........................................................................159
Class Exercises...............................................................................................161
References......................................................................................................162

11. Introduction to Geospatial Technology Applications in Forest

Management.................................................................................................165
11.1 GPS Applications...............................................................................165
11.1.1 What Is GPS?.........................................................................165
11.1.2 GPS in Forestry and Natural Resource Management......166
11.1.2.1 Data Collection......................................................166
11.1.2.2 Data Transfer..........................................................167
11.2 GIS Applications................................................................................168
11.2.1 What Is GIS?..........................................................................168
11.2.2 GIS in Forestry and Natural Resource Management.......170
11.2.3 GIS Software and Data.........................................................175
11.3 Remote Sensing Applications...........................................................177
11.3.1 What Is Remote Sensing?.....................................................177
11.3.2 RS in Forestry and Natural Resource Management........177
11.4 GIS Mapping and Analysis Examples............................................178
11.4.1 Identifying and Mapping Vegetation Phenology.............178
11.4.1.1 Data Preparation...................................................179
xii Contents

11.4.1.2 Identifying Phenology..........................................179

11.4.1.3 Mapping the Phenology Using ArcGIS..............182
11.4.2 Mapping and Analyzing Winter CO2 Efflux
in a Conifer Forest Area of North America.......................182
11.4.2.1 Data Preparation................................................... 182
11.4.2.2 Data Analysis.........................................................183
11.4.2.3 Mapping CO2 Efflux Using ArcGIS....................184
Class Exercises...............................................................................................185
References......................................................................................................188

Section V Visual Basic .NET Programming

12. Introduction to Visual Basic .NET Programming..................................193

12.1 What Is Visual Basic?.........................................................................193
12.1.1 Visual Basic and VB.NET Concepts...................................194
12.1.1.1 Windows, Events, and Messages........................194
12.1.1.2 Procedural Programming.....................................194
12.1.1.3 Event-Driven Programming................................194
12.1.1.4 Object-Oriented Programming............................195
12.1.2 VB Integrated Development Environment.......................195
12.2 VB.NET Programming Examples....................................................195
12.2.1 First Application...................................................................195
12.2.2 Example for Calculating Basal Area of Trees....................196
12.2.2.1 Creating the Interface and Setting Properties...... 197
12.2.2.2 Writing Code..........................................................198
12.2.2.3 Running the Application......................................198
12.2.3 Database Connection and Data Display Application......199
12.2.3.1 Creating the Interface...........................................199
12.2.3.2 Setting Properties.................................................. 200
12.2.3.3 Writing Code..........................................................200
12.2.3.4 Running the Application......................................203
Class Exercises...............................................................................................203
References......................................................................................................203

13. VB.NET Controls, Project, and Menu Design........................................205

13.1 Types of Controls...............................................................................205
13.2 Using Timer, Option Button, Groupbox, and Checkbox
Controls........................................................................................... 205
13.2.1 Creating the Interface and Setting Properties...................207
13.2.2 Writing Code.........................................................................208
13.2.3 Running the Application.....................................................210
13.3 Using Drive, Dir, File, Combo, List, Frame Controls.................... 211
Contents xiii

13.3.1 Creating the Interface and Setting Properties................... 211

13.3.2 Writing Code.........................................................................213
13.3.3 Running the Application.....................................................214
13.4 Working with a Project......................................................................215
13.4.1 Form Class.............................................................................216
13.4.2 User-Defined Class...............................................................216
13.4.3 Standard Modules.................................................................216
13.4.4 Standard Controls.................................................................216
13.5 Menu Design of VB Project...............................................................216
Class Exercises...............................................................................................223
Reference........................................................................................................223

14. VB.NET Programming Fundamentals.....................................................225

14.1 Variables and Constants....................................................................225
14.1.1 Declaring Variables...............................................................225
14.1.2 Scope of Variables.................................................................225
14.1.3 Private versus Public............................................................225
14.1.4 Static versus Dim..................................................................226
14.1.5 Constants................................................................................226
14.2 Data Types...........................................................................................226
14.3 Arrays..................................................................................................228
14.3.1 Declaring Arrays...................................................................228
14.3.2 Multidimensional Arrays.....................................................228
14.4 Classes and Procedures.....................................................................228
14.4.1 Class........................................................................................228
14.4.2 Sub Procedures......................................................................231
14.4.2.1 Event Procedures...................................................231
14.4.2.2 General Procedures...............................................232
14.4.3 Function Procedures.............................................................232
14.4.4 Sample Exercise.....................................................................232
14.4.4.1 Passing by Value versus Passing by Reference..... 234
14.5 Control Structures..............................................................................234
14.5.1 Decision Structures...............................................................235
14.5.2 Loop Structures.....................................................................235
14.6 Input and Output Files......................................................................236
14.6.1 Direct File Access..................................................................236
14.6.2 File Access Types...................................................................237
14.6.3 Opening Files for Sequential Access..................................237
14.7 Example...............................................................................................238
14.8 Data Access.........................................................................................242
14.9 Data Manipulation.............................................................................248
14.9.1 Example..................................................................................249
Class Exercises...............................................................................................253
References......................................................................................................254
xiv Contents

15. Programming Application Examples in Forest Resource

Management.................................................................................................255
15.1 Forest Harvesting Simulator............................................................255
15.1.1 Forest Stand Generation.......................................................256
15.1.1.1 Random Pattern.....................................................256
15.1.1.2 Uniform Pattern.....................................................256
15.1.1.3 Clustered Pattern...................................................256
15.1.2 Felling Operations................................................................257
15.1.2.1 Chainsaw Felling...................................................257
15.1.2.2 Feller-Buncher Felling...........................................257
15.1.2.3 Harvester Felling...................................................257
15.1.3 Extraction Simulation...........................................................258
15.1.3.1 Extraction Patterns................................................258
15.1.3.2 Traffic Intensity......................................................259
15.1.4 Simulation Example.............................................................261
15.2 Timber Cruising and Inventory.......................................................263
15.2.1 Manipulate Field Cruising Data.........................................263
15.2.2 Import Data............................................................................264
15.2.3 Load Data...............................................................................264
15.2.4 Cruise Design........................................................................265
15.2.5 Report.....................................................................................267
15.2.6 Programming.........................................................................268
15.3 VBA for Harvesting System Production and Cost Analysis........272
15.3.1 Excel and VBA.......................................................................273
15.3.2 System Design and Implementation..................................273
15.3.3 Application Example............................................................276
15.4 3D Log Bucking Optimization.........................................................278
15.4.1 System Design.......................................................................278
15.4.1.1 System Structure....................................................278
15.4.1.2 Data Manipulation and Storage..........................278
15.4.1.3 3D Stem Modeling.................................................278
15.4.1.4 Optimal Bucking Algorithm................................280
15.4.2 Bucking System Implementation........................................281
15.5 3D Lumber Edging and Trimming System....................................283
15.5.1 Data Manipulation and Storage..........................................284
15.5.2 3D Lumber Modeling...........................................................284
15.5.3 Lumber Grading...................................................................285
15.5.4 Optimal Edging and Trimming Algorithm.......................285
15.5.5 Optimal Edging and Trimming System
Implementation.....................................................................286
15.6 3D Log Processing Optimization System.......................................289
15.6.1 System Components and Data Management...................289
15.6.1.1 System Components.............................................289
15.6.1.2 System Data Management...................................291
15.6.2 System Modeling and Algorithms.....................................291
Contents xv

15.6.2.1 3D Log and Internal Defect Modeling...............291

15.6.2.2 Determining Opening Face..................................292
15.6.3 Primary Log Sawing Simulation........................................292
15.6.3.1 Heuristic Algorithm..............................................292
15.6.3.2 Dynamic Programming Algorithm....................293
15.6.3.3 Example..................................................................295
15.7 Forest and Biomass Harvest Scheduling and Optimization........295
15.7.1 Forest Inventory Data...........................................................295
15.7.2 Forest Stand Growth Simulation........................................295
15.7.3 Harvest Scheduling Model Development.........................296
15.7.4 Case Study.............................................................................298
Class Exercises...............................................................................................303
References......................................................................................................303

16. Programming for Mobile Devices and Applications in Time

Study of Timber Harvesting Machines...................................................307
16.1 Programming for Mobile Devices...................................................307
16.1.1 iPhone/iPad App Programming........................................307
16.1.1.1 Programming Languages.....................................307
16.1.1.2 iPhone Development Frameworks.....................308
16.1.2 Android Programming........................................................308
16.1.2.1 Android Application Development Framework....309
16.1.3 Windows Mobile...................................................................309
16.1.3.1 .NET Compact Framework..................................309
16.2 Visual Basic .NET for Windows Mobile..........................................310
16.2.1 Windows Mobile SDK..........................................................310
16.2.2 New Project Types................................................................310
16.2.3 Features in VB.NET for Windows Mobile......................... 311
16.2.4 Programming Examples of VB.NET for Windows
Mobile....................................................................................311
16.3 VB.NET for Mobile Device Application in Time Study
of Timber Harvesting.........................................................................319
16.3.1 System Structure...................................................................319
16.3.2 System Implementation.......................................................322
16.3.2.1 Design Module......................................................322
16.3.2.2 Collect Module......................................................322
16.3.3 Transfer Data.........................................................................324
Class Exercises...............................................................................................325
References......................................................................................................325

Section VI Web-Based Applications

17. Introduction to HTML................................................................................329
17.1 Terms and HTML Files......................................................................329
17.2 HTML Structure.................................................................................330
xvi Contents

17.3 Applications of HTML Tags.............................................................332

17.3.1 HTML.....................................................................................333
17.3.2 Head........................................................................................333
17.3.3 Title..........................................................................................333
17.3.4 Body........................................................................................333
17.3.5 Headings................................................................................333
17.3.6 Paragraphs.............................................................................334
17.3.7 Lists.........................................................................................336
17.3.8 Forced Line Breaks................................................................337
17.3.9 Tables and Images.................................................................338
17.3.10 Forms......................................................................................341
Class Exercises...............................................................................................347
Reference........................................................................................................347

18. Introduction to ASP.NET............................................................................349

18.1 ASP.NET Programming....................................................................349
18.2 Basic ASP.NET Techniques...............................................................353
18.2.1 Request and Response..........................................................353
18.2.2 QueryString...........................................................................356
Class Exercises...............................................................................................358
References......................................................................................................358

19. ASP/ASP.NET Applications.......................................................................359

19.1 Web-Based Data Entry and Retrieval System for Forest
Health Protection...............................................................................359
19.2 Online Timber Cruising System.......................................................360
19.2.1 Main Menu.............................................................................363
19.2.2 Add/Edit Data......................................................................363
19.2.3 Reports....................................................................................365
19.3 Web-Based DSS for Analyzing Biomass and Timber
Harvesting Costs and Productivity.................................................365
19.3.1 System Design.......................................................................367
19.3.2 Main Page..............................................................................367
19.3.2.1 General Information............................................. 367
19.3.2.2 Machines.................................................................368
19.3.2.3 Machine Productivity...........................................368
19.3.2.4 Machine Cost.........................................................368
19.3.2.5 System.....................................................................369
19.3.3 Machine Rate Program Page and Summary Page...........369
19.3.3.1 Implementation.....................................................370
19.3.3.2 Applications...........................................................372
Class Exercises...............................................................................................372
References......................................................................................................372
Index......................................................................................................................373
Preface

Due to the complexity of operational forestry problems, computing applica-

tions are becoming pervasive in all aspects of forest and natural resource
management. We therefore wanted to provide a comprehensive introduction
to computing and applications in forest and natural resource management
that would be designed for both undergraduate and graduate students of
these topics. This book introduces state-of-the-art applications for several
of the most important computing technologies in terms of data acquisition,
data manipulations, basic programming techniques, and other related com-
puter and Internet concepts and applications.
We organized the information contained in this book in six parts. Section I
introduces basic computing concepts and software engineering design.
Section II addresses data manipulation, basic statistical analysis, and math-
ematical programming. Section III deals with database management such as
entity relationships and structural query language. Section IV focuses on spa-
tial technology, handheld programming, and applications in natural resources.
Section V introduces object-oriented programming using Visual Basic .NET,
while Section VI addresses web-based programming and applications.
Specifically, this text covers

• Computer operating systems and resources

• Elementary data manipulations, statistical computing, and math-
ematical programming using MS Excel
• Basic database management with MS Access
• Relational database management
• Data acquisition using handheld computers and their applications
in natural resources
• GPS and GIS applications in forest resource management
• Object-oriented programming with Visual Basic .NET
• HTML and web-based programming
• Application examples in forest resource management

We discuss in detail several major computing application examples in the

lessons of this book, which are the products of our previous research projects;
and they address

• Databases—databases built for optimal bucking, forest cruising, and

inventory

xvii
xviii Preface

• VB.NET applications—forest harvesting simulation and log

inventory
• VB.NET for mobile devices—time study of timber harvesting opera-
tions and log inventory
• VBA—forest and biomass harvesting productivity and cost analysis
• ASP.NET and HTML—logging safety initiatives and online forest
health management systems
• Optimization and spatial analysis applications—3D log bucking and
sawing, identifying and mapping forest vegetation phenology, and
biomass harvesting and scheduling

Since 2002, the materials covered in this book have been used in required
courses for both undergraduate and graduate students in the Division
of Forestry and Natural Resources at West Virginia University: FOR
240—Introduction to Computing in Natural Resources, and WDSC 555—
Computer Applications in Forest Resource Management. For these courses,
we designed class exercises that are also provided in this text for classroom
use. We also included a comprehensive project in which students develop an
application for natural resources in three distinct modules that each focus on
a specific application topic:

Module 1: Data Storage—Design and build a simple database to store

field data using MS Access.
Module 2: Data Acquisition—Collect field data using a handheld PC.
Module 3: Data Manipulation—Design an interface and implement
business functions to transfer field data from a handheld to a desk-
top PC and manipulate/analyze the data to generate desired reports.

These modules are cumulative; each module or component must be inte-

grated to accomplish a subsequent module. The project should be pro-
grammed based on the principles of software engineering.
I thank many individuals who inspired me to accomplish this book.
I am grateful to Drs. Bojan Cukic, John Atkins, James Mooney, and Camille
Hayhurst for their lectures and notes while I took their classes as an MS stu-
dent in computer science at West Virginia University. I also thank Drs. Amy
Falcon, Damon Hartley, Wenshu Lin, Weiguo Liu, Benktesh Sharma, Jinzhuo
Wu, and Zhen Yu, Yuxi Wang, Changle Jiang, and John Vance for their con-
tributions to the book while they assisted me in teaching. Special thanks go
to Sarah Owen for her great and professional efforts to review and improve
the book.

Jingxin Wang
Morgantown, West Virginia
Author

Dr. Jingxin Wang is professor and associate

director of research and the director of the
Renewable Materials and Bioenergy Research
Center in the Division of Forestry and Natural
Resources at West Virginia University,
Morgantown, West Virginia. He received his
BS in forest/mechanical engineering from Jilin
Forestry College, China, MS and PhD in for-
est/mechanical engineering from Northeast
Forestry University, China. He received an
MS in computer science from West Virginia
University and a PhD in forest resource management from the University of
Georgia, USA. He has taught undergraduate and graduate students for more
than 20 years. His research interests include biomass energy and bioprod-
ucts, forest carbon sequestration and optimization, computer simulation and
system modeling, and forest ecosystem management and climate change.
Dr. Wang has authored or coauthored 150 refereed papers and 12 books
or book chapters. He has served as an editorial board member and associ-
ate editor for four international journals and as adjunct professor for four
Chinese universities/institutions. He is an active member of six international
professional societies.

xix
 Section I

Foundations
1
Fundamental Computing Concepts

1.1 Computer Operating Systems

An operating system (OS) is a software program that acts as an interme-
diary between the user of a computer system and the computer hardware
(Silberschatz et al. 2002, 2013). “The purpose of an operating system is to
provide an environment in which a user can execute programs in a conve-
nient and efficient manner” as Silberschatz et al. (2013) indicated. The OS
makes the computer more convenient to use, allows users to execute appli-
cation programs in an environment without the necessity of communicat-
ing directly with hardware devices, and helps to ensure the efficient use of
computer resources. An OS is the first program loaded into memory when
a computer system is booted. It is a program that manages the computer
hardware and controls interactions between application programs and the
hardware.
A computer system can be divided roughly into four components
(Silberschatz et al. 2002, 2013):

1. Computer hardware provides the basic computing resources including

a processor or central processing unit (CPU), computer memory, and
input/output (I/O) devices such as monitors, printers, disk drives,
USB storage devices, and others.
2. Operating systems control and coordinate the use of the hardware
among application programs for users.
3. System and application programs include system or custom-written
software products (like compilers, database management systems,
and Office programs) for solving computing problems.
4. Users include operators, machines, and other computers that interact
with a computer system to accomplish some specific tasks.

3
4 Computing Applications in Forestry and Natural Resource Management

1.2 Brief History of Operating Systems

Computer OSs are complicated programs that have evolved with the devel-
opment of hardware and the increased demand of computing services. The
long history of computer OSs can be roughly categorized into the following
five phases (Hayhurst 2002, Silberschatz et al. 2002, 2013):

1. 1940s–1950s: First Generation, early computers—In the early days

of computing, there were no OSs. Early computers were large and
expensive. Typically one user ran one program at a time. One of the
major deficiencies of early computers was their inefficient use of
CPU time, which was also the primary driver for the change to OSs.
2. 1950s–1960s: Second Generation, beginning of batch OSs—Due to
the high cost and inefficiency of computers, programmers began
“batching” or running the programs with similar resources through
the computer together as a group to improve a computer’s perfor-
mance. The solution was generally adopted and became known as the
batch system (Tanenbaum 2001). During this time period, significant
changes also occurred in computing (Hayhurst 2002): (a) advances
were made in hardware, including magnetic tape, line printers, and
magnetic disks; (b) assemblers were first created to allow programs
to be written in something other than machine language; (c) device
drivers became available to communicate directly with specific
I/O devices; and (d) compilers for higher-level languages such as
FORTRAN and others were developed.
3. 1970s–1980s: Third Generation, interactive multitasking systems—
Multitasking allows users to share the computer and run multiple
tasks (processes) at the same time. The processor executes multiple
tasks by switching among them, but the switches occur so frequently
that the users can interact with each program while it is running
(Silberschatz et al. 2002). In multitasking systems, as Hayhurst (2002)
and Silberschatz et al. (2002) stated, “Several jobs must be kept in
memory at the same time; this requires memory management and
protection.”
4. 1980s–Present: Fourth Generation, personal computers—IBM started
to design personal computers (PCs) in the 1970s and early 1980s with
the introduction of a new OS. The Disk Operating System (DOS) was
first launched by Seattle Computer Products. A revised system was
renamed Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-DOS) and quickly
came to dominate the IBM PC market (Tanenbaum 2001). MS-DOS
was later widely used on the 80386 and 80486. Although the ini-
tial version of MS-DOS was fairly primitive, subsequent versions
included more advanced features, including many taken from Unix.
Fundamental Computing Concepts 5

In the 1960s, Doug Engelbart at Stanford Research Institute had

invented the graphical user interface (GUI) with windows, icons,
menus, and a mouse. These ideas were adopted by researchers at
Xerox PARC and incorporated into machines they built. In the early
1980s, Steve Jobs started building Apple Macintosh with a GUI.
Microsoft then produced a GUI-based system called Windows,
which originally ran on top of MS-DOS. The Windows OS has con-
tinued to evolve into the current version.
5. 1990s–Present: Fifth Generation, handheld and tablet computers—
The early version of the handheld PC (HPC) was designed by Hewlett
Packard around 1990. Since then, many products have become avail-
able from different companies. Most of these HPCs were run under
the Microsoft Windows CE OS. Some models of HPCs were discon-
tinued in the early 2010s as the market shifted to tablet computers
and smartphones. However, HPCs are still available as data loggers
for field data collection using the most current mobile OSs such as
Microsoft Windows Mobile or Windows 10 or a later version.
Tablet computers were introduced in 2010 and have only grown
in popularity since then. Many tablet products are available such as
iPad, Surface, and Android tablets. The OSs they use include iOS,
Android, and MS Windows 10 (or later versions).

1.3 Types of Operating Systems

In today’s market, there are several types of OSs available, such as
Windows, MacOS, Linux, and Unix, and each of these has evolved through
various versions. MS Windows, for example, has gone through Windows
3.x, Windows 95, 98, Windows ME, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows
XP, Vista, 7, 8, 10, and so on. One way of categorizing OSs depends on
the computers they control and the applications they support (Silberschatz
et al. 2002, 2013):

1. Desktop/laptop systems: Desktop/laptop systems are the most

commonly used OS on PCs. Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux
are three well-known examples of this type of OS. In the 1970s, dur-
ing the first decade of PCs, PCs lacked the features needed to protect
an OS from user programs (Silberschatz et al. 2002); therefore, they
were neither multiuser nor multitasking. Modern desktop/laptop
systems are both multitasking and multithreading. Multithreading
is an extension of multitasking, where a single application or task
can be divided into threads and each of the threads can be executed
in parallel.
6 Computing Applications in Forestry and Natural Resource Management

2. Multiprocessor systems: A multiprocessing OS (also called a paral-

lel system) uses two or more processors or CPUs on one computer,
sharing main memory and peripherals. Multiprocessor systems
have three main advantages: increased throughput, economy of
scale, and increased reliability (Silberschatz et al. 2002). Examples
of these systems include Linux, Unix, and Windows. There are two
types of relationships among these processors: symmetric multi-
processing, in which all processors are peers, and asymmetric mul-
tiprocessing, where one processor controls the others (Silberschatz
et al. 2013).
3. Distributed systems: A distributed OS considers the users like an
ordinary centralized OS but runs on multiple, independent, and net-
worked CPUs (Tanenbaum 1993). Distributed systems depend on
networking for their functionality (Silberschatz et al. 2002). “With
the introduction of the Web in the mid-1990s, network connectivity
became an essential component of a computer system” (Silberschatz
et al. 2002).
Typical examples of distributed systems include Unix and Mac OS.
Distributed systems provide these advantages: sharing of computer
resources, reliability, and computing efficiency.
4. Real-time systems: Real-time OSs are used to control machinery, sci-
entific instruments, and industrial systems. In general, the user does
not have much control over the functions performed by this type of
OS. Real-time OSs must guarantee a response within a specified time
and data flow.
5. Handheld systems: Handheld systems, also known as mobile OSs,
are designed to run on mobile devices such as personal digital assis-
tants, smartphones, tablet computers, and other handheld devices.
Handheld devices typically have a limited amount of memory, slower
processors, and smaller display screens. Commonly used systems
include Android, iOS, and Windows Mobile such as Windows 10 or
a later version.

1.4 Major Operating System Responsibilities

Operating systems tackle many responsibilities in order to run computers
conveniently, efficiently, and safely. These responsibilities range from simple
tasks such as I/O device management to complicated tasks such as memory
and process management. Here are a few major responsibilities of most OSs
(Lane and Mooney 2001).
Fundamental Computing Concepts 7

1.4.1 User Interface
An OS is responsible for the interaction between users and their computer
programs and hardware. This interaction is usually carried out through
input commands such as typing lines of text, selecting menu items or graphic
icons, or speaking phrases. Input commands should be consistent and user
friendly.
The user interacts with the computer system through an interface mech-
anism that is called the application programming interface (API). In
Microsoft’s version, called a dynamic link library (DLL), APIs are centralized
in a binary file that has a specialized executable format that Windows can
read (Bock 2000). The Windows API is a core set of application programming
interfaces in the Windows OSs, including kernel32.dll, user.dll, and gdi32.dll.

1.4.2 Device Management
Computers can connect to a variety of input, output, and storage devices that
must be controlled by the OS, including monitors, printers, hard drives, USB
drives, and other devices (Lane and Mooney 2001). Device management
encompasses all aspects of controlling these devices: starting operation,
requesting and waiting for data transfers, tracking these devices, and
responding to errors that may occur all by use of device drivers (Lane and
Mooney 2001). A device driver is a program that is written to communicate
with a specific type of I/O device.

1.4.3 Time Management
Time management controls the time and sequence of computing events.
A special category of I/O device is the timer, whose role is to measure time
and cause events to occur at specific times.

1.4.4 Memory Management
Memory management is the process of controlling and coordinating the
use of computer memory. It refers to the management of computer main
memory, a critical resource in any computer system. Early forms of mem-
ory management were concerned primarily with allocating portions of main
memory to each process as it began, while newer strategies allow additional
areas of memory to be allocated and deallocated as desired using swap-
ping (Lane and Mooney 2001). Swapping is a mechanism by which a pro-
cess can be moved temporarily out of main memory to secondary storage,
making that memory available to other processes. This strategy makes the
memory space available for more immediate needs. An evolved form of the
swapping technique, virtual memory systems have now become common
8 Computing Applications in Forestry and Natural Resource Management

(Lane and Mooney 2001). Virtual memory can extend the use of physical
memory and provide memory protection.

1.4.5 File Management
Data stored on computers are always organized into files. File management
is a process of naming, storing, and handling files. The OS controls file opera-
tions such as writing, reading, and security protection.

1.5 Computer Resources and File Systems

1.5.1 Computer Resources
The resources provided by a computing system may be grouped into two
major categories (Lane and Mooney 2001): (1) Physical resources (also
called hardware resources) and (2) Logical resources (also known as soft-
ware resources). As the name implies, physical resources are the permanent
physical components of a computer system. Logical resources are collections
of information, such as data or programs. Logical resources must be stored
within physical resources (e.g., within main or secondary memory). The two
principal objectives of an OS’s resource management are convenient use and
controlled sharing of these physical and logical computer resources (Lane
and Mooney 2001). The resources that must be managed by a typical com-
puter OS are summarized in Table 1.1.

TABLE 1.1
Computer Resources Managed by an OS
Physical Resources Logical Resources

Processor (a critical resource) Applications and sessions

Main memory (a critical resource) Processes and tasks
I/O devices and controllers Files
Secondary storage (disks and memory cards) Shared programs and data
Timers and clocks Procedures that perform useful services
Source: Modified based on Lane, M. and Mooney, J., A Practical Approach to Operating
Systems (Lecture Notes), Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical
Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, 2001.

1.5.2 File Systems
A collection of information maintained for a set of users in long-term stor-
age is called a file system. “The file system consists of two distinct parts: a
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"Good-bye, ma'am," said Jane. "God bless you!"

"Good-bye, mother, dear, dear mother!" cried Mavis, trying to smile.

Then, as the gig moved off, she waved her hand, and continued to do so till it was out of
sight. After that, she found it impossible to keep her composure any longer, and burst into
a flood of tears. Her aunt and Jane were both very kind and sympathetic, but she begged
them to let her be by herself. And, running into the house, she sought refuge in her own
room, where she sobbed out her grief undisturbed for some time. By-and-by, however,
Jane arrived, duster in hand. And Mavis, who had now passed the first keen pangs of
sorrow, bathed her tear-stained face, and inquired where she would find her aunt.

"She's downstairs, miss; you'll find her either in the kitchen or the back garden. Monday's
always a busy day with us, for it's washing-day. A woman from the village, Mrs. Long,
comes to wash. She's worked for Mrs. John for years."

"You mean Aunt Lizzie when you speak of Mrs. John, don't you, Jane?"

"Yes; most folks call her Mrs. John, for master's mother was living when he married. Your
mother is Mrs. Grey now, you know, for your father was the elder son. He might have had
the mill, if he had liked, but he preferred to be a clergyman. I knew both your father and
your uncle when they were boys. I lived here as servant when they were growing up, so
you see I've been with the family a great many years."

Mavis went downstairs and found her way to the kitchen, beyond which was a big scullery,
and outside that a wash-house, where a stout, rosy-cheeked woman was hard at work at a
wash-tub, up to elbows in soapsuds, and enveloped in a cloud of steam.

"Good morning, missie," she said to Mavis, smiling at her good-temperedly, and with
sympathy in her glance; for she knew the little girl's mother had left that morning, and
guessed that was the cause of her sorrowful face.

"Good morning," Mavis replied, returning her smile.

She went out into the kitchen-garden, where she found her aunt hanging various garments
on the clothes lines, which extended the whole length of the garden.

"Do let me help you, Aunt Lizzie," she said. "Isn't there something I can do?"

"You might spread these handkerchiefs on the hedge to bleach, they're Bob's. See what a
dreadful colour they are, and no wonder, for I caught him dusting his boots with one of
them and cleaning his slate with another! Boys make no end of work."

Mavis did as she was desired.

But her aunt had nothing more for her to do, so she found her way out of the garden by a
gate in the hedge into the meadow beyond, and strolled along the bank of the river.

She was still within sight of the house, when she was startled by a big, black, formidable-
looking dog, which came up and sniffed at her more out of curiosity—as she was quick
enough to discern—than with any idea of intimidating her. Mavis was unaccustomed to
dogs, but she was no coward, so she extended her hand to the great animal and spoke to
him, whereupon he was so overcome with her condescension that he quite lost his head,
and circled around her in delight, whilst she laughed heartily.

"Well, little maiden!"

Mavis turned at the sound of an amused voice addressing her, and found herself face to
face with the Vicar. She recognized his elderly, clean-shaven countenance, with its sweet-
tempered mouth and clear grey eyes, immediately.

"You are not afraid of my dog, I perceive," he proceeded, with a smile. "You need not be,
for he is very quiet. His name is Max. I do not know you, do I?" he asked doubtfully, as he
saw recognition in her glance.

"Oh no!" she responded, quickly.

"I think you must be the miller's little niece," he said, after a minute's reflection, during
which he had noticed the traces of recent tears on her face. "Mr. Grey told me he expected
you, and explained the circumstances under which you were to be left with him. Is your
mother gone?"

"She went this morning, not long ago," Mavis replied, with quivering lips. "But she does
not sail till Thursday. She is going ever so far away—to Australia—and I shan't see her for
months and months," she added, mournfully.

"Meanwhile, I hope you will be very happy at the Mill House with your relatives. Come
here, Max."

The dog obeyed his master's call, and allowed Mavis to pat his great head, after which, he
licked her hand, and she felt she had made a friend.

"He is a Newfoundland," Mr. Moseley said, "and he will fetch anything out of the water.
See!"

He picked up a stone, showed it to the dog, and flung it into the river. Max dived after it
immediately, and presently, reappearing, swam ashore and laid the same stone at his
master's feet. Mavis was delighted, and the performance was repeated several times for
her benefit.

"What a clever dog he is!" she cried, enthusiastically. "Aren't you very fond of him?"

"Yes," the Vicar replied, "Max and I are great friends; we understand each other. How do
you think you will like life in the country?" he inquired.

"I should like it, if mother was here, but I don't think I can be happy anywhere without
her," was the doleful response.

"Oh yes, you can," he said decidedly; "you must try to be happy; that is the duty of every
one. Life is hard for most of us at some time or other; it brings pain and separation. But
we ought not to become gloomy and sad. If there were no partings, there would be no
happy meetings. What is your name, my dear?"

"Mavis Grey."

"Mavis is a very pretty name. A little girl with that name should be as happy as a bird!"

Mavis smiled. She thought she would like to tell him how much she had enjoyed his
sermon last night. And, after a brief hesitation, she did so.

He appeared greatly pleased.

"It was just as though you knew how lonely I was feeling," she said eagerly, "just as
though you were preaching to me. I shall remember all you said—always, I hope. I'm not
going to let my heart be troubled—not more than I can help. And I'm going to try not to be
afraid, though there are so many things which might happen to mother!"

"There are many things which might happen to all of us. But we must trust ourselves and
those we love to our Father in Heaven." Mr. Moseley paused for a minute, then proceeded,
"I did not know my sermon last night was appropriate to any one in particular, but God
knew, we may be sure of that."

"Did He tell you what to say?" Mavis inquired. "Oh," she cried, as her companion assented,
"I was certain He did."

Mavis lingered a short while longer in conversation with her new acquaintance. Then she
remembered that her aunt might be wondering where she was, and, having said good-bye
to Mr. Moseley and bestowed a farewell pat on Max, she retraced her footsteps the way she
had come. Her drooping spirits were reviving, for her talk with the Vicar had done her
good. She looked up into the clear, blue sky overhead, and a glow of happiness crept into
her heart. Then she glanced across the sweep of meadow-lands, and began to sing in a
soft undertone—

"The Lord is only my support, and He that doth me feed;

How can I then lack anything whereof I stand in need?
In pastures green He feedeth me, where I do safely lie;
And after leads me to the streams which run most pleasantly."

Meanwhile, Mr. Grey had returned from Oxford, and was in the kitchen-garden talking to
his wife, who had brought out another basket of clothes. He was telling her, that he had
seen his sister-in-law off from the railway-station, and was inquiring what had become of
Mavis, when the little girl appeared at the garden gate.

"Why, she's singing!" he exclaimed, in surprise.

"I don't understand her," his wife replied, looking puzzled. "She seemed very cut up after
her mother had gone, and wept most bitterly, but I think her feelings must be all on the
surface—they can't go very deep."

At that moment Mavis caught sight of them. Her voice suddenly ceased, and she ran up to
her uncle, to learn that her mother had really gone.

"What was that you were singing, Mavis?" he inquired, curiously.

"The twenty-third psalm, Uncle John," she answered; "seeing the green meadows put me
in mind of it."

Then, observing he looked bewildered, she continued eagerly, "Don't you understand? 'He
maketh me to lie down in green pastures.'"

"Oh, now I follow your train of thought," he replied, with a smile, glancing at his wife.
"Fancy a child like you thinking of that!"
 CHAPTER V
PETTY JEALOUSY

THE morning following Mrs. Grey's departure from the Mill House, Mavis accompanied Rose
to school. Their way led past the church and the vicarage, and through the village. And as
they went, Mavis looked about her with interested eyes, admiring the picturesque creeper-
covered cottages with their trim gardens and thatched roofs.

"They seem to sell everything here," she remarked, with an amused smile, as she paused
before the one shop of the place, which was also the post-office, "groceries, brushes,
notepaper, and medicines too, I declare!"

"We must not dawdle," said Rose, as her cousin lingered, peering into the shop window,
"or we shall be late, and that won't do.'

"Would Miss Matthews be angry?" inquired Mavis. "Is she very strict?"

"Yes," nodded Rose; "mother says it's right she should be. If we were late, she would keep
us in after twelve o'clock, and most likely give us each an imposition—though perhaps you
would go unpunished, as it is your first day. You have never been to school before, have
you?"

"Never. Mother taught me to read and write. And then a young lady, a governess who
lodged at the same house that we did, used to teach me in the evenings. How many girls
are there at Miss Matthews' school?"

"About a dozen—most of them are boarders. Here we are. You see it takes us quite a
quarter of an hour to walk to school."

Miss Matthews' house was at the far end of the village. It was a modern red-brick villa with
bow windows, over the under-blinds of one of which Mavis saw the heads of several girls.
Rose led the way into the house by a side door. And, having shown her cousin where to
leave her hat and jacket on one of a row of pegs in the passage, piloted her to the
schoolroom, and introduced her to her schoolfellows. A few minutes later, Miss Matthews
herself appeared upon the scene, followed by a young governess called Miss Forbes.

"So this is my new pupil," observed Miss Matthews, her eyes scrutinizing Mavis very kindly
as she shook hands with her. "You are called Mavis, I hear," she proceeded; "it is an
uncommon name and a very pretty one."

Miss Matthews was a dark, middle-aged woman with a plain, clever face, and Mavis' first
impression of her was that she was very ugly, but the moment a smile lit up her
countenance, she decided that she was really quite good-looking.

By-and-by, the new pupil was handed over to the governess, who classed her with several
little girls varying from ten to twelve years of age. And so her school life began.

It was soon discovered that though Mavis' education had been carried on in a somewhat
desultory fashion, she was by no means backward. She owned an excellent memory, and
was quick to learn, taking after her father, as her uncle remarked when Rose told him how
easily her cousin mastered her lessons.
"She has inherited Rupert's clever brain," he said to his wife. "You can look in her face and
see she's as sharp as a needle. I hope she'll brisk up our Rose, who's one of the slow,
plodding sort—like myself," he added, with a laugh.

This speech did not please his hearer, though she recognized its truth. Rose had many
excellent qualities, but she was not in the least clever, as far as book-learning was
concerned, and found lessons great drudgery.

Mavis was very soon on the best of terms with all the inmates of the Mill House, with the
exception of her aunt, whom she found it impossible to like as well as the others, though
she could not have told why she did not feel at home with her, if she had been asked for a
reason. The fact was, Mrs. John failed to understand Mavis, who was naturally of a light-
hearted, joyous disposition, and she was confirmed in her impression, as time went on,
that the child's nature was a superficial one. When, on the morning subsequent to the day
on which the 'Nineveh' had sailed from Plymouth, Mavis had received a farewell letter from
her mother, over which she had shed tears, she had had her aunt's full sympathy. But
when, a few hours later, she had returned from school with Rose, apparently in good
spirits, her aunt had privately dubbed her a heartless little thing, being quite unaware of
the brave fight the child had made against depression.

"I advise you not to make too much of Mavis," Mrs. John remarked to her husband on one
occasion, after he had taken the little girl for a drive. "You will spoil her if you're not
careful."

"Oh, nonsense, my dear," he replied; "there's small danger of my doing that. She's had
few pleasures in her life, poor child, and our young folks have had a great many. Bob
wanted to accompany me to-day—he said it was his turn—but I told him he must give up
his place in the gig to his cousin."

"That was hard on the boy, John."

"Not at all. I don't see it."

But Bob himself considered that it had been very hard, for he was unaccustomed to self-
sacrifice, and he liked nothing so well as driving with his father. So when, after tea, Mavis
commenced telling him and Rose of the delightful time she had had, he listened in
somewhat sullen silence.

"It was so kind of Uncle John to take me to Oxford," Mavis said happily. "I think it is such a
lovely place, with those beautiful virginian creepers growing all over the colleges."

"The leaves will soon be off the creepers after the first frost," remarked Rose. "I'm glad
you've seen them, Mavis. Some people think Oxford prettier in the autumn than at any
time, but I like it in the spring, when the hawthorn and lilacs and laburnums are in flower."

"Uncle put up the horse at an inn, and took me to see T—, that was father's college, you
know, and he pointed out the rooms that were father's once, and I saw the chapel and the
lime-walk, and he told me such a lot about father, how clever he was, and that he won
scholarships, and in that way more than half paid for his own education. Oh, how I wish
mother could have been with me to-day!"

"You'll be able to tell her all about it some time," said Rose, as she noticed a shade of
sadness cross her cousin's face.

"Oh yes; but not for a long, long time. How did you and Bob spend the afternoon?" Mavis
asked, glancing from the sister to the brother.
"We went blackberry gathering," answered Rose.

"It was slow work," observed Bob, joining in the conversation at last. "You had the best of
it, Mavis," he added, grudgingly.

"Indeed I think I did," Mavis agreed, with a smile. Then, becoming aware by the
expression of Bob's face that he was displeased, she inquired, "Would you have liked to
have gone to Oxford instead of me this afternoon?"

"Rather!" he exclaimed. "Father took you for a drive last Saturday, too!" he reminded her,
in a way which showed he resented the fact.

"Bob!" exclaimed Rose, in an expostulating tone.

"Well, it's not fair that father should make more of Mavis than of us," he grumbled, "I
know mother thinks so too."

"For shame!" cried Rose, her kind heart touched by the hurt expression on her cousin's
face. "Don't take any notice of what he says, Mavis."

"I didn't know he wanted to go this afternoon," murmured Mavis, looking distressed, "but I
suppose one of you would have gone, if I had not been here. I—I am very sorry."

"There is nothing to be sorry about," Rose replied. "There, I believe you've made her cry,"
she said, turning upon her brother with indignation, as Mavis slipped quietly out of the
room. "I saw tears in her eyes. You are very selfish, and you ought to be ashamed of
yourself, Bob. If father makes much of Mavis, it's only because he wants her to be happy
with us. It's so sad that her mother should have had to go away and leave her."

"I didn't mean to make her cry," Bob answered. "I call her a great baby!"

"She's quite a little girl, of course," said Rose, who, being two years her cousin's senior,
felt almost grown up in comparison to her, "but I don't consider her at all babyish. See how
little fuss she made when her mother left!"

"I don't believe she cared—not much, heard mother say so to Jane; she said Mavis was
singing a few hours after Aunt Margaret had gone, and people don't sing if they're sad."

Rose did not argue the point. Instead, she went upstairs in search of Mavis, whom she
found in her bedroom, sitting on a chair by the window in the dark.

"What are you doing, Mavis?" she asked.

"Nothing," Mavis answered, "only thinking, and—and wishing that mother had left me in
London with Miss Tompkins. I never guessed Bob wanted to go this afternoon, I never
thought that I was taking his place!"

"It was very selfish and unkind of him to speak as he did, and father would be very angry
if he knew he had done so. Think no more of it, Mavis. You haven't been crying, have
you?"

"No," Mavis answered. "I've been praying," she added, after a minute's pause.

"Praying?" Rose was surprised. "But it isn't bedtime," she said, "I always say my prayers
night and morning, don't you?"
"Yes, and odd times besides, whenever I feel I want to. It—it comforts me. It's so nice to
think Jesus is always near to hear one, isn't it, and to remember He understands what
other people can't? I expect Bob thinks it was very selfish of me to go to Oxford with Uncle
John—"

"I shall tell father how he spoke to you!" Rose broke in, impetuously.

"Oh, don't, please don't!" implored Mavis. "Don't let us say any more about it. Promise you
won't."

Rose gave the required promise, and the two little girls went downstairs together. Bob,
who was now ashamed of the jealous spirit he had exhibited, found an opportunity during
the evening of telling Mavis he was sorry if he had seemed unkind, and that he was really
glad that she had enjoyed the afternoon.

September was nearly out now, but the fine weather continued, so that the young folks
were able to spend their spare time out-of-doors. They had several blackberrying
expeditions, from which they returned laden with luscious fruit, which Jane converted into
bramble jelly. Mavis soon knew the prettiest walks around W—, and learnt the dangerous
places in the river, where the water was deep and swift.

Sometimes in their rambles, the children came upon Mr. Moseley, who generally stopped
and talked to them. Rose and Bob, like many country children, were shy, and had little to
say for themselves. But Mavis, on the contrary, was always ready to further a
conversation.

"You should have heard Mavis chattering to the Vicar this afternoon," said Bob to his
mother, one Saturday evening. "I should think she talked to him for quite half an hour."

"Oh, quite!" agreed Mavis.

"I hope he did not think you a forward little girl, Mavis," said her aunt gravely, with a note
of rebuke in her voice.

Mavis coloured indignantly, and a quick retort rose to her lips, but she refrained from
uttering it, and kept silence.

"Mr. Moseley asked Mavis what she thought of Oxford, and she told him," explained Rose.
"And then he questioned her about Aunt Margaret, and when the 'Nineveh' was due to
arrive at Sydney, and of course, she had to answer him."

"Yes," assented her mother, "that was quite right. But little girls must not be too ready
with their tongues."

"Rose isn't," said Bob, with a mischievous glance at his sister. "She scarcely spoke a word
to Mr. Moseley this afternoon."

"I-I don't know Mr. Moseley very well," stammered poor Rose, "and I was shy, I suppose.
So were you, Bob, for that matter."

"Bob is three years your junior, Rose," said her mother. "At your age, you ought not to be
shy. Why could you not talk to the Vicar as well as Mavis?"

Rose hung her head and made no response, whilst her cousin felt very uncomfortable.
Mavis was fully conscious, by this time, that her aunt did not approve of her, that she
regarded her with critical eyes, and that she was always displeased if any one noticed her
more than her cousins. And these facts prevented her from being as happy as she
otherwise would have been at the Mill House. She was never quite at her ease in her
aunt's presence, and certainly never at her best. And yet, Mrs. John had no intention of
being otherwise than just and kind to her little niece, and was vexed when she observed
that Mavis' affection for her uncle was deepening day by day, whilst she held more and
more aloof from herself.

"Aunt Lizzie doesn't like me," Mavis thought frequently, and she would wonder if she could
have possibly done anything to evoke her aunt's displeasure. "I try to please her, but I see
she doesn't care for me, and I'm afraid I don't care for her—much."

CHAPTER VI
ROSE IN TROUBLE

AUTUMN had given place to winter, a wet, depressing winter with rain and westerly gales,
and the flat country between W— and Oxford was flooded. There had been almost
incessant rain for weeks now. And Mavis, as she sat at the little table by her bedroom
window engaged in writing a letter to her mother, which she was taking great pains to spell
correctly, considering every word, glanced at the leaden sky every now and again, in the
hope of seeing a break in the clouds.

"I don't think we ever had such bad weather in London," she reflected. "But perhaps I
didn't notice it so much there. What will happen, I wonder, if the floods go on increasing?
We seem almost surrounded by water as it is."

By-and-by, Rose came to the door, wanting to know if her cousin had nearly finished her
letter.

"Yes," Mavis replied, "I'm ending up now. Come in, Rosie."

So Rose came in. The two little girls had become very friendly by this time, for, though
there was a difference of two years in their ages, in many ways Mavis appeared as old if
not older than her cousin, no doubt because she had always been to a great extent in her
mother's confidence. Rose had lived her twelve years in a home where she had had every
comfort. Whilst Mavis had known times when she and her mother could not have told from
what source the wherewithal was to come to provide them with the necessaries of life, and
yet God had never allowed them to want, He had given them always sufficient for their
needs.

"What is the matter, Rose?" said Mavis, as, having put away her writing materials, she
turned her attention to her cousin, who stood at the window with an expression of gloom
on her face.

"Nothing more than usual," Rose answered, in a tone which implied that she generally had
much to bear. "Mother's been scolding me," she proceeded, as Mavis continued to look at
her inquiringly. "She says she's most dissatisfied with the progress I'm making at school,
that if I'm not careful you'll soon get ahead of me, and—and I can't help it, if you do. I try
to learn, Mavis, but I'm so slow, and—oh, you mustn't think that I'm jealous of you, for I'm
not!"

"Of course I don't think that, Rosie," Mavis replied, greatly distressed at the sight of her
cousin's tearful eyes and quivering lips. "It wouldn't be true, if you did. I told mother that
Miss Matthews said it was quite likely you would be raised into my class next term. I
thought she'd be pleased; but, instead, she was angry with me, and called me a dunce.
Perhaps I am a dunce," Rose admitted, with a sob. "If I am, I can't help it."

Mavis did not know what to say. She was aware that Rose learnt with difficulty, and that
her mother was frequently impatient with her for being so slow, which seemed to her very
unkind. And she had looked forward to being in the same class as her cousin, because she
thought it would be pleasant for them to do their lessons together.

"Miss Matthews knows that I try to get on," Rose continued, in the same aggrieved tone.
"She never complains of me, and I don't consider mother ought to have scolded me, just
because I'm not so sharp as other girls. She doesn't worry Bob about his lessons like she
does me. Bob's her favourite, and he can do nothing amiss. I declare I won't try to learn
any more, for mother's sure to find fault with me, anyway! It's most unjust."

"I don't suppose Aunt Lizzie understands how hard you try to learn," Mavis said, putting
her arms around Rose and kissing her flushed cheek. "Don't be unhappy about it, dear. You
do your best, I'm sure."

"That's why I feel it's so hard mother should be cross with me, Mavis. I don't idle my time
away, like some of the girls at school do, and—and she says I must, or I shouldn't be so
backward." Rose brushed away an angry tear, and choked back a sob. "Let us talk of
something else," she said. "You've been writing to Aunt Margaret, haven't you?"

"Yes. Aunt Lizzie said I might enclose a letter with one she has written. I wonder how long
this rainy weather will last, Rosie."

"Father thinks we shall have a change soon, for the wind is getting more northerly; it's
been due west for weeks. If we get frost now the floods are out, we shall have fine
skating; you will like that, Mavis?"

"I can't skate," Mavis answered. "I never tried."

"Oh, we will soon teach you. I am looking forward to a long spell of frost, like we had last
winter."

"Are you? We thought that frost was dreadful in London, because it made things so hard
for the poor—they don't feel the wet so much as long as it's mild, but when it's cold and
frosty, the distress is terrible. Last winter, not far from where we lived, a poor old woman
was found dead on a doorstep; I couldn't sleep for nights afterwards for thinking of her."

"How shocking!" exclaimed Rose, in an awe-struck voice. "Had she no home?"

"No. There are hundreds and hundreds of people in London without homes. Mother knew a
great many poor people, and it used to make her so sad when she couldn't help them.
Often they'd come and tell her their troubles, because, you see, being poor herself, she
could understand better than if she had been rich," Mavis explained, with a wisdom beyond
her years.

"Were you, then, very poor, Mavis?" Rose inquired, wonderingly.

"Yes," nodded Mavis; "but we always had enough to eat, though sometimes it was only
bread-and-butter. Once we couldn't pay our rent, and mother was in great trouble about
that, but Miss Tompkins was very kind, and said she would willingly wait for it. And then,
mother had a good engagement to nurse a rich old gentleman for a few weeks, so Miss
Tompkins hadn't to wait long."

"Why didn't your mother write to father for some money, Mavis?" asked Rose. "I am sure
he would have been very pleased to send her some."

"I am sure he would, too, now I know him. I don't know why she didn't write to him;
perhaps she did not like to bother him, yes, that must have been it."

"Father says Aunt Margaret has been a wonderful woman to do as she has done, with no
one to help her," remarked Rose.

"God helped her," said Mavis, simply; "mother says He helps all who trust in Him."

"You tell Him all your troubles, don't you, Mavis?" Rose asked. Then, as her cousin nodded
assent, she said, "I don't mean only great troubles, but little ones?"

"Oh yes."

"Well, I don't. I just say my regular prayers twice a day, and that's all. I don't feel God's
my Friend, like you do."

"Don't you? Oh, but you should. I'd tell Him everything, if I were you."

"What, that mother's vexed with me for being slow at school, for instance?"

"Yes. God knows you do your best, Rosie, if Aunt Lizzie doesn't. I'd ask Him to make her
believe it, if I were you. Mother says when we've told God our trouble, we oughtn't to
worry about it any more, but just leave it to Him, and He'll be sure to put it right."

"Do you really think that?"

"Of course I do. He has promised to bear our troubles, and you know it says in the Bible,
'there has not failed one word of all His good promise.' I'll show you the verse, if you like."

"It astonishes me that you should be so religious," Rose observed, after a few minutes'
thought, "because you're such a merry little soul as a rule, always singing about the place
and ready for any fun, and I thought religious people were generally very solemn."

"Oh, do you think so? Mother says religion ought to make people joyous and happy, and
that it's mistrusting God to be gloomy and sad. That's why I've tried not to trouble about
her leaving me; but sometimes I haven't been able to help crying when I've thought how
far she's gone away, and then I've felt so bad about it afterwards."

At that moment heavy footsteps, easily recognizable as Mr. Grey's, were heard ascending
the stairs, and a minute later came a knock at the door, and a voice outside called—

"Mavis, I've news for you, my dear."

"News?" Mavis sprang to the door and flung it open wide. "Oh, Uncle John," she cried, as
she saw her uncle standing smiling at her, "do you mean that you have news of mother?
But no, it cannot be that!"
"Yes, it is, child," Mr. Grey responded, "and good news, too. The 'Nineveh' has arrived at
Sydney. Your mother's in first-rate health, and Miss Dawson is better. I've had a letter from
Mr. Dawson, and he has had a cablegram from your mother. It seems, he promised her he
would let us know as soon as he heard from her. It is very good news, isn't it?"

"Splendid!" cried Mavis, her face aglow with happiness. "How kind of Mr. Dawson to write
to you, Uncle John! I never guessed we should get news so soon, did you?"

"Well, I thought it just possible," Mr. Grey admitted, "but I didn't say a word about it, for
fear you should be disappointed. Mr. Dawson is evidently in high spirits, judging from the
tone of his letter. And I don't believe your mother would raise his hopes about his
daughter, if she had not good cause for doing so. The change of climate may really set up
the poor young lady's health, after all, and I sincerely hope God may spare her life. Her
father has my sympathy. I know how grieved I should feel if I had to send my little girl
away from me, especially if she was ill."

And Mr. Grey smiled affectionately at Rose as he spoke.

She threw her arms around his neck and hugged and kissed him again and again,
exclaiming the while—

"Oh, you dear father! You do love me, don't you, just as much as though I was clever?"

"Bless the child, yes," he replied, with his hearty laugh. "Why, Rosie, there are tears in
your eyes. What's the meaning of that?"

She would not tell him, however, and he was wiser than to press the question.

Meanwhile, Mavis had gone in search of the other members of the household to impart her
news to them. Her heart was singing with joy, and her aunt thought she had never seen a
brighter, happier pair of eyes than those which peeped around the kitchen door to see if
she was there.

"Such good news, Aunt Lizzie!" cried Mavis, and she proceeded to explain what it was.

"Thank God they have made the journey in safety!" exclaimed Jane, who had stopped in
the midst of the important business of stove-cleaning when the little girl had appeared.

"I do thank Him," Mavis answered, softly.

"How relieved in mind Mr. Dawson must be!" exclaimed Mrs. John. She was rubbing the
contents of the plate-basket with a piece of chamois leather, her usual task on a Saturday
afternoon. "Poor man, I sympathize with him greatly," she continued, "especially as Miss
Dawson is his only child. How grateful he will be to your mother, Mavis, if she brings him
back her patient restored to health!"

"Mother will take good care of her," Mavis responded. "She's a capital nurse, every one
who knows her says that; but only God can make Miss Dawson well."

"That's so," agreed Jane, with a nod, as she returned to her stove. "I don't believe that
child ever forgets that God's above all," she remarked, as Mavis left the kitchen to look for
Bob, to impart her news to him. "It's to be hoped she'll always remember it."

"She's a strange little thing," her mistress answered, "so very childish in some ways, and
in others thoughtful beyond her years."
 CHAPTER VII
A GREAT GIFT

THE heavy rains had ceased, and there had been several nights of hard frost, which had
covered the flooded meadows surrounding W— with a thick coating of ice.

"The ice will bear to-day," remarked Mr. Grey, one morning at breakfast. "I believe we're in
for a spell of dry weather. You must look to your skates, children, for, if all's well, you'll get
some skating now."

By the following morning—a Saturday—the ice was in splendid condition, and the young
people of the village spent nearly the whole day on it, as well as many of their elders.

Mavis had been supplied with an old pair of skates which had belonged to Rose, who had
bought a new pair the previous season. And during the morning, her uncle gave her, her
first lesson in skating; but he was called away on business in the afternoon, and she was
left to her own resources. She got on by herself fairly well, and managed to keep her feet
unaided; but it was slow work, and she grew tired and cold long before her cousins were
ready to leave the ice. By-and-by she divested herself of her skates, and declared to Rose
her intention of going home.

SHE WAS LEFT TO HER OWN RESOURCES.

"What, already?" cried Rose. "Why, how cold you look! I'm most beautifully warm. You
don't want me to go with you, do you?" she asked.

"Oh no," Mavis replied, "certainly not. I don't think I've got on badly. But I can't skate fast
enough to keep warm like you, and my feet are so cold, there's no feeling in them.
Otherwise I should like to stay and look on."

Rose nodded, and skimmed away over the ice. Whilst Mavis left the meadow by the
gateway, and turned into the road leading to the village, through which she had to pass on
her way home, walking briskly to get herself warm.

It was a perfect winter afternoon. The sun was sinking rosily in the western sky, and the
keen, frosty air was most invigorating. Mavis had enjoyed the day; but she sighed, and her
pretty face grow grave as she thought of those to whom frost meant only added misery,
and she felt glad that there were no extremely poor people in W—.

"I don't suppose there's any one in the place who hasn't enough to eat," she reflected.
"For I heard uncle say last night that the villagers were very well looked after; they get
coal-tickets, and they belong to blanket clubs, and they have good homes."

She had reached the village by this time, and was passing the post-office when the Vicar
came out, followed by his dog. A smile lit up Mr. Moseley's kindly countenance as his eyes
fell on the little girl.

"All alone?" he said. "How is that?"

"I got so very cold on the ice that I thought I'd go home," Mavis explained, as she patted
Max. "I only began to learn to skate to-day, and I grew very tired."

"Naturally. You are warmer now?"

"Oh yes, thank you. I have been walking fast. Max is very pleased to see me, isn't he?"

"Very. He counts you as a friend, there is no doubt about that. I am glad to hear you have
had good news of your mother. I saw your uncle a few days ago, and he mentioned that
Mrs. Grey had arrived at Sydney safely."

"Oh yes. I shall be having a letter from her from Sydney before Christmas, I expect. Did
uncle tell you that Miss Dawson is better, Mr. Moseley?"

"Miss Dawson is the young lady your mother is nursing, I suppose? No, your uncle did not
tell me that; but I am very glad."

"She is such a pretty young lady, and so rich; but she is very delicate, though you wouldn't
think it to look at her. I never saw her but once, and then she was very kind to me. She
gave me a beautiful gold locket and chain for a keepsake. I had nothing of the kind before,
and we got quite friendly, though we were only together for a little while. Isn't it odd how
quickly one gets friendly with some people?"

He smiled and assented. They were walking in the direction of the vicarage, which Mavis
had to pass on her way home.

"I think it's very strange," the little girl continued, knitting her brows thoughtfully. "Now,
Rose and I are great friends, and, on the whole, I get on well with Bob, and I'm very fond
of Uncle John; but, do you know—" she dropped her voice confidentially as she spoke—"I
never can quite like Aunt Lizzie. I do hope it isn't very wrong of me."
"Why can't you like her?" the Vicar asked, looking surprised.

"I don't know," Mavis admitted, shaking her head.

"She's kind to you, I'm sure."

"Oh yes, yes!" The little girl grew red, and hesitated. "Please, Mr. Moseley, what is it to be
superficial?" she asked, by-and-by. "Is it something one ought not to be?"

"To be superficial is to be all on the surface—shallow," he replied. "But why do you ask
that?"

"Aunt Lizzie says I'm superficial," Mavis explained. "I heard her tell Uncle John so. But he
said no, I was not. Indeed, I was not trying to listen," she proceeded quickly. "I was
coming downstairs, and they were in the hall. I didn't know they were talking about me.
Then it's nothing very bad if one is superficial, Mr. Moseley?"

"No," he answered, with an involuntary smile; "and it's nothing for you to trouble about.
But I agree with your uncle. I think, perhaps, your aunt is mistaken; she probably does not
understand you, and you evidently do not understand her. No doubt you will get to know
each other better by-and-by. I am coming to see your aunt about you one day soon."

"About me?" Mavis exclaimed, questioningly.

"Yes. I am going to get up a concert—not just yet, during Christmas week—and invite all
the villagers to attend. It will be held in the schoolroom, and I think you can help me, if
your aunt will permit it."

"I!" cried the little girl in amazement. "What can I do?"

"You can sing. I have heard you on several occasions when you have been with your
cousins in the woods, though you have not known I have been listening. Once I heard you
sing a most beautiful version of the twenty-third psalm, and that is what I should like you
to sing at my concert."

"Oh, Mr. Moseley, I don't think I could—before a lot of strange people!"

"Not if it gave them pleasure?" he inquired, with a smile.

"I should be so nervous," faltered the little girl.

"Perhaps, at first, but you would very soon get over that."

"But I have never learnt to sing properly—not with music, I mean. I couldn't sing with a
piano; it would put me out."

"I should like you to sing without an accompaniment, as you have been accustomed. God
has given you a groat gift, my dear, don't you think He expects you to use it for the benefit
of others?"

"Do you think that?" Mavis asked earnestly.

"Certainly I do. The poet Longfellow says that God sent His singers upon earth—"

"'That they might touch the hearts of men,

 And bring them back to heaven again.'"

"Those lines recurred to my memory when I heard you sing that beautiful, comforting
psalm."

Mavis' face broke into a sudden, radiant smile. In imagination, she heard Miss Dawson's
well-remembered voice saying: "You have given me comfort, and reminded me that I am
not setting out on a long journey without support from God." She knew the sick girl had
referred to the words she had previously sung—

"The Lord is only my support, and He that doth me feed;

How can I then lack anything whereof I stand in need?"

Had God indeed given her a great gift, expecting her to use it for the benefit of others?
She had never thought of her voice in that light before; she had sung instinctively, like the
bird after which she had been named.

"Mr. Moseley, I will sing at your concert gladly, if Aunt Lizzie will let me," she said, at
length.

"Thank you, my dear. I felt sure you would. Well, I shall call at the Mill House shortly. You
will soon run home from here?"

"Oh yes," assented Mavis.

They had reached the vicarage gate, and, having shaken hands with her companion, and
put her arms around Max's neck and given him an affectionate hug, she hastened on. She
felt very light-hearted, and hummed a little tune happily to herself as she tripped along.
But her voice suddenly ceased as she neared the Mill House and caught sight of a man's
figure ahead of her, clad in a ragged suit of clothes. A pang of pity shot through her
sympathetic heart.

"I suppose he's a tramp or a beggar," she thought, "he looks dreadfully poor."

The man turned at the sound of her light footsteps, and looked at her. She saw his face
was pinched and blue with the cold, and that it wore a very wretched, dispirited
expression. As she caught up to him, he spoke.

"Have you a penny you could spare me, missie?" he said, in a voice which sounded weak,
she thought. He was quite a young man, tall and broad-shouldered, but extremely thin.

"No, I haven't," she replied, regretfully. "Oh, I'm so sorry! You do look miserably cold."

"Aye, I'm cold," he agreed, with a short, bitter laugh, "cold and hungry, too."

"Hungry? Oh dear, how dreadful! Do you live here—at W— I mean?"

"No. I'm on the look-out for work—have been for weeks—but it's very scarce. I'm not a
beggar from choice. I've been hanging around the mill in hopes of seeing the miller,
thinking that he might give me a job. They told me in the village that he wanted a man to
drive a waggon."
"I believe he does," said Mavis. "But he's not at home this afternoon. I live at the Mill
House; Mr. Grey's my uncle. Go round to the back door, I'm sure my aunt will give you
something to eat."

The man looked at her doubtfully, but he did as he was told.

Meanwhile Mavis passed through the wicket-gate, ran up the garden path, and entered the
house by the front door. She found her aunt in the parlour, engaged in darning stockings,
and immediately informed her that there was a poor starving man outside.

"Do give him some food, please, Aunt Lizzie, and let him warm himself by the kitchen fire,"
she said, pleadingly. "He wants to see Uncle John, to ask him if he can give him work.
Mayn't he come in and wait? I have sent him around to the back door."

"Really, Mavis, you take too much upon yourself!" cried her aunt, irascibly. "I never
encourage tramps; the workhouse is always open to them. I must send this man off at
once."

"Aunt Lizzie, you don't mean it!" exclaimed Mavis, aghast. "Oh, you won't be so cruel! He
is hungry, I am certain he is, and, oh, it will be unkind if you don't give him something to
eat—if only a slice of bread!"

The little girl repented having spoken so hastily the moment after the words had passed
her lips, and she hung her head and commenced a stammering apology. Her aunt did not
stay to listen to it, however, but hurried to the kitchen. The man was already at the back
door, and Jane was speaking to him.

"I dare say missus will give you a bit of bread and meat," she was remarking, as Mrs.
John, closely followed by Mavis, entered the kitchen.

"How often have I warned you not to encourage tramps, Jane!" said her mistress, severely.
"Go away, or I'll report you to the police for begging," she declared, imperatively motioning
to the man to depart.

"The little lady thought you'd give me something to eat, ma'am," he said. "She told me to
come."

"Yes, I did," asserted Mavis, nearly weeping. "Oh, Aunt Lizzie, don't, don't send him away
hungry."

Mrs. John wavered. She looked scrutinizingly at the man, and saw he was evidently
wretchedly cold and inadequately clothed, and her heart was stirred with pity. So she went
into the larder and cut some bread and meat, which she gave him.

"Thank you, ma'am," he said, his tone evincing real gratitude. But though he addressed
the donor of the food, his glance went past her to Mavis. He was not allowed to say more,
however, for at that moment the door was shut in his face, and he had no choice but to go
away.

"I am never knowingly unkind to any one, Mavis," Mrs. John said, as she turned her
attention to her little niece, who was furtively wiping her eyes, "and I am greatly
astonished that you should have spoken to me in such an unbecoming manner."

"It was very wrong of me, and I'll never do so again, Aunt Lizzie," Mavis responded, in a
tremulous voice. "But you didn't seem to understand that the poor man was really hungry.
Won't you forgive me? I did not mean to be rude. I spoke without thinking."
"Yes, I forgive you. But never presume to dictate to me again. Why have you returned
before the others?"

Mavis explained, and went on to repeat the conversation she had held with the Vicar, to
which her aunt listened with an expression of disapproval on her countenance, afterwards
remarking—

"You are too young, in my opinion, to sing in public. However, I will hear what Mr. Moseley
has to say, and consult your uncle upon the matter. The idea of a child like you singing at a
concert. It is preposterous to think of it!"

Mavis made no answer, for she saw Mrs. John was greatly displeased. She thought it was
because of the manner in which she had addressed her in reference to the hungry
stranger, and was quite unaware that, added to that, her aunt was jealous on her
children's account. Truth to tell, Mrs. John was annoyed that the Vicar should seek to bring
Mavis into notice. She would not admit, even to herself, that the little girl had a
wonderfully beautiful voice.

CHAPTER VIII
LOOKING FORWARD TO CHRISTMAS

THE miller's thrifty wife was not by any means a hard woman, but she lacked that quick
sympathy for others which is generally the outcome of a vivid imagination joined to a
kindly heart. She never realized the sorrows of her fellow-creatures without they were set
plainly before her. And though she was in many ways much shrewder than her husband,
she often made mistakes of which he would have been incapable.

She had been a worker all her life, and consequently entertained a great contempt for
idlers. And she believed that if people worked they always got on well, for that had been
her own experience. She had lived rather a narrow life, with few interests outside her own
family.

Had it been otherwise, doubtless she would have known that sometimes God denies
success—as the world counts success—to those who do their best and work their hardest.
Thus it was, that rarely did any one come to her for help or sympathy, whilst many were
the tales of woe which were poured into her husband's ears.

When Mavis had hastened to her aunt requesting food for a hungry man, Mrs. John had
immediately jumped to the conclusion that he must be a professional beggar, and
therefore a dangerous character. Her eyes had shown her the real misery of his condition,
however, so she had fed him. But she had not been possessed of sufficient discernment to
notice that he was not an ordinary mendicant, so that when her husband informed her, a
few days later, at dinner-time, that he had engaged the man she had so unwillingly
assisted, to drive one of his waggons, she was greatly astonished.

"You cannot mean it!" she explained. "Why, he was literally in rags! John, surely you are
very unwise."
"That remains to be proved, my dear," responded her husband, gravely, "but I hope I am
not. The man is accustomed to horses; he has been in the employ of a farmer living near
Woodstock, and I see no reason why he should not suit me, if he keeps the promises he
has made me to be honest and steady. His name is Richard Butt, and he's twenty-five
years of age, and has a young wife, who is at present living with her parents at
Woodstock."

"Then he doesn't support her? He has been out of work some time, I suppose? Why did he
leave his last place?"

"Well, he got himself into trouble, my dear; he was very frank about it, and I have made
inquiries, and find he told me the truth. Remember, children," Mr. Grey proceeded,
addressing the three young folks, who were present and listening with great interest, "this
is not to go beyond our own household, you are not to speak of it to outsiders."

"We will not!" they agreed eagerly.

"Well, he was caught poaching, and sent to prison for six weeks," Mr. Grey went on to
explain. "No doubt he deserved his punishment. Of course, when he was released from
jail, he found his master had filled his place and had no work for him. And his young wife,
unable to pay the rent of their cottage, had been obliged to give it up and return to her
own people. For several weeks now, he has been tramping the district for miles around in
search of employment, without any success, ashamed to return to Woodstock, where he is
well-known, to be a disgrace to his relations."

"On Saturday, he heard I wanted a waggoner, so he waited about the place till he could
see me, which was on Monday. I believe he slept two nights in the cattle shed in Brimley
meadow, and I'm certain he's been half starved."

"Oh, how terrible!" cried Rose.

Whilst Mavis, a little paler than usual, glanced at her aunt, who was listening with an
impatient frown on her forehead.

"This cold, frosty weather, too!" exclaimed Bob. "To think of us all with plenty to eat, a fire
to warm ourselves by, and comfortable beds to lie on, and some one close to our house in
that old tumble-down shed!"

"You must look over my stock of clothes, Lizzie," said the miller, "and see if I can't spare
the poor fellow a suit. You don't approve of my having engaged him to work for me, I see."

"How can I approve of your befriending a man of that class? Do you expect a poacher to
be honest? He'll rob you for a certainty."

"I trust not; but if he does, I shall get rid of him at once. And at any rate, I shall have
given him a chance to redeem his character. I've written to his late master, who informs
me that Richard Butt is a strong, willing young fellow, and that he believes he took to
poaching for the love of sport. I don't know about that, I'm sure; but I don't fancy he'll
attempt anything of that kind again. Mind you, I'm not making excuses for him. As I've
told him, a man who poaches a rabbit is as much a thief as a man who robs a poultry-
yard, the principle is the same. But I can't help being sorry for him, and I wouldn't have it
on my conscience for anything that I might have assisted a fellow-creature and hadn't
done it. It's the right thing, I take it, to give a helping hand where one can."

"Perhaps God sent him to you on purpose, Uncle John," said Mavis; "because you could
give him work, I mean."
"May be so, my dear," agreed the miller.

"When does he commence to work for you?" inquired his wife, still looking dubious.

"Next Monday. He has found lodgings in the village."

"How has he managed about money?"

"Well, I have advanced him a little," Mr. Grey admitted. "I offered to do so, and I believe
he is very grateful to me."

"It is to be hoped he will keep faith with you, John," his wife remarked drily.

"You will look-out a suit of clothes for him, won't you, Lizzie?"

"I will, if he turns up on Monday as arranged. But it would not astonish me, if he does not.
We shall see."

Richard Butt did keep faith with the kind man who had befriended him, however. And
proved himself quite equal to the task he had undertaken, to drive the big waggon with its
pair of fine horses.

Mrs. John duly presented him with a suit of her husband's clothes, and various other
articles of clothing which she thought might be useful to him. And she took the opportunity
to question him about his wife, whom he said he was going to send for as soon as he could
make a home for her.

"She's been able to save a few bits of our furniture," he explained, "and if I give Mr. Grey
satisfaction, and find he's willing to keep me on, I shall look-out for a cottage in the
village. Meantime, my wife will stay with her parents, she's no expense to them, for she
earns enough for herself by doing plain needlework."

The children, Mavis especially, took great interest in the new waggoner. And they were
careful not to tell any one the circumstances which had brought him to the deplorable
position he had been in when Mr. Grey had taken pity upon him. He had paid the penalty
for his sin, and was starting life afresh.

The severe frost continued for more than a fortnight, and Mavis learnt to skate very nicely.
Many happy hours did she spend with her cousins and her schoolfellows on the ice; and
deeply regretful were the young people when a thaw set in, and weather-wise folks began
to prophesy a mild Christmas.

Rose and Bob were looking forward to Christmas with much eagerness, for the season had
always been a very happy one for them. But Mavis was anticipating the coming festival
with very sober thoughts. Hitherto, she and her mother had been together at Christmas;
now they were divided by thousands and thousands of miles of land and sea. She listened
somewhat half-heartedly to her cousins' plans for making the most of the holidays, until
Rose gave her a look of wonder and reproach, and said—

"What is the matter? You don't seem yourself, Mavis."

"I've been thinking of last Christmas, and that has made me rather sad," Mavis answered.
"Mother and I were together then," she added, the tears rushing to her hazel eyes as she
spoke.

"Oh!" cried Rose, comprehendingly, whilst Bob inquired—

"Did you have a lot of presents?"

"No; I only had two—a work-basket from mother, and a story-book from Miss Tompkins.
But it was a lovely Christmas! Mother and I were so happy together! On Christmas Eve, it
was fine, and we went out and had a good look at the shops. We enjoyed seeing all the
pretty things, and thinking what we would buy, if we were rich. We spent Christmas Day
quite by ourselves. In the morning, we went to the service at a little mission church where
father used to preach sometimes—the people who go there are mostly poor people, some
of them so poor that they wouldn't like to go and sit with those who are well-dressed. And
in the afternoon, after dinner, we sat by the fire and talked, and never, never dreamed that
we should be so far apart from each other when Christmas came again."

And Mavis heaved a deep sigh.

"Oh, you mustn't get sad," said Rose, earnestly. "I'm sure your mother wouldn't like you to
be that. We want you to have a very happy Christmas. We shall break up at school about
the twentieth of December, and then we shall be very busy at home, making mincemeat
and puddings, and preparing our Christmas presents."

The time had arrived now when Mavis might expect her mother's first letter from Sydney.
It was delivered one afternoon whilst she was at school, and given to her immediately on
her return. She ran upstairs to her bedroom to enjoy it undisturbed, and her heart
throbbed with happiness as she read that her mother was well, and that Miss Dawson was
continuing to improve in health.

"You are constantly in my thoughts and prayers, little daughter,"

Mrs. Grey had written, "and ever in my heart. God bless and keep you,
my darling child. I enclose a money-order for a pound, for you to spend
as you like; doubtless you will find it useful at Christmas."

"Oh, how nice!" exclaimed Mavis, delighted beyond measure. "Now I shall be able to give
presents to every one! A whole pound! I never had more than half a crown in my life
before!"

She finished reading her mother's letter, then went back to the beginning, and read it right
through to the end again before she looked into the envelope for the money-order. There it
was safe enough, and a half-sheet of notepaper, on which were written a few lines in an
unfamiliar handwriting—

"DEAR LITTLE MAVIS,"

"This is to wish you a very happy Christmas. I am really better, and I

believe God is going to allow me to get well. Often I have been very low-
spirited and sad since we left England, but when I have thought of the
Good Shepherd, of whom you sang to me so sweetly, I have felt better.
'The Lord is only my support,' dear Mavis, and I am learning to trust in
Him more and more. Your mother is so good to me, so patient, so kind;
we have become great friends."

"I have written to my father asking him to send you a present from
London for me; you may expect to get it a few days before Christmas. It
will be my Christmas-box to you, and please accept it with my love.