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Chemistry Paper 5 2020-22
Chemistry Paper 5 2020-22
P5 NOTES 9
STATES OF MATTER 45
TITRATIONS 75
ENTHALPY 93
EQUILIBRIA 123
ELECTROCHEMISTRY 227
MISCELLANEOUS 278
2
3
HOMEWORK
DATE PARTICULARS
BILAL HAMEED HW
4
DATE PARTICULARS
BILAL HAMEED HW
3
PAPER 5 TIPS
PAPER 5 TIPS
Planning
Planning can be a difficult practical skill to master. It depends on thinking care- fully about the
practical problem set. It also relies on a good understanding of the practical experience you have
gained during the course. The following may make it easier for you to gain marks.
Quantitative Exercises
• You should be able to identify the independent and dependent variables from the information
given.
• You should be able to identify other key variables and propose measures to control these.
• You should be able to make a quantitative prediction of the likely outcome of the experiment (if
required).
• The plan needs to be able to test any prediction/hypothesis in a reliable, unambiguous and
reproducible way.
• Even if the question does not ask for a formal prediction/hypothesis, you should have a clear
idea of what you expect the results to show.
• The data provided in the question will need processing in some way to enable analysis and
evaluation (see later). This also means that some discussion of how this processing is to be
carried out needs to go into the plan.
• The steps by which the experimental procedure and analysed data will be evaluated should be
included.
Qualitative Exercises
This type of exercise might involve planning the preparation of a given mass of a compound or an
analysis scheme for an unknown compound. The plan should be sufficiently detailed that, if the
experiment were performed by a competent chemist, it would produce the anticipated outcomes.
Many students lose marks at this stage by not producing a sufficiently detailed plan and relying on
the examiner to ‘fill in the gaps’.
• The suggested plan must be workable given the apparatus available, and the scale required
(e.g. for producing a known mass of compound).
• The heating or cooling of the reaction mixture and the method chosen to do so should be
included.
• The sequence of carrying out tests on an unknown compound should be stated so that false
results can be excluded.
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PAPER 5
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In analysing data, you will need to be able to use your understanding of the theory behind a given
experiment. Some people find it difficult to put together a clear, reasoned and justified argument to
support this. The stages in the argument must be clear and easy for the examiner to follow.
When analysing numerical data you need to be proficient in handling the mathematics involved and
confident in carrying out the calculations needed — including the correct use of significant figures.
Remember, the number of significant figures to which an answer is expressed shows the precision
of the measured quantities. The general rule is that you should use the same number of significant
figures as are found in the least precise measurement.
You also need to be able to analyse errors in the experiment. These fall into two groups — those
associated with the use of a particular piece of apparatus and those linked to the level of
competence of the operator or flaws in the procedure. One way to start thinking about apparatus
errors is to compare the use of a burette in measuring different volumes of a liquid. If you use it to
measure out 5cm3, the error in measurement will be five times greater than if you use it to measure
25 cm3.
Evaluation
This is one of the harder skills to develop because to be successful in evaluating an experiment or
procedure you need to have a clear idea of the aims, objectives and predicted outcome.
• deducing possible causes for the anomalous results and suggesting ways of avoiding them
It goes without saying that if anomalous results are to be identified then the expected pattern of
results must be known. This could be from a prediction as part of a hypothesis about the
experiment, or because an experimentally determined point does not fit the trend of other data.
Having identified the anomaly you should suggest what might have caused it, and have a strategy
for dealing with it (which might involve excluding it or repeating the measurement). The effect of
including and excluding an outlier in drawing a line of best fit is shown in the diagram on the next
page.
So what should you do if the results of a quantitative experiment are inaccurate? The first thing is to
establish whether the errors are due to the apparatus used or to the data collected.
If the errors in the data collected exceed the apparatus errors then it is important to identify the
flaws in the procedure which led to these errors and to suggest a more reliable procedure. If the
error is a result of a temperature fluctuation in the laboratory, you might suggest using a water bath
with a thermostat to reduce this fluctuation. If the errors in the data do not exceed those due to the
apparatus used, you need to suggest how to reduce the apparatus errors. If one of the sources of
error is in weighing a solid, it is not sufficient to say ‘use a better balance’; you must quantify this —
for example, 'use a balance accurate to ±0.01g’.
Remember that there is no credit for saying that the experiment went well or gave good results. You
must say why, and give evidence to support this.
Drawing Conclusions
This is usually the final stage in commenting on an experiment or procedure. It relies on you having
a thorough knowledge of the chemistry involved.
The conclusion you draw must be based on how well the data collected matches the original
hypothesis or prediction, or is supported by the results of qualitative tests. You will be expected to
use your knowledge of the theoretical background to the experiment or procedure and to make
judgements about the data or results based on this knowledge
Read the text around the table before completing it. There are two common errors in headings and
data that occur regularly. Firstly, students need to fully label each new column used. Secondly, the
data needs to be correctly quoted to a specified number of either decimal places or significant
figures.
1. Care needs to be taken with units (sec is not acceptable for seconds, only s). CIE require that
units in table headings are given as /s or (s).
3. Each column heading needs three things; For example a description (e.g. rate), a unit (e.g. /s–1)
and an expression to calculate the data (e.g. 1/time) as required. The unit for rate was s–1 and for 1/
T, K–1. Log values have no unit.
5. 1/T were correctly reported in the form 0.00341 or 3.41×10–3 with the correct unit in the heading as
K–1. Some candidates gave values as 3.41 but gave a 10–3 ambiguously in the heading. The only
acceptable way to give that was within the unit as /x 10–3 K–1.
GRAPHS
1. When a sketch graph is required this does not imply that carelessly drawn lines are
acceptable. As much precision as possible should be shown. Straight lines should be drawn
using a ruler and not freehand and as many reference points as possible should be included
2. Sharp pencils are essential to plot points accurately, preferably as a small cross, and straight
lines can only be drawn with the aid of a ruler; these lines should be straight, single and with
no kinks or slight changes of gradient.
3. Two factors need to be taken into account when scaling the axes. The points need to be
plotted within at least half of each axis and the scale should be reasonable to facilitate
accurate plotting. Fit a reasonable scale into the grid first that uses at least half of each axis.
Unreasonable scales of 0.006, 0.008 and 0.011 units to 10 small squares inevitably leads to
plotting errors. For example data of 1, 2, 4 or 5 to 1 large square (of 10 small squares) would
be reasonable but 3 or 6 or 7 to 1 large square (of 10 small squares) would not.
4. The co-ordinates of a table point may be used provided they lie on the line and the
construction lines are drawn to them. If plotted, the origin is a good point to use. If not, it
cannot be assumed.
5. When referring to the reason for an anomalous result, it should be stressed that define the
point unambiguously (e.g. Experiment 4) before stating a reason. This is vital when there is
more than one anomaly.
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P5 TIPS5
PAPER
7
HAZARDS
1. Various types of gloves are available in laboratories and in this case a good answer for
corrosive chemicals would have been chemically-resistant gloves, latex gloves.
2. The most hazardous item in many cases is a hot apparatus (hot/boiling water and/or the hot
vapour) which needs to be handled with heatproof gloves or appropriate holders. A common
error is a reference to the Bunsen burner.
3. For an enthalpy change reaction: The two risks were generally not well done. Heat was often
given – but only high heat would be acceptable as the reaction was given as exothermic.
Melting cups were common (perhaps caused by the concentrated sodium hydroxide) as was
heat lost to the surroundings. The correct hazard is the instability of the plastic cup as the
reactant was corrosive. Place the cup in a beaker to prevent the cup tipping over.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
1. Direct heating is necessary in order to decompose a solid. Do not uses water baths or
thermostatically controlled.
2. When water and an insoluble gas is given off, condense the steam and collect the second
gas. The essential point of this apparatus is that the two products needed to be collected
separately in sequence with the condensed water first. The capacity of the gas collector is
always needed.
INCORRECT PLANS:
Many candidates had two separate outputs from the heating vessel to two separate
collectors, both of which would collect both products. Some who chose to use a Liebig or ice
condenser had an output for water which was open to the atmosphere such that, even if
there was a subsequent gas collector in train, it would not have collected gas which would
have escaped in the earlier part of the apparatus.
PRECIPITATION
1. Specify the drying process. A simple statement such as “the precipitate was left to dry”
would not receive credit and, in this case, direct heating of many precipitates would cause its
decomposition.
2. The correct drying of a precipitate should only involve the minimum of heating, such as
washing with propanone.
3. ERRORS that result in anomalies: An excess mass could be explained simply by the
precipitate not being fully dry, while a loss of some of the precipitate would explain the other
anomaly.
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P5 TIPS5
PAPER
8
GENERAL PLANNING
1. When questions ask for descriptions of laboratory experiments you should focus on the
specific points asked for in the stem of the question.
2. In Question 1 the stem of the question provides bullet point prompts to expected responses.
The examination answers require these points to be addressed. You should work out the
focus of their plan first rather than working it out as they go along.
3. Most candidates attempted a diagram and, whilst the variation in the quality of the diagrams
was large, most scored at least partial credit. The container of the carbonate needed to be
not open to the air and capable of being heated strongly (not by means of a water bath).
There were some impractical solutions such as an evaporating basin with a funnel on top.
The collection device (gas syringe, measuring cylinder over water etc.) needed to have a
stated capacity and be calibrated. Some collectors had unreasonable capacities notably
many cubic decimetres or 1 cm3.
4. In rate experiments the reaction vessel needing closing as soon as the reactants are mixed
and that the stop clock needs starting immediately as the reactants get together. Use of a
divided flask is recommended.
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P5 TIPS5
PAPER
9
P5 NOTES
E.g. The one most often used is gas syringe. Label it as a graduated 100 cm3 gas
syringe. Do not use a gas syringe bigger than 500 cm3.
DO NOT assume a volume for test tubes. IF you have to pour 50 cm3 of dilute HCl into
a container use a 150 cm3 or 250 cm3 beaker or a 250 cm3 conical flask.
P5 NOTES
BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES
10
e.g. 25 cm3 measured out of a burette (smallest scale being 0.1 cm3) has % error of
but 25 cm3 measured out of a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder (smallest scale being 1.0 cm3)
has % error of
e.g. 100 cm3 measured out of a 200 cm3 measuring cylinder (smallest scale being 2.0
cm3) has % error of
ACCURACY OF TITRATIONS
Titrations are generally very accurate because:
but a 3 decimal place mass balance is much better as it would have much less % error
(as it can record accurately to 0.001 g)
• find the moles required to make 250 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm—3 (we’ll be using a 250 cm3
volumetric flask) =
• Rinse the beaker with water and transfer this washing to the volumetric flask.
• Repeat similar washings till the solution is made unto the 250 cm3 mark on the
volumetric flask.
• Measure out 25.00 cm3 of the 2.0 mol dm—3 solution of HCl into a 250 cm3 beaker using
a burette or pipette.
• Rinse the beaker with water and transfer this washing to the volumetric flask.
• Repeat similar washings till the solution is made unto the 250 cm3 mark on the
volumetric flask.
9
E.g. if you are given a 2.0 mol dm—3 solution of HCl and you are to make 5 solutions of
different concentrations of HCl to carry out five rate experiments this, you do this by adding
water:
Volume of 2 M HCl / cm3 Volume of water / cm3 Relative concentration
1 50.0 0.0 2.0
2 40.0 10.0 (40/50 x 2.00) = 1.6
3 30.0 20.0 1.2
4 20.0 30.0 0.80
5 10.0 40.0 0.40
10
• Add the crystals/solid to the water and stir continuously till they dissolve.
• After the solid has dissolved, if no solid crystals appear, add further amount of solid.
• Filter the solution using a filter paper and funnel so that the saturated solution is
collected in a beaker.
11
CALCULATING SOLUBILITY
• measure the mass of an empty evaporating dish, m1
• transfer the saturated solution to the evaporating dish and measure the mass, m2
• Warm the solution in the dish to evaporate the water till all the water evaporates.
• reheat and cool and weigh the dish with solid again till constant mass, m3.
• mass of solid = m3 — m1
• mass of water = m2 — m3
SET-UP DIAGRAMS
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BILAL HAMEED SET-UP DIAGRAMS
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REACTION WITH
3 GASES
11 2011 NOV P53 of
If a container Q1gas has a tiny hole in it, the gas will gradually escape through the hole. For
1 This
If process isofcalled
a container effusion
gas has a tinyand theinrate
hole at which
it, the it occurs
gas will is called
gradually thethrough
escape rate of effusion.
the hole. Examiner’s
For
This process is called effusion and the rate at which it occurs is called the rate of effusion. Use
Examiner’s
Use
You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the rate of effusion depends on the
relative
You are molecular mass, Mr, oftoainvestigate
to plan an experiment gas. how the rate of effusion depends on the
relative molecular mass, Mr, of a gas.
(a) At a constant temperature, the rate of effusion of a gas depends on the kinetic energy
(a) At
of the molecules
a constant of the gas. the
temperature, So, rate
for aof series of gases
effusion of a gasall atdepends
the same ontemperature,
the kinetic energy as the
of of amolecules
Mrthe gas increases of thethe gas.speed
So, for of athe molecules
series of gases of the
all atgasthedecreases.
same temperature, as the
Mr of a gas increases the speed of the molecules of the gas decreases.
(i) Predict how the rate of effusion will change as the Mr of the gas increases.
(i) Explain
Predict how yourthe prediction using thewill
rate of effusion information
change asinthe partM(a) the gas increases.
r of above.
Explain your prediction using the information in part (a) above.
prediction ..................................................................................................................
prediction ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Display your prediction in the form of a sketch graph below, clearly labelling the
(ii) Display
axes. your prediction in the form of a sketch graph below, clearly labelling the
axes.
0
00
0 [3]
[3]
(b) In the experiment you are about to plan, identify the following.
(b) In the experiment you are about to plan, identify the following.
(i) the independent variable ..........................................................................................
(i) the independent variable ..........................................................................................
(ii) the dependent variable .............................................................................................
(ii) the dependent variable .............................................................................................
[2]
[2]
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2011 9701/53/O/N/11
REACTION WITH GASES
[Turn over
© UCLES 2011 9701/53/O/N/11 [Turn over
20
4
(c) Using the apparatus shown below design a laboratory experiment to test your prediction For
in (a). Examiner’s
Use
piston
effusion hole
In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory you are provided with the
following materials,
• access to samples of the following gases; hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
butane and chlorine,
• a stop watch/clock.
Describe how you would carry out the experiment. You should
• ensure that the volume of gas measured is the same for each experiment,
• ensure that the syringe contains only the gas under investigation,
• ensure that the syringe is used under the same conditions throughout all of the
experiments,
• measure the effusion time,
• produce reliable results.
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...................................................................................................................................... [6]
(d) State a hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment and describe For
precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum. Examiner’s
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Draw a table with appropriate headings to show the data you would record when carrying
out your experiments and the values you would calculate in order to construct a graph to
support or reject your prediction in (a). The headings must include the appropriate units.
Ensure that the table covers all the detail relating to the five gases listed in (c).
[2]
[Total: 15]
You are to plan a single experiment to confirm that the molar quantities of magnesium oxide,
nitrogen(IV) oxide and oxygen produced agree with the equation for the thermal decomposition of
magnesium nitrate(V).
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with nitrogen(IV) oxide.
Nitrogen(IV) oxide must not be inhaled. A large dose can be fatal and smaller quantities
can have severe effects on breathing, particularly for people who suffer from asthma.
You are provided with anhydrous magnesium nitrate(V) and have access to the usual laboratory
equipment and reagents.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate(V).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide and volumes of nitrogen(IV) oxide and oxygen
produced under room conditions when 1 mole of magnesium nitrate(V) is heated.
You should assume that one mole of any gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under room conditions.
[1]
(b) (i) Draw and label a diagram of the apparatus and experimental set-up you would use. The
set-up needs to be capable of absorbing the nitrogen(IV) oxide and collecting the oxygen
separately and in sequence.
[4]
(ii) State the volume of the gas collector to be used to collect oxygen in (i). Calculate a mass
of magnesium nitrate(V) to be heated that would produce a stated volume of oxygen
appropriate for the collector.
You should assume that one mole of any gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under room conditions.
[1]
(c) List the measurements you would make when carrying out the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
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(d) (i) How could you make sure that the magnesium nitrate(V) had completely decomposed in
the experiment?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) To make sure that the volume of gas measured is accurate, what should you do before
taking the measurement?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Explain how you would use the results of the experiment to confirm that the decomposition had
occurred according to the molar ratios in the equation.
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5
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(f) What precautions would you take to make sure that the experiment could be performed safely?
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© UCLES 2014 9701/51/M/J/14
[Total: 15]
1 Lithium is a soft alkali metal which may be cut with a knife. It is usually stored under oil because it
reacts rapidly with moisture and oxygen in the air.
This reaction can be used to determine the relative atomic mass of lithium by measuring the volume
of hydrogen produced from a small amount of lithium.
(a) Draw the apparatus you could use to measure the volume of hydrogen produced, using
standard laboratory equipment.
Label the chemicals in your diagram and show how the reactants can be kept apart until the
reaction is started.
[3]
(b) To successfully carry out this experiment a correct procedure must be followed. The lithium you
will use is stored as large pieces under oil.
(i) Beginning with a large piece of lithium being removed from the oil, state how you would
prepare a small piece of lithium for use in this experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) By only observing the gas collecting apparatus, state how you would know the reaction
had stopped.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Other than eye protection, state two precautions you would take to make sure that the
experiment proceeds safely.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
What approximate volume of hydrogen gas would a 0.1 g mass of lithium produce?
(v) What would be the capacity (volume) of the gas collecting apparatus you would use for the
volume of hydrogen produced in (iv)?
(c) Another method that can be used to determine the relative atomic mass of lithium is by titration
of the lithium hydroxide produced during its reaction with water.
(i) State how you would accurately measure the total volume of distilled water in step 1.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how you would know that the reaction between lithium and distilled water was
complete.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State how you would transfer 25.0 cm3 of the solution of lithium hydroxide into a clean
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) State how you would ensure that your titration result was reliable.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) (c)
are clean, a student decides to wash them out with some distilled water before starting the
experiment.
Some water remains in the beaker. State the effect, if any, this would have on the calculated
relative atomic mass of lithium. Explain your reasoning.
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[2]
[Total: 15]
1 In 1804 the chemist John Dalton put forward the following idea. It is sometimes called ‘Dalton’s
Law’.
‘When two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, the ratios of
numbers.’
excess methane
porcelain boat porcelain boat porcelain boat burning
containing containing containing
lead oxide A lead oxide B lead oxide C
methane
gas
hazard 1 .....................................................................................................................................
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
hazard 2 .....................................................................................................................................
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
A, B or C and reweighed.
A,
A,BBor
or C
C and reweighed.
and reweighed.
[2]
(c) (i)
calculate the ratio of mass of lead in each compound.
(ii) If Dalton’s Law is true there should be a simple whole number ratio of the masses of
(i)
support Dalton’s Law.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) (i) B
(ii) B?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f)
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1 Verdigris is a green pigment that contains both copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3, and copper(II)
hydroxide, Cu(OH)2, in varying amounts.
(a) You are to plan an experiment to determine the percentage of copper(II) carbonate in a
sample of verdigris. Your method should involve the reaction of verdigris with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid.
–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq)
You may assume that any other material present in verdigris is unaffected by heating and is not
acidic or basic.
(i) Explain why a titration would not be a suitable method to determine the percentage of
copper(II) carbonate in a sample of verdigris.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) –3
HCl (aq) is corrosive and too concentrated for use in the experiment.
3 –3
hydrochloric acid
–3
HCl (aq) provided.
Include details of any apparatus, including their capacities in cm3, you would use.
.............................................................................................................................................
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(iii) Identify a dependent variable that you could measure to determine the percentage of
copper(II) carbonate in verdigris.
Your answer should be based on a difference that you can identify between the reactions
of copper(II) carbonate and copper(II) hydroxide with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iv) Draw a diagram to show how you would set up apparatus and chemicals to measure the
(iii).
(v)
in (iii) would change during your experiment.
Extend the graph beyond the point at which the reaction is complete.
Describe how this one experiment should be carried out to ensure that the results are as
accurate as possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(vii) 3 .
[Mr: CuCO3
–3
HCl (aq) = .............................. cm3
(b) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
Describe one relevant precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that should be
taken to keep the risk associated with the chemicals used to a minimum. Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(c) Azurite is a blue copper-containing mineral. The copper compound in azurite has the formula
Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. This copper compound reacts with sulfuric acid according to the reaction
shown.
–3
sulfuric acid.
It can be assumed that any other material present in azurite does not react with sulfuric acid.
experiment rough 2
3
3 –3
sulfuric acid completely neutralised
(i) 3
, calculate the percentage by mass of Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
in the sample of azurite.
[Mr: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
(ii) Identify two possible problems with the student’s titration and suggest improvements to it.
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Problem 2 ...........................................................................................................................
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Improvement 2 ....................................................................................................................
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1 (a) A student is provided with samples of six metal carbonate ores, known to be ores of the metals
barium, calcium, copper, iron, lead and zinc. All the ores contain carbonate ions and some
might also contain hydroxide ions.
Each ore sample is ground up and a measured mass of the ore is reacted with an excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid. The carbon dioxide produced by the reaction is collected over water.
The volume of gas collected is recorded. Each ore is tested three times.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Apart from mass of ore, state a variable that should be controlled.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student plans to collect the carbon dioxide produced over water.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be used to carry out these experiments.
The apparatus should allow the accurate recording of the carbon dioxide produced.
[3]
(b) State one weakness in the procedure of collecting carbon dioxide over water.
Suggest a change in apparatus that could be made to avoid this problem.
weakness in procedure
....................................................................................................................................................
change in apparatus
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c)
recorded in the table. All 18 experiments use exactly the same mass of ore.
(i) The student uses the results to obtain an average volume of CO2 produced for each ore
and records it in the table.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student made an error in processing the data to obtain the average volume of CO2
produced for one of the ores.
State the error made by the student and calculate the correct value.
error ....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
(d) A second student suggested that the percentage of carbonate ions could be obtained by
carrying out titrations of the ground-up ore samples with hydrochloric acid.
Explain why a titration would not be a suitable method to determine the percentage of carbonate
ions in some of these ore samples.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Rhodochrosite is the carbonate ore of manganese and does not contain hydroxide ions.
(e) (i) 2.00 g of rhodochrosite produced 148 cm3 of carbon dioxide under room conditions in its
reaction with excess hydrochloric acid.
A teacher suggested that the mass change from the thermal decomposition of a ground-up
sample of rhodochrosite could be used to determine the percentage of carbonate in the sample.
The teacher told the students to strongly heat a ground-up sample of the ore in a crucible.
(ii) State the measurements the students should make to determine the percentage of
manganese carbonate in the sample of rhodochrosite.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain how the students can ensure the results in (e)(ii) are as accurate as possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 16]
22
7 2020 JUN P52 Q1 2
11 M
Mrr
1 Mr
XX X.
X. Gas
Gas X
X
X X. Gas X
heat heat
heat
heat beehive water heat
heat
beehive
beehive
shelf water
water
trough
shelf
shelf trough
trough
method A method B
methodAA
method method B
method
(a) (i)
(a)
(a) (i)(i) Mr X.
MM r r X.
X.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) two (a)(i)
(ii)
(ii) two A
two (a)(i)
(a)(i) B
gas X. AA B
B
gas
gas X. X.
reason 1 ..............................................................................................................................
reason11..............................................................................................................................
reason ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
reason 2 ..............................................................................................................................
reason22..............................................................................................................................
reason ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[2]
[2]
(b) X.
gas X
U-tube
gas syringe
soda lime
A 100.0 cm3 X
X X
determined.
(i) X
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) X.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) 104
100 cm 3
X.
X PV = nRT.
R –1
mol–1
(ii) X
Mr
X.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) X
Mr X.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) X
temperature and pressure.
Mr X
P
T
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e)
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f)
Mr
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 13]
STATES OF MATTER
1 2010 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 At any temperature, equilibrium can be established between a liquid X and the vapour given For
off by that liquid. Examiner’s
Use
X (l) X (g)
As the temperature of the system is raised, so the pressure exerted by the vapour increases.
When the vapour pressure becomes equal to the surrounding (ambient) air pressure, the
liquid boils.
When the liquid contains a dissolved solid (solute), the vapour pressure above the liquid is
reduced.
You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the boiling point of an aqueous solution
of potassium chloride depends on the concentration of the solution.
(a) (i) By considering how the vapour pressure changes as the concentration of the
aqueous potassium chloride increases, predict and explain how the boiling point of
the solution will be affected by the concentration of the solution.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Explanation ..............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Display your prediction in the form of a sketch graph, labelling clearly the point
representing the boiling point of pure water and its value.
boiling point
0
concentration of the potassium chloride
[3]
(b) In the experiment you are about to plan, identify the following. For
Examiner’s
(i) the independent variable .......................................................................................... Use
(c) Draw a diagram of the apparatus you would use in the experiment. Your apparatus
should use only standard items found in a school or college laboratory and should show
clearly
(i) how the solution will be heated and over-heating of the solution prevented,
(ii) how the thermometer will be positioned. Remember you are investigating an
equilibrium.
Label each piece of apparatus used, indicating its size or capacity and the temperature
range that the thermometer should cover.
[3]
(d) When investigating how the boiling point of a solution changes with concentration, it is For
convenient to represent the concentrations of the solute as a molality. Examiner’s
Use
In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory you are provided with the
following materials.
100 g of distilled/deionised water (you should take particular note of this limited
supply of water)
solid potassium chloride, KCl
(i) prepare a series of solutions of potassium chloride that can be used in the apparatus
you have shown in (c) to give sufficient data to plot a graph as in (a)(ii),
(ii) show how you would calculate the molality of one of these solutions.
[Ar: K, 39.1; Cl, 35.5]
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]
(e) State a hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) State a limiting factor that must be taken into account when increasing the concentration
of the aqueous potassium chloride.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) Draw up a table with appropriate headings to show the data you would record when
carrying out your experiments and the values you would calculate in order to construct
a graph to support or reject your prediction in (a). The headings should include the
appropriate units.
[2]
[Total: 15]
2 The melting point of solid water is 0 °C. This is the same as the freezing point of water. For
This freezing point can be lowered (depressed) by the addition of a solute, such as glucose. Examiner’s
The extent of the freezing point depression depends on the number of particles of solute Use
Tf = Kf cm
An experiment was carried out to investigate the relationship between Tf and cm.
• A weighed sample of distilled water was placed in a boiling tube.
• A weighed sample of glucose was added.
• The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained.
• The tube was placed in a freezing apparatus to lower the temperature.
• The freezing point of the solution was measured precisely and the freezing point
depression calculated.
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10 STATES OF MATTER
[Turn over
50 8
A B C D E F
Process the results in the table to calculate the molality of the glucose solution. This will
enable you to plot a graph to show how the freezing point depression, Tf , varies with
the molality of the solution.
Record these values to three significant figures in the additional columns of the table.
You may use some or all of the columns.
Label the columns you use.
For each column you use include units where appropriate and an expression to show
how your values are calculated. You may use the column headings A to F for this
purpose. [2]
(c) Present
(c) Present the data
the data calculated (b)in
calculatedinin(b) in graphical
graphical form.
form.Draw
Drawthethe
lineline
of best fit. fit.
of best
[3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10 [Turn over
[3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10 [Turn over
BILAL HAMEED STATES OF MATTER
52 10
(d) Circle on the graph any point(s) you consider to be anomalous. For
For any point circled on the graph suggest an error in the conduct of the experiment that Examiner’s
might have led to this anomalous result. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(e) (i) Determine the value of Tf / cm from your graph. This is the freezing point depression
constant K f . Mark clearly on the graph any construction lines and show clearly in
your calculation how the intercepts were used in the calculation of the slope.
(ii) By considering the data you have processed and the graph you have drawn, decide
if the experimental procedure described is suitable for the determination of the
freezing point depression constant Kf. Explain your reasoning.
[3]
(f) When the experiment was repeated using sodium chloride instead of glucose as the For
solute, the freezing point depressions were found to be twice the value obtained in the Examiner’s
glucose experiment for each molality. Use
Using the information given at the start of the question suggest a reason for this.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) Using your suggestion from (f) predict the effect on the freezing point depression if a
weak acid such as ethanoic acid was used instead of glucose or sodium chloride as the
solute.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
1 It is possible to determine the relative molecular mass, Mr, of a small sample of a volatile liquid by
measuring its mass and then heating to vaporise it to obtain its volume as a gas.
(a) Explain how the relative molecular mass can be determined in this way.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) The volume of the vaporised sample depends on its temperature and pressure.
In an experiment, a sample of volatile liquid of known mass was vaporised and its volume
recorded. The pressure was correctly recorded as 101 kPa but the temperature was
incorrectly recorded as 50 C. The correct temperature was 60 C.
By considering the effect of these different temperatures on the gas volume, explain how
the value of the calculated Mr would be affected.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The temperature was maintained at 60 C but the pressure was increased to 110 kPa.
Would this have given an answer that was nearer to the true value of the relative molecular
mass? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
In an experiment to determine the relative molecular mass of hexane, boiling point 69 C, a specialist
piece of apparatus called a Victor Meyer tube55 can 3
3 be used. This consists of a long tube with a bulb
at the base in which a sample can be vaporised. The tube has a side arm to allow the escape of gas
from In an
within theexperiment
tube. to determine
The tube the relative
is surrounded molecularcan
by another mass of hexane, boiling point 69of C, a speci
In an experiment to determine the relative molecular masswhich
of hexane,be used
boiling to heat
point 69 the
C, acontents
specialist
the first piece of apparatus called a Victor Meyer tube can be used. This consists of a long tube with a b
piece of tube.
apparatus called a Victor Meyer tube can be used. This consists of a long tube with a bulb
at the baseat the baseainsample
in which which can
a sample can be The
be vaporised. vaporised.
tube hasThe tube
a side has
arm to a sidethe
allow arm to allow
escape the escape of
of gas
from within the tube. The tube is surrounded by another which can be used to heat the contents ofthe content
A diagramfrom
of within
the the tube.
apparatus is The
shown tube is
below. surrounded by another which can be used to heat
the first tube.
the first tube.
stopper
Asmall A diagram
diagram of the apparatus
of the apparatus is shown below.
is shown below.
sample tube
stopper stopper
hexane
small small
sample sample
tube tube
Victor
hexane Meyer tube
hexane
sand
sand
sand
A small sample tube containing the hexane is inserted at the top of the Victor Meyer tube. The
sample tube is small enough to fit inside the Victor Meyer tube and falls freely onto the hot sand
below. The sand will cushion its fall so that the sample tube does not break. The stopper is then
quickly
A small replaced at the
sample tube top of thethe
containing Victor Meyer
hexane is tube. Theathot
inserted sand
the top causes the hexane
of the Victor Meyertotube.
vaporise
The
and expel air contained in the Victor Meyer tube.
sample tube is small enough to fit inside the Victor Meyer tube and falls freely onto the hot sand
A small
below. The sand sample tubeitscontaining
will cushion fall so that the hexanetube
the sample is inserted
does notatbreak.
the top
Theofstopper
the Victor Meyer tube.
is then
(c) Complete
quickly samplethetube
replaced atdiagram
theistop above
of
small the to show:
Victor
enough Meyer tube. The
to fit inside the hot sand
Victor causes
Meyer theand
tube hexane
fallstofreely
vaporise
onto the hot s
and expel air contained
below. The sand in the
willVictor
cushionMeyer
its tube.
fall so that the sample tube does not break. The stopper is t
how the apparatus should be heated,
quickly replaced at the top of the Victor Meyer tube. The hot sand causes the hexane to vapo
(c) Complete
and the diagram
expel air to above to
contained in show:
the Victor
a connection further apparatus whichMeyer tube. the air expelled from the Victor Meyer
would allow
tube the
how when the sample
apparatus of hexane
should is vaporised to be collected and measured.
be heated,
(c) Complete the diagram above to show: [2]
a connection to further apparatus which would allow the air expelled from the Victor Meyer
(d) Suggest
tube onewhen howthethe
hazard apparatus
associated
sample of hexane should
with the be heated,
use
is vaporised of hexane.
to be collected and measured.
[2]
....................................................................................................................................................
a connection to further apparatus which would allow the air expelled from the Victor Me
(d) Suggest one tube hazard when the sample
associated with the of hexane is vaporised to be collected and measured.
use of hexane.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................................
(d) Suggest one hazard associated with the use of hexane.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/O/N/15 [Turn over
..............................................................................................................................................
(e) (i) With the gas collection apparatus connected to the heated Victor Meyer tube, expelled air
will be collected before the hexane is introduced. Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) At which stage of the experimental procedure should the sample tube be dropped into the
Victor Meyer tube?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) State what measurements you would need to make in order to determine the relative molecular
mass of hexane.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
2 The relative molecular mass, Mr, of volatile liquids can be determined using the apparatus below.
steam in
gas syringe self-sealing
cap
volatile
liquid
hypodermic
syringe
A known mass of volatile liquid is injected into the gas syringe using a hypodermic syringe. The
injected volatile liquid vaporises and the volume of vapour is recorded.
The experiment can be repeated using different samples of the same volatile liquid. The following
mathematical relationship can be used to calculate the relative molecular mass if the experiment is
carried out at 100 C and 1.01 105 Pa.
3.07 × 104
V= ×m
Mr
mass
The ofresults frommass
The results the of group
fromgroup
the of students
of students are given in inthe
thetable.
volume of are
air given
volume table.
of air +
syringe + syringe +
in gas syringe vapour Y in gas mass of liquid Y volume of
liquid Ymass of liquid Y of
mass of massmass of before injection
volume of air syringe
volume after
of air + used / g vapour Y / cm3
before injection + after injection volume of air volume of air 3+
syringesyringe
+ syringesyringe
+ + in/ cm
gas 3
injection
vapourYYin
syringe vapour / cm
ingas
gas mass
mass of
/g /g in gas syringe of liquid
liquidYY volume volumeof of
liquid Yliquid Y liquidliquid
Y Y before injection syringe after used / g vapour Y / cm3 3
before injection after injectionbefore injection syringe after 3 used / g vapour Y / cm
before4.83
injection after4.68
injection 7/ cm3 injection
55 / cm
/g /g / cm3 injection / cm3
/g /g
5.33 4.83 5.23 4.68 9 7 4455
4.83 4.68 7 55
4.85 5.33 4.64 5.23 13 9 8544
5.33 5.23 9 44
5.09 4.85 4.92 4.64 11 13 6985
4.85 5.09 4.64 4.92 13 11 8569
5.31 5.07 14 97
5.09 5.31 4.92 5.07 11 14 6997
5.57 5.48 8 39
5.31 5.57 5.07 5.48 14 8 9739
5.32 5.12 9 79
5.57 5.32 5.48 5.12 8 9 3979
5.17 4.94 12 91
5.32 5.17 5.12 4.94 9 12 7991
4.84 4.72 7 48
5.17 4.84 4.94 4.72 12 7 9148
5.05 4.83 11 84
5.05 4.83 11 84
4.84 4.72 7 48
(a) Process
5.05 the results
(a) Process in the
the results
4.83 in table
the tableto11calculate
to calculate both
boththethemasses
84 masses of
of volatile liquidYYused
volatile liquid used
andandthethe
volumes of vaporised
volumes Y. Y.
of vaporised [2] [2]
(a) Process the results in the table to calculate both the masses of volatile liquid Y used and the
volumes of vaporised Y. [2]
(b) aPlot
(b) Plot a graph
graph on theon grid
the grid on page
on page 9 to
9 to showthe
show therelationship
relationship between
between mass
massofofliquid YY
liquid and
and
volume volume of vapour
of vapour Y. Y.
Use a cross (
Use a cross ( ) to plot) to each
plot each
datadata point.
point.
(b) Plot a graph on the grid on page 9 to show the relationship between mass of liquid Y and
volume of vapour Y.
Use a cross ( ) to plot each data point.
90
80
70
volume of
vapour Y
/ cm3 60
50
40
30
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24
mass of liquid Y / g
(c) Liquid Y evaporates easily, even at room temperature. This can cause anomalous results
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) With reference to the experimental procedure, explain how this source of error could be
minimised.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) (i) Determine the gradient of your graph. State the co-ordinates of both points you used for
your calculation. Record the value of the gradient to three
co-ordinates 1 .....................................................................................................................
co-ordinates 2 .....................................................................................................................
(ii) Use the gradient value in (i) and the mathematical relationship on page 7 to calculate the
experimentally determined relative molecular mass of Y.
100
80
relative 60
abundance
/%
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
m/e
[Total: 12]
1 When a solute is added to a solvent the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of the pure
solvent.
The lowering of freezing point is very small. A chemist called Beckmann invented a thermometer
capable of measuring these small temperature changes accurately. The Beckmann thermometer
must be calibrated at the start of the experiment.
An incomplete diagram of the Beckmann apparatus is shown containing pure liquid cyclohexane,
an organic solvent with a freezing point of about 6.5 C. The diagram does not show how the
cyclohexane could be frozen.
Beckmann
thermometer stirring wire
stopper
boiling tube
pure liquid cyclohexane
(a) Complete the diagram to show how the pure liquid cyclohexane could be frozen using simple
laboratory apparatus. [1]
(b) The method for determining the lowering of freezing point is as follows.
step 1 Add 20.00 g of pure liquid cyclohexane to a clean dry boiling tube.
step 2 Place the stopper containing the Beckmann thermometer and stirring wire into
the boiling tube.
step 3 Cool the pure cyclohexane. When it starts to freeze, set the Beckmann
thermometer to 0.00 to calibrate it.
step 4 Allow the pure cyclohexane to melt. Remove the stopper from the boiling tube.
Add 0.250 g of an organic solid X to the pure cyclohexane and replace the
stopper. Stir the solution to dissolve X and refreeze the solution. Record the
new freezing point.
step 5 Allow the solution to melt. Remove the stopper from the boiling tube. Add a
further known mass of X to the solution and replace the stopper. Stir the solution
to dissolve X and refreeze the solution. Record the new freezing point.
(i) In step 1, the cyclohexane can be measured using an electronic balance, a beaker and a
clean dry boiling tube as shown.
boiling tube
beaker to support
the boiling tube
electronic balance
Describe a suitable method to add precisely 20.00 g of cyclohexane to the boiling tube.
Assume that the balance is accurate to two decimal places and that common laboratory
apparatus is available.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Alternatively in step 1, the volume of cyclohexane with a mass of exactly 20.00 g can be
measured and added to the boiling tube.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(iii) In step 4 the mass of X is measured on an electronic balance accurate to three decimal
places before adding it to the cyclohexane.
Explain why this technique would not be accurate for adding 0.250 g of X to the cyclohexane.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The freezing points of the solutions are lower than the freezing point of pure cyclohexane.
For the experiment described in (b) the values of Tfp are recorded in the table.
mass of X (g)
B=
mass of solvent (g)
Complete the table by calculating B for each reading. Give your answers to three
total mass of X
reading
added to 20.00 g B Tfp / C
number
of cyclohexane / g
1 0.250 1.35
2 0.400 2.20
3 0.500 2.75
4 0.800 4.40
5 0.950 5.30
6 1.150 6.40
7 1.300 7.25
8 1.400 8.50
[2]
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
6.00
6.00
ΔTfp / °C
ΔTfp / °C
4.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
B
[2]
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
B
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18 [Turn over
[2]
(iii) Identify, by the reading number, the single most anomalous point. Suggest what error in
the experiment could have caused this anomaly.
reason .................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[1]
KB
Tfp =
Mr
where
mass of X (g)
B=
mass of solvent (g)
K = a constant
The Mr of X
K
Mr =
gradient
Use this value for K and the gradient you determined in (c)(v) to calculate the Mr of X. Give
your answer to the nearest whole number.
If you were unable to calculate the gradient in (c)(v), assume that the gradient is 103 C. This
is not the correct value.
Mr = .............................. [1]
(e) A student used the Beckmann apparatus and repeated the experiment described in (b) with an
unknown solid Y. The student found the Mr of Y to be 136.
[1]
[Total: 16]
2 Water boils when the pressure of its vapour above the liquid surface is equal to the atmospheric
pressure. When substances are dissolved in water, the vapour pressure of the water is reduced
and its boiling point is increased.
The increase in boiling point is known as the boiling point elevation, T, which is the difference
between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of pure water. T is usually small, often
less than 1 C.
When glucose is dissolved in 1 kg of water, the relationship between T and the number of moles
of glucose dissolved is as shown.
T = Kb Z
(a) Use the information above to explain why lowering the vapour pressure of a liquid increases
the temperature at which it boils.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
A student carries out an experiment to determine the boiling point constant, Kb, for water. The
student uses anhydrous glucose, C6H12O6, as the solute because it is non-volatile and very soluble
in water.
The experimental set-up the student uses is shown.
reflux condenser
digital meter
99.48 °C
two-neck
round-bottomed flask
digital probe
thermometer
75.00 g distilled water
anti-bumping granules
heat
(b)
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
2 Add anti-bumping granules to the distilled water to prevent violent, uneven boiling.
3 Heat the distilled water until it boils and record the highest stable temperature.
4 Stop heating and allow the distilled water to cool to room temperature.
accurately.
temperature.
7 Repeat steps 4 to 6, each time adding approximately 1 g more of anhydrous glucose,
(d) In step 4, the heating is stopped and the distilled water allowed to cool from its boiling point,
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Suggest why the boiling point of distilled water in this experiment was found to be 99.48 C.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
Complete
Complete columns
columns C CandandD Dtotothree
three EE to
to two
two decimal
decimal
places.
places.
[The
[The ofr of
Mr M glucose
glucose is is 180.]
180.]
moles
moles of of glucose
glucose
Z =Z = mass of water, in kg
mass of water, in kg
A A BB CC DD E
E
mass
mass of of amount
amount ofof glucose
glucose
boiling
boiling point
point ZZ –1 TT
glucose
glucose in 75.00 g of water
in 75.00 g of water
/ C/ C / mol
/ mol kgkg–1 // CC
/g /g / mol
/ mol
0.00 99.48 0 0 0.00
0.00 99.48 0 0 0.00
1.22 99.53 0.00678 0.00678 0.05
1.22 99.53 0.00678 0.00678 = 0.0904
0.075 = 0.0904 0.05
0.075
2.54 99.58
2.54 99.58
3.46 99.61
3.46 99.61
4.37 99.65
4.37 99.65
5.01 99.67
5.01 99.67
5.93 99.70
5.93 99.70
7.01 99.72
7.01 99.72
7.95 99.78
7.95 99.78
8.78 99.81
8.78 99.81
[3]
[3]
You may use the space below for any working.
You may use the space below for any working.
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
ΔT // °C
ΔT °C
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000 0.100
0.100 0.200
0.200 0.300
0.300 0.400
0.400 0.500
0.500 0.600
0.600 0.700
0.700
Z // mol
mol kg
–1
Z –1
kg–1
[2]
[2]
(iii)
(iii) Circle
Circle the
the most
most anomalous
anomalous point
point on
on your
your graph.
graph. [1]
[1]
©
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/M/J/18 [Turn
[Turn over
over
© UCLES
UCLES 2018
2018 9701/52/M/J/18
9701/52/M/J/18
(g) Use the graph and the equation to determine the boiling point constant, Kb, for water. Give this
value to three
T = Kb Z
Kb = ..............................
units = ..............................
[3]
(h) (i) The experiment was repeated using solid from a bottle that was labelled glucose, C6H12O6,
but actually contained sucrose, C12H22O11. Sucrose is non-volatile and very soluble in
water.
What would be the effect of this on the value the student obtained for Kb?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student repeated this experiment using sodium chloride as the solute. The student
found their calculated value of Kb was twice the calculated value of that obtained with
glucose.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 17]
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
TITRATIONS
During the titration, the methanoate ion, HCOO–, is oxidised to carbon dioxide while the
manganate(VII) ion, MnO4–, is reduced to Mn2+.
(a) (i) Write the half equations for the oxidation of HCOO–(aq) to CO2(g) and the reduction of
MnO4–(aq) to Mn2+(aq) in acid solution.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the approximate solubility above, calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the
saturated aqueous magnesium methanoate and the concentration of the methanoate ions
present in this solution.
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Mg, 24.3]
[2]
(iii) In order to obtain a reliable titre value, the saturated solution of magnesium methanoate
needs to be diluted.
Describe how you would accurately measure a 5.0 cm3 sample of saturated magnesium
methanoate solution and use it to prepare a solution fifty times more dilute than the
saturated solution.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/M/J/15
TITRATIONS
76
3
(iv) Before the titration is carried out, dilute sulfuric acid must be added to the magnesium
methanoate.
Explain why this is necessary and also whether the volume of sulfuric acid chosen will
affect the result of the titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) The potassium manganate(VII) is added from a burette into the magnesium methanoate
in a conical flask.
Describe what you would see when you had reached the end-point of the titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) 1 mol of acidified MnO4– ions reacts with 2.5 mol of HCOO– ions.
25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution prepared in (iii) required 25.50 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3
potassium manganate(VII) solution to reach the end-point.
Use this information to calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of HCOO– ions in the
diluted solution.
(vii) Use your answer to (vi) to calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the saturated solution
of magnesium methanoate, Mg(HCOO)2. Give your answer to three significant figures.
(b) The solubility of magnesium methanoate can be determined at higher temperatures using the
same titration.
What does this tell you about H for the process below?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) A student used the same titration method, this time to measure the concentration of a saturated
solution of barium methanoate.
Explain why the acidification of the solution with dilute sulfuric acid might make the titration
difficult to do.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
1 When hydrated barium chloride, BaCl 2.xH2O, dissolves in water, Ba2+(aq) and Cl –(aq) ions are
formed.
The concentration of chloride ions in solution can be determined by titration with aqueous
silver nitrate of known concentration.
The indicator for the reaction is aqueous potassium chromate(VI), K2CrO4(aq). At the endpoint of
the titration, it forms a red precipitate in the presence of excess silver ions.
(a) The solubilities, in g dm–3, of different ionic compounds at 20 C are given in the table below.
anion
cation Cl – CrO42– SO42–
Ag+ 0.0019 0.022 293
Ba 2+
358 0.0028 0.00245
With reference to these data, where relevant, answer the following questions.
(i) Name the red precipitate and give an equation for its formation.
name: ..................................................................................................................................
equation: .............................................................................................................................
[2]
Sulfuric acid must be added to the solution to prevent the Ba2+(aq) ions from interfering with the
action of the potassium chromate(VI) indicator.
(ii) How would Ba2+(aq) ions interfere with the action of this indicator?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) How does the addition of sulfuric acid prevent Ba2+(aq) ions from interfering with the action
of this indicator?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) In an initial rough titration, excess silver nitrate solution is added so that the endpoint is
exceeded.
Draw a sketch graph to show how the mass of silver chloride varies with the volume of
silver nitrate added.
0
[2]
(c) You are to plan a titration experiment to determine the value of x in BaCl 2.xH2O.
(i) Name three pieces of volumetric apparatus you would use, with their capacities in cm3.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe how you would make a solution of barium chloride that is suitable for use in your
titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii)
......................................................................................................................................
second ................................................................................................................................
third .....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) How would you ensure that your titration result is reliable?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
x = .............................
x x= =.............................
.............................
[2]
[2]
[2]
(d) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
(d) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
(d) procedure.
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
procedure.
Barium chloride toxic. Solutions equal to or more
Barium chloride concentrated than 0.4 mol dm–3 toxic. Solutions
moderateequal to or more
Barium chloride toxic. Solutions equalhazard and
to or more
concentrated than 0.4 mol dm –3
moderate hazard and
are harmful if swallowed. Solutions
concentrated than 0.4 mol dm –3 less concentrated than 0.4 mol
moderate hazard and dm –3
are harmful if swallowed. Solutions less concentrated than 0.4 mol dm –3
are harmful if swallowed. Solutions less concentrated than 0.4 mol dm–3
Potassium All solutions more concentrated than 0.9 mol dm–3 –3 health
Potassium All solutions more concentrated than 0.9 mol dm health
PotassiumVI)
chromate( hazard.
All Theymore
solutions mayconcentrated
cause skin, eye than and respiratory
0.9 mol dm –3 irritation.
health
chromate(VI) hazard. They may cause skin, eye and respiratory irritation.
chromate(VI) hazard. They may cause skin, eye and respiratory irritation.
Silver nitrate Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.18 mol dm–3 –3
Silver nitrate Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.18 mol dm
Silver nitrate as corrosive.
Solutions equalSolutions
as corrosive. toSolutions
or moreequal to to
or or
more
concentrated
equal
concentrated
than
more 0.18 mol dm
concentrated
than
–3 0.06 mol dm–3
than 0.06 mol dm–3
butbut
as less than
corrosive.
less 0.18
than molmol
Solutions
0.18 dmequal
–3
moderate
moderatehazard
dm–3 to or more concentrated than and
0.06
hazard cause
mol
and dm–3
cause
skin and
butskin
lessandeye irritation.
thaneye
0.18 Solutions less concentrated
mol dmSolutions less concentrated
irritation.
–3 than
moderate 0.06
hazard
than mol dm
anddm
0.06 mol
–3
are
cause
–3
are
skin and eye irritation. Solutions less concentrated than 0.06 mol dm are –3
Identify
Identifyoneone hazard
hazard thatthatmustmust be be considered
considered whenwhen planning
planningthe theexperiment
experimentand anddescribe
describeaa
precaution,
Identify other
one hazard
precaution, than eye
that must
other than protection, that
be considered
eye protection, should be
when be
that should taken
planning to
taken tothekeep
keep risks
experiment from
risks fromand this hazard
hazardtotoaa
thisdescribe
minimum.
precaution,
minimum.other than eye protection, that should be taken to keep risks from this hazard to a
minimum.
hazard:
hazard: .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
hazard: .......................................................................................................................................
precaution:
precaution: .................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
precaution: .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
[1]
[Total:
[Total:15]15]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 20162016
© UCLES 9701/51/O/N/16
9701/51/O/N/16 [Turn
[Turnover
over
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/O/N/16 [Turn over
1 Titrations using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can be used to determine the concentration
of metal ions in solution, such as Zn2+(aq).
A solution of EDTA is usually prepared from the hydrated disodium salt, Na2H2Y.2H2O. The anion of
EDTA is H2Y2–, where Y represents the organic part of the ion.
The equation for the reaction between Zn2+(aq) and EDTA is shown.
The indicator for the reaction is Solochrome Black, which changes colour at the endpoint from
purple to blue. The indicator only works at pH 10, so a buffer solution is added to the metal ion
solution to maintain the pH.
(a) Explain why the pH would change during the titration if the buffer were not present.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) You are to plan a titration experiment to determine the concentration of zinc ions in a solution
of zinc sulfate of concentration approximately 0.1 mol dm–3.
(i) Name three pieces of volumetric apparatus you would use, with their capacities in cm3.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Calculate the mass of hydrated disodium EDTA that would be required for the preparation
of a standard solution of concentration 0.100 mol dm–3, using the apparatus you have
specified in (i).
(iii) Describe how you would prepare this standard solution for use in your titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) After you have performed a rough titration, how would you ensure that your next titration
is accurate?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) How would you ensure that your titration result is reliable?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The term hard water is used to describe water containing the dissolved metal ions, Ca2+(aq)
and Mg2+(aq). Both of these metal ions react with EDTA anions, H2Y2–.
In an experiment to determine the concentration of each of these metal ions, two separate
titrations with EDTA need to be performed.
For titration 1, a 25.0 cm3 sample of hard water is titrated with 0.0100 mol dm–3 EDTA solution
using Solochrome Black solution as indicator.
For titration 2, another 25.0 cm3 sample of the same hard water is first treated with excess
2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) which precipitates all of the Mg2+(aq) ions as Mg(OH)2(s). After this
treatment, no Mg2+(aq) ions remain in solution, leaving only dissolved Ca2+(aq) ions in solution.
This solution is then titrated with 0.0100 mol dm–3 EDTA solution using Solochrome Black
solution as indicator.
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
Sodium hydroxide Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.5 mol dm–3 are
classified as corrosive.
(i) Identify one hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment and describe
a precaution, other than eye protection, that should be taken to keep risks from this hazard
to a minimum.
hazard: ................................................................................................................................
precaution: ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[1]
Use the results of the titrations to determine the concentrations of Ca2+(aq) and Mg2+(aq)
in the hard water.
[Total: 13]
2 ‘Lawn sand’ is spread over the grass in gardens to reduce the growth of moss. Lawn sand is a
mixture of sand and iron(II) sulfate crystals, FeSO4.7H2O.
To determine the exact percentage by mass of FeSO4.7H2O present in a sample of lawn sand, a
student devises the following experiment.
step 1 Use a known mass of lawn sand to prepare 250.0 cm3 of solution A containing Fe2+(aq)
ions. Solution A must have dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq), added to it before it is
made up to 250 cm3.
step 2 To determine the concentration of Fe2+(aq) in solution A, titrate a 25.00 cm3 sample of
solution A against 0.0200 mol dm–3 aqueous potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4(aq).
(a) (i) The end-point of the titration is 25.00 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4(aq).
Determine the concentration of Fe2+(aq) that was present in the 25.00 cm3 sample of
solution A at the start of the titration.
If you were unable to calculate the concentration in (i), assume for (ii) and (iii) that the
concentration of Fe2+(aq) is 0.300 mol dm–3. This is not the correct answer.
(ii) Determine the mass of lawn sand needed to prepare the 250.0 cm3 of solution A at the
concentration calculated in (i).
(iii) Solution A must contain enough H+(aq) ions for the reaction to take place during the
titration.
Use the concentration of Fe2+(aq) from (i) to determine the minimum volume of 2.00 mol dm–3
H2SO4(aq) which must be added to prepare the 250.0 cm3 of solution A.
(b) Describe a method to prepare 250.0 cm3 of solution A starting with a glass beaker which
contains the known mass of lawn sand determined in (a)(ii) as shown.
glass beaker
known mass
of lawn sand
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c)
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), instead of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq). Explain your answer.
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total : 14]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
1 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Typical copper concentrations vary from 50% to 85%, depending
upon the properties needed in the alloy. There may be small amounts of other metals present.
A known mass of brass powder is reacted with excess concentrated nitric acid. Both the copper and
the zinc and any other metals present are oxidised into aqueous ions by the nitric acid. The amount
of Cu2+(aq) ions present can be determined by a titration technique.
step 1 Use a weighing boat to accurately weigh by difference approximately 2 g of brass powder
and place the brass into a small glass beaker.
step 2 In a fume cupboard add approximately 20 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid to the brass in
the beaker. Allow the brass to completely react to form solution A.
step 5 Use a dropping pipette to add aqueous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(aq), to solution B in
step 7 Fill a burette with 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3(aq), so it is ready
for the titration in step 8.
step 8
0.100 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq).
(a) Outline how the student should accurately weigh by difference in step 1 in order that the exact
mass of brass transferred into the small glass beaker is known. Include a results table, with
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Outline how the student should carry out step 3. Include the name and capacity of the suitable
piece of apparatus in which solution B should be prepared.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) State how the student would know there was no more acid present in the mixture in step 5.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) The student is given 200 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq).
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(i) Complete the table and calculate the mean titre to be used in calculating the percentage
of copper in brass.
Show your working.
3
20.50 40.25 19.90 39.65
3
0.00 20.60 0.00 19.90
(ii) The burette used by the student has graduations of 0.10 cm3.
(iii) Other than a change in apparatus, suggest one change to the experiment which would
lead to a reduction in the percentage error in a measured titre.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) Steps 1–8 were repeated, this time using 1.88 g of brass. The end-point of the titration was
found to be 16.50 cm3.
(i) Determine the number of moles of I2 formed when excess KI(aq) was added to 25.00 cm3
of solution B in step 6.
(ii) Use your answer to (h)(i) to determine the mass of Cu2+ ions in solution A and therefore
the percentage by mass of copper in this sample of brass.
If you were unable to obtain an answer to (h)(i), assume the number of moles of I2 to be
8.85 10–4 mol. This is not the correct value.
[Ar: Cu, 63.5]
In step 2, when concentrated nitric acid is added, silver metal is oxidised to silver ions, Ag+(aq).
Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 19]
1
ENTHALPY
The neutralisation of an acid by a base is exothermic. For
Examiner’s
1 2010
In thisJUN 2
P51 Q1 the following solutions are available.
experiment Use
1 The neutralisation
2 molof
dman
–3 acid by aacid,
sulfuric baseHisSO
exothermic. For
2 4
Examiner’s
3 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH Use
In this experiment the following solutions are available.
The equation for the reaction is:
2 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid, H2SO4
3 mol dm–3 sodium
2NaOH(aq) + Hhydroxide, NaOH
2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
The
(a) equation
2 mol dm–3forHthe reaction is: –3 3
2SO4 is gradually added to a fixed volume of 3 mol dm NaOH in a 150 cm
plastic cup, while stirring continuously. The temperature of the solution, measured with a
thermometer, 2NaOH(aq)
increases +until SO4alkali
H2the (aq) is just
Naneutralised.
2SO4(aq) +On 2Hfurther
2O(l) addition of the cold
acid the temperature of the solution slowly falls.
(a) 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4 is gradually added to a fixed volume of 3 mol dm–3 NaOH in a 150 cm3
plastic
Select cup, while stirring
an appropriate continuously.
volume, The
x cm3, of temperature
3 mol dm–3 NaOHof the solution,
to use in the measured with a
experiment.
thermometer, increases until the alkali is just neutralised. On further addition of the cold
acid the temperature of the solution slowly falls.
..................................... cm3
Select an appropriate volume, x cm3, of 3 mol dm–3 NaOH to use in the experiment.
Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4 that will just neutralise x cm3 of 3 mol dm–3
NaOH.
..................................... cm3
Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4 that will just neutralise x cm3 of 3 mol dm–3
NaOH.
Sketch the graph you would expect to obtain as the acid is added.
Label the neutralisation point.
Sketch the graph you would expect to obtain as the acid is added.
temperature
Label the neutralisation point.
of the
solution / °C
temperature
of the
solution / °C
0
volume of acid added / cm3
[3]
0
volume of acid added / cm3
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/M/J/10
BILAL HAMEED ENTHALPY
[3]
94 3
(b) This experiment can be used to determine the enthalpy change of neutralisation for the For
reaction. To ensure reliable results the experiment should be repeated a number of times. Examiner’s
Use
When sulfuric acid is added to the fixed volume of aqueous sodium hydroxide in this
experiment
................................................................................................................................ .
[3]
(c) In carrying out the experiment, what apparatus would you use to accurately measure
the independent variable?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Explain how you would use this apparatus to control the independent variable.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(i) a risk associated with the plastic cup used in this experiment,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[1]
(f) Describe how the risks in (e) can be kept to a minimum for For
Examiner’s
(i) the plastic cup, Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[1]
(g) In the space below draw a table to show column headings for all of the measurements
you would make during the experiment.
Include in the table one or more columns for any calculated values needed to determine
the enthalpy change of neutralisation.
[2]
(h) Show how you would calculate the total heat energy produced in the plastic cup up to For
the point when the sulfuric acid has just neutralised the sodium hydroxide. Examiner’s
You may use T to represent the temperature change. Use
[4.3 J of heat energy raise the temperature of 1 cm3 of any solution by 1 °C.]
[1]
(i) The enthalpy change of neutralisation is the energy change associated with the reaction
shown by the following equation.
NaOH(aq) + 12 H2SO4(aq) 1
2
Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Show how you would convert the energy change expressed in (h) into a value, in
kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy change of neutralisation, Hneutralisation.
Show clearly the sign and the expression for the enthalpy change.
1 The enthalpy change, Hr, for the reaction between magnesium atoms and aluminium ions to
produce magnesium ions and aluminium atoms cannot be determined directly. However both
metals react with dilute sulfuric acid and, using the enthalpy changes for these reactions, it is
possible to use Hess’ Law to determine Hr.
You are to plan experiments that will enable you to determine the value of the enthalpy change for
the reaction of 1 mol of magnesium with excess aqueous aluminium ions.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium and sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) For the experiment to measure the enthalpy change when magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid
name:
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) In the experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid is used with 0.30 g of magnesium.
(i) Calculate the minimum volume in cm3 of sulfuric acid required to react completely with
0.30 g of magnesium.
[Ar: Mg, 24.3]
[1]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[2]
(e) Explain how you would carry out the experiment using the 0.30 g magnesium.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How would you do the experiment to make sure the results obtained would be as accurate
as possible?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) How would you use the measurements made in the experiment to determine the enthalpy
change of the reaction between 1 mol of magnesium and sulfuric acid?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and aqueous aluminium ions.
If the enthalpy change of the reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid is H1 and that for
aluminium and sulfuric acid is H2, use Hess’ Law to determine the enthalpy change, Hr, for
the reaction between magnesium and aqueous aluminium ions.
Then determine the enthalpy change for 1 mol of magnesium in terms of Hr.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
2 2 In each
In an
an experiment,
experiment,
experiment avarious
various massesof
freshmasses
sample ofofsolid
solid
the barium
barium
acid hydroxide
hydroxide
is taken areadded
and itsare added
initial to 60.0
to 60.0cm
temperature cm 33
of a solution
is measured. of
of
After
hydrochloric
hydrochloric acid
acid contained
contained in in
a a polystyrene
polystyrene cup.
cup.
the barium hydroxide has been added, the acid is stirred and the maximum temperature reached
is noted.
In each
In each experiment
experiment a fresh
a fresh sample
sample ofofthe
theacid
acidisistaken
takenand
andits
itsinitial
initialtemperature
temperature is
is measured.
measured. After
After
thethe barium
barium hydroxide
hydroxide hashas beenadded,
been added,the theacid
acidisisstirred
stirredand
andthethemaximum
maximum temperature
temperature reached
reached
The results of each experiment are recorded in the table below.
is noted.
is noted.
(a) Complete the table below to give the temperature rise obtained from each experiment to
The The results
results of of each
each experiment
experiment arerecorded
are recorded inthe
the tablebelow.
below.
one decimal place and the amount of in bariumtable
hydroxide used in mol to three significant
figures in each case.
(a) Complete the table below to give the temperature rise obtained from each experiment to
(a) TheComplete
mass the1 mol
of tableofbelow tohydroxide
give the istemperature rise obtained from each experiment to
one decimal placebarium
and the amount of 171 g. hydroxide
barium used in mol to three significant
one decimal place and the amount of barium hydroxide used in mol to three significant
figures in each case.
figures in each case.
The mass of 1 mol of barium hydroxide is 171 g.
The mass of 1 mol mass
initial temperature
of hydroxide
of barium maximum
is 171 g. temperature barium hydroxide
barium hydroxide temperature
of HCl / C rise / C added / mol
added
mass/gof reached
maximum / C
initial temperature masshydroxide
of maximum temperature barium hydroxide
initial temperature barium temperature temperature barium hydroxide
of HCl / C
21.0 barium0.500
hydroxide 22.2
temperature rise / C added / mol
of HCl / C added /g reached / C rise / C added / mol
20.6 added
1.00 /g reached
23.0 / C
21.0 0.500 22.2
21.0
21.2 0.500
1.50 22.2
24.9
20.6 1.00 23.0
20.6
21.8 1.00
2.00 23.0
26.5
21.2 1.50 24.9
21.2
20.5 1.50
3.00 24.9
27.8
21.8 2.00 26.5
21.8
21.4 2.00
4.00 26.5
31.1
20.5 3.00 27.8
20.5
21.2 3.00
5.00 27.8
31.6
21.4 4.00 31.1
21.4
21.0 4.00
6.00 31.1
31.4
21.2 5.00 31.6
21.2
20.8 5.00
8.00 31.6
31.2
21.0 6.00 31.4
21.0 6.00 31.4
20.8 8.00 31.2 [2]
20.8 8.00 31.2
[2]
(b) (i) Using the grid on page 7, plot a graph to show how the temperature rise varies with the [2]
moles of barium hydroxide added. [1]
(b) (i) Using the grid on page 7, plot a graph to show how the temperature rise varies with the
moles
(b) (i) Using theofgrid
barium hydroxide
on page added.
7, plot [1]
a graph to show how the temperature rise varies with the
moles of barium hydroxide added. [1]
10.0 12.0
11.0
9.0
10.0
8.0
9.0
7.0
temperature rise / °C
8.0
6.0
7.0
temperature rise / °C
5.0
6.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
2.0 3.0
1.0 2.0
1.0
0.0
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050
0.0 barium hydroxide added / mol
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050
barium hydroxide added / mol
(ii) Draw two lines of best fit on your graph and state the value on the x-axis at the point of
intersection of the two lines.
(ii) Draw two lines of best fit on your graph and state the value on the x-axis at the point of
intersection
value on of the
the x-axis two point
at the lines. of intersection is .................................... [2]
value on the x-axis at the point of intersection is .................................... [2]
(c) Use the value on the x-axis at the point of intersection to calculate the concentration of the
hydrochloric acid in mol dm–3.
[2]
(d) Explain the variation in temperature that takes place when barium hydroxide is added to the
hydrochloric acid.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) (i) When the experiment is done in the way described, the results are not very accurate.
Apart from limitations due to the accuracy of the measuring equipment, suggest why:
all the temperature rises measured are less than theoretically should be expected,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
the temperature rises are more inaccurate as they approach their maximum value.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) (i) With the gas collection apparatus connected to the heated Victor Meyer tube, expelled air
will be collected before the hexane is introduced. Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) At which stage of the experimental procedure should the sample tube be dropped into the
Victor Meyer tube?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) State what measurements you would need to make in order to determine the relative molecular
mass of hexane.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
A diagram of the
A diagram apparatus
of the is is
apparatus shown below.
shown below.
thermometer
thermometer
metal
metalcan
can
clamp
clamp
water
water
draught shield
draught shield
spiritburner
spirit burner
ethanol
ethanol
TheThe ethanol
ethanol in the
in the spirit
spirit burner
burner wasburned
was burnedtotoheat
heataameasured
measuredmass
massof
of water
water in
in the
the metal
metal can.
can.
water
water for for each
each experiment.
experiment.
(b) Plot a graph on the grid below to show how the energy transferred to the water varies with the
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
energy / kJ
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016
amount of ethanol burned / mol
[2]
(c) Write the number of the experiment which gave the result which was most anomalous.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) The gradient of the graph gives the magnitude of the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
Determine the gradient of your graph. State the co-ordinates of the two points you used for
your calculation. Record the value of the gradient to three
(e) Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure as these experiments, the accepted
value for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is –1370 kJ mol–1.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) (i) Calculate the maximum percentage error in the measurement of each mass used in
experiment 1.
maximum error in
mass measured maximum percentage error / %
a single reading
0.391 g of
0.0005 g
ethanol burned
[1]
(ii) Another student repeated the experiments using the method described under the same
conditions. The value obtained for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was
–612 kJ mol–1.
Suggest a reason why the errors calculated in (i) do not fully account for the difference
between the student’s value and the accepted value for enthalpy change of combustion,
–1370 kJ mol–1.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
1 The enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
NaHCO3(s), cannot be measured directly. 2
1 The enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
NaHCO3(s), cannot2NaHCO 3(s) directly.
be measured Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
In both experiments the student used a weighing boat. A weighing boat is a small vessel used to
contain solid samples when they are weighed.
In both experiments the student used a weighing boat. A weighing boat is a small vessel used to
contain solid samples when they are weighed.
Experiment 1 Reaction between sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), and dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl (aq)
Experiment 1 Reaction between sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), and dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl (aq)
step 1 The student added approximately 3 g of Na2CO3(s) to a weighing boat and accurately
stepmeasured the combined
1 The student mass of the3 gweighing
added approximately of Na2COboat and Na2CO3(s). This mass was
3(s) to a weighing boat and accurately
recorded in Table 1.1.
measured the combined mass of the weighing boat and Na2CO3(s). This mass was
recorded in Table 1.1.
step 2 The student used a measuring cylinder to measure 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl (aq).
step 2 The student used a measuring cylinder to measure 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl (aq).
step 3 The experiment was carried out and the results were recorded in Table 1.2.
step 3 The experiment was carried out and the results were recorded in Table 1.2.
step 4 The student reweighed the empty weighing boat and recorded the mass in Table 1.1.
step 4 The student reweighed the empty weighing boat and recorded the mass in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 mass results from Experiment 1
Table 1.1 mass results from Experiment 1
time /time
minutes
/ minutes 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
temperature of mixture
temperature / C / 20.0
of mixture C 20.019.8
19.819.8
19.819.8
19.8 24.6
24.6 24.7
24.7 24.5
24.5 24.3
24.3 24.1
24.1 23.9
23.9
(b) Outline how the student carried out step 3 of the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[3]
27
26
25
24
temperature
of mixture / °C
23
22
21
20
19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / minutes
(c) Use the graph to determine the theoretical temperature increase at 4 minutes.
(d) Use Table 1.1 on page 2 to determine the mass of Na2CO3(s) which was added to the HCl (aq).
Use this value and your answer to (c) to determine the enthalpy change, H1, for the reaction
shown.
H1 –1
[3]
(e) (i) Explain why the student did not add the Na2CO3(s) to the HCl (aq) at 0 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the temperature measured at 5 minutes was lower than the temperature
measured at 6 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
step 1 The student weighed an empty weighing boat and recorded the mass in Table 1.3.
step 2 The student added exactly 4.20 g of NaHCO3(s) to the weighing boat and recorded the
mass in Table 1.3.
step 3 The student carried out the same experimental procedure as in steps 2 and 3 of
Experiment 1.
(f) Explain why the method of determining the mass of solid added in Experiment 2 is less accurate
than the method of determining the mass of solid added in Experiment 1.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) (i) In Experiment 2 a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder was used to measure the 50 cm3 of HCl (aq).
The 50 cm3 measuring cylinder had 1 cm3 graduations.
Calculate the maximum percentage error in measuring 50 cm3 of HCl (aq) with this 50 cm3
measuring cylinder.
(ii) Explain why measuring the concentration of the 2 mol dm–3 HCl more precisely would not
affect the result of the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what the student should change to reduce the percentage error associated with
the temperature readings without changing the apparatus.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) The student used the results from Experiment 2 and correctly determined the enthalpy change
for the reaction between NaHCO3(s) and HCl (aq), H2 –1
.
Use the axes to draw a sketch graph of the expected results of Experiment 2.
temperature
of mixture / °C
0 4
time / minutes
[2]
(i) Use H1 from (d) and H2 from (h) to determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the
decomposition of NaHCO3(s).
ΔHr
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Hr –1
[2]
[Total: 18]
1 The pain of muscle strains and swellings can be eased by using heat packs. As a source of heat,
some heat packs use the energy released when anhydrous calcium chloride dissolves in water.
water
CaCl 2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)
A heat pack consists of a bag of water, inside which a smaller bag contains anhydrous calcium
chloride. When pressure is applied to the heat pack, the smaller bag bursts releasing the anhydrous
calcium chloride into the water. The heat pack is shaken to speed up dissolving. Energy is released
which warms the heat pack.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change when anhydrous calcium
chloride dissolves in distilled water. The results the student obtained are plotted on the graph on
page 4.
(a) By considering the graph of results, draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up that the
student could have used to produce the graph shown.
Label the apparatus and chemicals required to measure the two variables.
[2]
40
38
36
34
32
temperature
/ °C
30
28
26
24
22
20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
time / minutes
(b) Explain why the student took readings between 0.0 minutes and 2.5 minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Explain why the student did not take a reading at 3.0 minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Explain why the temperature continued to increase between 3.5 minutes and 4.5 minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e)
temperature rise at 3.0 minutes. Give your answer to one decimal place.
(f) One of the results is anomalous. This occurred because the student took the thermometer out
of the solution and then replaced it just before the reading was taken.
The time at which the anomalous reading was taken was ................. minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Explain why stirring the mixture would make this experiment more reliable.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(h)
Apart from wearing eye protection, state one other relevant safety precaution the student
should have taken.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(i) The student found the value for the enthalpy change of solution of anhydrous calcium chloride
to be –82.5 kJ mol–1.
A manufacturer produces a heat pack that contains 75.0 g of water.
Calculate the mass of anhydrous calcium chloride the manufacturer must use in the inner bag
to produce a rise in temperature of 30.0 C.
c = 4.18 J g–1 K–1.
[Ar: Ca, 40.1; Cl, 35.5]
[Total: 12]
1 Trichloromethane and propanone are both organic liquids. The molecules within each liquid are
attracted to each other by relatively weak permanent dipole-dipole interactions.
When trichloromethane is mixed with propanone a strong electrostatic attraction forms between the
two different molecules.
trichloromethane propanone
Cl CH3
Cl C H •• O C
Cl CH3
electrostatic
attraction
A student plans to perform an experiment to investigate the strength of this electrostatic attraction
mixed together.
(a) (i) State and explain your prediction for the temperature change for this experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student is given only the following equipment and chemicals for the experiment.
1 25 cm3 beaker
2 thermometers
2 25 cm3 measuring cylinders
50 cm3 trichloromethane
50 cm3 propanone
change when trichloromethane is mixed with propanone. Give details of the volumes of
liquids used and any readings taken.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
(b)
State one improvement the student could make to the apparatus to reduce heat loss.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c)
State one relevant precaution that should be taken when carrying out this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) State one change, apart from reducing heat loss, that could be made to improve the accuracy
of this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) In another experiment, a student uses 37.50 g of trichloromethane and 19.75 g of propanone
and determines that the energy released is 1.67 kJ.
Mr trichloromethane = 119.5
Mr propanone = 58.0
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, H, of the electrostatic attraction formed between
trichloromethane and propanone. You must include a sign in your answer.
(f) Suggest an experiment the student could carry out to test whether the number of moles of
trichloromethane affects the temperature change.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]
EQUILIBRIA
2 When a solute is added to two solvents, A and B, which do not mix, some of the solute For
dissolves in each of the solvents and an equilibrium is set up between the two solvents. Examiner’s
At equilibrium the ratio of the two concentrations is a constant known as the Partition Use
Coefficient, K.
concentration in solvent A
= K
concentration in solvent B
A B C D E
volume of volume of
0.10 mol dm–3 NaOH 0.020 mol dm–3 NaOH
expt.
reacting with 10.0 cm3 reacting with 25.0 cm3
No.
of the water layer of the ether layer
/ cm3 / cm3
1 24.3 18.6
2 22.5 17.3
3 20.3 15.6
4 18.8 13.1
5 16.3 12.5
6 13.8 10.6
7 10.3 7.9
8 6.8 6.9
9 5.0 3.8
10 2.5 1.9
Process the results in the table to calculate the concentration of the succinic acid in
each layer.
Record these values to three significant figures in the additional columns of the table.
Label each column, including units and an expression to show how your values are
BILAL HAMEED EQUILIBRIA
calculated.
You may use the column headings A to E in your expression. [3]
added. This was then titrated with 0.020 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide using
phenolphthalein as an indicator.
• The experiment was repeated using the same volumes of water and diethyl ether but
124
decreasing masses of succinic acid.
A B C D E
volume of volume of
0.10 mol dm–3 NaOH 0.020 mol dm–3 NaOH
expt.
reacting with 10.0 cm3 reacting with 25.0 cm3
No.
of the water layer of the ether layer
/ cm3 / cm3
1 24.3 18.6
2 22.5 17.3
3 20.3 15.6
4 18.8 13.1
5 16.3 12.5
6 13.8 10.6
7 10.3 7.9
8 6.8 6.9
9 5.0 3.8
10 2.5 1.9
Process the results in the table to calculate the concentration of the succinic acid in
each layer.
Record these values to three significant figures in the additional columns of the table.
Label each column, including units and an expression to show how your values are
calculated.
You may use the column headings A to E in your expression. [3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/53/O/N/10
[3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/53/O/N/10 [Turn over
[3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/53/O/N/10 [Turn over
(c) Circle on the graph any point(s) you consider to be anomalous. For
For any point circled on the graph suggest an error in the conduct of the experiment that Examiner’s
might have led to this anomalous result. Use
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..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) (i) Determine the value of K from your graph. Mark clearly on the graph any construction
lines and show clearly in your calculation how the intercepts were used in the
calculation of the slope.
(ii) By considering the data you have processed and the graph you have drawn, decide
if the experimental procedure described is suitable for the determination of the
Partition Coefficient, K. Explain your reasoning.
[3]
(e) In the experimental procedure a small volume of water was added to the diethyl ether
prior to the titration with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The flask was constantly shaken
during the titrations. What was the purpose of this technique?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) Using a burette, the error associated with a titration depends on the value of the titre. For
Comment on the magnitude of the titres recorded in the table in (a) and indicate, with Examiner’s
reasons, which have the highest error. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]
1 When potassium nitrate dissolves in water, the temperature of the solution goes down For
because the enthalpy of solution is endothermic. Examiner’s
Use
You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the solubility of potassium nitrate varies
with temperature. The units of solubility are grams per one hundred grams of water
(g / 100g water).
(a) (i) Predict how the solubility of potassium nitrate will change if the solution temperature
is increased.
Explain your prediction using the fact that dissolving potassium nitrate is
endothermic.
prediction ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Display your prediction in the form of a sketch graph, labelling clearly the axes.
0
[3]
(b) In the experiment you are about to plan, identify the following.
following materials,
a boiling tube,
a looped wire stirrer,
a thermometer covering the temperature range 0 °C to 100 °C.
Describe how you would carry out the experiment. You should
• ensure a wide range of results suitable for analysis by graph,
• decide on the amounts of water and potassium nitrate to use,
• measure the amounts of the two reagents,
• heat the apparatus,
• decide at what point the temperature of the solution is to be taken.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
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...................................................................................................................................... [7]
© UCLES 2011 9701/51/O/N/11
(d) State a hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment and describe For
precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum. Examiner’s
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Draw a table with appropriate headings to show the data you would record when carrying
out your experiments and the values you would calculate in order to construct a graph to
support or reject your prediction in (a). The headings must include the appropriate units.
[2]
[Total: 15]
1 The liquids trichloromethane and water separate into two immiscible layers when shaken together
and allowed to stand.
Ammonia can dissolve in both of these layers. The distribution of ammonia between these two
solvents is called partition, where the concentration of ammonia in each solvent will be different.
The partition coefficient represents the ratio of the distribution.
You are to plan an experiment, using a titration with sulfuric acid, to determine the value of the
partition coefficient of ammonia between water and trichloromethane at room temperature.
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with trichloromethane and
ammonia.
Trichloromethane:
Anaesthetic if inhaled. Dangerously irritating to the respiratory system.
Ammonia:
An aqueous solution with a concentration of less than 3 mol dm–3 may cause harm to
eyes or in a cut. At greater concentrations aqueous ammonia should not be inhaled
and it causes irritation to the eyes and skin.
trichloromethane
aqueous ammonia of concentration 5.00 mol dm–3
sulfuric acid, of concentration 0.500 mol dm–3
distilled water for dilution of aqueous ammonia
(a) Explain why ammonia is likely to be more soluble in water than in trichloromethane.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Define the partition coefficient, Kpartition, for ammonia between water and trichloromethane. State
whether the partition coefficient you have defined will be greater or less than 1.
[1]
(c) In the experiment, explain whether it is important that the volumes of water and trichloromethane
are the same.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Write an equation for the reaction of aqueous ammonia and sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) (i) The partition coefficient for ammonia distributed between water and trichloromethane is
approximately 25.
Calculate the concentration of aqueous ammonia that should be used so that a 25.0 cm3
sample of the aqueous ammonia layer would require approximately 24.0–26.0 cm3 of
0.500 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid for complete neutralisation.
Then state the factor by which the 5.00 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia should be diluted to
give that concentration.
[2]
(ii) Describe, in detail, how you would dilute 5.00 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia to make 250 cm3
of aqueous ammonia ready for use in the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(f) Other than the use of eye protection and gloves, state one safety precaution you would take
while setting up the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) State a suitable indicator for use in the titration of a sample taken from the experiment. Explain
your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(h) It is unnecessary to titrate both layers of the partition. Explain why it would be better to titrate
a sample of the aqueous layer rather than the trichloromethane layer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(i) Once a mean titre has been calculated, outline the steps you would take to calculate the
partition coefficient.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
2 The acid dissociation constant, Ka, of a weak monoprotic acid, HA, is to be determined from the
measurement of the pH change that occurs when it is titrated with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide.
2.70 g of HA was dissolved in distilled water to make exactly 250.0 cm3 of solution.
25.00 cm3 of the solution was pipetted into a beaker.
The pH of the acid in the beaker was measured and recorded in the table below.
A burette was then filled with aqueous sodium hydroxide and the 25.00 cm3 of HA was titrated by
adding volumes of the aqueous sodium hydroxide to the beaker as indicated in the table below.
After each addition the pH was measured and the value recorded.
volume of sodium
pH measured
hydroxide added / cm3
0.00 2.41
2.00 2.75
4.00 3.09
8.00 3.46
12.00 3.52
16.00 3.96
20.00 4.20
24.00 4.50
28.00 5.05
30.00 7.00
32.00 11.55
36.00 12.00
12.0 12.0
11.0 11.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
pH
pH
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
2.0 volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm3
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
[2]
volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm3
© UCLES 2014 9701/51/O/N/14 [Turn over
[2]
(b) Circle any points on the graph that are anomalous and suggest a reason why this might occur.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) What would be a suitable range of pH values in which an indicator would change colour to
identify the end point of this neutralisation?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) 30.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is required to neutralise 25.00 cm3 of HA and the
equation for the neutralisation is shown.
(i) Excluding water, state the three ions or molecules that will be present in the highest
concentration when 15.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide has been added to 25.00 cm3
of HA.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain how the concentrations of these ions or molecules compare.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Use your graph to determine the pH obtained when 15.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is
added to 25.00 cm3 of HA. Use this pH to determine the value of Ka for HA.
[3]
(f) (i) Use your answer to (e) and the initial pH of HA from the table to calculate the concentration
of HA in mol dm–3.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the initial concentration of HA, in g dm–3, and use this together with your answer
to (f)(i) to calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of HA.
(Remember that 2.70 g of HA was dissolved in distilled water to make exactly 250.0 cm3 of
solution.)
[1]
(g) Even if the experiment is done very carefully with very accurate apparatus, the answer obtained
for the molecular mass of HA is likely to be subject to error. Suggest why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
2 An aqueous solution of nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4, has a concentration of exactly 0.500 mol dm–3.
In an experiment, 100.0 cm3 of this solution was accurately measured into a beaker and 0.0200 mol
of solid potassium iodate(V), KIO3, was added to it.
After stirring, a saturated solution of nickel(II) iodate was formed together with a precipitate of
nickel(II) iodate.
The precipitate was filtered off, dried and weighed. The mass of precipitate obtained was recorded
in the table below.
The experiment was repeated six more times using 100.0 cm3 of aqueous nickel(II) sulfate each
time but adding increasing amounts of solid potassium iodate(V). The results obtained from these
experiments were also recorded in the table below.
1 0.0200 3.87
2 0.0300 6.71
3 0.0400 7.92
4 0.0500 8.80
5 0.0600 11.97
6 0.0700 13.95
7 0.0800 15.92
The concentration of ions in a saturated solution of a slightly soluble salt can be expressed using
a solubility product. For nickel(II) iodate this is defined as:
(a) (i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place. Include state symbols.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use the equation in (i) to deduce the amount in mol of potassium iodate(V) that would
react with the nickel(II) sulfate solution in this experiment.
[1]
(iii) If, after the amount in (ii) had been added further potassium iodate(V) was added, state
what effect, if any, this would have on the mass of precipitate obtained.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) Plot points on the grid below to show the amount in mol of potassium iodate(V) added
against the mass of precipitate formed. Draw a line of best fit.
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
mass of
precipitate
formed / g
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
potassium iodate(V) added / mol
[2]
(iii) Suggest which part of the experimental procedure would make it difficult to achieve
accurate results.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Add points on your graph to indicate the approximate mass of precipitate that would be
obtained if each of the following amounts in mol of potassium iodate(V) were added.
0.1000 mol
0.1200 mol
[2]
(c) (i) In this reaction some of the nickel(II) iodate has been precipitated but some remains
dissolved.
Calculate the total mass of nickel(II) iodate (both precipitated and dissolved) formed in
experiment 3 when all of the added potassium iodate(V) ions have fully reacted with
nickel(II) sulfate.
[1]
(ii) Use your answer to (i) and the mass of precipitate of nickel(II) iodate in experiment 3 to
calculate the mass of nickel(II) iodate dissolved in solution.
Calculate the amount in moles of iodate(V) ions that remain in the 100.0 cm3 of solution.
[3]
In experiment 3, the amount in moles of Ni2+(aq) that remain in the 100.0 cm3 of solution is
0.0306.
Use this, and your final answer in (ii), to calculate the solubility product.
[2]
[Total: 15]
2 At high temperatures a mixture of iodine and hydrogen gases reacts to form an equilibrium with
gaseous hydrogen iodide.
(a) (i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, based on concentration, for this
reaction.
[1]
(ii) If the starting concentration of both iodine and hydrogen was a mol dm–3 and it was found
that 2y mol dm–3 of hydrogen iodide had formed once equilibrium had been established,
write Kc in terms of a and y.
[1]
(b) The expression for the equilibrium constant from (a)(ii) can be re-written as shown below.
a Kc
y=
2 + Kc
In an experiment, air was removed from a 1 dm3 flask and amounts of hydrogen and iodine
gases were mixed together such that their initial concentrations were both a mol dm–3. This
mixture was allowed to come to equilibrium at 760 K in the flask. The equilibrium concentration
of iodine, (a – y) mol dm–3, was then measured.
The experiment was repeated for various initial concentrations, a mol dm–3, and the results
were recorded in the table below.
(i) Complete the table to give the values of y mol dm–3 to three decimal places.
(ii) Plot a graph to show how y mol dm–3 varies with initial concentrations of hydrogen and iodine,
a mol dm–3.
5.0
4.0
3.0
y / mol dm–3
2.0
1.0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
a / mol dm–3
[1]
(c) (i) Determine the slope of your graph. State the co-ordinates of both points you used for your
calculation. Record the value of the slope to three significant figures.
slope = ............................
[2]
(ii) Use the value of your slope and the equation in (b) to calculate the value of Kc. Your
working must be shown.
[2]
(d) Explain why, for safety reasons, it is necessary to remove air from the 1 dm3 flask.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) One of the experiments in (b) was repeated in a 500 cm3 flask instead of the 1 dm3 flask.
What effect, if any, would this have on the rate of reaction and the value of Kc measured?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(f) The reaction of hydrogen and iodine to form hydrogen iodide is exothermic.
(i) On your graph, draw and label the line you would expect if the experiment was performed
at 1000 K instead of 760 K. [1]
(ii) What effect, if any, would the higher temperature have on the value of Kc?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
2 In order to identify a monoprotic (monobasic) hydroxycarboxylic acid, HX, the following experiments
are carried out.
25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of HX is titrated against 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium carbonate.
The end-point of the titration is reached when 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous sodium carbonate has been
added.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the complete neutralisation of HX with sodium carbonate.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How does the equation show that the concentration of HX is 0.100 mol dm–3?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) State the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for the above reaction in terms of H+ and HX
only.
Ka =
[1]
Use the pH and the concentration of HX to show that the pKa of the acid is 3.86. All your
working must be shown.
[2]
(c) In an experiment various masses of the sodium salt of the acid, NaX, are added to separate
portions of 100 cm3 of HX with stirring. After each addition the pH of the solution obtained is
measured. The results of the experiment are recorded in the table below.
4.2 153
7 7
3.8
4.0
4.0
3.6 3.8
3.8
3.4 3.6
pH3.6
3.4
3.2
3.4 pH
3.2
pH3.0
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.8 2.6
2.4
0 2.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 of NaX
mass 1.0
added /1.2
g 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
mass of NaX added / g [2]
[2]
2.4
0 (ii) 0.2
Circle one 0.4anomalous 0.6 pointpoint on your graph
0.8 1.0 and1.2 give a reason 1.4 for for how
1.6 this this could
1.8have have2.0
(ii) Circle
occurred using onethe anomalous
experimental on your
procedure graph and give a reason
described. how could
occurred using the experimental mass of procedure
NaX added described.
/g
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) .............................................................................................................................................
Circle one anomalous point on your graph and give a reason for how this could have
.............................................................................................................................................
occurred using the experimental procedure described.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2] [2]
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2015 9701/52/M/J/15 [Turn over
© UCLES 2015 .......................................................................................................................................
9701/52/M/J/15 [2]
[Turn over
(d) (i) The graph shows that a pH of 3.86 is obtained when 1.12 g of NaX is added to 100 cm3 of
HX.
Remember that pKa of HX is also 3.86.
Use this information to calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of HX.
Show your working.
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]
[3]
(ii) The calculated Mr is subject to small experimental error. Suggest a structure for the organic
hydroxycarboxylic acid, HX, that best fits your Mr data.
If you have not calculated a value for the Mr, use the value of 104. This is not the correct
value.
[1]
(e) Another method for determining the concentration of the acid HX could be to evaporate a
sample of the solution and weigh the solid that remains.
Suggest two reasons why this might not be a very good method of finding the mass of solid
HX in a sample of the solution.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
2 At 25 C, dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4(g), forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide, NO2(g).
As N2O4(g) is colourless and NO2(g) is brown, the composition of an equilibrium mixture can be
determined by its colour.
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium.
[1]
(b) In an experiment, quantities of N2O4 are left to reach an equilibrium which contains N2O4 and
NO2. These are analysed to determine the concentrations of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) that are
present. The results are listed in the first two columns of the table below.
Complete the third column of the table to give the value of [NO2(g)]2 for each of the results of
the experiment. Values should be given to three significant figures.
(c) (i) The value of the equilibrium constant for N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) can be calculated from a
graph of [N2O4(g)] against [NO2(g)]2.
Use the grid on page 7 to plot this graph and draw a line of best fit through the plotted
points.
0.006
0.005
0.004
[NO2(g)]2 / mol2 dm–6
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
[N2O4(g)] / mol dm–3
[2]
(ii) Choose two suitable sets of values from your graph and use them to calculate a value for
the equilibrium constant, Kc. Give your answer to three significant figures and give its
units.
(d) Identify the result which is most anomalous and suggest a reason, other than a calculation
error, why this may have occurred.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) (i) On your graph, draw a line that would be obtained if the temperature of the equilibrium
mixture was raised. [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What effect, if any, would the higher temperature have on the value of Kc?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) How would your value for the equilibrium constant change if the pressure applied to the
equilibrium mixture was increased?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) In the experiments, the results have been obtained by starting with pure N2O4(g) and then
letting the equilibrium with NO2(g) form.
Calculate the starting concentration of pure N2O4(g) that would be required to produce the
mixture of 0.900 mol dm–3 of N2O4(g) and 0.0729 mol dm–3 of NO2(g) once equilibrium had been
established.
[1]
[Total: 15]
1 A sample of waste water contains calcium ions, copper(II) ions and lead(II) ions.
2
You are to plan an experimental procedure to separate the metal ions in the waste water sample by
1 A sample of waste water contains calcium ions, copper(II) ions and lead(II) ions.
forming precipitates of the metal ions.
You are to plan an experimental procedure to separate the metal ions in the waste water sample by
The table shows
forming the numerical
precipitates values
of the metal of the solubility products, Ksp, of some compounds.
ions.
For example, the solubility product of calcium chloride, Ksp = [Ca2+][Cl –]2 = 2 101 mol3 dm–9.
The smaller the shows
The table solubility
the product,
numericalthe easier
values it issolubility
of the for a precipitate
products, Ktosp,form.
of some compounds.
For example, the solubility product of calcium chloride, Ksp = [Ca2+][Cl –]2 = 2 101 mol3 dm–9.
The smaller the solubility product, the easier it is for a precipitate to form.
Ksp values
Cl – CO 2–
Ksp values
3 S2–
Ca2+ 2 10Cl1 – 5 CO
10–9
3
2–
3 S10
2– –10
Cu2+ Ca 2
10110 3 51010 63 10
10–36
2+ 1 –10–9 –10
1
Pb2+ Cu 1 –510 7 3 1010 36 10
10–28
2+ 1 –10 –36
2 10 –14
l (aq),
4)2CO3(aq),
4)2CO3(aq),
4)2S(aq). ) S(aq).
4 2
(a) (a)
precipitates
precipitates fromsample
from the the sample of waste
of waste water.
water.
..................................
.................................. ..................................
.................................. ..................................
..................................
[3]
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Between steps 1 and 2, the waste water sample is neutralised. This is so that steps 2 and 3 will
work.
Suggest a reagent that should be added to neutralise the waste water sample. State how you
could test that the waste water sample had been neutralised.
reagent ......................................................................................................................................
test .............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
A student completes the reactions in (a) with a sample of waste water and obtains one of the
precipitates produced, XCO3.
(d) The student plans to calculate the concentration of X2+ ions present in this sample of waste
3(s).
(i) Draw and label a diagram of the experimental set-up the student should use.
Your diagram should show how loss of solid during heating would be prevented.
[2]
The student weighs the XCO3 precipitate and records its mass. The student then heats the
heat
XCO3(s) XO(s) + CO2(g)
(ii) Identify two problems with this method. Explain the effect that each problem has on the
calculated concentration of X2+.
problem 1 ............................................................................................................................
effect 1 ................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
problem 2 ............................................................................................................................
effect 2 ................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 12]
2 Nitrogen dioxide can be prepared by strongly heating anhydrous lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2(s). The
thermal decomposition occurs according to the equation shown.
The nitrogen dioxide, NO2, can be separated from the oxygen by cooling the gas mixture produced
until the NO2 condenses and the oxygen does not.
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the laboratory apparatus (assembled) that could be used to prepare
liquid nitrogen dioxide from the thermal decomposition of anhydrous lead nitrate.
[2]
(b) At room temperature, nitrogen dioxide exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide according
to the equation shown.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
brown colourless
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) (i) A sample of the mixture of nitrogen oxides is introduced into a gas syringe at 295 K and
the gas syringe is sealed so that it is both airtight and watertight. The volume occupied
by the mixture is measured at different temperatures. The Kp value is calculated at each
temperature.
Name the apparatus you would use to heat the gas syringe at different temperatures
between 295 K and 370 K so that a volume reading of the gas syringe could be easily
taken.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
1 –1
T/K T /K Kp log Kp
377 0.076
361 0.122
344 0.257
330 0.741
315 1.506
312 3.490
295 9.025
[2]
1
(iii) Plot a graph on the grid of log Kp against .
T
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
log Kp
–0.20
–0.40
–0.60
–0.80
–1.00
–1.20
–1.40
0.00260 0.00270 0.00280 0.00290 0.00300 0.00310 0.00320 0.00330 0.00340
1 –1
/K
T
(d) (i) State and explain what your graph shows about the accuracy of the experimental results.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what the student could do to improve the accuracy of the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) (i)
State the coordinates of both points you used in your calculation. These must be on your
gradient = ............................. K
[2]
1
(ii) The relationship between log Kp and is given by the equation shown.
T
log Kp = (– H / 2.303 RT ) + constant
If you were unable to determine a value for the gradient, use the value 2800 K. This is not
the correct value.
H = .............................. kJ mol–1
[2]
(f) (i) With reference to the results obtained in this experiment, state and explain how Kp varies
with temperature.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) With reference to (b) and the data for Kp in the table in (c)(ii) suggest how the colour of the
equilibrium mixture at 370 K will differ, if at all, from the colour at room temperature.
Explain your answer.
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 19]
REACTION KINETICS
2 Nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, can be oxidised by ozone, O3, in the atmosphere to form nitrogen(IV)
oxide, NO2.
It is possible to simulate this process in the laboratory to measure the rate at which this reaction
takes place.
In this experiment, nitrogen(II) oxide is reacted with ozone. Since the concentration of nitrogen(II)
oxide, [NO], in the air is very low, specialist equipment is required and [NO] oxide is measured as
the number of molecules present in a volume of 1 cm3.
The results obtained from the experiment are shown below.
concentration of NO
time / s
/ 108 molecules cm–3
0 27.0
30 21.9
60 17.7
90 14.4
120 13.2
150 9.45
180 7.66
210 6.21
240 5.03
270 4.08
300 3.31
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2014 9701/52/M/J/14 REACTION KINETICS
169
7
(a) Use the results obtained to plot a graph to show the relationship between [NO] and time.
27.0
25.0
23.0
21.0
19.0
17.0
[NO] / 108 molecules cm–3
15.0
13.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
(b) On your graph circle the single result that you consider to be the most anomalous.
Suggest a reason why anomalous results may occur during an experiment to measure the rate
of a reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Use construction lines at concentrations of nitrogen(II) oxide equal to 13.5 108 molecules cm–3
and 6.75 108 molecules cm–3 to determine the order of reaction with respect to nitrogen(II)
oxide.
[3]
(d) (i) Use your graph to calculate the initial rate of the reaction.
[2]
(ii) In the reaction between ozone and nitrogen(II) oxide the order of reaction with respect to
ozone is 1.
In the experiment the initial concentration of ozone used was 4 1011 molecules cm–3.
Calculate the value of the rate constant for the reaction and give its units.
[2]
[2]
(f) The concentration of ozone used in the experiment is considerably greater than the concentration
of nitrogen(II) oxide.
Explain why this is necessary for the experiment, in order to determine the order with respect
to nitrogen(II) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
Aqueous propanone reacts with aqueous iodine. The reaction is catalysed by H+(aq) ions.
The solutions are mixed to start the reaction. At certain time intervals, a 10.0 cm3 portion
hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3
removing the H+(aq) ions. The concentration of unreacted I2(aq) in each 10.0 cm3 portion of the
mixture can then be determined by titration with aqueous thiosulfate ions, S2O32–(aq).
(a) State the size and type of apparatus needed to prepare a suitable volume of a standard solution
of 1.00 mol dm–3 CH3COCH3(aq) from liquid propanone.
apparatus ...................................................................................................................................
1 ........................................................
2 ........................................................
3 ........................................................
[1]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Each 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture removed from the main reaction is added to a separate
solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3 +
(aq) ions.
(i) Which piece of apparatus should be used to transfer each 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture to
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why NaHCO3(aq) is preferred to NaOH(aq) as the reagent used to
remove H+(aq) ions.
reason 1 ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
reason 2 ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) The unreacted iodine in each 10.0 cm3 portion of the mixture is titrated against 0.100 mol dm–3
aqueous thiosulfate ions, S2O32–(aq), to determine the concentration of I2(aq) in the mixture at
the time that the 10.0 cm3 portion was withdrawn.
(i) A 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture is removed at time = 0. This is before any of the
0.200 mol dm–3 I2(aq) had reacted.
Calculate the volume of 0.100 mol dm–3 S2O32–(aq) needed to react with the iodine present
in this 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture.
(ii) Suggest the name of a suitable indicator to use in the titration and state its colour change.
indicator ..............................................................................................................................
(f) State one other variable which must be controlled in this experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g)
(i) Use the axes below to draw a sketch graph of how the concentration of iodine changes
during the experiment. Label both axes.
[2]
(ii) How could the graph be used to prove that the order of reaction with respect to iodine is
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) A student suggested that the temperature at which the experiment was carried out would affect
the order of reaction with respect to iodine.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 20]
2 Activation energy, EA, is the minimum energy with which particles must collide so that a reaction
occurs. The activation energy for the reaction of magnesium with aqueous hydrogen ions can be
determined in the laboratory.
A magnesium strip is placed in dilute hydrochloric acid and the time taken (t), in seconds, for the
1
magnesium to disappear is measured. The initial rate of reaction is calculated as ` 1 j.
time t
If the experiment is repeated at several different temperatures then the following mathematical
relationship can be used to calculate EA.
1 EA
log10 ` j = `1 j
t 0.0191 T
T is the temperature measured in K.
1
is the initial rate of reaction in s–1.
t
1 1
A graph of log10 ` j against can be plotted.
t T
Experimental procedure
−0.9
−1.0
−1.1
−1.2
−1.3
1
log10 ` j
t
−1.4
−1.5
−1.6
−1.7
−1.8
−1.9
−2.0
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/M/J/16 [Turn over
(c) On your graph, circle the two points you consider to be the most anomalous. Label each
one with a different letter. Explain what may have caused each of the anomalies you have
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) (i) Determine the gradient of your graph. State the co-ordinates of both points you used for
your calculation.
Record the value of the gradient to three
co-ordinates 1 .....................................................................................................................
co-ordinates 2 .....................................................................................................................
gradient = ......................................
[2]
(ii) Use your gradient from (i) and the mathematical relationship on page 5 to calculate the
activation energy, EA, in kJ mol–1.
Include a sign in your answer.
(e) State whether you consider the results to be reliable. Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) Student X commented that data collected at higher temperatures in the experiment may be
less accurate than that collected at lower temperatures.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g)
State how this will affect the reaction time. Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(h) The experiment in (a) is repeated using dilute ethanoic acid instead of dilute hydrochloric acid.
The concentration of both acids is equal. The same temperatures are used as in (a).
State the effect this change in acid will have on the initial rate values. Give a reason for this.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
sucrose concentration.
sucrose concentration.
sucrose concentration.
The progress of theof reaction
The progress cancan
the reaction be be
monitored using
monitored usingaapolarimeter, which measures
polarimeter, which measuresthe theoptical
optical
rotation, , of
rotation, the
, ofsolution. The
the solution. more
The concentrated
more concentratedthe
thesolution,
solution, the
the greater the
greater the optical
optical
The progress of the reaction can be monitored using a polarimeter, which measures the optical rotation
rotation of of
the the solution.
solution.
rotation, , of the solution. The more concentrated the solution, the greater the optical rotation of
the solution.
The concentration of sucrose at time t can
The concentration of sucrose at time t can bebe representedas
represented as (( –– final
final
),
), where
where final
final
isisthe optical
the optical
rotation of the solution after 6
rotation of the solution after 6 hours. hours.
The concentration of sucrose at time t can be represented as ( – final ), where final is the optical
rotation of mathematical
The the solution after 6 hours.
relationship is given by the following equation.
The mathematical relationship is given by the following equation.
The mathematical relationship is given kt
logby
10(
the
– following equation.
final) = A – kt
log10( – final) = A – 2.30
2.30
A is a constant. kt
log10( – final) = A –
A is a kconstant.
is the rate constant. 2.30
k is the rate constant.
A is a constant.
k is the rate constant.
(a) The experimentally determined values of optical rotation during the hydrolysis of sucrose at
298 K are recorded below.
Process the results to allow you to plot a graph of log10( – final ) against time, t.
optical
time / s ( – ) log10( – )
rotation, final final
0 39.9
300 29.1
600 21.3
900 15.5
1200 10.6
1500 6.2
1800 2.4
2100 –0.3
2400 –2.5
2700 –4.5
final –12.0
[2]
(b) (i) Plot a graph on the grid on page 9 to show how log10( – final ) varies with time, t.
Use a cross (
(ii)
kt
log10( – )=A– .
final
2.30
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
log10(α – α final )
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
time / s
..............................................
(ii) Use the gradient value to calculate a value for k in the expression shown.
kt
log10( – )=A–
final
2.30
[2]
(d) The graph below shows the results obtained from a second hydrolysis of sucrose reaction
performed at a different temperature.
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
α – α final
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
time / s
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
..............................................
(iii)
0.693
t½ =
k'
Use this relationship and your answer to (ii) to determine k', the rate constant for this
second hydrolysis reaction.
(ii), you may use the
value t½ = 500 s, though this is not the correct answer.
(iv) State whether the temperature of the second reaction was higher or lower than that of the
Explain your answer with reference to the answers you obtained in (c)(ii) and (d)(iii).
If you have been unable to calculate a value for k in (c)(ii), you may use the value
k = 8.00 10–4, though this is not the correct answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v)
concentration of sucrose? Give a reason for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
The progress of the reaction can be monitored by measuring the volume of gas produced over time.
The volume of gas produced, V, after time, t, is proportional to the amount of benzenediazonium
chloride that has been hydrolysed. The final volume of gas produced, Vfinal, is proportional to the
original concentration of benzenediazonium chloride.
(a) (i) The experimentally determined volumes of gas produced during the hydrolysis of
benzenediazonium chloride at 50 C are recorded below.
Process the results to allow you to plot a graph of (Vfinal – V ) against time, t.
(ii) (ii)
PlotPlot
a graph to show
a graph how
to show (Vfi(V
how nal – V ) / cm3 varies with time / s.
final – V ) / cm varies with time / s.
3
UseUse
a cross ( ) (to) plot
a cross each
to plot data
each point.
data Draw
point. the
Draw thecurve
curveofofbest
bestfifit.t.
260260
240240
220220
200200
180
180
160
160
140
140
(Vfinal – V ) / cm3
(Vfinal – V ) / cm3
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0 time / s
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
[2]
time / s
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/O/N/16 [Turn over
[2]
(iii) Do you think the results obtained in (i) are reliable? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Use the graph to determine the half-life, t½, of this reaction.
half-life = ........................................ s
[2]
boiling tube
boiling tube
water bathbath
water boiling tube
water bath
benzenediazonium
benzenediazonium
chloride
benzenediazonium chloride
chloride
anti-bumping
anti-bumping
granules
granules
anti-bumping
granules
(i) Complete
(i) Complete the the diagram
diagram above above to toshow show thethe experimentalset-up
experimental set-upthe thestudent
student couldcould havehave
(i) used used
Complete to
to collect collect and
and measure
the diagram measure
abovethe the
tovolumevolume
show the of
of gas gas evolved
evolved byset-up
experimental by the reaction.
the reaction.
the student could have [2]
[2]
used to collect and measure the volume of gas evolved by the reaction. [2]
(ii) (ii)
The Thewater water
bathbathwaswas set set
at 60at 60C. C.
(ii) The water bath was set at 60 C.
At a At a reaction
reaction temperature
temperature of 60of 60 C, C,thethe measurements
measurements madewould
made wouldbe beless
lessaccurate
accurate than than
measurements made at room temperature.
measurements
At a reaction temperature made at room of 60temperature.
C, the measurements made would be less accurate than
measurements made at room temperature.
State why the measurements made at a higher temperature are less accurate.
State why the measurements made at a higher temperature are less accurate.
State.............................................................................................................................................
why the measurements made at a higher temperature are less accurate.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
State the effect this will have on the values of Vfinal – V.
State the effect this will have on the values of Vfinal – V.
State.............................................................................................................................................
the effect this will have on the values of Vfinal – V.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[2]
250 250
200
200
150
150
(Vfinal – V ) / cm3
100
50
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
11
time / s
(i) The point at time = 450 s is considered to be anomalous.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The rate of reaction at different times can be calculated by drawing tangents to the best-fit
line. The gradient of the tangent is equal to the rate of reaction, in cm3 s–1.
Use the graph in (c) to read the value of (Vfinal – V ) at time t = 200 s and write this value in
the table below.
Draw a tangent to the curve at time t = 200 s. Use the tangent to determine the gradient at
time t = 200 s.
Use the data in the table in (ii) to calculate the order of reaction with respect to
benzenediazonium chloride.
[2]
[Total: 17]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
1 Iodide ions, I–, and persulfate ions, S2O82–, react according to the following equation.
The rate of reaction between these ions can be determined from the time it takes for a certain
amount of iodine, I2(aq), to be produced.
4)2S2O8(aq),
2 2 3(aq),
S O
I
started.
I2(aq).
I2
I2(aq) that is produced turns the starch indicator blue.
4)2S2O8(s)
0.20 mol dm–3 I, a source of I–(aq)
0.0050 mol dm–3 2S2O3, a source of S2O3 (aq)
2–
starch indicator
(a) (i) Calculate the mass of 4)2S2O8(s) that would be required to prepare 250 cm of a
3
[Ar
) S2O8
4 2
3
3
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) (iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
1.1.
2 to
2 to 5. 5.
1.00 mol dm–3 0.20 mol dm–3 water 0.0050 mol dm–3 starch solution
1.00 mol dm–3 0.20 mol dm–3 water 0.0050 mol dm–3 starch solution
4)2S2O8(aq) I(aq) 2S2O3(aq)
4)2S2O 8(aq) I(aq) 3 2S/2O3(aq)
/3cm 3
/ cm / cm3 cm 3
/ cm3
/ cm / cm3 / cm3 / cm3 / cm3
1 25.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 1.0
1 25.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 1.0
2 5.0 1.0
2 5.0 1.0
3 5.0 1.0
3 5.0 1.0
4 5.0 1.0
4 5.0 1.0
5 5.0 1.0
5 5.0 1.0
(c)
for the reaction.
(i) The time taken for the blue colour to appear was 134 seconds (to the nearest second).
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) The 5.0 cm3 of 0.0050 mol dm–3 2 S2O3(aq) was measured using a 50 cm3 burette which
3
.
(d)
I(aq) was added.
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(e)
procedure.
Potassium iodide
Sodium thiosulfate
Describe one
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
2 At temperatures above 5 C, the benzenediazonium ion, C6H5N2+, reacts with water as shown.
A student investigates this reaction by measuring the volume of nitrogen gas produced at regular
time intervals.
The diagram shows the experimental set-up used to investigate this reaction.
conical flask
gas syringe
C6H5N2+(aq)
(a) C.
Complete the diagram to show how the student could investigate this reaction at a constant
30 C. [2]
(b) The student prepared a solution of C6H5N2+(aq) at 5 C. A 200.0 cm3 sample of this solution was
C. The gas syringe
was then connected, a stop-clock was started and readings of time and gas volume were
taken. When the decomposition of the C6H5N2+ ion was complete (as shown by no more gas
2(g) produced, V , was 72 cm3.
(i) Show by calculation that when the stop-clock was started the concentration of C6H5N2+(aq)
was 0.0150 mol dm–3.
(ii) The volume of nitrogen produced is proportional to the amount of C6H5N2+ that reacts. As
C6H5N2+ reacts, its concentration in the solution falls.
Using the axes shown, sketch a graph to show the change in volume of N2(g) produced
with the change in concentration of C6H5N2+(aq).
Label the axes [C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3 and volume of N2(g) / cm3, putting the independent
variable on the x-axis.
Include on the axes the maximum values for concentration and volume where the lines on
the axes are shown.
..............................
0
0
................................................
[2]
(c) The results the student obtained are shown in the table.
To calculate the concentration of C6H5N2+(aq) the student used the following equation.
V
[C6H5N2+(aq)] = 0.0150 (1 – )
Vfinal
V = volume of N2
V is 72 cm3.
A B C D
volume of V
time
N2(g), Vfinal [C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3
/ minutes
V / cm3
4.0 17
6.0 24
8.0 30
10.0 35
12.0 40
14.0 44
16.0 48
[2]
0.0140
0.0140
0.0130
0.0130
0.0120
0.0120
0.0110
0.0110
[C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3
0.0100
[C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3
0.0100
0.0090
0.0090
0.0080
0.0080 0.0070
0.0060
0.0070
0.0050
0.0060
0.0040
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.0050
time / minutes
[2]
time / minutes
[2]
(e) Draw a tangent at time = 0.0 on your graph and use the tangent to determine the initial rate of
reaction. State the units of the initial rate of reaction.
units = ..............................
[4]
(f)
half-life, concentrations have been chosen for you.
(g) State and explain what the values of the two half-lives suggest about the order of reaction with
respect to [C6H5N2+(aq)].
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 18]
(a) (i) Explain why it is important for dry propanone to be used as a solvent for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
solubility at 25 C
compound
in g / 100 g of propanone
NaBr 0.00841
NaI 39.9
Use this information to explain why, although the reaction between CH3CH2CH2Br and NaI
is reversible, the reaction produces a very high yield.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) Some safety information for the organic compounds used in this reaction is shown.
and . It is
irritating to eyes, the respiratory system and skin.
and . It is irritating to
eyes, the respiratory system and skin.
and . It is irritating
to eyes, and may cause dizziness and drowsiness.
Identify different precautions, other than using protective equipment such as gloves, a lab
coat or eye protection, that should be taken when carrying out this experiment. Explain each
answer.
1 precaution ...............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2 precaution ...............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
explanation .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(c) A student plans an experiment to show that the rate of the reaction is proportional to the
concentration of NaI.
The student plans to record the time it takes for the solid formed to obscure a cross on a piece
reaction mixture
CH3CH2CH2Br(l)
NaI(s)
dry propanone, CH3COCH3(l)
usual laboratory apparatus
(i) Calculate the masses of NaI(s) and CH3COCH3(l) that would be needed to make 150 cm3
of 0.50 mol dm–3 NaI(pr). Assume 150 cm3 of propanone are required. Give your answers
to .
(ii)
Complete the table with appropriate volumes that the student could have used in four
further experiments.
[2]
(iii)
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Write an expression to show how the student could calculate the rate of the reaction.
[1]
inaccuracy ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
improvement .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(d) The reaction between CH3CH2CH2Br and NaI proceeds via an SN2 mechanism.
The student repeated the experiment in (c) using an isomer of CH3CH2CH2Br that reacts via
both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms.
State and explain whether the student will be able to show that the rate of this reaction is
proportional to the concentration of NaI.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 14]
)
2 2 2 O 4
+
+ CO32–
and CO32– ions increases the conductivity of the solution. The increase
4
+
in conductivity over time can be measured and the rate of hydrolysis can be determined from this.
A student plans to carry out this reaction using a 50 cm3 sample of 5.00 10–3 mol dm–3 urea solution.
(a) The 5.00 10–3 mol dm–3 urea solution cannot be accurately prepared by dissolving urea in
50.0 cm3
the solution of the required concentration.
(i) Suggest why diluting a more concentrated solution is a more accurate method of preparing
this solution than by dissolving urea in 50.0 cm3 of water.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how you would accurately prepare exactly 100 cm3 of 5.00 10–3 mol dm–3
urea solution, starting with 3.00 g of solid urea. Your method should use more than one
3
, and other suitable equipment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(b) A student added a small amount of urease to a 50.0 cm3 sample of the solution made in
(a)(ii). The conductivity of the solution was measured. The student obtained the results shown
in the table. The student forgot to record the conductivity at 150 s. Conductivity is measured in
S cm–1.
time, t conductivity
/s / S cm–1
0 0
30 55
60 110
90 160
120 215
150 –
180 320
210 375
240 425
270 480
300 530
(i) Plot a graph on the grid to show the relationship between time t and conductivity.
Use a cross (
(ii)
points you used in your calculation.
Give your answer to .
600
550
500
450
400
350
conductivity
300
/ μS cm–1
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t/s
(c) In another experiment, a student added a small amount of urease to 50.0 cm3 samples of urea
of various concentrations and measured their conductivity until hydrolysis was complete.
(i) Sketch a graph on the axes below to show the variation in conductivity in one such
experiment.
conductivity
time
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
600
500
400
final
conductivity 300
/ μS cm–1
200
100
0
0.00 1.00 × 10–4 2.00 × 10–4 3.00 × 10–4
initial concentration of urea / mol dm–3
in (b).
(ii) Use the calibration graph to determine the initial concentration of urea that would give the
(b)(iii).
(If you were unable to obtain an answer to (b)(iii) you should use the value of 350 S cm–1.
This is not the correct value.)
(d) The student repeats the experiment in (b) using a different low concentration of urea solution.
At 300 s, the student adds 1.0 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 3 (aq). The
measured conductivity of the solution immediately increases.
Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the conductivity of the solution changes
during this experiment.
conductivity
0
0 300
time / s
[3]
(e) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
silver nitrate Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.18 mol dm–3
corrosive and
environment; solutions equal to or more concentrated than
0.06 mol dm–3 but less concentrated than 0.18 mol dm–3 are
moderate hazard and
; solutions less concentrated than
0.06 mol dm–3
environment.
Describe one relevant precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that should be
taken to keep the risk associated with the chemicals used to a minimum. Explain your answer.
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 18]
1 The reaction between hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), and iodide ions, I–(aq), takes place in acidic
conditions.
The rate of this reaction can be found by measuring the time taken for a given amount of iodine,
I2(aq), to form.
This is done by adding a known amount of thiosulfate ions, S2O32–(aq), and allowing the I2(aq)
formed in reaction 1 to react with the S2O32–(aq).
After the S2O32–(aq) ions have all reacted in reaction 2, any further I2(aq) formed in reaction 1 can
be detected using an indicator.
A student carried out a series of experiments to determine the order of reaction with respect to the
concentration of I–(aq) ions in reaction 1.
distilled water
a suitable indicator
(i) The student used a balance accurate to two decimal places and a weighing boat. A
weighing boat is a small container used to hold solid samples when they are weighed.
(ii) The student weighed the empty weighing boat. The student then added solid KI to the
weighing boat until the mass of KI calculated in (i) was reached. The student transferred
all of the KI from the weighing boat into a 100 cm3 beaker.
Describe how the student could check that the mass of KI transferred into the 100 cm3
beaker was exactly the same as the mass calculated in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student dissolved the KI in the 100 cm3 beaker in distilled water and transferred the
solution formed into a 250 cm3
3
. Care was taken to avoid parallax
errors.
Describe:
how the student should transfer all the KI solution from the beaker into the 250 cm3
volumetric flask
how the student should fill the volumetric flask exactly up to the 250 cm3 mark.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The student was given a solution of 0.400 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq).
Determine the volume, in cm3, of this solution that should be added to a 100 cm3 volumetric
3
of solution B. Give your answer to two decimal places.
step 1 The student used a measuring cylinder to measure 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq).
step 6 The student used a burette to add 10.00 cm3 of solution C to a small beaker. The
immediately. The stopclock was stopped when the I2 formed caused the indicator to
change colour.
In Experiments 2–6 the student repeated steps 1–6 but using the volumes of distilled water
and solution A given in the table.
(i) In Experiment 3, trial 2, the indicator changed colour as soon as the student added
solution C
Suggest which step the student did not carry out in Experiment 3, trial 2.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the results shown in the table could be considered reliable.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What was the percentage error in the burette reading for measuring the volume of
solution A in Experiment 5?
(iv) Suggest why a measuring cylinder was used to measure the volume of H2SO4(aq) rather
than a more accurate piece of apparatus, such as a burette.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
[2]
(e) The rate equation can be written as rate = k[I–]n where [I–] is proportional to the volume of
solution A and n is the order of reaction with respect to I–.
(i) Use only the results of Experiments 1–6 given in (d) to complete the table where:
1 5.00
2 10.00
4 15.00
5 20.00
6 25.00
[2]
log(1/tav) = nlog v + c
where:
v is proportional to [I–].
On the grid:
[2]
(iii)
both points you used in your calculation. Give the gradient to three
Determine the order of reaction with respect to I–(aq).
gradient = ..............................
–1.60
–1.70
–1.80
–1.90
–2.00
log (1/tav)
–2.10
–2.20
–2.30
–2.40
–2.50
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40
log v
[Total: 20]
2 The activation energy, Ea, of the reaction between aqueous manganate(VII) ions, MnO4–(aq), and
aqueous ethanedioate ions, C2O42–(aq), can be determined as follows.
step 1 Use a pipette to transfer 10.00 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3 MnO4–(aq) into a boiling tube.
step 2 Use a second pipette to transfer 10.00 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 C2O42–(aq) into a second
boiling tube.
step 3 Place both boiling tubes into a water-bath at approximately 50 C and allow the temperature
of both solutions to become equal and constant.
step 5 Pour the C2O42–(aq) solution into the boiling tube containing the MnO4–(aq) solution and
immediately start the timer. Continue to stir the mixture during the reaction.
step 6
step 7 Repeat the experiment at different temperatures and record the results.
The student used their recorded data to complete columns 1–3 of the table.
average temperature
experiment 1
of reaction mixture (T ) time (t –1
log t
number T
1 333 11
2 323 35
3 315 76
4 310 145
5 304 284
(a) An extra procedural step in the method is required in order to be able to calculate the average
temperature of the reaction mixture throughout each experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Complete the empty columns in the table, giving all values to . [2]
(c) Suggest why an experiment with an average temperature of 70 C (343 K) would produce a
result that is less accurate than the other experiments.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
1
(e) Plot a graph on the grid to show the relationship between log t and T . Use a cross ( ) to plot
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
log t
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.00295 0.00300 0.00305 0.00310 0.00315 0.00320 0.00325 0.00330 0.00335
1 –1
/K
T
[2]
(f)
Ea
log t = + constant
2.303 RT
(i)
State the coordinates of both points you used in your calculation. These must be selected
gradient = .............................. K
[2]
Ea = ..............................
units = ..............................
[2]
[Total: 11]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1 2008 NOV P5 Q2 7
2 A student reads about the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate and makes the For
following notes. Examiner’s
Use
The student realises that a value for the Faraday constant can be determined experimentally
using the following apparatus.
variable
resistor
A
Cu(s) electrodes
CuSO4(aq)
Method
• The cathode is cleaned and weighed before being placed in the copper(II) sulphate
solution.
• The circuit is completed and the current set at 0.3 A by adjusting the variable resistor.
• The current is maintained at 0.3 A for exactly 40 minutes at which point the circuit is
broken.
• The cathode is removed from the solution and carefully washed with distilled water to
remove any copper(II) sulphate solution.
• Distilled water is removed from the cathode by rinsing it with propanone in which the
water dissolves.
• The cathode is finally dried by allowing the propanone to evaporate from its surface.
• The cathode is reweighed and placed back in the solution.
• A constant current of 0.3 A is passed for a further 40 minutes when the rinsing, drying
and weighing are repeated.
• This procedure is repeated a further 8 times.
0 115.74
40 115.97
80 116.22
120 116.46
160 116.70
200 116.94
240 117.19
280 117.49
320 117.67
360 117.92
400 118.14
(a) Use the additional columns of the table to record the charge passed and the mass of
copper deposited on the cathode.
You may use some or all of the columns. Label the columns you use, including the units
and an equation to show how the value is calculated. [2]
(b) Present the data calculated in (a) in graphical form. Draw the line of best-fit. For
Examiner’s
Use
[4]
(c) Indicate clearly one anomalous point on the graph that you did not use when drawing For
the line of best-fit. By reference to the instructions for the experiment suggest an Examiner’s
explanation for the anomaly. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The balance used by the student weighed to 2 decimal places. By reference to the
results of the experiment explain why it would have been more appropriate to use an
analytical balance weighing to 4 decimal places.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Draw construction lines on the graph to derive relevant values and use them to calculate
a numerical value for the Faraday constant.
(f) By considering the data you have processed and the graph you have drawn, decide if For
the experimental procedure described is suitable for the determination of the Faraday Examiner’s
constant. Explain your reasoning. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(g) What other measurements could be made during the course of the experiment to provide
alternative data to confirm the determined value of the Faraday constant?
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) Another student, performing the same experiment, plotted the mass of copper deposited
against time, and obtained the results below.
mass of
copper / g
time / minutes
Making reference to the experimental method, suggest an explanation for the shape of
this graph.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
2 An experiment was set up to investigate how the cell potential of a cell containing a metal, M, in
contact with an aqueous solution of its ions, Mn+(aq) (where n = 1, 2 or 3), changed as Mn+(aq) was
diluted.
Since a standard hydrogen half-cell was not available, a standard half-cell consisting of silver in
contact with a 1 mol dm–3 solution of silver ions was used to connect to the half-cell with M in contact
with Mn+(aq).
salt bridge
metal M silver
electrode electrode
The metal electrodes of the two half-cells were connected via a voltmeter, reading to two decimal
places. This was used to measure the cell potential of the cell.
The cell potential was measured for various concentrations of Mn+(aq) and the results obtained are
shown in the table below.
(a) Complete the third column of the table below. Give each answer to two decimal places.
1.03 1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94 0.93
0.93 0.92
– 4.5 – 4.0 –3.5 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0
(c) Are there any anomalous points on your graph? If so, circle those points. Give a reason for
your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) It is known that the cell potential of a cell, E, is related to the standard electrode potential, E o,
by the equation:
(i) Use your graph to determine the charge, n, of the Mn+ ions. Draw appropriate lines on
your graph to enable you to calculate its slope and show in the space below, how n was
calculated.
[3]
(ii) Use your graph to determine the standard electrode potential, E o, of the cell.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) Write an overall equation for the cell reaction which is taking place.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) The solutions contained in the two half-cells must be connected using a salt bridge.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which (if any) of the following salts would be suitable to use in the salt bridge:
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]
250
250 volume of oxygen
200 volume of oxygen
200
200
150
volume
of gas 150
/ cm3 volume
150
volume 100
of gas
/ cm3
of gas
100
/ cm3
100
50
50
50
0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 / min 50
time 60 70 80 90
0 time / min
0
(i) 10
Give equations 20the reactions
for 30 that occur40 at each 50 electrode
60 in the electrolysis
70 80sulfuric 90
of
(i) Give equations for the reactions thattime
acid. occur at
/ min each electrode in the electrolysis of sulfuric
acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
(i) Give equations for the reactions that occur at each electrode in the electrolysis of sulfuric
.............................................................................................................................................
acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) On(ii)theOn the graph
graph above, above,
use ause a ruler
ruler to draw
to draw andand label
label a line(hydrogen)
a line (hydrogen) to to predict
predict thethevolume
volume
of hydrogen
of hydrogen that would
that would be given
be given off during
off during thethesamesame experiment.
experiment. [1]
[1]
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) On the graph above, use a ruler to draw and label a line (oxygen) to predict the volume of
(iii) On theoxygen
graph above, usebea produced
ruler to draw and label a line (oxygen) to predict the volume of
(ii) On the graph that
above, use a ruler to draw
would and label
if a current a line
of 0.45 (hydrogen)
A was to predict
used instead theAvolume
of the 0.75 used
oxygeninthat would
the original be produced
experiment. if a current of 0.45 A was used instead of the 0.75 A used
[1][1]
of hydrogen that would be given off during the same experiment.
in the original experiment. [1]
(iii) On the graph above, use a ruler to draw and label a line (oxygen) to predict the volume of
oxygen that would be produced if a current of 0.45 A was used instead of the 0.75 A used
in the original experiment. [1]
(b) During the electrolysis of potassium butanedioate, the following reaction occurs.
CH2COO– K+
2H2O + → C2H4 + 2CO2 + H2 + 2K+OH–
CH2COO K – +
potassium
butanedioate
An experiment can be carried out to confirm the above equation. In order to do this, the amounts
of hydrogen, ethene and carbon dioxide produced need to be measured.
Hydrogen is produced at one electrode, ethene and carbon dioxide are produced at the other.
The carbon dioxide can be separated from the ethene by absorbing it in an alkali before the
volume of ethene is measured.
(i) Using the power supply drawn below, draw a fully labelled circuit diagram and apparatus
which shows how:
+ –
d.c. power
supply
[5]
(ii) State what measurements should be taken when carrying out the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) C coulombs of electricity resulted in V cm3 of hydrogen gas being produced during the
electrolysis.
In terms of C and V, state the number of coulombs, N, that would be required to produce
24 dm3 of hydrogen.
[1]
(iv) In terms of N, state the number of faradays of electricity that would be required to produce
1 mol of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure.
(1 faraday of electricity = 96 500 coulombs)
[1]
(v) Give the equation for the reaction that takes place when the carbon dioxide is absorbed
by the alkali.
Include state symbols.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) Predict the organic product that would be obtained at the anode when a solution of
potassium hexanedioate is electrolysed.
[1]
[Total: 15]
1 A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt. This reaction is
exothermic. If the same reaction is set up in an electrochemical cell then, instead of an enthalpy
change, electrical energy is produced and a cell voltage can be measured.
You are to plan an investigation of the reaction of three different metals (magnesium, iron and zinc)
with aqueous copper(II) sulfate. You will plan to investigate whether there is a relationship between
their cell potential values, , and their enthalpy changes of reaction, Hr.
(a) Predict how Hr may change as increases. Give a reason for your prediction.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
When determining the Hr for the reaction of the metals listed above with aqueous copper(II)
sulfate,
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
You are provided with a sample of powdered metal and 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.
(c) (i) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show how the apparatus should be set up to allow you to
determine the increase in temperature of aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
You should use apparatus normally found in a school or college laboratory.
[1]
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Other than eye protection, state one precaution you would take to make sure that the
experiment proceeds safely.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) For the reaction with magnesium, calculate the mass of magnesium, in g, you would use
so that it is in a small excess. You must show your working.
[Ar: Mg, 24.3]
(v) Explain why the metal used should be in powdered form rather than in strips.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) The aqueous copper(II) sulfate and metal mixture should be stirred continuously.
Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) In one experiment, the increase in temperature when excess magnesium powder is added to
50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous copper(II) sulfate is 58.5 C.
(e) The second part of the investigation involves determining the cell potential, , for the three
electrochemical cells.
cell reaction
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Draw a diagram of the apparatus you would use to measure the for the magnesium/copper
cell. Your labels should include the names of the metals and the names and concentrations
of the solutions you would use.
[3]
(f) Explain why the enthalpy change determination and cell potential determination should be
carried out at the same temperature as each other.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
6
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Accepted values are shown for the cell reactions.
cell reaction /V Hr
1 Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) +2.72
2 Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) +1.10
3 Fe(s) + Cu (aq) 2+
Fe (aq) + Cu(s)
2+
+0.78
Use your prediction in (a), your answer to (d) and data from the table to predict Hr values for
reactions 2 and 3.
Complete the table with these values. [1]
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/M/J/16 [Turn over
[Total: 18]
2 2 SO4
burette 1 burette 2
platinum electrode
– +
F.
(a)
table.
3
, and the charge
passed, in coulombs, C.
time (s)
0 46.20 0.00
50 41.20
100 36.20
150 31.45
200 25.80
250 20.80
300 16.40
350 11.45
400 6.80
450 1.50
(b) (b)
and charge passed.
and charge passed.
44.00 44.00
40.00
40.00
36.00
36.00
32.00
32.00
volume of hydrogen gas produced / cm3
volume of hydrogen gas produced / cm3
28.00
28.00
24.00
24.00
20.00
20.00
16.00
16.00
12.00
12.00 8.00
8.00 4.00
0.00
4.00 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
charge passed / C
0.00
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
© UCLES 2017
charge passed / C
9701/51/O/N/17 [Turn over
(c) (a)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(d) (i)
(ii)
If you were unable to obtain an answer for (d)(i), you may use the value 0.148 cm3 C–1, but
this is not the correct answer.
+
(aq) + 2e– 2 (g)
.............................. C mol–1
2 (g) produced at
20.0
16.0 H2(g)
volume of 12.0
gas produced
/ cm3 8.0
4.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time / s
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(f)
pressure, Patm.
(i)
Pnew and the height of solution in the burette.
Pnew
height of solution
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(g)
half-equation Eo/V
+
(aq) + 2e– 2 (g) 0.00
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) +0.34
1
2 O2 (aq) + 2e O(l)
+ –
2 +1.23
each
cathode ......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
anode .........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus and chemicals the student should use in their
electrolysis experiment. Include in your diagram the circuit connecting the anode and cathode.
[2]
(b) Two of the hazards of using copper(II) sulfate solution are given below.
For each hazard, state a precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that the student
should take when carrying out the experiment.
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
The student carried out the electrolysis for exactly 30 minutes with a current of 0.5 A.
After the electrolysis was finished, the student removed the electrodes.
The electrodes were then carefully washed in water and then dipped in propanone.
The electrodes were dried by allowing the propanone to evaporate.
(c) State the measurements the student would need to record to calculate the mass change of an
electrode. Include the appropriate unit.
[1]
(d) Calculate the charge passed through the copper(II) sulfate solution during the electrolysis
experiment using the formula shown.
(f) Use your answers to (d) and (e) to calculate the charge required to remove 1 mole of copper
from the anode.
(g) The theoretical charge required to remove 1 mole of copper from the anode into solution as
copper(II) ions is 193 000 C.
The Faraday constant is 96 500 C mol–1.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(h) A possible source of error is not drying the anode at the start of the experiment.
Explain the effect, if any, on the calculated value of the Faraday constant if the anode is wet at
the beginning of the experiment but dry at the end.
effect ..........................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(i) The student wanted to ensure that the anode was completely dry at the end of the experiment
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(j) The student calculated the mass change of the anode and the cathode after the experiment
was complete.
Suggest one reason why the mass gained at the cathode is not the same as the mass lost at
the anode. Assume the student has recorded the mass changes correctly.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]
1 When concentrated iron(III) chloride is added to water at just below boiling point, a reaction occurs
and produces Fe2O3, seen as a red colour in the water. This is a ‘sol’ of Fe2O3. A sol contains
particles that are insoluble but do not form a precipitate.
For this hazard, state a precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that the student
could take when preparing a solution of concentrated iron(III) chloride.
Particles of a sol can be positively or negatively charged. The student used the experimental set-up
2O3 sol particle is positively charged.
d.c.
power supply
+ –
U-tube
graphite electrode graphite electrode
(b) The student placed a few cm3 of the sol at the bottom of the U-tube and poured 10 cm3 of
distilled water into each side of the U-tube, without disturbing the sol. The two layers of distilled
water were colourless at the beginning of the experiment. Graphite electrodes were inserted
and a current was passed. After 30 minutes a difference was noted between the distilled water
in the two sides of the U-tube.
Predict the colour of the distilled water in both sides of the U-tube after 30 minutes, if the Fe2O3
sol particle is positively charged.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
Salt solutions can be added to sols to cause them to precipitate. This method is used in water
(c) The student made up 100.0 cm3 of standard solutions containing 0.100 mol dm–3 of the following
ions.
(i) What mass of solid potassium sulfate, K2SO4, did the student use to make up exactly
100.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 SO42–(aq)?
[Ar: K, 39.1; S, 32.1; O, 16.0]
(ii) Describe how the student should have accurately prepared this volume of standard
solution from a sample of K2SO4 of mass calculated in (c)(i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The student carried out an experiment to precipitate the Fe2O3 sol, using 0.100 mol dm–3
K2SO4(aq). Only one drop of K2SO4(aq) was needed for the complete precipitation of 10.0 cm3
Fe2O3 sol.
Calculate how many moles of SO42– were added. Assume that one drop is 0.05 cm3.
(e) The student decided to dilute the standard solution of 0.100 mol dm–3 K2SO4 to make 50.0 cm3
of 0.0100 mol dm–3 K2SO4(aq).
(i) Calculate the volume of standard solution required to make exactly 50.0 cm3 of
0.0100 mol dm–3 K2SO4(aq).
(ii) Name a piece of apparatus that could be used to measure accurately the volume of
solution calculated in (e)(i).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) In an alternative method, 50.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3 K2SO4(aq) could be prepared by using
0.0872 g of K2SO4.
Explain why the dilution method used by the student to prepare 50.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3
K2SO4(aq) is the more accurate of the two methods.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) The student carried out experiments to investigate how much of a particular salt solution was
required to fully precipitate all the Fe2O3 sol in a 1000 cm3 sample. The salt solutions used were
all of concentration 0.0100 mol dm–3 with respect to the ion being investigated.
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
(i) Describe the effect of changing the charge on the anion from –1 to –2 to –3 on the
precipitation of the Fe2O3 sol in Experiment 1.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) 2 S3, is highly toxic and should be removed from drinking water.
Based on the student’s results, which salt used in either Experiment 1 or Experiment 2
would be the most effective at removing As2S3 from drinking water?
Explain your answer.
salt ......................................................................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]
2 The solubility product, Ksp, of a sparingly soluble salt can be determined by measuring the cell
potential of a cell known as a concentration cell
the salt as the electrolyte.
The Ksp of silver chloride, AgCl, can be measured using the apparatus shown.
salt bridge
silver silver
electrode electrode
(a) (i) C.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) If the temperature was maintained at 40 C, over time the reading on the voltmeter would
change.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
The cell potential was measured for various concentrations of Ag+(aq) and the results obtained are
shown in the table.
(b)
[Ag+(aq)]
experiment Ecell / V –log [Ag+(aq)] 16.1Ecell / V
/ mol dm–3
1 0.00100 –0.097
2 0.00500 –0.140
3 0.0100 –0.159
4 0.0250 –0.171
5 0.0500 –0.202
6 0.100 –0.221
7 0.200 –0.239
8 0.500 –0.264
9 1.50 –0.294
[2]
(c) (i) On the grid on page 9, plot a graph of 16.1Ecell against –log [Ag+(aq)].
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Use your graph and the equation to determine a value for log Csat.
–0.50
–1.00
–1.50
–2.00
–2.50
16.1Ecell / V
–3.00
–3.50
–4.00
–4.50
–5.00
–5.50
–0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
–log [Ag (aq)]
+
(d) To carry out these experiments, Ag+(aq) of concentration 2.0 mol dm–3 was prepared.
(i) For experiment 6, calculate the volume of 2.0 mol dm–3 Ag+(aq) needed to prepare exactly
250.0 cm3 of Ag+(aq) in a 250.0 cm3
(ii) Name a suitable piece of apparatus which could be used to measure the volume calculated
in (i).
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
The relationship between the solubility product, Ksp, and the concentration of the saturated
solution of silver chloride, Csat, is shown.
Ksp = Csat2
Use this equation and your answer to (c)(iii) to calculate a value for Ksp.
(If you have no answer for (c)(iii), use a value of – 4.20 but this is the true value.)
Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the Ksp of AgCl varies with temperature.
[1]
(f) The salt bridge in a concentration cell commonly contains a solution of one of the following
compounds.
Identify which, if any, of these compounds would be suitable for use in the salt bridge in
this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 16]
1 A student investigates the charge (z+) carried by aqueous manganese ions, Mnz+(aq). The
electrochemical cell shown is set up for this investigation with the following two half-cells:
(a) Label the items P and Q and state the concentration of the copper(II) ion solution in the copper
half-cell.
P ........................................
copper manganese
Q ........................................
(b) During the investigation the student plans to use solutions of Mnz+(aq) of lower concentration
than 0.500 mol dm–3.
(i) Calculate the volume of 0.500 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq) needed to prepare 100.0 cm3 of
0.200 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
The cell potential of the electrochemical cell in (a) is measured. The 0.500 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq) is
then replaced by the 0.200 mol dm–3 solution and the cell potential is measured again. This is
repeated for other lower concentrations of Mnz+(aq). All measurements are made at 25 C.
(iii)
Complete column three of the table, calculating log[Mnz+] to two decimal places.
Complete column four of the table, calculating E, the electrode potential of each manganese
half-cell, to three decimal places, using the equation shown.
electrode potential
[Mnz+]
cell potential, Ecell / V log[Mnz+] of each manganese
/ mol dm–3
half-cell, E / V
[2]
log[Mnz+]
–3.0 –2.0 –1.0 0.0
–1.16
–1.17
–1.18
–1.19
–1.20
–1.21
electrode
potential of
manganese
half-cell, E / V
–1.22
–1.23
–1.24
–1.25
–1.26
–1.27
–1.28
[2]
(d) (i) Circle the most anomalous point on your graph. [1]
(ii) The student is careful to ensure that all solutions used are at the same temperature in all
(d)(i)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Your graph is a plot of E against log[Mnz+] and can be analysed using the Nernst equation at
25 C.
0.059
E = Eo + log[Mnz+]
z
E o, of the
manganese half-cell.
E o = .............................. V [1]
gradient = ..............................
[2]
(ii) Use your answer to (f)(i) and the Nernst equation to calculate the value of z to three
(If you were unable to calculate an answer to (f)(i) you may use the value 0.0197. This is
not the correct value.)
z = ..............................
(g) Lowering [Mnz+] causes the value of the electrode potential of the manganese half-cell to
become more negative.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 16]
2 (a)
dissolved in concentrated nitric acid and the resulting solution is diluted with distilled water.
Use the electrode potentials shown to write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between
the copper in the brass nail and the concentrated nitric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A small beaker was weighed using a balance accurate to two decimal places and its mass
recorded.
The brass nail was placed in the beaker and the mass increased by 3.76 g.
(c) 50 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid was added to the nail in the beaker. When the reaction
3
water.
State one precaution related to this hazard that must be taken when using concentrated
nitric acid.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) (i) Concentrations of metal ions in solution can be determined using a colorimeter. When light
passes through solutions of metal ions some of the light may be absorbed.
The quantity of light absorbed is called the absorbance and is measured by a colorimeter.
The absorbance of solutions of known concentration of copper(II) ions can be used to
determine an unknown concentration of copper(II) ions.
A solution of copper(II) nitrate of concentration 0.800 mol dm–3 is required for this
investigation.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, needed to prepare 100.0 cm3 of
0.800 mol dm–3 solution. Give your answer to .
[Ar: Cu, 63.5; N, 14.0; O, 16.0]
A series of ten solutions of different concentrations of copper(II) ions are prepared by diluting
volumes of 0.800 mol dm–3 copper(II) nitrate with distilled water.
Complete the table to show the volumes of 0.800 mol dm–3 copper(II) nitrate and distilled
water needed to prepare each solution. Give all volumes to .
volume of concentration
volume of
solution 0.800 mol dm–3 of Cu2+(aq) absorbance
distilled water / cm3
copper(II) nitrate / cm3 / mol dm–3
2 0.04 0.12
3 0.12 0.36
4 0.16 0.48
5 0.22 0.66
6 0.30 0.89
7 0.36 1.06
8 0.42 1.25
9 0.48 1.41
10 0.60 1.76
[1]
(iii) Name a suitable piece of apparatus for accurately measuring the volumes you have
calculated in (d)(ii).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) (i) The plot produced by comparing the absorbance of each solution with its concentration is
referred to as a calibration graph.
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
absorbance
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
concentration of Cu2+(aq) / mol dm–3
[2]
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) (i) The absorbance of the solution prepared in (c) from the brass nail was found to be 0.56.
2+
(aq) in this solution.
(ii) Use your answer to (f)(i) and the information in (b) and (c) to calculate the percentage of
copper, by mass, in the brass nail. Give your answer to .
(If you were unable to obtain an answer to (f)(i) you may use the value 0.22 mol dm–3. This
is not the correct value.)
[Ar: Cu, 63.5]
[Total: 14]
excess
chlorine gas
iron wire
chloride
heat
of iron
(a)
(i) two
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i)
amount
student
/g /g /g / mol / mol
1 1.64
2 1.10 3.16
3 1.40 4.03
[Ar l
[3]
(ii)
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
amount
of
chlorine
atoms 0.10
/ mol
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
amount of iron / mol
(iii)
Suggest one
procedure.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c)
gradient = ..............................
[2]
(d) l 3.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) (i)
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f)
(i)
l 2.
[Ar l
[1]
electrode
reaction o
/V
Fe2+ –
–0.44
2H + –
H2 0.00
Fe3+ –
Fe2+
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
MISCELLANEOUS
1 A solder is an alloy of metals which is used to join 2 other metal pieces together.
A specialist solder that can be used to join together pieces of aluminium is made from a mixture by
1 of
mass A solder is an 20%
65% zinc, alloy of metals which
aluminium andis15%
usedcopper.
to join other metal pieces together.
A specialist solder that can be used to join together pieces of aluminium is made from a mixture by
mass
You are of 65%
to plan zinc, 20% aluminium
an experimental and 15%
procedure copper.
to confi rm the composition of a powdered sample of this
solder, by adding reagents and then extracting from the mixture each of the following in sequence;
You are to plan an experimental procedure to confirm the composition of a powdered sample of this
solder, by adding reagents and then extracting from the mixture each of the following in sequence;
(i) the copper metal,
(ii) the(i) aluminium
the copperas aluminium hydroxide,
metal,
(iii) the zinc as zinc hydroxide.
(ii) the aluminium as aluminium hydroxide,
(iii) the zinc as zinc hydroxide.
You are provided with
You are provided with
a sample of this solder, with approximate mass 4 g,
a sample
1.00 mol of this solder,
dm–3 sulfuric acid, with approximate mass 4 g,
1.00 mol
–3 dm sulfuric acid,
–3
1.00 mol dm ammonia.
1.00 mol dm ammonia.
–3
No other reagents should be used. Standard laboratory equipment is available including a balance,
No other reagents should be used. Standard laboratory equipment is available including a balance,
accurate to twotodecimal
accurate places.
two decimal places.
StepStep
1 1 Step 2
Step 2 Step 3
Step 3
reagent(s) added reagent(s) added reagent(s) added
reagent(s) added reagent(s) added reagent(s) added
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
substance(s) present at substance(s) present at substance(s) present at
the end of
substance(s) the reaction
present at the end of the
substance(s) reaction
present at the end of the reaction
substance(s) present at
the end of the reaction the end of the reaction the end of the reaction
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
solder
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
solder ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
.....................................
..................................... .....................................
..................................... .....................................
.....................................
.....................................
substance(s) removed .....................................
substance(s) removed .....................................
substance(s) removed
by filtration (if any) by filtration (if any) by filtration (if any)
substance(s) removed substance(s) removed substance(s) removed
by filtration (if any)
..................................... by .....................................
filtration (if any) by filtration (if any)
.....................................
.....................................
..................................... .....................................
..................................... .....................................
.....................................
[5]
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2014 9701/51/O/N/14 MISCELLANEOUS
279
3
(b) For some of the steps in the procedure you would need to be careful to add an appropriate
quantity of a reagent.
For each step of your procedure explain why particular quantities of reagent should be chosen.
Step 1 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Step 2 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Step 3 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) The aluminium hydroxide and zinc hydroxide that have been extracted are difficult to dry so it
is better to convert them to their oxides.
Describe how this could be done and how you would make sure that each hydroxide had been
completely converted into its oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) The purpose of the experiment is to confirm the composition of the solder.
When the experiment is carried out state
what you would do to the copper to make sure that the correct value is obtained.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) If the mass of aluminium oxide obtained was 1.50 g, calculate the mass of aluminium that was
present in the solder.
(Ar: Al, 27.0; O, 16.0)
[1]
(f) Even if the experimental difficulties of extracting all of the copper from the mixture were
overcome, it would be difficult to obtain an accurate mass of copper from this experiment.
Suggest why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
1 The halogenoalkanes can react with hydroxide ions to form an alcohol and a halide ion.
(a) The rate at which the reaction occurs depends on which of the halogenoalkanes is chosen.
The reaction is a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide ion and the rate might depend on:
For (i) and (ii), chlorobutane, bromobutane and iodobutane should be considered.
(i) If the rate of reaction was only controlled by the polarity of the carbon-halogen bond, the
order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive) would be
........................................................................................................................................... .
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) If the rate of reaction was only controlled by the bond strength of the carbon-halogen
bond, the order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive) would be
........................................................................................................................................... .
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) An experiment can be carried out to compare the extent of the reaction between aqueous
hydroxide ions and chlorobutane, bromobutane and iodobutane. Samples of the
halogenoalkanes are reacted with sodium hydroxide for 2 minutes at 50 C. After the reaction,
addition of aqueous silver nitrate causes the formation of a silver halide precipitate.
(i) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in this experiment.
(ii) The amount of each halogenoalkane liquid to use is most practically measured by its
volume. Usually equal volumes of the three halogenoalkanes are used.
Explain why this is not ideal and what change should be made to obtain a more reliable
comparison between the halogenoalkanes.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
Having measured the quantity of halogenoalkanes, what must be ensured about the
amount of sodium hydroxide used?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
How would the reaction tubes be heated and the experiment be started?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
What reagent could be added which would ensure that after 2 minutes the reaction
was stopped?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
After the reaction has been stopped and aqueous silver nitrate added, the amount of
precipitate formed could be determined by measuring its height.
Why is it necessary to leave the tubes for some time before making this measurement?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
(iv) Although the amount of silver halide formed can reasonably be obtained by measuring the
height of the precipitate in the reaction tube, this is not very reliable.
Explain what should be done with the precipitate to obtain a more reliable measurement
of the amount of silver halide produced.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) The use of halogenoalkanes is hazardous and both gloves and eye protection are necessary.
State one other essential precaution which should be taken when carrying out the experiments.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
2 Transition metal complex ions are coloured. The formula of a complex ion can be determined using
colorimetry.
In colorimetry, light of a certain wavelength is passed through a complex ion solution. The absorbance
of the light is proportional to the intensity of the colour of the solution. The more concentrated the
complex ion solution, the more intense its colour and so the higher the absorbance.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the formula of the complex ion formed between
aqueous iron(III) ions, Fe3+(aq), and aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate ions, C6H4(OH)CO2–, which have
the structure shown.
O O–
C
OH
(a) 3
of 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous
iron(III) nitrate.
(i) Determine the mass, in g, of solid hydrated iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, needed to
prepare 100.0 cm3 of a 0.0500 mol dm–3 solution.
[Ar: Fe, 55.8; N, 14.0; O, 16.0; H, 1.0]
(ii) Describe how, after weighing the mass determined in (i), the student should prepare
100.0 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous iron(III) nitrate.
In your answer you must give the name and capacity, in cm3, of any apparatus used.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) (b)
TheThe student prepared solutions containing variouscombinations
combinationsofof0.0500
0.0500mol
moldm
dm–3–3 Fe
Fe3+ (aq)
3+
student prepared solutions containing various (aq)
and 0.0500 mol dm –3
aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate, as shown in
and 0.0500 mol dm aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate, as shown in the table.
–3 the table.
TheThe student
student placed
placed a small
a small sample
sample of of eachsolution
each solutioninto
intoa acolorimeter
colorimeter and
and measured
measured the
the
absorbance. The student made a mistake in test number 9 and did not measure the result.
absorbance. The student made a mistake in test number 9 and did not measure the result.
test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0
volume of aqueous
volume of aqueous / cm3 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0
2-hydroxybenzoate
1.0 0.0
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 0.0
2-hydroxybenzoate / cm3
absorbance 0 23 46 69 70 58 47 35 13 0
absorbance 0 23 46 69 70 58 47 35 13 0
(i) Plot a graph on the grid to show the relationship between absorbance and the volumes of
(i) PlotFe a 3+
graph on the
(aq) and grid to2-hydroxybenzoate
aqueous show the relationship between absorbance and the volumes of
used.
Fe3+Use
(aq)aand aqueous
cross 2-hydroxybenzoate
( ) to represent used.Draw two
each data point.
Use a cross ( ) to represent each data point. Draw two
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
absorbance
absorbance 40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
volume of aqueous 0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
2-hydroxybenzoate / cm
volume of aqueous 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
2-hydroxybenzoate / cm3
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/F/M/17
(ii) Use the graph in (i) to determine the volumes of Fe3+(aq) and aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate
which would give the maximum absorbance.
(iii) The point of maximum absorbance shows where all of the ions are combined in the
complex.
Use the volumes in (ii) to determine the number of moles of 2-hydroxybenzoate ions that
form a complex with 1 mole of Fe3+ ions.
(iv) Fe3+(aq) ions exist in aqueous solution as complex ions with the formula [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq).
2-hydroxybenzoate ions, C6H4(OH)CO2–, are bidentate ligands.
Use this information and your answer to (iii) to suggest the formula of the complex ion
formed between Fe3+(aq) ions and 2-hydroxybenzoate ions.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) Name the apparatus that should be used to measure the volumes of the solutions given in
the table accurately.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) In test 9, instead of mixing 8.0 cm3 of Fe3+(aq) and 2.0 cm3 of aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate, the
student mixed 16.0 cm3 of Fe3+(aq) and 4.0 cm3 of aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate.
Use your graph in (b)(i) to suggest the absorbance that would have been measured if a sample
of this solution had been analysed in the colorimeter.
(d) In a colorimetry experiment, the absorbance of the solution follows the relationship shown.
A = cl
[Total: 12]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
2 Sucrose is a sugar. The concentration of a solution of sucrose can be measured by the optical
rotation, , of a sucrose solution. The more concentrated the solution, the greater the optical
rotation of the solution.
A polarimeter is used to measure optical rotation. Light is passed through a sample of the sucrose
solution in a glass cell, and the observed angle of rotation, obs, is measured.
eyepiece
eye of
observer
–3
the
].
The observed angle of rotation, obs, measured by the polarimeter is related mathematically to the
concentration of the sucrose solution by the equation shown.
obs = [ ]c
]. Solutions of different
concentrations of sucrose at 20 C were placed in a polarimeter and the observed angle of rotation,
obs, recorded. The ‘+’ sign is used to show that the rotation is in a clockwise direction.
concentration of
observed angle
sucrose, c
of rotation, obs
/ g cm–3
0.0750 +5.05
0.0700 +4.70
0.0650 +4.40
0.0600 +4.00
0.0500 +3.30
0.0450 +2.55
0.0350 +2.30
0.0300 +1.95
0.0250 +1.68
0.0200 +1.40
(a) (i) Plot a graph on the grid on page 9 to show the relationship between concentration of
sucrose, c, and observed angle of rotation, obs.
Use a cross (
(iii) ], of sucrose.
Give this value to two decimal places.
State the co-ordinates of both points you used in your calculation.
] = ..............................
[2]
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
αobs
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 0.0700 0.0800
c / g cm–3
(b) You are asked to write instructions for another student to follow so they can prepare a standard
solution of 250 cm3 0.0750 g cm–3 sucrose. The student is provided with solid sucrose and a
250 cm3
(i) Calculate the mass, in g, of sucrose the student would need to use.
(ii) Describe how the student should accurately prepare the standard solution using a sample
of sucrose of mass calculated in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) (i) The student used the standard solution prepared in (b) to prepare the solutions in the table
on page 8.
Calculate the volume of standard solution of concentration 0.0750 g cm–3 and the volume
of distilled water needed to prepare 15.00 cm3 of sucrose solution of concentration
0.0350 g cm–3.
Give your answers to two decimal places.
The volumes of the two solutions given in (c)(i) could be measured using the same type of
apparatus.
(ii) Name a suitable piece of apparatus which could be used to measure these volumes.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) (a)(ii) you circled an anomalous point. This was caused by the student incorrectly
making one of the sucrose solutions.
Suggest the error made by the student that caused this anomaly.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) The student recorded the observed angle of rotation, obs , for a sucrose solution of unknown
concentration as +3.75.
(e) The glass cell of 10 cm length is expensive, so one cell is used for all the solutions that are
placed in the polarimeter.
Suggest how you would ensure that the concentration of solution in the cell is accurate each
time the cell is used for the different sucrose solutions.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
The glass cell of 10 cm length is replaced by a glass cell of 20 cm length. The 20 cm glass cell
–3
sucrose solution.
Predict the value for the observed angle of rotation, obs, for the sucrose solution of concentration
0.0750 g cm–3 when the 20 cm cell is used. Explain your answer.
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(g)
with distilled water and the angle of rotation measured.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 18]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
sample of solution
light detector
(a) (i)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
MnO4–
of MnO4–
(i) 4
[Ar
4 = .............................. g [1]
(ii)
4 of mass calculated in (i) 3
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
0.740 0.760
0.760
0.730 0.750
0.750
0.740
0.720
0.740
0.730
0.710
0.730
0.720
0.700
0.720
0.710
0.690
0.710
absorbance absorbance
0.700
0.680
0.700
0.690
absorbance
0.670
0.690 0.680
0.660 0.670
0.680
0.650 0.660
0.670
0.640 0.650
0.660
0.630 0.640
0.650
0.630
0.620
0.640
0.620
0.610
0.630
0.610
0.600
0.620
510
0.600 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550
510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550
0.610 wavelength / nm
wavelength / nm
0.600 –
solution.
–4
510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545
4 solution. 550
wavelength / nm
4
–
solution.
(d)
MnO4–
–
4
concentration of
absorbance
MnO4– –3
(i) Plot a graph on the grid on page 11 to show the relationship between the absorbance and
the concentration of MnO4–
Use a cross (
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
absorbance
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.00 0.50 × 10–4 1.00 × 10–4 1.50 × 10–4 2.00 × 10–4 2.50 × 10–4 3.00 × 10–4 3.50 × 10–4
(e) (i) 4
–
10–4 mol dm–3 to prepare
the solutions in the table on page 10.
[1]
(ii) (e)(i)
apparatus.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
VII 4
–
(i) 4
–
concentration of MnO4– –3
[1]
(ii)
[Ar: Mn, 54.9]
(g)
(f)(ii)
(h)
–
4
of iron(II
MnO4– + 2+
Mn2+ 3+
2
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
2 Activated charcoal is a form of carbon with a very high surface area. It can be used to remove
impurities from mixtures. It does this by a process called adsorption, where particles of the impurity
bond (adsorb) to the activated charcoal surface.
A student wanted to determine the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb a blue dye (the impurity)
from aqueous solution.
The equation that links the mass of activated charcoal with the amount of blue dye adsorbed is
shown.
log D = A + b log [X
m
D = difference in concentration of dye (in g dm–3) before and after adsorption
m = mass of activated charcoal (in g)
[X –3
) after adsorption
A and b are constants
The student used the following procedure to investigate the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb
a blue dye from an aqueous solution.
3 –3
97.24
97.24
97.24
(ii) (ii)
of activated
of activated charcoal,
charcoal, m, m,on onthethe amount
amount of of
adsorption
adsorptionthat thatoccurs.
occurs.
(ii)
of activated charcoal, m, on the amount of adsorption that occurs.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Explain
Explain this this effect.
effect.
Explain this effect.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2.15 2.15
2.10
2.10
2.05
2.05
2.00
2.00
1.95
1.95
1.90
log D
1.90m
1.85
log D
m
1.85
1.80
1.80
1.75
1.75 1.70
1.70 1.65
1.60
1.65
1.55
1.60 –0.90 –0.80 –0.70 –0.60 –0.50 –0.40 –0.30 –0.20 –0.10 0.00
log [X]
1.55
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/O/N/17 [Turn over
–0.90 –0.80 –0.70 –0.60 –0.50 –0.40 –0.30 –0.20 –0.10 0.00
log [X]
Suggest a reason why this anomaly may have occurred during the experimental procedure.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(d) (i)
points you used in your calculation.
..............................................
gradient = ............................................................
b = ............................................................
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
2 A student was given a sample of an unknown Group 2 chloride. The student dissolved 3.172 g
of the unknown Group 2 chloride in distilled water in a beaker and added an excess of aqueous
silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), to the beaker.
(a) Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction occurring.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b)
reduced pressure.
(i)
reduced pressure.
to suction pump
(to reduce the pressure
in the conical flask)
filtrate
[2]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The student rinsed the residue, transferred it to a crucible and placed it in a warm oven to dry it.
(i) What should the student do to ensure that the drying process is complete?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
Complete the table to calculate the mass of dry silver chloride formed. Use this value to
determine the number of moles of silver chloride formed.
[Ar: Cl, 35.5; Ag, 107.9]
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the mass of one mole of the Group 2 chloride and
hence identify the Group 2 metal present in the chloride.
If you were unable to calculate an answer in (ii), assume that 0.0304 mol of silver chloride
formed. This is not the correct value.
[Ar: Be, 9.0; Mg, 24.3; Ca, 40.1; Sr, 87.6; Ba, 137.3]
(iv) State and explain how the number of moles of silver chloride formed in (ii) would change
if the student used tap water instead of distilled water to dissolve the Group 2 chloride.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
2 A student plans to prepare propanone from propan-2-ol and test the product. Reagents provided to
the student and some of their hazards are shown in the table.
reagent hazard
propan-2-ol
concentrated sulfuric acid corrosive
potassium dichromate(VI)
distilled water non-hazardous
(a) (i)
dichromate(VI) is shown.
Calculate the minimum mass of potassium dichromate(VI) that is needed for complete
(ii) The student is provided with a set of instructions to prepare the propanone.
step 2 Dissolve the mass of potassium dichromate(VI) calculated in (a)(i) in a few cm3
of distilled water.
The student is also provided with the boiling points of propan-2-ol and propanone.
in step 5.
Label your diagram fully including the location of propan-2-ol and propanone after
clamp
heated collection
water-bath flask
round-bottomed
reaction flask
mixture
[3]
(iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv)
which needs to be removed.
reagent ...............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) (i) When propanone reacts with a solution of 2,4-DNPH an insoluble compound, X, is
produced according to the following equation.
2,4-DNPH
CH3
N C
H2N NH HN CH3
NO2 NO2
CH3COCH3 + + H2O
NO2 NO2
Buchner funnel
suction pump
Buchner flask
method A
method B
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student places a washed sample of X in a drying oven for an hour. The student
records the mass of X. The student wants to ensure that X is completely dry.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
Mr X = 238
Mr CH3COCH3 = 58
density CH3COCH3 = 0.789 g cm–3
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.