Chemistry Paper 5 2020-22

1
P5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS & EVALUATION

CONTENTS
PAPER 5 TIPS 3
P5 NOTES 9
REACTION WITH GASES 19
STATES OF MATTER 45
TITRATIONS 75
ENTHALPY 93
EQUILIBRIA 123
REACTION KINETICS 168
ELECTROCHEMISTRY 227
MISCELLANEOUS 278
2
3
HOMEWORK
DATE PARTICULARS
BILAL HAMEED HW
4
DATE PARTICULARS
BILAL HAMEED HW
3
PAPER 5 TIPS
PAPER 5 TIPS
Planning
Planning can be a difficult practical skill to master. It depends on thinking carefully about the
practical problem set. It also relies on a good understanding of the practical experience you have
gained during the course. The following may make it easier for you to gain marks.
Quantitative Exercises
• You should be able to identify the independent and dependent variables from the information
given.
• You should be able to identify other key variables and propose measures to control these.
• You should be able to make a quantitative prediction of the likely outcome of the experiment (if
required).
• The plan needs to be able to test any prediction/hypothesis in a reliable, unambiguous and
reproducible way.
• Even if the question does not ask for a formal prediction/hypothesis, you should have a clear
idea of what you expect the results to show.
• The data provided in the question will need processing in some way to enable analysis and
evaluation (see later). This also means that some discussion of how this processing is to be
carried out needs to go into the plan.
• Any recording, graphical and numerical processes should be stated.
• The steps by which the experimental procedure and analysed data will be evaluated should be
included.
Qualitative Exercises
This type of exercise might involve planning the preparation of a given mass of a compound or an
analysis scheme for an unknown compound. The plan should be sufficiently detailed that, if the
experiment were performed by a competent chemist, it would produce the anticipated outcomes.
Many students lose marks at this stage by not producing a sufficiently detailed plan and relying on
the examiner to ‘fill in the gaps’.
• The suggested plan must be workable given the apparatus available, and the scale required
(e.g. for producing a known mass of compound).
• The quantities of reagents to be used should be specified.
• The heating or cooling of the reaction mixture and the method chosen to do so should be
included.
• The sequence of carrying out tests on an unknown compound should be stated so that false
results can be excluded.
• Any purification techniques employed in the production of a compound should be included.
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PAPER 5
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Analysis, Conclusions And Evaluation

Analysing Data
In analysing data, you will need to be able to use your understanding of the theory behind a given
experiment. Some people find it difficult to put together a clear, reasoned and justified argument to
support this. The stages in the argument must be clear and easy for the examiner to follow.
When analysing numerical data you need to be proficient in handling the mathematics involved and
confident in carrying out the calculations needed — including the correct use of significant figures.
Remember, the number of significant figures to which an answer is expressed shows the precision
of the measured quantities. The general rule is that you should use the same number of significant
figures as are found in the least precise measurement.
You also need to be able to analyse errors in the experiment. These fall into two groups — those
associated with the use of a particular piece of apparatus and those linked to the level of
competence of the operator or flaws in the procedure. One way to start thinking about apparatus
errors is to compare the use of a burette in measuring different volumes of a liquid. If you use it to
measure out 5cm3, the error in measurement will be five times greater than if you use it to measure
25 cm3.
Evaluation
This is one of the harder skills to develop because to be successful in evaluating an experiment or
procedure you need to have a clear idea of the aims, objectives and predicted outcome.
Evaluation can include:
• identifying anomalous results (or outliers)
• deducing possible causes for the anomalous results and suggesting ways of avoiding them
• a view of the adequacy of the range of data used
• commenting on the effectiveness of measures taken to control variables
• an argued judgement on the confidence you have in the conclusions reached
It goes without saying that if anomalous results are to be identified then the expected pattern of
results must be known. This could be from a prediction as part of a hypothesis about the
experiment, or because an experimentally determined point does not fit the trend of other data.
Having identified the anomaly you should suggest what might have caused it, and have a strategy
for dealing with it (which might involve excluding it or repeating the measurement). The effect of
including and excluding an outlier in drawing a line of best fit is shown in the diagram on the next
page.
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So what should you do if the results of a quantitative experiment are inaccurate? The first thing is to
establish whether the errors are due to the apparatus used or to the data collected.
If the errors in the data collected exceed the apparatus errors then it is important to identify the
flaws in the procedure which led to these errors and to suggest a more reliable procedure. If the
error is a result of a temperature fluctuation in the laboratory, you might suggest using a water bath
with a thermostat to reduce this fluctuation. If the errors in the data do not exceed those due to the
apparatus used, you need to suggest how to reduce the apparatus errors. If one of the sources of
error is in weighing a solid, it is not sufficient to say ‘use a better balance’; you must quantify this —
for example, 'use a balance accurate to ±0.01g’.
Remember that there is no credit for saying that the experiment went well or gave good results. You
must say why, and give evidence to support this.
Drawing Conclusions
This is usually the final stage in commenting on an experiment or procedure. It relies on you having
a thorough knowledge of the chemistry involved.
The conclusion you draw must be based on how well the data collected matches the original
hypothesis or prediction, or is supported by the results of qualitative tests. You will be expected to
use your knowledge of the theoretical background to the experiment or procedure and to make
judgements about the data or results based on this knowledge
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TABLES FOR Q2 (ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS)
Read the text around the table before completing it. There are two common errors in headings and
data that occur regularly. Firstly, students need to fully label each new column used. Secondly, the
data needs to be correctly quoted to a specified number of either decimal places or significant
figures.
1. Care needs to be taken with units (sec is not acceptable for seconds, only s). CIE require that
units in table headings are given as /s or (s).
2. A requirement for a specific number of significant figures or decimal places:

Some students wrongly believe that the number of decimal places is the same as significant
figures. Students should be advised to check the required number of significant figures / decimal
places before calculating any data. There is a general misunderstanding of the difference
between significant figures, decimal places and trailing zeros. For example, 0.0105 (3 sig figs.)
incorrectly given as 0.011 (3dp). Also a calculated value of 0.05 needs to reported as 0.0500 if
three significant figures are required. Care needs to be taken with the reporting of data.
3. Each column heading needs three things; For example a description (e.g. rate), a unit (e.g. /s–1)
and an expression to calculate the data (e.g. 1/time) as required. The unit for rate was s–1 and for 1/
T, K–1. Log values have no unit.
4. Quote value in decimal or standard form. For example, the values of
5. 1/T were correctly reported in the form 0.00341 or 3.41×10–3 with the correct unit in the heading as
K–1. Some candidates gave values as 3.41 but gave a 10–3 ambiguously in the heading. The only
acceptable way to give that was within the unit as /x 10–3 K–1.
GRAPHS
1. When a sketch graph is required this does not imply that carelessly drawn lines are
acceptable. As much precision as possible should be shown. Straight lines should be drawn
using a ruler and not freehand and as many reference points as possible should be included
2. Sharp pencils are essential to plot points accurately, preferably as a small cross, and straight
lines can only be drawn with the aid of a ruler; these lines should be straight, single and with
no kinks or slight changes of gradient.
3. Two factors need to be taken into account when scaling the axes. The points need to be
plotted within at least half of each axis and the scale should be reasonable to facilitate
accurate plotting. Fit a reasonable scale into the grid first that uses at least half of each axis.
Unreasonable scales of 0.006, 0.008 and 0.011 units to 10 small squares inevitably leads to
plotting errors. For example data of 1, 2, 4 or 5 to 1 large square (of 10 small squares) would
be reasonable but 3 or 6 or 7 to 1 large square (of 10 small squares) would not.
4. The co-ordinates of a table point may be used provided they lie on the line and the
construction lines are drawn to them. If plotted, the origin is a good point to use. If not, it
cannot be assumed.
5. When referring to the reason for an anomalous result, it should be stressed that define the
point unambiguously (e.g. Experiment 4) before stating a reason. This is vital when there is
more than one anomaly.
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P5 TIPS5
PAPER
7
HAZARDS
1. Various types of gloves are available in laboratories and in this case a good answer for
corrosive chemicals would have been chemically-resistant gloves, latex gloves.
2. The most hazardous item in many cases is a hot apparatus (hot/boiling water and/or the hot
vapour) which needs to be handled with heatproof gloves or appropriate holders. A common
error is a reference to the Bunsen burner.
3. For an enthalpy change reaction: The two risks were generally not well done. Heat was often
given – but only high heat would be acceptable as the reaction was given as exothermic.
Melting cups were common (perhaps caused by the concentrated sodium hydroxide) as was
heat lost to the surroundings. The correct hazard is the instability of the plastic cup as the
reactant was corrosive. Place the cup in a beaker to prevent the cup tipping over.
THERMAL DECOMPOSITION
1. Direct heating is necessary in order to decompose a solid. Do not uses water baths or
thermostatically controlled.
2. When water and an insoluble gas is given off, condense the steam and collect the second
gas. The essential point of this apparatus is that the two products needed to be collected
separately in sequence with the condensed water first. The capacity of the gas collector is
always needed.
INCORRECT PLANS:
Many candidates had two separate outputs from the heating vessel to two separate
collectors, both of which would collect both products. Some who chose to use a Liebig or ice
condenser had an output for water which was open to the atmosphere such that, even if
there was a subsequent gas collector in train, it would not have collected gas which would
have escaped in the earlier part of the apparatus.
PRECIPITATION
1. Specify the drying process. A simple statement such as “the precipitate was left to dry”
would not receive credit and, in this case, direct heating of many precipitates would cause its
decomposition.
2. The correct drying of a precipitate should only involve the minimum of heating, such as
washing with propanone.
3. ERRORS that result in anomalies: An excess mass could be explained simply by the
precipitate not being fully dry, while a loss of some of the precipitate would explain the other
anomaly.
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PAPER
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GENERAL PLANNING
1. When questions ask for descriptions of laboratory experiments you should focus on the
specific points asked for in the stem of the question.
2. In Question 1 the stem of the question provides bullet point prompts to expected responses.
The examination answers require these points to be addressed. You should work out the
focus of their plan first rather than working it out as they go along.
3. Most candidates attempted a diagram and, whilst the variation in the quality of the diagrams
was large, most scored at least partial credit. The container of the carbonate needed to be
not open to the air and capable of being heated strongly (not by means of a water bath).
There were some impractical solutions such as an evaporating basin with a funnel on top.
The collection device (gas syringe, measuring cylinder over water etc.) needed to have a
stated capacity and be calibrated. Some collectors had unreasonable capacities notably
many cubic decimetres or 1 cm3.
4. In rate experiments the reaction vessel needing closing as soon as the reactants are mixed
and that the stop clock needs starting immediately as the reactants get together. Use of a
divided flask is recommended.
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P5 TIPS5
PAPER
9
P5 NOTES
DRAWING DIAGRAMS AND VOLUMES

ALWAYS mention the volume of the apparatus being used.
E.g. The one most often used is gas syringe. Label it as a graduated 100 cm3 gas
syringe. Do not use a gas syringe bigger than 500 cm3.
DO NOT assume a volume for test tubes. IF you have to pour 50 cm3 of dilute HCl into
a container use a 150 cm3 or 250 cm3 beaker or a 250 cm3 conical flask.
P5 NOTES
BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES
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MEASURING OUT LIQUIDS

Always while measuring volume of solutions, use burette or pipette because they have
very low PERCENTAGE errors.
e.g. 25 cm3 measured out of a burette (smallest scale being 0.1 cm3) has % error of
(2 x 0.05)/25 x 100 = 0.4%
but 25 cm3 measured out of a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder (smallest scale being 1.0 cm3)
has % error of
1.0/25 x 100 = 4.0%
The error is ten fold.
MEASURING OUT LIQUIDS

But if the volumes go above 50 cm3 then its best to use a graduated 100 or 250 cm3
measuring cylinder.
At large volumes the percentage error decreases.
e.g. 100 cm3 measured out of a 200 cm3 measuring cylinder (smallest scale being 2.0
cm3) has % error of
1/100 x 100 = 1.0%

11
ACCURACY OF TITRATIONS
Titrations are generally very accurate because:
• we obtain concordant titres
• % error in pipette and burette is very small (around 0.5%)
• The end point of a titration is generally very sharp.
MEASURING SMALL MASSES

If you are measuring small masses a 2 decimal place mass balance will give high
percentage errors (It can record accurately to 0.01 g)
but a 3 decimal place mass balance is much better as it would have much less % error
(as it can record accurately to 0.001 g)
for a mass of 0.25 g measurement:
a 2 dp mass balance % error = 0.01 / 0.25 x 100 = 4%
a 3 dp mass balance % error= 0.001/0.25 x 100 = 0.4 %

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MAKING SOLUTIONS BY USING MASSES

If you are to make a solution of 0.1 mol dm—3 of lets say CuSO4 using CuSO4.5H2O crystals:
• find the formula mass of CuSO4.5H2O crystals =
• find the moles required to make 250 cm3 of 0.1 mol dm—3 (we’ll be using a 250 cm3
volumetric flask) =
• find the mass needed to be added to make 250 cm3 =
• The plan is to dissolve this mass into 250 cm3 of solution.
MAKING SOLUTIONS BY USING MASSES

• First dissolve the solid in about a 100 cm3 of water in a 250 cm3 beaker (not the
volumetric flask yet).
• Stir solid until it fully dissolves.
• Then transfer the solution from the beaker to a volumetric flask.
• Rinse the beaker with water and transfer this washing to the volumetric flask.
• Repeat similar washings till the solution is made unto the 250 cm3 mark on the
volumetric flask.

13
MAKING SOLUTIONS: FROM A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION

When you are required to make a dilute solution from a concentred one, e.g. to make a 0.1
mol dm—3 of dil HCl from 2.0 mol dm—3 solution of HCl, you will use a burette or pipette and
a volumetric flask.
• Measure out 25.00 cm3 of the 2.0 mol dm—3 solution of HCl into a 250 cm3 beaker using
a burette or pipette.
• Add around 100 cm3 of water and stir.
• Then transfer the solution from the beaker to a volumetric flask.
• Rinse the beaker with water and transfer this washing to the volumetric flask.
• Repeat similar washings till the solution is made unto the 250 cm3 mark on the
volumetric flask.
9
MAKING SOLUTIONS: DILUTING STANDARD SOLUTIONS

When you are required to make multiple concentrations of a standard solution given for
rate of reactions, we use water to dilute the standard with different factors.
E.g. if you are given a 2.0 mol dm—3 solution of HCl and you are to make 5 solutions of
different concentrations of HCl to carry out five rate experiments this, you do this by adding
water:
Volume of 2 M HCl / cm3 Volume of water / cm3 Relative concentration
1 50.0 0.0 2.0
2 40.0 10.0 (40/50 x 2.00) = 1.6
3 30.0 20.0 1.2
4 20.0 30.0 0.80
5 10.0 40.0 0.40
10

14
MAKING A SATURATED SOLUTION

• Add a fixed volume of water, e.g. 100 cm3, into a 250 cm3 bearer.
• Add the crystals/solid to the water and stir continuously till they dissolve.
• After the solid has dissolved, if no solid crystals appear, add further amount of solid.
• And repeat the process until more solid dissolves.
• Filter the solution using a filter paper and funnel so that the saturated solution is
collected in a beaker.
11
CALCULATING SOLUBILITY
• measure the mass of an empty evaporating dish, m1
• transfer the saturated solution to the evaporating dish and measure the mass, m2
• Warm the solution in the dish to evaporate the water till all the water evaporates.
• let the dish cool.
• Weigh the evaporating dish with the solid residue.
• reheat and cool and weigh the dish with solid again till constant mass, m3.
• mass of solid = m3 — m1
• mass of water = m2 — m3
• mass of solid / mass of water x 100 g

12

15
SET-UP DIAGRAMS
1 Collection of gas and keeping a check on temperature
2 Collection of gas on adding solid to acid.
CEDAR COLLEGE P 5 DIAGRAMS
BILAL HAMEED SET-UP DIAGRAMS

16
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19
3
REACTION WITH
3 GASES
11 2011 NOV P53 of
If a container Q1gas has a tiny hole in it, the gas will gradually escape through the hole. For
1 This
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a container effusion
gas has a tinyand theinrate
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gas will is called
gradually thethrough
escape rate of effusion.
the hole. Examiner’s
For
This process is called effusion and the rate at which it occurs is called the rate of effusion. Use
Examiner’s
Use
You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the rate of effusion depends on the
relative
You are molecular mass, Mr, oftoainvestigate
to plan an experiment gas. how the rate of effusion depends on the
relative molecular mass, Mr, of a gas.
(a) At a constant temperature, the rate of effusion of a gas depends on the kinetic energy
(a) At
of the molecules
a constant of the gas. the
temperature, So, rate
for aof series of gases
effusion of a gasall atdepends
the same ontemperature,
the kinetic energy as the
of of amolecules
Mrthe gas increases of thethe gas.speed
So, for of athe molecules
series of gases of the
all atgasthedecreases.
same temperature, as the
Mr of a gas increases the speed of the molecules of the gas decreases.
(i) Predict how the rate of effusion will change as the Mr of the gas increases.
(i) Explain
Predict how yourthe prediction using thewill
rate of effusion information
change asinthe partM(a) the gas increases.
r of above.
Explain your prediction using the information in part (a) above.
prediction ..................................................................................................................
prediction ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
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..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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(ii) Display your prediction in the form of a sketch graph below, clearly labelling the
(ii) Display
axes. your prediction in the form of a sketch graph below, clearly labelling the
axes.
0
00
0 [3]
[3]
(b) In the experiment you are about to plan, identify the following.
(i) the independent variable ..........................................................................................
(ii) the dependent variable .............................................................................................
[2]
[2]
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© UCLES 2011 9701/53/O/N/11
REACTION WITH GASES
[Turn over
© UCLES 2011 9701/53/O/N/11 [Turn over
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(c) Using the apparatus shown below design a laboratory experiment to test your prediction For
in (a). Examiner’s
Use
piston
100 cm3 syringe
effusion hole
In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory you are provided with the
following materials,
• access to samples of the following gases; hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide,
butane and chlorine,
• a stop watch/clock.
Describe how you would carry out the experiment. You should
• ensure that the volume of gas measured is the same for each experiment,
• ensure that the syringe contains only the gas under investigation,
• ensure that the syringe is used under the same conditions throughout all of the
experiments,
• measure the effusion time,
• produce reliable results.
..........................................................................................................................................
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(d) State a hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment and describe For
precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum. Examiner’s
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(e) Draw a table with appropriate headings to show the data you would record when carrying
out your experiments and the values you would calculate in order to construct a graph to
support or reject your prediction in (a). The headings must include the appropriate units.
Ensure that the table covers all the detail relating to the five gases listed in (c).
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Cl, 35.5]
[2]
[Total: 15]

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2 2014 JUN P51 Q1 2
1 When magnesium nitrate(V) is heated, it decomposes to form magnesium oxide, nitrogen(IV)

oxide and oxygen.
Nitrogen(IV) oxide is an acidic gas that reacts readily and completely with alkalis.
You are to plan a single experiment to confirm that the molar quantities of magnesium oxide,
nitrogen(IV) oxide and oxygen produced agree with the equation for the thermal decomposition of
magnesium nitrate(V).
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with nitrogen(IV) oxide.
Nitrogen(IV) oxide must not be inhaled. A large dose can be fatal and smaller quantities
can have severe effects on breathing, particularly for people who suffer from asthma.
You are provided with anhydrous magnesium nitrate(V) and have access to the usual laboratory
equipment and reagents.
(a) (i) Write an equation for the thermal decomposition of magnesium nitrate(V).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Calculate the mass of magnesium oxide and volumes of nitrogen(IV) oxide and oxygen
produced under room conditions when 1 mole of magnesium nitrate(V) is heated.
[Ar: O, 16.0; Mg, 24.3]
You should assume that one mole of any gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under room conditions.
[1]
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(b) (i) Draw and label a diagram of the apparatus and experimental set-up you would use. The
set-up needs to be capable of absorbing the nitrogen(IV) oxide and collecting the oxygen
separately and in sequence.
[4]
(ii) State the volume of the gas collector to be used to collect oxygen in (i). Calculate a mass
of magnesium nitrate(V) to be heated that would produce a stated volume of oxygen
appropriate for the collector.
[Ar: N, 14.0; O, 16.0; Mg, 24.3]
You should assume that one mole of any gas occupies 24.0 dm3 under room conditions.
[1]
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(c) List the measurements you would make when carrying out the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
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(d) (i) How could you make sure that the magnesium nitrate(V) had completely decomposed in
the experiment?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) To make sure that the volume of gas measured is accurate, what should you do before
taking the measurement?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Explain how you would use the results of the experiment to confirm that the decomposition had
occurred according to the molar ratios in the equation.
....................................................................................................................................................
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5
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(f) What precautions would you take to make sure that the experiment could be performed safely?
....................................................................................................................................................
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.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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3 2016 JUN P51 Q1 2
1 Lithium is a soft alkali metal which may be cut with a knife. It is usually stored under oil because it
reacts rapidly with moisture and oxygen in the air.
Lithium is corrosive and may cause burns.
Lithium is and in large amounts reacts violently with water.
2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g)
This reaction can be used to determine the relative atomic mass of lithium by measuring the volume
of hydrogen produced from a small amount of lithium.
(a) Draw the apparatus you could use to measure the volume of hydrogen produced, using
standard laboratory equipment.
Label the chemicals in your diagram and show how the reactants can be kept apart until the
reaction is started.
[3]
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(b) To successfully carry out this experiment a correct procedure must be followed. The lithium you
will use is stored as large pieces under oil.
(i) Beginning with a large piece of lithium being removed from the oil, state how you would
prepare a small piece of lithium for use in this experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) By only observing the gas collecting apparatus, state how you would know the reaction
had stopped.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Other than eye protection, state two precautions you would take to make sure that the
experiment proceeds safely.
1. .........................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
2. .........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) The relative atomic mass of lithium is known to be approximately 7.
What approximate volume of hydrogen gas would a 0.1 g mass of lithium produce?
(1 mol of gas occupies 24.0 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.)
volume of H2(g) produced ............................. [1]
(v) What would be the capacity (volume) of the gas collecting apparatus you would use for the
volume of hydrogen produced in (iv)?
volume of gas collecting apparatus ............................. [1]

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(c) Another method that can be used to determine the relative atomic mass of lithium is by titration
of the lithium hydroxide produced during its reaction with water.
The following experimental procedure may be used.
1. Add 100.0 cm3 of distilled water to a clean beaker.

2. Add a known mass of lithium to the distilled water.
3. After the reaction is complete, transfer 25.0 cm3 of the solution of lithium hydroxide
from the beaker to a clean conical flask.
4. Titrate this with an acid of known concentration.
(i) State how you would accurately measure the total volume of distilled water in step 1.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State how you would know that the reaction between lithium and distilled water was
complete.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) State how you would transfer 25.0 cm3 of the solution of lithium hydroxide into a clean
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) State how you would ensure that your titration result was reliable.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) (c)
are clean, a student decides to wash them out with some distilled water before starting the
experiment.
Some water remains in the beaker. State the effect, if any, this would have on the calculated
relative atomic mass of lithium. Explain your reasoning.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
calculated relative atomic mass of lithium. Explain your reasoning.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/M/J/16

28
4 2017 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 In 1804 the chemist John Dalton put forward the following idea. It is sometimes called ‘Dalton’s
Law’.
‘When two elements combine with each other to form more than one compound, the ratios of
numbers.’
excess methane
porcelain boat porcelain boat porcelain boat burning
containing containing containing
lead oxide A lead oxide B lead oxide C
methane
gas
heat heat heat
(a) State two
hazard 1 .....................................................................................................................................
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
hazard 2 .....................................................................................................................................
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/M/J/17

3
29
3
3
A, B or C and reweighed.
A,
A,BBor
or C
C and reweighed.
and reweighed.
mass of lead that

mass of mass of mass of boat
mass of mass of wasofof
mass
mass combined
lead that
lead that
porcelain
mass ofmass ofboat + lead
mass
mass of of + lead
ofafter
mass
mass of boat
boat lead / gof
mass mass of was combined
boat /porcelain
g after mass of mass of was combined
boat + lead +heating
boat + lead + lead/ g
porcelain lead after lead / g
boat / g heating / g lead / g
boat / g heating / g
A 5.26 9.31 9.04
A 5.26 9.31 9.04
A 5.26 9.31 9.04
B 5.12 8.96 8.48
B 5.12 8.96 8.48
B 5.12 8.96 8.48
C C 5.23 5.23 10.52
10.52 10.06
10.06
C 5.23 10.52 10.06
(b) (b)
one decimal
one decimal place.
place.
(b)
one decimal place.
[2]
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/M/J/17 [Turn over[2]

[2]


30
4
(c) (i)
calculate the ratio of mass of lead in each compound.
mass of lead in A : mass of lead in B : mass of lead in C
............................ : ............................ : ............................

[1]
(ii) If Dalton’s Law is true there should be a simple whole number ratio of the masses of
(i)
support Dalton’s Law.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(e) (i) B
Calculate the empirical formula of B

[Ar: Pb, 207.2; O, 16.0]
empirical formula of B = .............................. [1]
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/M/J/17

31
5
(ii) B?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f)
essential to ensure that the results are reliable.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) C had been reduced.
C had been reduced?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

32
5 2017 NOV P52 Q1 2
1 Verdigris is a green pigment that contains both copper(II) carbonate, CuCO3, and copper(II)
hydroxide, Cu(OH)2, in varying amounts.
Both copper compounds react with dilute hydrochloric acid.
CuCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) CuCl 2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Cu(OH)2(s) + 2HCl (aq) CuCl 2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
(a) You are to plan an experiment to determine the percentage of copper(II) carbonate in a
sample of verdigris. Your method should involve the reaction of verdigris with excess dilute
hydrochloric acid.
You are provided with the following materials.
–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq)
You may assume that any other material present in verdigris is unaffected by heating and is not
acidic or basic.
(i) Explain why a titration would not be a suitable method to determine the percentage of
copper(II) carbonate in a sample of verdigris.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) –3
HCl (aq) is corrosive and too concentrated for use in the experiment.
3 –3
hydrochloric acid
–3
HCl (aq) provided.
Include details of any apparatus, including their capacities in cm3, you would use.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/O/N/17

33
3
(iii) Identify a dependent variable that you could measure to determine the percentage of
copper(II) carbonate in verdigris.
Your answer should be based on a difference that you can identify between the reactions
of copper(II) carbonate and copper(II) hydroxide with excess dilute hydrochloric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iv) Draw a diagram to show how you would set up apparatus and chemicals to measure the
(iii).
Label your diagram.

34
4
(v)
in (iii) would change during your experiment.
Extend the graph beyond the point at which the reaction is complete.
Label both axes.
(vi) A student carries out this experiment once.
Describe how this one experiment should be carried out to ensure that the results are as
accurate as possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/O/N/17

35
5
(vii) 3 .
Calculate the minimum volume, in cm3 –3

HCl (aq) that would be needed
for the complete reaction of the sample if the student was correct.
[Mr: CuCO3
–3
HCl (aq) = .............................. cm3
(b) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide health hazard and is

harmful if swallowed. Dispose of by reacting no
3 –3
ethanoic
acid before pouring down a foul-water drain.
Hydrochloric acid Solutions equal to or more concentrated than

–3
corrosive; solutions
equal to or more concentrated than 2.7 mol dm–3 but
–3
as moderate hazard and are irritant.
Describe one relevant precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that should be
taken to keep the risk associated with the chemicals used to a minimum. Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

36
6
(c) Azurite is a blue copper-containing mineral. The copper compound in azurite has the formula
Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2. This copper compound reacts with sulfuric acid according to the reaction
shown.
Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) 3CuSO4(aq) + 2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
–3
sulfuric acid.
It can be assumed that any other material present in azurite does not react with sulfuric acid.
The titration data is given in the table.
experiment rough 2
3
The indicator for the titration was bromophenol blue.
3 –3
sulfuric acid completely neutralised
(i) 3
, calculate the percentage by mass of Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
in the sample of azurite.
Write your answer to .
[Mr: Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2
percentage by mass of Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 in the sample of azurite
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/O/N/17

37
7
(ii) Identify two possible problems with the student’s titration and suggest improvements to it.
...........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Problem 2 ...........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Improvement 2 ....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................

38
6 2019 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 (a) A student is provided with samples of six metal carbonate ores, known to be ores of the metals
barium, calcium, copper, iron, lead and zinc. All the ores contain carbonate ions and some
might also contain hydroxide ions.
Each ore sample is ground up and a measured mass of the ore is reacted with an excess of
dilute hydrochloric acid. The carbon dioxide produced by the reaction is collected over water.
The volume of gas collected is recorded. Each ore is tested three times.
(i) Name the independent variable.
.............................................................................................................................................
Name the dependent variable.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Apart from mass of ore, state a variable that should be controlled.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student plans to collect the carbon dioxide produced over water.
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus that could be used to carry out these experiments.
The apparatus should allow the accurate recording of the carbon dioxide produced.
[3]
(b) State one weakness in the procedure of collecting carbon dioxide over water.
Suggest a change in apparatus that could be made to avoid this problem.
weakness in procedure
....................................................................................................................................................
change in apparatus
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2019 9701/52/M/J/19

339
(c)
recorded in the table. All 18 experiments use exactly the same mass of ore.
volume of CO2 collected / cm3

metal ore calculated
Expt 1 Expt 2 Expt 3
average
barium witherite 67 70 69 69
calcium calcite 81 79 82 81
copper malachite 47 45 46 46
iron siderite 68 55 70 64
lead cerussite 75 73 72 73
zinc smithsonite 53 55 52 53
(i) The student uses the results to obtain an average volume of CO2 produced for each ore
and records it in the table.
Suggest another reason why each ore is tested three times.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student made an error in processing the data to obtain the average volume of CO2
produced for one of the ores.
State the error made by the student and calculate the correct value.
error ....................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
correct value = .............................. cm3

[1]
(d) A second student suggested that the percentage of carbonate ions could be obtained by
carrying out titrations of the ground-up ore samples with hydrochloric acid.
Explain why a titration would not be a suitable method to determine the percentage of carbonate
ions in some of these ore samples.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

40
4
Rhodochrosite is the carbonate ore of manganese and does not contain hydroxide ions.
(e) (i) 2.00 g of rhodochrosite produced 148 cm3 of carbon dioxide under room conditions in its
reaction with excess hydrochloric acid.
MnCO3 + 2HCl MnCl 2 + H2O + CO2
Calculate the percentage of MnCO3 in rhodochrosite. Give your answer to

.
The molar volume of a gas is 24.0 dm3 under room conditions.
[Ar: Mn, 54.9; C, 12.0; O, 16.0]
percentage of MnCO3 in rhodochrosite = .............................. %

[3]
A teacher suggested that the mass change from the thermal decomposition of a ground-up
sample of rhodochrosite could be used to determine the percentage of carbonate in the sample.
The teacher told the students to strongly heat a ground-up sample of the ore in a crucible.
(ii) State the measurements the students should make to determine the percentage of
manganese carbonate in the sample of rhodochrosite.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Explain how the students can ensure the results in (e)(ii) are as accurate as possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 16]
© UCLES 2019 9701/52/M/J/19

41
22
7 2020 JUN P52 Q1 2
11 M
Mrr
1 Mr
XX X.
X. Gas
Gas X
X
X X. Gas X
concentrated concentrated gas

concentrated
concentrated concentrated
concentrated gas
gas
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid syringe
sulfuric
sulfuricacid
acid sulfuric
sulfuric acid
acid syringe
syringe
measuring
measuring
measuring
cylinder
cylinder
cylinder
copper copper
copper
copper copper
copper gas X
turnings turnings
turnings
turnings turnings
turnings gas X
gas X clamp
clamp
clamp
water
water
water
heat heat
heat
heat beehive water heat
heat
beehive
beehive
shelf water
water
trough
shelf
shelf trough
trough
method A method B
methodAA
method method B
method
(a) (i)
(a)
(a) (i)(i) Mr X.
MM r r X.
X.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
.......................................................................................................................................
(ii) two (a)(i)
(ii)
(ii) two A
two (a)(i)
(a)(i) B
gas X. AA B
B
gas
gas X. X.
reason 1 ..............................................................................................................................
reason11..............................................................................................................................
reason ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
reason 2 ..............................................................................................................................
reason22..............................................................................................................................
reason ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[2]
[2]
© UCLES 2020 9701/52/M/J/20

© UCLES 2020 9701/52/M/J/20
© UCLES 2020 9701/52/M/J/20

42
3
(b) X.
gas X
U-tube
gas syringe
soda lime
A 100.0 cm3 X
X X
determined.
(i) X
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) X.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Gas X can cause respiratory distress.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

43
4
(d) 104
100 cm 3
X.
(i) X present in Experiment 1.
X PV = nRT.
R –1
mol–1
X = .............................. mol [2]
(ii) X
Mr
X.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) X
Mr X.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) X
temperature and pressure.
Mr X
P
T
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2020 9701/52/M/J/20

544
(e)
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f)
Mr
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 13]

45
STATES OF MATTER
1 2010 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 At any temperature, equilibrium can be established between a liquid X and the vapour given For
off by that liquid. Examiner’s
Use
X (l) X (g)
As the temperature of the system is raised, so the pressure exerted by the vapour increases.
When the vapour pressure becomes equal to the surrounding (ambient) air pressure, the
liquid boils.
When the liquid contains a dissolved solid (solute), the vapour pressure above the liquid is
reduced.
You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the boiling point of an aqueous solution
of potassium chloride depends on the concentration of the solution.
(a) (i) By considering how the vapour pressure changes as the concentration of the
aqueous potassium chloride increases, predict and explain how the boiling point of
the solution will be affected by the concentration of the solution.
Predict how the boiling point will change ..................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Explanation ..............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Display your prediction in the form of a sketch graph, labelling clearly the point
representing the boiling point of pure water and its value.
boiling point
0
concentration of the potassium chloride
[3]
BILAL HAMEED STATES OF MATTER
© UCLES 2010 9701/52/M/J/10

46 3
(b) In the experiment you are about to plan, identify the following. For
Examiner’s
(i) the independent variable .......................................................................................... Use

[2]
(c) Draw a diagram of the apparatus you would use in the experiment. Your apparatus
should use only standard items found in a school or college laboratory and should show
clearly
(i) how the solution will be heated and over-heating of the solution prevented,
(ii) how the thermometer will be positioned. Remember you are investigating an
equilibrium.
Label each piece of apparatus used, indicating its size or capacity and the temperature
range that the thermometer should cover.
[3]

47 4
(d) When investigating how the boiling point of a solution changes with concentration, it is For
convenient to represent the concentrations of the solute as a molality. Examiner’s
Use
The molality of a solution is defined as the number of moles of a solute

dissolved in one kilogram of water e.g. a one molal solution has one mole of
solute dissolved in one kilogram of water.
In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory you are provided with the
following materials.
100 g of distilled/deionised water (you should take particular note of this limited
supply of water)
solid potassium chloride, KCl
Give a step-by-step description of how you would
(i) prepare a series of solutions of potassium chloride that can be used in the apparatus
you have shown in (c) to give sufficient data to plot a graph as in (a)(ii),
(ii) show how you would calculate the molality of one of these solutions.
[Ar: K, 39.1; Cl, 35.5]
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................[3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/52/M/J/10

48 5
(e) State a hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment. For
Examiner’s
.......................................................................................................................................... Use
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(f) State a limiting factor that must be taken into account when increasing the concentration
of the aqueous potassium chloride.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(g) Draw up a table with appropriate headings to show the data you would record when
carrying out your experiments and the values you would calculate in order to construct
a graph to support or reject your prediction in (a). The headings should include the
appropriate units.
[2]
[Total: 15]

49
2 2010 NOV P52 Q2 7
2 The melting point of solid water is 0 °C. This is the same as the freezing point of water. For
This freezing point can be lowered (depressed) by the addition of a solute, such as glucose. Examiner’s
The extent of the freezing point depression depends on the number of particles of solute Use
dissolved in the solution.

The freezing point depression, Tf, is proportional to the molal concentration, cm, of the
solution.
Tf = Kf cm
where Kf is the freezing point depression constant.
The molal concentration (molality) of a solution is defined as the number of moles

of a solute dissolved in one kilogram of water e.g. a one molal solution has one
mole of solute dissolved in one kilogram of water.
An experiment was carried out to investigate the relationship between Tf and cm.
• A weighed sample of distilled water was placed in a boiling tube.
• A weighed sample of glucose was added.
• The mixture was stirred until a solution was obtained.
• The tube was placed in a freezing apparatus to lower the temperature.
• The freezing point of the solution was measured precisely and the freezing point
depression calculated.
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10 STATES OF MATTER
[Turn over
50 8
(a) Calculate the Mr of glucose C6H12O6. For

Examiner’s
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0] [1] Use
(b) The results of the experiment are recorded below.
A B C D E F
mass of mass of freezing

water glucose point
/g /g depression
Tf
/ °C
100 10.0 1.03
100 12.2 1.26
100 18.0 2.09
100 23.3 2.40
100 27.7 2.86
100 30.9 3.22
100 33.1 3.31
100 38.6 3.98
100 42.3 4.37
Process the results in the table to calculate the molality of the glucose solution. This will
enable you to plot a graph to show how the freezing point depression, Tf , varies with
the molality of the solution.
Record these values to three significant figures in the additional columns of the table.
You may use some or all of the columns.
Label the columns you use.
For each column you use include units where appropriate and an expression to show
how your values are calculated. You may use the column headings A to F for this
purpose. [2]
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10

51 99
(c) Present
(c) Present the data
the data calculated (b)in
calculatedinin(b) in graphical
graphical form.
form.Draw
Drawthethe
lineline
of best fit. fit.
of best
[3]
[3]
52 10
(d) Circle on the graph any point(s) you consider to be anomalous. For
For any point circled on the graph suggest an error in the conduct of the experiment that Examiner’s
might have led to this anomalous result. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(e) (i) Determine the value of Tf / cm from your graph. This is the freezing point depression
constant K f . Mark clearly on the graph any construction lines and show clearly in
your calculation how the intercepts were used in the calculation of the slope.
(ii) By considering the data you have processed and the graph you have drawn, decide
if the experimental procedure described is suitable for the determination of the
freezing point depression constant Kf. Explain your reasoning.
[3]
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10

53 11
(f) When the experiment was repeated using sodium chloride instead of glucose as the For
solute, the freezing point depressions were found to be twice the value obtained in the Examiner’s
glucose experiment for each molality. Use
Using the information given at the start of the question suggest a reason for this.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(g) Using your suggestion from (f) predict the effect on the freezing point depression if a
weak acid such as ethanoic acid was used instead of glucose or sodium chloride as the
solute.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/O/N/10

54
3 2015 NOV P51 Q1 2
1 It is possible to determine the relative molecular mass, Mr, of a small sample of a volatile liquid by
measuring its mass and then heating to vaporise it to obtain its volume as a gas.
(a) Explain how the relative molecular mass can be determined in this way.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) (i) The volume of the vaporised sample depends on its temperature and pressure.
In an experiment, a sample of volatile liquid of known mass was vaporised and its volume
recorded. The pressure was correctly recorded as 101 kPa but the temperature was
incorrectly recorded as 50 C. The correct temperature was 60 C.
By considering the effect of these different temperatures on the gas volume, explain how
the value of the calculated Mr would be affected.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]
(ii) The temperature was maintained at 60 C but the pressure was increased to 110 kPa.
Would this have given an answer that was nearer to the true value of the relative molecular
mass? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/O/N/15

3
In an experiment to determine the relative molecular mass of hexane, boiling point 69 C, a specialist
piece of apparatus called a Victor Meyer tube55 can 3
3 be used. This consists of a long tube with a bulb
at the base in which a sample can be vaporised. The tube has a side arm to allow the escape of gas
from In an
within theexperiment
tube. to determine
The tube the relative
is surrounded molecularcan
by another mass of hexane, boiling point 69of C, a speci
In an experiment to determine the relative molecular masswhich
of hexane,be used
boiling to heat
point 69 the
C, acontents
specialist
the first piece of apparatus called a Victor Meyer tube can be used. This consists of a long tube with a b
piece of tube.
apparatus called a Victor Meyer tube can be used. This consists of a long tube with a bulb
at the baseat the baseainsample
in which which can
a sample can be The
be vaporised. vaporised.
tube hasThe tube
a side has
arm to a sidethe
allow arm to allow
escape the escape of
of gas
from within the tube. The tube is surrounded by another which can be used to heat the contents ofthe content
A diagramfrom
of within
the the tube.
apparatus is The
shown tube is
below. surrounded by another which can be used to heat
the first tube.
the first tube.
stopper
Asmall A diagram
diagram of the apparatus
of the apparatus is shown below.
is shown below.
sample tube
stopper stopper
hexane
small small
sample sample
tube tube
Victor
hexane Meyer tube
hexane
Victor Meyer tube

Victor Meyer tube
sand
sand
sand
A small sample tube containing the hexane is inserted at the top of the Victor Meyer tube. The
sample tube is small enough to fit inside the Victor Meyer tube and falls freely onto the hot sand
below. The sand will cushion its fall so that the sample tube does not break. The stopper is then
quickly
A small replaced at the
sample tube top of thethe
containing Victor Meyer
hexane is tube. Theathot
inserted sand
the top causes the hexane
of the Victor Meyertotube.
vaporise
The
and expel air contained in the Victor Meyer tube.
sample tube is small enough to fit inside the Victor Meyer tube and falls freely onto the hot sand
A small
below. The sand sample tubeitscontaining
will cushion fall so that the hexanetube
the sample is inserted
does notatbreak.
the top
Theofstopper
the Victor Meyer tube.
is then
(c) Complete
quickly samplethetube
replaced atdiagram
theistop above
of
small the to show:
Victor
enough Meyer tube. The
to fit inside the hot sand
Victor causes
Meyer theand
tube hexane
fallstofreely
vaporise
onto the hot s
and expel air contained
below. The sand in the
willVictor
cushionMeyer
its tube.
fall so that the sample tube does not break. The stopper is t
how the apparatus should be heated,
quickly replaced at the top of the Victor Meyer tube. The hot sand causes the hexane to vapo
(c) Complete
and the diagram
expel air to above to
contained in show:
the Victor
a connection further apparatus whichMeyer tube. the air expelled from the Victor Meyer
would allow
tube the
how when the sample
apparatus of hexane
should is vaporised to be collected and measured.
be heated,
(c) Complete the diagram above to show: [2]
a connection to further apparatus which would allow the air expelled from the Victor Meyer
(d) Suggest
tube onewhen howthethe
hazard apparatus
associated
sample of hexane should
with the be heated,
use
is vaporised of hexane.
to be collected and measured.
[2]
....................................................................................................................................................
a connection to further apparatus which would allow the air expelled from the Victor Me
(d) Suggest one tube hazard when the sample
associated with the of hexane is vaporised to be collected and measured.
use of hexane.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
....................................................................................................................................................
(d) Suggest one hazard associated with the use of hexane.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
..............................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/O/N/15 [Turn o

56
4
(e) (i) With the gas collection apparatus connected to the heated Victor Meyer tube, expelled air
will be collected before the hexane is introduced. Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) At which stage of the experimental procedure should the sample tube be dropped into the
Victor Meyer tube?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) State what measurements you would need to make in order to determine the relative molecular
mass of hexane.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/O/N/15

57
4 2016 JUN P52 Q2 7
2 The relative molecular mass, Mr, of volatile liquids can be determined using the apparatus below.
steam in
gas syringe self-sealing
cap
volatile
liquid
hypodermic
syringe
steam jacket thermometer

steam out
A known mass of volatile liquid is injected into the gas syringe using a hypodermic syringe. The
injected volatile liquid vaporises and the volume of vapour is recorded.
The experiment can be repeated using different samples of the same volatile liquid. The following
mathematical relationship can be used to calculate the relative molecular mass if the experiment is
carried out at 100 C and 1.01 105 Pa.
3.07 × 104
V= ×m
Mr
m is the mass of the volatile liquid in g.

V is the volume of the volatile liquid in cm3 when vaporised.
A graph of V against m can be plotted.
A group of students is given a volatile liquid hydrocarbon, Y

mass in a series of experiments using this procedure.
A 100 cm3 gas syringe is placed in a steam jacket.

Approximately 5 cm3 of air is pulled into the gas syringe.
The temperature is allowed to reach a constant 100 C.
Once the air in the gas syringe has stopped expanding, its volume is recorded.
Y.
The total mass of the hypodermic syringe and liquid Y is recorded.
A little liquid Y is injected into the hot gas syringe.
The total mass of the hypodermic syringe is recorded again.
The maximum volume of air and vapour in the gas syringe is recorded.
The mass of liquid Y injected into the gas syringe is calculated and recorded.

8
The results from the group of students are given

58 in the table.
88
mass
The ofresults frommass
The results the of group
fromgroup
the of students
of students are given in inthe
thetable.
volume of are
air given
volume table.
of air +
syringe + syringe +
in gas syringe vapour Y in gas mass of liquid Y volume of
liquid Ymass of liquid Y of
mass of massmass of before injection
volume of air syringe
volume after
of air + used / g vapour Y / cm3
before injection + after injection volume of air volume of air 3+
syringesyringe
+ syringesyringe
+ + in/ cm
gas 3
injection
vapourYYin
syringe vapour / cm
ingas
gas mass
mass of
/g /g in gas syringe of liquid
liquidYY volume volumeof of
liquid Yliquid Y liquidliquid
Y Y before injection syringe after used / g vapour Y / cm3 3
before injection after injectionbefore injection syringe after 3 used / g vapour Y / cm
before4.83
injection after4.68
injection 7/ cm3 injection
55 / cm
/g /g / cm3 injection / cm3
/g /g
5.33 4.83 5.23 4.68 9 7 4455
4.83 4.68 7 55
4.85 5.33 4.64 5.23 13 9 8544
5.33 5.23 9 44
5.09 4.85 4.92 4.64 11 13 6985
4.85 5.09 4.64 4.92 13 11 8569
5.31 5.07 14 97
5.09 5.31 4.92 5.07 11 14 6997
5.57 5.48 8 39
5.31 5.57 5.07 5.48 14 8 9739
5.32 5.12 9 79
5.57 5.32 5.48 5.12 8 9 3979
5.17 4.94 12 91
5.32 5.17 5.12 4.94 9 12 7991
4.84 4.72 7 48
5.17 4.84 4.94 4.72 12 7 9148
5.05 4.83 11 84
5.05 4.83 11 84
4.84 4.72 7 48
(a) Process
5.05 the results
(a) Process in the
the results
4.83 in table
the tableto11calculate
to calculate both
boththethemasses
84 masses of
of volatile liquidYYused
volatile liquid used
andandthethe
volumes of vaporised
volumes Y. Y.
of vaporised [2] [2]
(a) Process the results in the table to calculate both the masses of volatile liquid Y used and the
volumes of vaporised Y. [2]
(b) aPlot
(b) Plot a graph
graph on theon grid
the grid on page
on page 9 to
9 to showthe
show therelationship
relationship between
between mass
massofofliquid YY
liquid and
and
volume volume of vapour
of vapour Y. Y.
Use a cross (
Use a cross ( ) to plot) to each
plot each
datadata point.
point.
(b) Plot a graph on the grid on page 9 to show the relationship between mass of liquid Y and
volume of vapour Y.
Use a cross ( ) to plot each data point.
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/M/J/16
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/M/J/16
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/M/J/16

59
9
90
80
70
volume of
vapour Y
/ cm3 60
50
40
30
0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18 0.20 0.22 0.24
mass of liquid Y / g

60
10
(c) Liquid Y evaporates easily, even at room temperature. This can cause anomalous results
(i) Explain how such anomalies occur.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) With reference to the experimental procedure, explain how this source of error could be
minimised.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) (i) Determine the gradient of your graph. State the co-ordinates of both points you used for
your calculation. Record the value of the gradient to three
co-ordinates 1 .....................................................................................................................
co-ordinates 2 .....................................................................................................................
gradient = ...................................... [2]
(ii) Use the gradient value in (i) and the mathematical relationship on page 7 to calculate the
experimentally determined relative molecular mass of Y.
experimentally determined Mr of Y = ...................................... [2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/M/J/16

61
11
(e) Compound Y is a hydrocarbon that contains 85.7% carbon by mass.
The diagram shows the mass spectrum of compound Y.
100
80
relative 60
abundance
/%
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
m/e
Use all the information given to determine the molecular formula of Y.
molecular formula of Y ............................. [2]
[Total: 12]

62
5 2018 MAR P52 Q1 2
1 When a solute is added to a solvent the freezing point of the solution is lower than that of the pure
solvent.
The lowering of freezing point is very small. A chemist called Beckmann invented a thermometer
capable of measuring these small temperature changes accurately. The Beckmann thermometer
must be calibrated at the start of the experiment.
An incomplete diagram of the Beckmann apparatus is shown containing pure liquid cyclohexane,
an organic solvent with a freezing point of about 6.5 C. The diagram does not show how the
cyclohexane could be frozen.
Beckmann
thermometer stirring wire
stopper
boiling tube
pure liquid cyclohexane
(a) Complete the diagram to show how the pure liquid cyclohexane could be frozen using simple
laboratory apparatus. [1]
(b) The method for determining the lowering of freezing point is as follows.
step 1 Add 20.00 g of pure liquid cyclohexane to a clean dry boiling tube.
step 2 Place the stopper containing the Beckmann thermometer and stirring wire into
the boiling tube.
step 3 Cool the pure cyclohexane. When it starts to freeze, set the Beckmann
thermometer to 0.00 to calibrate it.
step 4 Allow the pure cyclohexane to melt. Remove the stopper from the boiling tube.
Add 0.250 g of an organic solid X to the pure cyclohexane and replace the
stopper. Stir the solution to dissolve X and refreeze the solution. Record the
new freezing point.
step 5 Allow the solution to melt. Remove the stopper from the boiling tube. Add a
further known mass of X to the solution and replace the stopper. Stir the solution
to dissolve X and refreeze the solution. Record the new freezing point.
step 6 Repeat step 5
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18

63
3
(i) In step 1, the cyclohexane can be measured using an electronic balance, a beaker and a
clean dry boiling tube as shown.
boiling tube
beaker to support
the boiling tube
electronic balance
Describe a suitable method to add precisely 20.00 g of cyclohexane to the boiling tube.
Assume that the balance is accurate to two decimal places and that common laboratory
apparatus is available.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Alternatively in step 1, the volume of cyclohexane with a mass of exactly 20.00 g can be
measured and added to the boiling tube.
Calculate the volume of cyclohexane with a mass of precisely 20.00 g.

The density of cyclohexane is 0.78 g cm–3.
Give your answer to two decimal places.
volume of cyclohexane .............................. cm3
Explain whether a burette is suitable for measuring this volume.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18 [Turn over

64
4
(iii) In step 4 the mass of X is measured on an electronic balance accurate to three decimal
places before adding it to the cyclohexane.
A student suggests the following technique.
X is added to the container.

X is tipped from the container into the cyclohexane.
Explain why this technique would not be accurate for adding 0.250 g of X to the cyclohexane.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
6
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) The freezing points of the solutions are lower than the freezing point of pure cyclohexane.
Tfp = (freezing point of pure cyclohexane) – (freezing point of the solution)
For the experiment described in (b) the values of Tfp are recorded in the table.
(i) A ratio, B, is calculated as follows.
mass of X (g)
B=
mass of solvent (g)
Complete the table by calculating B for each reading. Give your answers to three
total mass of X
reading
added to 20.00 g B Tfp / C
number
of cyclohexane / g
1 0.250 1.35
2 0.400 2.20
3 0.500 2.75
4 0.800 4.40
5 0.950 5.30
6 1.150 6.40
7 1.300 7.25
8 1.400 8.50
[2]
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18

65 7
7
(ii) (ii)a graph

Plot Plot a graph
on theongrid
the to
gridshow
to show
thethe relationshipbetween
relationship between B
B and
and TTfpfp. .Draw
Drawthe lineline
the of best
of best
10.00
10.00
8.00
8.00
6.00
6.00
ΔTfp / °C
ΔTfp / °C
4.00
4.00
2.00
2.00
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
B
[2]
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
B
[2]

66
8
(iii) Identify, by the reading number, the single most anomalous point. Suggest what error in
the experiment could have caused this anomaly.
reading number ..................................................................................................................
reason .................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) In another experiment, a student added an unknown mass of X to 20.00 g of cyclohexane

and measured Tfp as 5.00 C.
Use your graph to determine the mass of X used in this experiment.
mass of X = .............................. g [2]
(v) two points you

used for your calculation.
coordinates 1 .............................................. coordinates 2 ..............................................
gradient = .............................. C [2]
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18

67
9
(d) Tfp is related to the Mr of X by the following expression
KB
Tfp =
Mr
where
mass of X (g)
B=
mass of solvent (g)
K = a constant
The Mr of X
K
Mr =
gradient
The numerical value of K is 20 020.
Use this value for K and the gradient you determined in (c)(v) to calculate the Mr of X. Give
your answer to the nearest whole number.
If you were unable to calculate the gradient in (c)(v), assume that the gradient is 103 C. This
is not the correct value.
Mr = .............................. [1]
(e) A student used the Beckmann apparatus and repeated the experiment described in (b) with an
unknown solid Y. The student found the Mr of Y to be 136.
Y is an aromatic carboxylic acid.
Suggest the structure of Y.

[Ar: C, 12.0; O, 16.0; H, 1.0]
[1]
[Total: 16]

68
PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK

69
6 2018 JUN P52 Q2 7
2 Water boils when the pressure of its vapour above the liquid surface is equal to the atmospheric
pressure. When substances are dissolved in water, the vapour pressure of the water is reduced
and its boiling point is increased.
The increase in boiling point is known as the boiling point elevation, T, which is the difference
between the boiling point of a solution and the boiling point of pure water. T is usually small, often
less than 1 C.
When glucose is dissolved in 1 kg of water, the relationship between T and the number of moles
of glucose dissolved is as shown.
T = Kb Z
Kb is the boiling point constant of pure water
number of moles of glucose

Z= in mol kg–1
mass of water, in kg
(a) Use the information above to explain why lowering the vapour pressure of a liquid increases
the temperature at which it boils.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

70
8
A student carries out an experiment to determine the boiling point constant, Kb, for water. The
student uses anhydrous glucose, C6H12O6, as the solute because it is non-volatile and very soluble
in water.
The experimental set-up the student uses is shown.
reflux condenser
digital meter
99.48 °C
two-neck
round-bottomed flask
digital probe
thermometer
75.00 g distilled water
anti-bumping granules
heat
(b)
(c) A digital probe thermometer is used as shown in the diagram.
Explain why a normal laboratory glass thermometer would not be suitable.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/M/J/18

71
9
The student follows this procedure.
2 Add anti-bumping granules to the distilled water to prevent violent, uneven boiling.
3 Heat the distilled water until it boils and record the highest stable temperature.
4 Stop heating and allow the distilled water to cool to room temperature.
accurately.
temperature.
7 Repeat steps 4 to 6, each time adding approximately 1 g more of anhydrous glucose,
(d) In step 4, the heating is stopped and the distilled water allowed to cool from its boiling point,
Apart from for safety reasons, explain why this is essential.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) At 101 kPa (1 atm), distilled water is known to boil at 100.00 C.
Suggest why the boiling point of distilled water in this experiment was found to be 99.48 C.
Assume that the digital probe thermometer was reading correctly.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

72
1010
(f) (f)(i) (i)The

The student
student constructed
constructed the
the tableshown
table showntotorecord
recordthe
theresults
resultsfor
forthis
thisexperiment.
experiment.
Complete
Complete columns
columns C CandandD Dtotothree
three EE to
to two
two decimal
decimal
places.
places.
[The
[The ofr of
Mr M glucose
glucose is is 180.]
180.]
moles
moles of of glucose
glucose
Z =Z = mass of water, in kg
mass of water, in kg
A A BB CC DD E
E
mass
mass of of amount
amount ofof glucose
glucose
boiling
boiling point
point ZZ –1 TT
glucose
glucose in 75.00 g of water
in 75.00 g of water
/ C/ C / mol
/ mol kgkg–1 // CC
/g /g / mol
/ mol
0.00 99.48 0 0 0.00
0.00 99.48 0 0 0.00
1.22 99.53 0.00678 0.00678 0.05
1.22 99.53 0.00678 0.00678 = 0.0904
0.075 = 0.0904 0.05
0.075
2.54 99.58
2.54 99.58
3.46 99.61
3.46 99.61
4.37 99.65
4.37 99.65
5.01 99.67
5.01 99.67
5.93 99.70
5.93 99.70
7.01 99.72
7.01 99.72
7.95 99.78
7.95 99.78
8.78 99.81
8.78 99.81
[3]
[3]
You may use the space below for any working.
You may use the space below for any working.
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/M/J/18
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/M/J/18

73
11
11
(ii)
(ii) Plot
Plot aa graph
graph onon the grid to
the grid show the
to show relationship between
the relationship T and
between T the amount
and the of glucose
amount of glucose
in 1 kg of water, Z.
in 1 kg of water, Z.
Use
Use a a cross
cross ((
0.35
0.35
0.30
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.20
0.20
ΔT // °C
ΔT °C
0.15
0.15
0.10
0.10
0.05
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.000
0.000 0.100
0.100 0.200
0.200 0.300
0.300 0.400
0.400 0.500
0.500 0.600
0.600 0.700
0.700
Z // mol
mol kg
–1
Z –1
kg–1
[2]
[2]
(iii)
(iii) Circle
Circle the
the most
most anomalous
anomalous point
point on
on your
your graph.
graph. [1]
[1]
©
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/M/J/18 [Turn
[Turn over
over
© UCLES
UCLES 2018
2018 9701/52/M/J/18
9701/52/M/J/18

74
12
(g) Use the graph and the equation to determine the boiling point constant, Kb, for water. Give this
value to three
T = Kb Z
State the co-ordinates of both points you used in your calculation.
co-ordinates 1 ................................................. co-ordinates 2 ................................................
Kb = ..............................
units = ..............................
[3]
T actually depends on the number of dissolved particles in solution.
(h) (i) The experiment was repeated using solid from a bottle that was labelled glucose, C6H12O6,
but actually contained sucrose, C12H22O11. Sucrose is non-volatile and very soluble in
water.
What would be the effect of this on the value the student obtained for Kb?
Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student used distilled water to dissolve the glucose.
Suggest why the student did not use tap water.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student repeated this experiment using sodium chloride as the solute. The student
found their calculated value of Kb was twice the calculated value of that obtained with
glucose.
Suggest a reason for this.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 17]
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/M/J/18

75
TITRATIONS
1 2015 JUN P51 Q1 2
1 A saturated aqueous solution of magnesium methanoate, Mg(HCOO)2, has a solubility of

approximately 150 g dm–3 at room temperature. Its exact solubility can be determined by titrating
magnesium methanoate against aqueous potassium manganate(VII).
During the titration, the methanoate ion, HCOO–, is oxidised to carbon dioxide while the
manganate(VII) ion, MnO4–, is reduced to Mn2+.
You are supplied with:

a saturated aqueous solution of Mg(HCOO)2
aqueous potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, of concentration 0.0200 mol dm–3
(a) (i) Write the half equations for the oxidation of HCOO–(aq) to CO2(g) and the reduction of
MnO4–(aq) to Mn2+(aq) in acid solution.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) Using the approximate solubility above, calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the
saturated aqueous magnesium methanoate and the concentration of the methanoate ions
present in this solution.
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Mg, 24.3]
[2]
(iii) In order to obtain a reliable titre value, the saturated solution of magnesium methanoate
needs to be diluted.
Describe how you would accurately measure a 5.0 cm3 sample of saturated magnesium
methanoate solution and use it to prepare a solution fifty times more dilute than the
saturated solution.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/M/J/15
TITRATIONS
76
3
(iv) Before the titration is carried out, dilute sulfuric acid must be added to the magnesium
methanoate.
Explain why this is necessary and also whether the volume of sulfuric acid chosen will
affect the result of the titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(v) The potassium manganate(VII) is added from a burette into the magnesium methanoate
in a conical flask.
Describe what you would see when you had reached the end-point of the titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) 1 mol of acidified MnO4– ions reacts with 2.5 mol of HCOO– ions.
25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution prepared in (iii) required 25.50 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3
potassium manganate(VII) solution to reach the end-point.
Use this information to calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of HCOO– ions in the
diluted solution.
............................... mol dm–3 [1]
(vii) Use your answer to (vi) to calculate the concentration, in mol dm–3, of the saturated solution
of magnesium methanoate, Mg(HCOO)2. Give your answer to three significant figures.
............................... mol dm–3 [1]
BILAL HAMEED TITRATIONS

77
4
(b) The solubility of magnesium methanoate can be determined at higher temperatures using the
same titration.
In an experiment to determine how the concentration of saturated magnesium methanoate

varies with temperature, name the independent variable and the dependent variable.
independent variable .................................................................................................................
dependent variable ....................................................................................................................

[1]
(c) The solubility of magnesium methanoate increases with temperature.
What does this tell you about H for the process below?
Mg(HCOO)2(s) Mg2+(aq) + 2HCOO–(aq)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) A student used the same titration method, this time to measure the concentration of a saturated
solution of barium methanoate.
Explain why the acidification of the solution with dilute sulfuric acid might make the titration
difficult to do.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 2015 9701/51/M/J/15

78
2 2016 NOV P51 Q1 2
1 When hydrated barium chloride, BaCl 2.xH2O, dissolves in water, Ba2+(aq) and Cl –(aq) ions are
formed.
The concentration of chloride ions in solution can be determined by titration with aqueous
silver nitrate of known concentration.
Ag+(aq) + Cl –(aq) AgCl (s)
The indicator for the reaction is aqueous potassium chromate(VI), K2CrO4(aq). At the endpoint of
the titration, it forms a red precipitate in the presence of excess silver ions.
(a) The solubilities, in g dm–3, of different ionic compounds at 20 C are given in the table below.
anion
cation Cl – CrO42– SO42–
Ag+ 0.0019 0.022 293
Ba 2+
358 0.0028 0.00245
With reference to these data, where relevant, answer the following questions.
(i) Name the red precipitate and give an equation for its formation.
name: ..................................................................................................................................
equation: .............................................................................................................................
[2]
Sulfuric acid must be added to the solution to prevent the Ba2+(aq) ions from interfering with the
action of the potassium chromate(VI) indicator.
(ii) How would Ba2+(aq) ions interfere with the action of this indicator?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) How does the addition of sulfuric acid prevent Ba2+(aq) ions from interfering with the action
of this indicator?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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79
3
(b) In an initial rough titration, excess silver nitrate solution is added so that the endpoint is
exceeded.
Draw a sketch graph to show how the mass of silver chloride varies with the volume of
silver nitrate added.
Label both axes.
0
[2]

80
4
(c) You are to plan a titration experiment to determine the value of x in BaCl 2.xH2O.
3.00 g of hydrated barium chloride, BaCl 2.xH2O

0.050 mol dm–3 aqueous silver nitrate
1.0 mol dm–3 potassium chromate(VI) solution
1.0 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid
(i) Name three pieces of volumetric apparatus you would use, with their capacities in cm3.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Describe how you would make a solution of barium chloride that is suitable for use in your
titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii)
......................................................................................................................................
second ................................................................................................................................
third .....................................................................................................................................
[1]
(iv) How would you ensure that your titration result is reliable?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/O/N/16

5
81
5 5
(v) In another experiment, a student dissolved 3.13 g of hydrated barium chloride,
BaCl
(v) (v)
In In 2.xH
another 2O, experiment,
another in distilled
experiment,water to student
give 1.00
a astudent dm3 of solution.
dissolved
dissolved 3.13 g gofofhydrated
3.13 hydrated barium
barium chloride,
chloride,
BaClBaCl
2 .xH2.xH
2 O, in distilled water to give 1.00 dm of
3 3
solution.
2O, in distilled water to give 1.00 dm of solution.
It was calculated that the concentration of Ba2+(aq) ions was 0.0128 mol dm–3.
It was
It wascalculated
calculatedthatthat
thetheconcentration
concentration of of
BaBa (aq)
2+ 2+
ions
(aq) was
ions 0.0128
was mol
0.0128 moldm
dm ..
–3 –3
Determine the value of x in BaCl 2.xH2O.

Determine
Determine thethe
value of xofinx BaCl
value in BaCl2.xH 2O.
2.xH 2O.
[Ar: Ba, 137.3; Cl, 35.5; H, 1.0; O, 16.0]
[Ar:[ABa,
r: Ba, 137.3;
137.3; Cl,Cl, 35.5;
35.5; H, H, 1.0;
1.0; O,O, 16.0]
16.0]
x = .............................
x x= =.............................
.............................
[2]
[2]
[2]
(d) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
(d) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
(d) procedure.
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
procedure.
Barium chloride toxic. Solutions equal to or more
Barium chloride concentrated than 0.4 mol dm–3 toxic. Solutions
moderateequal to or more
Barium chloride toxic. Solutions equalhazard and
to or more
concentrated than 0.4 mol dm –3
moderate hazard and
are harmful if swallowed. Solutions
concentrated than 0.4 mol dm –3 less concentrated than 0.4 mol
moderate hazard and dm –3
are harmful if swallowed. Solutions less concentrated than 0.4 mol dm –3
are harmful if swallowed. Solutions less concentrated than 0.4 mol dm–3
Potassium All solutions more concentrated than 0.9 mol dm–3 –3 health
Potassium All solutions more concentrated than 0.9 mol dm health
PotassiumVI)
chromate( hazard.
All Theymore
solutions mayconcentrated
cause skin, eye than and respiratory
0.9 mol dm –3 irritation.
health
chromate(VI) hazard. They may cause skin, eye and respiratory irritation.
chromate(VI) hazard. They may cause skin, eye and respiratory irritation.
Silver nitrate Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.18 mol dm–3 –3
Silver nitrate Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.18 mol dm
Silver nitrate as corrosive.
Solutions equalSolutions
as corrosive. toSolutions
or moreequal to to
or or
more
concentrated
equal
concentrated
than
more 0.18 mol dm
concentrated
than
–3 0.06 mol dm–3
than 0.06 mol dm–3
butbut
as less than
corrosive.
less 0.18
than molmol
Solutions
0.18 dmequal
–3
moderate
moderatehazard
dm–3 to or more concentrated than and
0.06
hazard cause
mol
and dm–3
cause
skin and
butskin
lessandeye irritation.
thaneye
0.18 Solutions less concentrated
mol dmSolutions less concentrated
irritation.
–3 than
moderate 0.06
hazard
than mol dm
anddm
0.06 mol
–3
are
cause
–3
are
skin and eye irritation. Solutions less concentrated than 0.06 mol dm are –3
Identify
Identifyoneone hazard
hazard thatthatmustmust be be considered
considered whenwhen planning
planningthe theexperiment
experimentand anddescribe
describeaa
precaution,
Identify other
one hazard
precaution, than eye
that must
other than protection, that
be considered
eye protection, should be
when be
that should taken
planning to
taken tothekeep
keep risks
experiment from
risks fromand this hazard
hazardtotoaa
thisdescribe
minimum.
precaution,
minimum.other than eye protection, that should be taken to keep risks from this hazard to a
minimum.
hazard:
hazard: .......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
hazard: .......................................................................................................................................
precaution:
precaution: .................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................
precaution: .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
.................................................................................................................................................... [1]
[1]
[Total:
[Total:15]15]
[Total: 15]
© UCLES 20162016
© UCLES 9701/51/O/N/16
9701/51/O/N/16 [Turn
[Turnover
over

82
3 2016 NOV P52 Q1 2
1 Titrations using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can be used to determine the concentration
of metal ions in solution, such as Zn2+(aq).
A solution of EDTA is usually prepared from the hydrated disodium salt, Na2H2Y.2H2O. The anion of
EDTA is H2Y2–, where Y represents the organic part of the ion.
The equation for the reaction between Zn2+(aq) and EDTA is shown.
Zn2+(aq) + H2Y2–(aq) ZnY2–(aq) + 2H+(aq)
The indicator for the reaction is Solochrome Black, which changes colour at the endpoint from
purple to blue. The indicator only works at pH 10, so a buffer solution is added to the metal ion
solution to maintain the pH.
(a) Explain why the pH would change during the titration if the buffer were not present.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) You are to plan a titration experiment to determine the concentration of zinc ions in a solution
of zinc sulfate of concentration approximately 0.1 mol dm–3.
20.0 g of hydrated disodium EDTA, Na2H2Y.2H2O (Mr = 372.2)

aqueous zinc sulfate of approximate concentration 0.1 mol dm–3
buffer solution, pH 10
Solochrome Black indicator solution
(i) Name three pieces of volumetric apparatus you would use, with their capacities in cm3.
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
3 ..........................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/O/N/16

83
3
(ii) Calculate the mass of hydrated disodium EDTA that would be required for the preparation
of a standard solution of concentration 0.100 mol dm–3, using the apparatus you have
specified in (i).
mass of hydrated disodium EDTA = ............................. g [1]
(iii) Describe how you would prepare this standard solution for use in your titration.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iv) After you have performed a rough titration, how would you ensure that your next titration
is accurate?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) How would you ensure that your titration result is reliable?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

84
4
(c) The term hard water is used to describe water containing the dissolved metal ions, Ca2+(aq)
and Mg2+(aq). Both of these metal ions react with EDTA anions, H2Y2–.
Ca2+(aq) + Mg2+(aq) + 2H2Y2–(aq) CaY2–(aq) + MgY2–(aq) + 4H+(aq)
In an experiment to determine the concentration of each of these metal ions, two separate
titrations with EDTA need to be performed.
For titration 1, a 25.0 cm3 sample of hard water is titrated with 0.0100 mol dm–3 EDTA solution
using Solochrome Black solution as indicator.
For titration 2, another 25.0 cm3 sample of the same hard water is first treated with excess
2 mol dm–3 NaOH(aq) which precipitates all of the Mg2+(aq) ions as Mg(OH)2(s). After this
treatment, no Mg2+(aq) ions remain in solution, leaving only dissolved Ca2+(aq) ions in solution.
This solution is then titrated with 0.0100 mol dm–3 EDTA solution using Solochrome Black
solution as indicator.
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
Sodium hydroxide Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.5 mol dm–3 are
classified as corrosive.
Solochrome Black Solid Solochrome Black is classified as health hazard and is

irritating to eyes, respiratory system and skin. All solutions are
made up in ethanol and so are classified as flammable and
health hazard.
(i) Identify one hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment and describe
a precaution, other than eye protection, that should be taken to keep risks from this hazard
to a minimum.
hazard: ................................................................................................................................
precaution: ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[1]
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/O/N/16

85
5
(ii) Results obtained from this experiment are shown.
titre 1, 22.70 cm3 titre 2, 16.60 cm3
Use the results of the titrations to determine the concentrations of Ca2+(aq) and Mg2+(aq)
in the hard water.
concentration of Ca2+(aq) ............................................. mol dm–3
concentration of Mg2+(aq) ............................................. mol dm–3

[4]
[Total: 13]

86
4 2018 MAR P52 Q2 10
2 ‘Lawn sand’ is spread over the grass in gardens to reduce the growth of moss. Lawn sand is a
mixture of sand and iron(II) sulfate crystals, FeSO4.7H2O.
Lawn sand usually contains 6 –10% FeSO4.7H2O by mass.
To determine the exact percentage by mass of FeSO4.7H2O present in a sample of lawn sand, a
student devises the following experiment.
step 1 Use a known mass of lawn sand to prepare 250.0 cm3 of solution A containing Fe2+(aq)
ions. Solution A must have dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq), added to it before it is
made up to 250 cm3.
step 2 To determine the concentration of Fe2+(aq) in solution A, titrate a 25.00 cm3 sample of
solution A against 0.0200 mol dm–3 aqueous potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4(aq).
The reaction which takes place during the titration is shown.
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 5Fe3+(aq)
(a) (i) The end-point of the titration is 25.00 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3 KMnO4(aq).
Determine the concentration of Fe2+(aq) that was present in the 25.00 cm3 sample of
solution A at the start of the titration.
concentration of Fe2+(aq) = .............................. mol dm–3 [1]
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18

87
11
If you were unable to calculate the concentration in (i), assume for (ii) and (iii) that the
concentration of Fe2+(aq) is 0.300 mol dm–3. This is not the correct answer.
(ii) Determine the mass of lawn sand needed to prepare the 250.0 cm3 of solution A at the
concentration calculated in (i).
Assume that lawn sand contains 8% FeSO4.7H2O by mass.

[Ar: Fe, 55.8; S, 32.1; O, 16.0; H, 1.0]
mass of lawn sand = .............................. g [3]
(iii) Solution A must contain enough H+(aq) ions for the reaction to take place during the
titration.
MnO4–(aq) + 8H+(aq) + 5Fe2+(aq) Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 5Fe3+(aq)
Use the concentration of Fe2+(aq) from (i) to determine the minimum volume of 2.00 mol dm–3
H2SO4(aq) which must be added to prepare the 250.0 cm3 of solution A.
volume = .............................. cm3 [2]

88
12
(b) Describe a method to prepare 250.0 cm3 of solution A starting with a glass beaker which
contains the known mass of lawn sand determined in (a)(ii) as shown.
glass beaker
known mass
of lawn sand
Assume that common laboratory apparatus is available.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [5]
(c)
from ................................................................... to ..................................................................

[1]
(d) Aqueous potassium manganate(VII) is a powerful oxidising agent.
hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq), instead of dilute sulfuric acid, H2SO4(aq). Explain your answer.
effect, if any, on the end-point volume .......................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total : 14]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/F/M/18

89
5 2020 MAR P52 Q1 2
1 Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc. Typical copper concentrations vary from 50% to 85%, depending
upon the properties needed in the alloy. There may be small amounts of other metals present.
A student found a method to determine the percentage of copper in a sample of brass.
A known mass of brass powder is reacted with excess concentrated nitric acid. Both the copper and
the zinc and any other metals present are oxidised into aqueous ions by the nitric acid. The amount
of Cu2+(aq) ions present can be determined by a titration technique.
step 1 Use a weighing boat to accurately weigh by difference approximately 2 g of brass powder
and place the brass into a small glass beaker.
step 2 In a fume cupboard add approximately 20 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid to the brass in
the beaker. Allow the brass to completely react to form solution A.
The equation for the reaction is shown.
Cu(s) + 4HNO3(aq) Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
step 3 Dilute all of solution A to form exactly 250.0 cm3 of solution B.
step 4 Place 25.00 cm3 of solution B
step 5 Use a dropping pipette to add aqueous sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(aq), to solution B in
step 6 Add approximately 20 cm3 of aqueous potassium iodide, KI

white precipitate forms as well as a brown solution of aqueous iodine, I2(aq).
step 7 Fill a burette with 0.100 mol dm–3 sodium thiosulfate solution, Na2S2O3(aq), so it is ready
for the titration in step 8.
step 8
0.100 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq).
© UCLES 2020 9701/52/F/M/20

90
3
(a) Outline how the student should accurately weigh by difference in step 1 in order that the exact
mass of brass transferred into the small glass beaker is known. Include a results table, with
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) Suggest why it is necessary to do step 2 in a fume cupboard.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Outline how the student should carry out step 3. Include the name and capacity of the suitable
piece of apparatus in which solution B should be prepared.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) Name the apparatus needed to transfer solution B step 4.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) State how the student would know there was no more acid present in the mixture in step 5.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) The student is given 200 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq).
step 7 so it is ready for

titration. Include any relevant procedures the student should follow to ensure the burette is
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]

91
4
(g) The titration table the student used is shown.
(i) Complete the table and calculate the mean titre to be used in calculating the percentage
of copper in brass.
Show your working.
titration number rough 1 2 3
3
20.50 40.25 19.90 39.65
3
0.00 20.60 0.00 19.90
mean titre = .............................. cm3 [2]
(ii) The burette used by the student has graduations of 0.10 cm3.
Determine the percentage error in the titre measured in titration number 2.
Show your working.
percentage error = .............................. [1]
(iii) Other than a change in apparatus, suggest one change to the experiment which would
lead to a reduction in the percentage error in a measured titre.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2020 9701/52/F/M/20

92
5
(h) Steps 1–8 were repeated, this time using 1.88 g of brass. The end-point of the titration was
found to be 16.50 cm3.
The equations for the reactions occurring are shown.
equation 1 2Cu2+(aq) + 4I–(aq) 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)

(step 6)
equation 2 I2(aq) + 2S2O32–(aq) 2I–(aq) + S4O62–(aq)

(step 8)
(i) Determine the number of moles of I2 formed when excess KI(aq) was added to 25.00 cm3
of solution B in step 6.
Use the data from the repeated experiment in your calculations.
moles of I2 = .............................. [2]
(ii) Use your answer to (h)(i) to determine the mass of Cu2+ ions in solution A and therefore
the percentage by mass of copper in this sample of brass.
If you were unable to obtain an answer to (h)(i), assume the number of moles of I2 to be
8.85 10–4 mol. This is not the correct value.
[Ar: Cu, 63.5]
percentage by mass of copper in the sample of brass = .............................. [3]
(i) A small percentage of silver is sometimes found in some brass alloys.
In step 2, when concentrated nitric acid is added, silver metal is oxidised to silver ions, Ag+(aq).
At the end of step 6 the Ag+(aq) ions no longer remain in solution.
Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 19]

93
2
1
ENTHALPY
The neutralisation of an acid by a base is exothermic. For
Examiner’s
1 2010
In thisJUN 2
P51 Q1 the following solutions are available.
experiment Use
1 The neutralisation
2 molof
dman
–3 acid by aacid,
sulfuric baseHisSO
exothermic. For
2 4
Examiner’s
3 mol dm–3 sodium hydroxide, NaOH Use
In this experiment the following solutions are available.
The equation for the reaction is:
2 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid, H2SO4
3 mol dm–3 sodium
2NaOH(aq) + Hhydroxide, NaOH
2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
The
(a) equation
2 mol dm–3forHthe reaction is: –3 3
2SO4 is gradually added to a fixed volume of 3 mol dm NaOH in a 150 cm
plastic cup, while stirring continuously. The temperature of the solution, measured with a
thermometer, 2NaOH(aq)
increases +until SO4alkali
H2the (aq) is just
Naneutralised.
2SO4(aq) +On 2Hfurther
2O(l) addition of the cold
acid the temperature of the solution slowly falls.
(a) 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4 is gradually added to a fixed volume of 3 mol dm–3 NaOH in a 150 cm3
plastic
Select cup, while stirring
an appropriate continuously.
volume, The
x cm3, of temperature
3 mol dm–3 NaOHof the solution,
to use in the measured with a
experiment.
thermometer, increases until the alkali is just neutralised. On further addition of the cold
acid the temperature of the solution slowly falls.
..................................... cm3
Select an appropriate volume, x cm3, of 3 mol dm–3 NaOH to use in the experiment.
Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4 that will just neutralise x cm3 of 3 mol dm–3
NaOH.
..................................... cm3
Calculate the volume of 2 mol dm–3 H2SO4 that will just neutralise x cm3 of 3 mol dm–3
NaOH.
Sketch the graph you would expect to obtain as the acid is added.
Label the neutralisation point.
Sketch the graph you would expect to obtain as the acid is added.
temperature
Label the neutralisation point.
of the
solution / °C
temperature
of the
solution / °C
0
volume of acid added / cm3
[3]
0
volume of acid added / cm3
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/M/J/10
BILAL HAMEED ENTHALPY
[3]
94 3
(b) This experiment can be used to determine the enthalpy change of neutralisation for the For
reaction. To ensure reliable results the experiment should be repeated a number of times. Examiner’s
Use
When sulfuric acid is added to the fixed volume of aqueous sodium hydroxide in this
experiment
(i) the independent variable is ..................................................................................... ,
(ii) the dependent variable is ........................................................................................ ,
(iii) the other variables that need to be controlled are .....................................................
................................................................................................................................ .
[3]
(c) In carrying out the experiment, what apparatus would you use to accurately measure
the independent variable?
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(d) Explain how you would use this apparatus to control the independent variable.
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Identify and assess
(i) a risk associated with the plastic cup used in this experiment,
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) a risk associated with the 3 mol dm–3 NaOH.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[1]

95 4
(f) Describe how the risks in (e) can be kept to a minimum for For
Examiner’s
(i) the plastic cup, Use
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) the 3 mol dm–3 NaOH.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[1]
(g) In the space below draw a table to show column headings for all of the measurements
you would make during the experiment.
Include in the table one or more columns for any calculated values needed to determine
the enthalpy change of neutralisation.
[2]
© UCLES 2010 9701/51/M/J/10

96 5
(h) Show how you would calculate the total heat energy produced in the plastic cup up to For
the point when the sulfuric acid has just neutralised the sodium hydroxide. Examiner’s
You may use T to represent the temperature change. Use
[4.3 J of heat energy raise the temperature of 1 cm3 of any solution by 1 °C.]
[1]
(i) The enthalpy change of neutralisation is the energy change associated with the reaction
shown by the following equation.
NaOH(aq) + 12 H2SO4(aq) 1
2
Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
Show how you would convert the energy change expressed in (h) into a value, in
kJ mol–1, for the enthalpy change of neutralisation, Hneutralisation.
Show clearly the sign and the expression for the enthalpy change.
Hneutralisation = .......... ..................................... kJ mol–1 [2]

sign expression
[Total: 15]

97
2 2014 NOV P53 Q1 2
1 The enthalpy change, Hr, for the reaction between magnesium atoms and aluminium ions to
produce magnesium ions and aluminium atoms cannot be determined directly. However both
metals react with dilute sulfuric acid and, using the enthalpy changes for these reactions, it is
possible to use Hess’ Law to determine Hr.
You are to plan experiments that will enable you to determine the value of the enthalpy change for
the reaction of 1 mol of magnesium with excess aqueous aluminium ions.
You are provided with:
0.30 g of magnesium ribbon,

0.30 g of aluminium foil,
1.00 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid,
standard laboratory equipment.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of magnesium and sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium and sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(b) For the experiment to measure the enthalpy change when magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid
name:
(i) the independent variable,
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) the dependent variable.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2014 9701/53/O/N/14

98
3
(c) In the experiment, 20.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid is used with 0.30 g of magnesium.
(i) Calculate the minimum volume in cm3 of sulfuric acid required to react completely with
0.30 g of magnesium.
[Ar: Mg, 24.3]
[1]
(ii) Suggest why 20.0 cm3 of sulfuric acid is used.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) You are also provided with 0.30 g of aluminium.

Calculate the minimum volume of 1.00 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid required to react completely with
0.30 g of aluminium.
[Ar: Al, 27.0]
[2]

99
4
(e) Explain how you would carry out the experiment using the 0.30 g magnesium.
(i) List the measurements you would make.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How would you do the experiment to make sure the results obtained would be as accurate
as possible?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) How would you use the measurements made in the experiment to determine the enthalpy
change of the reaction between 1 mol of magnesium and sulfuric acid?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
© UCLES 2014 9701/53/O/N/14

100
5
(f) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between magnesium and aqueous aluminium ions.
If the enthalpy change of the reaction between magnesium and sulfuric acid is H1 and that for
aluminium and sulfuric acid is H2, use Hess’ Law to determine the enthalpy change, Hr, for
the reaction between magnesium and aqueous aluminium ions.
Then determine the enthalpy change for 1 mol of magnesium in terms of Hr.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]

101

6
102
2 In an experiment, various masses of solid barium hydroxide are added to 60.0 cm3 of a solution of
3 hydrochloric
2015 NOV P51 acidQ2 66
contained in a polystyrene cup.
2 2 In each
In an
an experiment,
experiment,
experiment avarious
various massesof
freshmasses
sample ofofsolid
solid
the barium
barium
acid hydroxide
hydroxide
is taken areadded
and itsare added
initial to 60.0
to 60.0cm
temperature cm 33
of a solution
is measured. of
of
After
hydrochloric
hydrochloric acid
acid contained
contained in in
a a polystyrene
polystyrene cup.
cup.
the barium hydroxide has been added, the acid is stirred and the maximum temperature reached
is noted.
In each
In each experiment
experiment a fresh
a fresh sample
sample ofofthe
theacid
acidisistaken
takenand
andits
itsinitial
initialtemperature
temperature is
is measured.
measured. After
After
thethe barium
barium hydroxide
hydroxide hashas beenadded,
been added,the theacid
acidisisstirred
stirredand
andthethemaximum
maximum temperature
temperature reached
reached
The results of each experiment are recorded in the table below.
is noted.
is noted.
(a) Complete the table below to give the temperature rise obtained from each experiment to
The The results
results of of each
each experiment
experiment arerecorded
are recorded inthe
the tablebelow.
below.
one decimal place and the amount of in bariumtable
hydroxide used in mol to three significant
figures in each case.
(a) Complete the table below to give the temperature rise obtained from each experiment to
(a) TheComplete
mass the1 mol
of tableofbelow tohydroxide
give the istemperature rise obtained from each experiment to
one decimal placebarium
and the amount of 171 g. hydroxide
barium used in mol to three significant
one decimal place and the amount of barium hydroxide used in mol to three significant
The mass of 1 mol of barium hydroxide is 171 g.
The mass of 1 mol mass
initial temperature
of hydroxide
of barium maximum
is 171 g. temperature barium hydroxide
barium hydroxide temperature
of HCl / C rise / C added / mol
added
mass/gof reached
maximum / C
initial temperature masshydroxide
of maximum temperature barium hydroxide
initial temperature barium temperature temperature barium hydroxide
of HCl / C
21.0 barium0.500
hydroxide 22.2
temperature rise / C added / mol
of HCl / C added /g reached / C rise / C added / mol
20.6 added
1.00 /g reached
23.0 / C
21.0 0.500 22.2
21.0
21.2 0.500
1.50 22.2
24.9
20.6 1.00 23.0
20.6
21.8 1.00
2.00 23.0
26.5
21.2 1.50 24.9
21.2
20.5 1.50
3.00 24.9
27.8
21.8 2.00 26.5
21.8
21.4 2.00
4.00 26.5
31.1
20.5 3.00 27.8
20.5
21.2 3.00
5.00 27.8
31.6
21.4 4.00 31.1
21.4
21.0 4.00
6.00 31.1
31.4
21.2 5.00 31.6
21.2
20.8 5.00
8.00 31.6
31.2
21.0 6.00 31.4
21.0 6.00 31.4
20.8 8.00 31.2 [2]
20.8 8.00 31.2
[2]
(b) (i) Using the grid on page 7, plot a graph to show how the temperature rise varies with the [2]
moles of barium hydroxide added. [1]
(b) (i) Using the grid on page 7, plot a graph to show how the temperature rise varies with the
moles
(b) (i) Using theofgrid
barium hydroxide
on page added.
7, plot [1]
a graph to show how the temperature rise varies with the
moles of barium hydroxide added. [1]
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11.0
103
7
10.0 12.0
11.0
9.0
10.0
8.0
9.0
7.0
temperature rise / °C
8.0
6.0
7.0
temperature rise / °C
5.0
6.0
4.0
5.0
3.0
4.0
2.0 3.0
1.0 2.0
1.0
0.0
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050
0.0 barium hydroxide added / mol
0.000 0.010 0.020 0.030 0.040 0.050
barium hydroxide added / mol
(ii) Draw two lines of best fit on your graph and state the value on the x-axis at the point of
intersection of the two lines.
(ii) Draw two lines of best fit on your graph and state the value on the x-axis at the point of
intersection
value on of the
the x-axis two point
at the lines. of intersection is .................................... [2]
value on the x-axis at the point of intersection is .................................... [2]


104
8
(c) Use the value on the x-axis at the point of intersection to calculate the concentration of the
hydrochloric acid in mol dm–3.
[2]
(d) Explain the variation in temperature that takes place when barium hydroxide is added to the
hydrochloric acid.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) (i) When the experiment is done in the way described, the results are not very accurate.
Apart from limitations due to the accuracy of the measuring equipment, suggest why:
all the temperature rises measured are less than theoretically should be expected,
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
the temperature rises are more inaccurate as they approach their maximum value.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) What improvement would you make to achieve greater accuracy?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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4
(e) (i) With the gas collection apparatus connected to the heated Victor Meyer tube, expelled air
will be collected before the hexane is introduced. Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) At which stage of the experimental procedure should the sample tube be dropped into the
Victor Meyer tube?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) State what measurements you would need to make in order to determine the relative molecular
mass of hexane.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [3]
[Total: 15]
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106
4 2016 MAR P52 Q2 6

6
2 A student carried out a series of experiments to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of
2 A student carried out a series of experiments to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of
ethanol, C 2H
ethanol, C5OH.
H OH.
2 5
A diagram of the
A diagram apparatus
of the is is
apparatus shown below.
shown below.
thermometer
thermometer
metal
metalcan
can
clamp
clamp
water
water
draught shield
draught shield
spiritburner
spirit burner
ethanol
ethanol
TheThe ethanol
ethanol in the
in the spirit
spirit burner
burner wasburned
was burnedtotoheat
heataameasured
measuredmass
massof
of water
water in
in the
the metal
metal can.
can.
water
water for for each
each experiment.
experiment.
(a) (a) Process

Process thethe results
results in in
thethe table
table toto calculatethe
calculate theamount
amountofofethanol
ethanolburned
burned and
and the
the energy
energy
transferred to the water in each experiment.
transferred to the water in each experiment.
Record all answers to three
Record all answers to three
c = 4.18 J g–1 K–1]
c = 4.18 J g–1 K–1]
[Ar: C, 12.0; H, 1.0; O, 16.0]
[Ar: C, 12.0; H, 1.0; O, 16.0]
mass mass amount energy

experiment mass temperature mass amount energy to
experiment of ethanol temperature of water of ethanol transferred
number of ethanol change / C ofheated
water/ g of ethanol transferred to
number burned / g change / C burned / mol the water / kJ
burned / g heated / g burned / mol the water / kJ
1 0.391 19.5 40.0
1 0.391 19.5 40.0
2 0.488 23.6 40.0
2 0.488 23.6 40.0
3 0.506 24.5 40.0
3 0.506 24.5 40.0
4 0.559 26.9 40.0
4 0.559 26.9 40.0
5 0.727 33.6 40.0
5 0.727 33.6 40.0
6 0.597 31.1 40.0
6 0.597 31.1 40.0
7 0.410 20.3 40.0
7 0.410 20.3 40.0
8 0.681 31.7 40.0
8 0.681 31.7 40.0
[2]
[2]
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107
7
(b) Plot a graph on the grid below to show how the energy transferred to the water varies with the
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
energy / kJ
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
0.008 0.009 0.010 0.011 0.012 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.016
amount of ethanol burned / mol
[2]
(c) Write the number of the experiment which gave the result which was most anomalous.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

108
8
(d) The gradient of the graph gives the magnitude of the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
Determine the gradient of your graph. State the co-ordinates of the two points you used for
your calculation. Record the value of the gradient to three
co-ordinates of two points used ............................................... ...............................................
gradient = ............................ kJ mol–1

[2]
(e) Under the same conditions of temperature and pressure as these experiments, the accepted
value for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol is –1370 kJ mol–1.
Explain why this value is a negative number.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) (i) Calculate the maximum percentage error in the measurement of each mass used in
experiment 1.
maximum error in
mass measured maximum percentage error / %
a single reading
0.391 g of
0.0005 g
ethanol burned
40.0 g of water 0.05 g
[1]
(ii) Another student repeated the experiments using the method described under the same
conditions. The value obtained for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol was
–612 kJ mol–1.
Suggest a reason why the errors calculated in (i) do not fully account for the difference
between the student’s value and the accepted value for enthalpy change of combustion,
–1370 kJ mol–1.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]
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109
5 2017 MAR P52 Q1 2
1 The enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
NaHCO3(s), cannot be measured directly. 2
1 The enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate,
NaHCO3(s), cannot2NaHCO 3(s) directly.
be measured Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
A student must carry out two separate

2NaHCO experiments
Na2CO3(s) and
+ H2use
O(l) the results of these experiments to
3(s) + CO 2(g)
determine the enthalpy change of reaction for the decomposition of sodium hydrogencarbonate.
A student must carry out two separate experiments and use the results of these experiments to
(a) Suggest whyenthalpy
determine the the enthalpy change forofthereaction,
change of reaction Hr, of for
decomposition thehydrogencarbonate.
sodium decomposition of
sodium hydrogencarbonate cannot be measured directly.
(a) Suggest why the enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the decomposition of
sodium hydrogencarbonate cannot be measured directly.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
In both experiments the student used a weighing boat. A weighing boat is a small vessel used to
contain solid samples when they are weighed.
In both experiments the student used a weighing boat. A weighing boat is a small vessel used to
contain solid samples when they are weighed.
Experiment 1 Reaction between sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), and dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl (aq)
Experiment 1 Reaction between sodium carbonate, Na2CO3(s), and dilute hydrochloric acid,
HCl (aq)
step 1 The student added approximately 3 g of Na2CO3(s) to a weighing boat and accurately
stepmeasured the combined
1 The student mass of the3 gweighing
added approximately of Na2COboat and Na2CO3(s). This mass was
3(s) to a weighing boat and accurately
recorded in Table 1.1.
measured the combined mass of the weighing boat and Na2CO3(s). This mass was
recorded in Table 1.1.
step 2 The student used a measuring cylinder to measure 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl (aq).
step 2 The student used a measuring cylinder to measure 50 cm3 of 2 mol dm–3 HCl (aq).
step 3 The experiment was carried out and the results were recorded in Table 1.2.
step 3 The experiment was carried out and the results were recorded in Table 1.2.
step 4 The student reweighed the empty weighing boat and recorded the mass in Table 1.1.
step 4 The student reweighed the empty weighing boat and recorded the mass in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 mass results from Experiment 1
mass of weighing boat and Na2CO3(s) / g 4.15

mass of weighing boat and Na2CO3(s) / g 4.15
mass of empty weighing boat after addition of Na2CO3(s) to HCl (aq) / g 0.97
mass of empty weighing boat after addition of Na2CO3(s) to HCl (aq) / g 0.97
mass of Na2CO3(s) added / g
mass of Na2CO3(s) added / g
Table 1.2 1.2

Table temperature results
temperature from
results Experiment
from Experiment11
time /time
minutes
/ minutes 0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 55 66 77 88 99 10
10
temperature of mixture
temperature / C / 20.0
of mixture C 20.019.8
19.819.8
19.819.8
19.8 24.6
24.6 24.7
24.7 24.5
24.5 24.3
24.3 24.1
24.1 23.9
23.9
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110
3
(b) Outline how the student carried out step 3 of the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus.
[3]

111
4
The student plotted a graph of the results and drew two

as shown.
27
26
25
24
temperature
of mixture / °C
23
22
21
20
19
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
time / minutes
(c) Use the graph to determine the theoretical temperature increase at 4 minutes.
theoretical temperature increase = .............................. C [1]
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112
5
(d) Use Table 1.1 on page 2 to determine the mass of Na2CO3(s) which was added to the HCl (aq).
Use this value and your answer to (c) to determine the enthalpy change, H1, for the reaction
shown.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) 2NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Give your answer to three

–1
K–1.]
[Ar: Na, 23.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0]
H1 –1
[3]
(e) (i) Explain why the student did not add the Na2CO3(s) to the HCl (aq) at 0 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the temperature measured at 5 minutes was lower than the temperature
measured at 6 minutes.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

113
6
Experiment 2 Reaction between sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3(s), and dilute

hydrochloric acid, HCl (aq)
step 1 The student weighed an empty weighing boat and recorded the mass in Table 1.3.
step 2 The student added exactly 4.20 g of NaHCO3(s) to the weighing boat and recorded the
mass in Table 1.3.
step 3 The student carried out the same experimental procedure as in steps 2 and 3 of
Experiment 1.
mass of empty weighing boat / g 0.95

mass of weighing boat and NaHCO3(s) / g 5.15
mass of NaHCO3(s) added / g
(f) Explain why the method of determining the mass of solid added in Experiment 2 is less accurate
than the method of determining the mass of solid added in Experiment 1.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) (i) In Experiment 2 a 50 cm3 measuring cylinder was used to measure the 50 cm3 of HCl (aq).
The 50 cm3 measuring cylinder had 1 cm3 graduations.
Calculate the maximum percentage error in measuring 50 cm3 of HCl (aq) with this 50 cm3
measuring cylinder.
maximum percentage error = .............................. % [1]
(ii) Explain why measuring the concentration of the 2 mol dm–3 HCl more precisely would not
affect the result of the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what the student should change to reduce the percentage error associated with
the temperature readings without changing the apparatus.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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114
7
(h) The student used the results from Experiment 2 and correctly determined the enthalpy change
for the reaction between NaHCO3(s) and HCl (aq), H2 –1
.
NaHCO3(s) + HCl (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) H2 –1
Use the axes to draw a sketch graph of the expected results of Experiment 2.
temperature
of mixture / °C
0 4
time / minutes
[2]

115
8
(i) Use H1 from (d) and H2 from (h) to determine the enthalpy change of reaction, Hr, for the
decomposition of NaHCO3(s).
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
An energy cycle has been drawn for you.
ΔHr
2NaHCO3(s) Na2CO3(s) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
+ 2HCl (aq) + 2HCl (aq)
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)
If you were unable to calculate H1 in (d), assume H1 –1

. This is not the correct
value of H1.
Hr –1
[2]
[Total: 18]
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116
6 2017 JUN P51 Q1 3
1 The pain of muscle strains and swellings can be eased by using heat packs. As a source of heat,
some heat packs use the energy released when anhydrous calcium chloride dissolves in water.
water
CaCl 2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl –(aq)
A heat pack consists of a bag of water, inside which a smaller bag contains anhydrous calcium
chloride. When pressure is applied to the heat pack, the smaller bag bursts releasing the anhydrous
calcium chloride into the water. The heat pack is shaken to speed up dissolving. Energy is released
which warms the heat pack.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change when anhydrous calcium
chloride dissolves in distilled water. The results the student obtained are plotted on the graph on
page 4.
(a) By considering the graph of results, draw a labelled diagram of the experimental set-up that the
student could have used to produce the graph shown.
Label the apparatus and chemicals required to measure the two variables.
[2]

117
4
40
38
36
34
32
temperature
/ °C
30
28
26
24
22
20
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
time / minutes
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118
5
(b) Explain why the student took readings between 0.0 minutes and 2.5 minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Explain why the student did not take a reading at 3.0 minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Explain why the temperature continued to increase between 3.5 minutes and 4.5 minutes.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e)
temperature rise at 3.0 minutes. Give your answer to one decimal place.
theoretical temperature rise at 3.0 minutes = .............................. C [2]
(f) One of the results is anomalous. This occurred because the student took the thermometer out
of the solution and then replaced it just before the reading was taken.
The time at which the anomalous reading was taken was ................. minutes.
Explain why these actions led to the anomalous point.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

119
6
(g) Explain why stirring the mixture would make this experiment more reliable.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(h)
Apart from wearing eye protection, state one other relevant safety precaution the student
should have taken.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(i) The student found the value for the enthalpy change of solution of anhydrous calcium chloride
to be –82.5 kJ mol–1.
A manufacturer produces a heat pack that contains 75.0 g of water.
Calculate the mass of anhydrous calcium chloride the manufacturer must use in the inner bag
to produce a rise in temperature of 30.0 C.
c = 4.18 J g–1 K–1.
[Ar: Ca, 40.1; Cl, 35.5]
mass of anhydrous CaCl 2 = .............................. g [2]
[Total: 12]
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120
7 2020 JUN P51 Q1 2
1 Trichloromethane and propanone are both organic liquids. The molecules within each liquid are
attracted to each other by relatively weak permanent dipole-dipole interactions.
When trichloromethane is mixed with propanone a strong electrostatic attraction forms between the
two different molecules.
trichloromethane propanone
Cl CH3
Cl C H •• O C
Cl CH3
electrostatic
attraction
A student plans to perform an experiment to investigate the strength of this electrostatic attraction
mixed together.
(a) (i) State and explain your prediction for the temperature change for this experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student is given only the following equipment and chemicals for the experiment.
1 25 cm3 beaker
2 thermometers
2 25 cm3 measuring cylinders
50 cm3 trichloromethane
50 cm3 propanone
change when trichloromethane is mixed with propanone. Give details of the volumes of
liquids used and any readings taken.
volumes used .....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
readings taken ....................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
method used .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[3]
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121
3
(b)
State one improvement the student could make to the apparatus to reduce heat loss.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c)
State one relevant precaution that should be taken when carrying out this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) State one change, apart from reducing heat loss, that could be made to improve the accuracy
of this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) In another experiment, a student uses 37.50 g of trichloromethane and 19.75 g of propanone
and determines that the energy released is 1.67 kJ.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of each compound in this mixture.
Mr trichloromethane = 119.5
Mr propanone = 58.0
moles of trichloromethane = .............................. mol
moles of propanone = .............................. mol

[1]
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change, H, of the electrostatic attraction formed between
trichloromethane and propanone. You must include a sign in your answer.
H = .............................. kJ mol–1 [2]

122
4
(f) Suggest an experiment the student could carry out to test whether the number of moles of
trichloromethane affects the temperature change.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 11]
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123
EQUILIBRIA
1 2010 NOV P53 Q2 8
2 When a solute is added to two solvents, A and B, which do not mix, some of the solute For
dissolves in each of the solvents and an equilibrium is set up between the two solvents. Examiner’s
At equilibrium the ratio of the two concentrations is a constant known as the Partition Use
Coefficient, K.
concentration in solvent A
= K
concentration in solvent B
An experiment was carried out to determine K for succinic acid, HO2CCH2CH2CO2H,

between water (boiling point 100 °C) and diethyl ether, (C2H5)2O, (boiling point 35 °C).
• 100 cm3 of distilled water and 100 cm3 of diethyl ether were transferred to a conical
flask.
• A sample of succinic acid was added, the flask was stoppered and the mixture thoroughly
shaken until all of the solid had dissolved.
• A 10.0 cm3 sample of the water layer was removed and titrated with 0.10 mol dm–3
aqueous sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator.
• A 25.0 cm3 sample of the diethyl ether layer was removed and a small amount of water
added. This was then titrated with 0.020 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide using
phenolphthalein as an indicator.
• The experiment was repeated using the same volumes of water and diethyl ether but
decreasing masses of succinic acid.
(a) The results of the series of titrations are recorded below.
A B C D E
volume of volume of
0.10 mol dm–3 NaOH 0.020 mol dm–3 NaOH
expt.
reacting with 10.0 cm3 reacting with 25.0 cm3
No.
of the water layer of the ether layer
/ cm3 / cm3
1 24.3 18.6
2 22.5 17.3
3 20.3 15.6
4 18.8 13.1
5 16.3 12.5
6 13.8 10.6
7 10.3 7.9
8 6.8 6.9
9 5.0 3.8
10 2.5 1.9
Process the results in the table to calculate the concentration of the succinic acid in
each layer.
Label each column, including units and an expression to show how your values are
BILAL HAMEED EQUILIBRIA
calculated.
You may use the column headings A to E in your expression. [3]
added. This was then titrated with 0.020 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium hydroxide using
phenolphthalein as an indicator.
• The experiment was repeated using the same volumes of water and diethyl ether but
124
decreasing masses of succinic acid.
(a) The results of the series of titrations are recorded below.
A B C D E
volume of volume of
0.10 mol dm–3 NaOH 0.020 mol dm–3 NaOH
expt.
reacting with 10.0 cm3 reacting with 25.0 cm3
No.
of the water layer of the ether layer
/ cm3 / cm3
1 24.3 18.6
2 22.5 17.3
3 20.3 15.6
4 18.8 13.1
5 16.3 12.5
6 13.8 10.6
7 10.3 7.9
8 6.8 6.9
9 5.0 3.8
10 2.5 1.9
Process the results in the table to calculate the concentration of the succinic acid in
each layer.
Label each column, including units and an expression to show how your values are
calculated.
You may use the column headings A to E in your expression. [3]
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125
9 9
(b) Present the concentration

(b) Present of the
the concentration succinic
of the acid
succinic in in
acid each layer
each layeriningraphical
graphical form. Draw the
form. Draw theline
lineofof
best fit.
best fit.
[3]
[3]

12610
(c) Circle on the graph any point(s) you consider to be anomalous. For
For any point circled on the graph suggest an error in the conduct of the experiment that Examiner’s
might have led to this anomalous result. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d) (i) Determine the value of K from your graph. Mark clearly on the graph any construction
lines and show clearly in your calculation how the intercepts were used in the
calculation of the slope.
(ii) By considering the data you have processed and the graph you have drawn, decide
if the experimental procedure described is suitable for the determination of the
Partition Coefficient, K. Explain your reasoning.
[3]
(e) In the experimental procedure a small volume of water was added to the diethyl ether
prior to the titration with aqueous sodium hydroxide. The flask was constantly shaken
during the titrations. What was the purpose of this technique?
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2010 9701/53/O/N/10

127 11
(f) Using a burette, the error associated with a titration depends on the value of the titre. For
Comment on the magnitude of the titres recorded in the table in (a) and indicate, with Examiner’s
reasons, which have the highest error. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]
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128
2 2011 NOV P51 Q1 3
1 When potassium nitrate dissolves in water, the temperature of the solution goes down For
because the enthalpy of solution is endothermic. Examiner’s
Use
You are to plan an experiment to investigate how the solubility of potassium nitrate varies
with temperature. The units of solubility are grams per one hundred grams of water
(g / 100g water).
(a) (i) Predict how the solubility of potassium nitrate will change if the solution temperature
is increased.
Explain your prediction using the fact that dissolving potassium nitrate is
endothermic.
prediction ..................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
explanation ...............................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii) Display your prediction in the form of a sketch graph, labelling clearly the axes.
0
[3]

[2]

129 4
(c) Design a laboratory experiment to test your prediction in (a). For

Examiner’s
In addition to the standard apparatus present in a laboratory you are provided with the Use
following materials,
a boiling tube,
a looped wire stirrer,
a thermometer covering the temperature range 0 °C to 100 °C.
Describe how you would carry out the experiment. You should
• ensure a wide range of results suitable for analysis by graph,
• decide on the amounts of water and potassium nitrate to use,
• measure the amounts of the two reagents,
• heat the apparatus,
• decide at what point the temperature of the solution is to be taken.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [7]
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130 5
(d) State a hazard that must be considered when planning the experiment and describe For
precautions that should be taken to keep risks to a minimum. Examiner’s
Use
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Draw a table with appropriate headings to show the data you would record when carrying
out your experiments and the values you would calculate in order to construct a graph to
support or reject your prediction in (a). The headings must include the appropriate units.
[2]
[Total: 15]

131
3 2014 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 The liquids trichloromethane and water separate into two immiscible layers when shaken together
and allowed to stand.
Ammonia can dissolve in both of these layers. The distribution of ammonia between these two
solvents is called partition, where the concentration of ammonia in each solvent will be different.
The partition coefficient represents the ratio of the distribution.
You are to plan an experiment, using a titration with sulfuric acid, to determine the value of the
partition coefficient of ammonia between water and trichloromethane at room temperature.
The following information gives some of the hazards associated with trichloromethane and
ammonia.
Trichloromethane:
Anaesthetic if inhaled. Dangerously irritating to the respiratory system.
Ammonia:
An aqueous solution with a concentration of less than 3 mol dm–3 may cause harm to
eyes or in a cut. At greater concentrations aqueous ammonia should not be inhaled
and it causes irritation to the eyes and skin.
You are provided with the following.
trichloromethane
aqueous ammonia of concentration 5.00 mol dm–3
sulfuric acid, of concentration 0.500 mol dm–3
distilled water for dilution of aqueous ammonia
(a) Explain why ammonia is likely to be more soluble in water than in trichloromethane.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) Define the partition coefficient, Kpartition, for ammonia between water and trichloromethane. State
whether the partition coefficient you have defined will be greater or less than 1.
[1]
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3
(c) In the experiment, explain whether it is important that the volumes of water and trichloromethane
are the same.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) Write an equation for the reaction of aqueous ammonia and sulfuric acid.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) (i) The partition coefficient for ammonia distributed between water and trichloromethane is
approximately 25.
Calculate the concentration of aqueous ammonia that should be used so that a 25.0 cm3
sample of the aqueous ammonia layer would require approximately 24.0–26.0 cm3 of
0.500 mol dm–3 sulfuric acid for complete neutralisation.
Then state the factor by which the 5.00 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia should be diluted to
give that concentration.
[2]
(ii) Describe, in detail, how you would dilute 5.00 mol dm–3 aqueous ammonia to make 250 cm3
of aqueous ammonia ready for use in the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

133
4
(f) Other than the use of eye protection and gloves, state one safety precaution you would take
while setting up the experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) State a suitable indicator for use in the titration of a sample taken from the experiment. Explain
your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(h) It is unnecessary to titrate both layers of the partition. Explain why it would be better to titrate
a sample of the aqueous layer rather than the trichloromethane layer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(i) Once a mean titre has been calculated, outline the steps you would take to calculate the
partition coefficient.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
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134
4 2014 NOV P51 Q2 6
2 The acid dissociation constant, Ka, of a weak monoprotic acid, HA, is to be determined from the
measurement of the pH change that occurs when it is titrated with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide.
2.70 g of HA was dissolved in distilled water to make exactly 250.0 cm3 of solution.
25.00 cm3 of the solution was pipetted into a beaker.
The pH of the acid in the beaker was measured and recorded in the table below.
A burette was then filled with aqueous sodium hydroxide and the 25.00 cm3 of HA was titrated by
adding volumes of the aqueous sodium hydroxide to the beaker as indicated in the table below.
After each addition the pH was measured and the value recorded.
volume of sodium
pH measured
hydroxide added / cm3
0.00 2.41
2.00 2.75
4.00 3.09
8.00 3.46
12.00 3.52
16.00 3.96
20.00 4.20
24.00 4.50
28.00 5.05
30.00 7.00
32.00 11.55
36.00 12.00
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135
7 7
(a) Plot a graph

(a) Plot to show
a graph howhow
to show the the
pH pH
of the mixture
of the mixturechanges
changeswith
withthe
thevolume
volumeofofadded
added aqueous
aqueous
sodium hydroxide as shown in the table.
sodium hydroxide as shown in the table.
DrawDraw
a smooth curve,
a smooth using
curve, thethe
using plotted points
plotted onon
points your graph,
your graph,totoproduce
produceaatitration
titration curve
curve for
for
the addition of aqueous
the addition sodium
of aqueous hydroxide
sodium hydroxideto to
thethe
acid HA.
acid HA.
13.0 13.0
12.0 12.0
11.0 11.0
10.0
10.0
9.0
9.0
8.0
8.0
pH
pH
7.0
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.0
5.0
4.0
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.0
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
2.0 volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm3
0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
[2]
volume of sodium hydroxide added / cm3
[2]

136
8
(b) Circle any points on the graph that are anomalous and suggest a reason why this might occur.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) What would be a suitable range of pH values in which an indicator would change colour to
identify the end point of this neutralisation?
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(d) 30.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is required to neutralise 25.00 cm3 of HA and the
equation for the neutralisation is shown.
NaOH + HA NaA + H2O
(i) Excluding water, state the three ions or molecules that will be present in the highest
concentration when 15.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide has been added to 25.00 cm3
of HA.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) State and explain how the concentrations of these ions or molecules compare.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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9
(e) Use your graph to determine the pH obtained when 15.00 cm3 of aqueous sodium hydroxide is
added to 25.00 cm3 of HA. Use this pH to determine the value of Ka for HA.
[3]
(f) (i) Use your answer to (e) and the initial pH of HA from the table to calculate the concentration
of HA in mol dm–3.
[2]
(ii) Calculate the initial concentration of HA, in g dm–3, and use this together with your answer
to (f)(i) to calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of HA.
(Remember that 2.70 g of HA was dissolved in distilled water to make exactly 250.0 cm3 of
solution.)
[1]

138
10
(g) Even if the experiment is done very carefully with very accurate apparatus, the answer obtained
for the molecular mass of HA is likely to be subject to error. Suggest why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
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139

140
5 2014 NOV P53 Q2 6
2 An aqueous solution of nickel(II) sulfate, NiSO4, has a concentration of exactly 0.500 mol dm–3.
In an experiment, 100.0 cm3 of this solution was accurately measured into a beaker and 0.0200 mol
of solid potassium iodate(V), KIO3, was added to it.
After stirring, a saturated solution of nickel(II) iodate was formed together with a precipitate of
nickel(II) iodate.
The precipitate was filtered off, dried and weighed. The mass of precipitate obtained was recorded
in the table below.
The experiment was repeated six more times using 100.0 cm3 of aqueous nickel(II) sulfate each
time but adding increasing amounts of solid potassium iodate(V). The results obtained from these
experiments were also recorded in the table below.
experiment amount of potassium mass of precipitate

number iodate(V) added / mol formed / g
1 0.0200 3.87
2 0.0300 6.71
3 0.0400 7.92
4 0.0500 8.80
5 0.0600 11.97
6 0.0700 13.95
7 0.0800 15.92
The concentration of ions in a saturated solution of a slightly soluble salt can be expressed using
a solubility product. For nickel(II) iodate this is defined as:
solubility product = [Ni2+(aq)][IO3–(aq)]2
(a) (i) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that has taken place. Include state symbols.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Use the equation in (i) to deduce the amount in mol of potassium iodate(V) that would
react with the nickel(II) sulfate solution in this experiment.
[1]
(iii) If, after the amount in (ii) had been added further potassium iodate(V) was added, state
what effect, if any, this would have on the mass of precipitate obtained.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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141
7
(b) (i) Plot points on the grid below to show the amount in mol of potassium iodate(V) added
against the mass of precipitate formed. Draw a line of best fit.
22.0
20.0
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
mass of
precipitate
formed / g
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
potassium iodate(V) added / mol
[2]

142
8
(ii) Circle any anomalous point(s) on your graph. [1]
(iii) Suggest which part of the experimental procedure would make it difficult to achieve
accurate results.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Add points on your graph to indicate the approximate mass of precipitate that would be
obtained if each of the following amounts in mol of potassium iodate(V) were added.
0.1000 mol
0.1200 mol
[2]
(c) (i) In this reaction some of the nickel(II) iodate has been precipitated but some remains
dissolved.
Calculate the total mass of nickel(II) iodate (both precipitated and dissolved) formed in
experiment 3 when all of the added potassium iodate(V) ions have fully reacted with
nickel(II) sulfate.
The relative formula mass of nickel(II) iodate is 408.7.
[1]
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9
(ii) Use your answer to (i) and the mass of precipitate of nickel(II) iodate in experiment 3 to
calculate the mass of nickel(II) iodate dissolved in solution.
Calculate the amount in moles of nickel(II) iodate in solution.
Calculate the amount in moles of iodate(V) ions that remain in the 100.0 cm3 of solution.
[3]

144
10
(iii) The solubility product of nickel(II) iodate = [Ni2+(aq)][IO3–(aq)]2.
In experiment 3, the amount in moles of Ni2+(aq) that remain in the 100.0 cm3 of solution is
0.0306.
Use this, and your final answer in (ii), to calculate the solubility product.
[2]
[Total: 15]
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145

146
6 2015 JUN P51 Q2 6
2 At high temperatures a mixture of iodine and hydrogen gases reacts to form an equilibrium with
gaseous hydrogen iodide.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g)
(a) (i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, based on concentration, for this
reaction.
[1]
(ii) If the starting concentration of both iodine and hydrogen was a mol dm–3 and it was found
that 2y mol dm–3 of hydrogen iodide had formed once equilibrium had been established,
write Kc in terms of a and y.
[1]
(b) The expression for the equilibrium constant from (a)(ii) can be re-written as shown below.
a Kc
y=
2 + Kc
In an experiment, air was removed from a 1 dm3 flask and amounts of hydrogen and iodine
gases were mixed together such that their initial concentrations were both a mol dm–3. This
mixture was allowed to come to equilibrium at 760 K in the flask. The equilibrium concentration
of iodine, (a – y) mol dm–3, was then measured.
The experiment was repeated for various initial concentrations, a mol dm–3, and the results
were recorded in the table below.
(i) Complete the table to give the values of y mol dm–3 to three decimal places.
a mol dm–3 (a – y) mol dm–3 y mol dm–3

0.200 0.022 0.178
0.500 0.050
0.800 0.252
1.000 0.200
1.500 0.365
2.100 0.570
2.800 0.652
3.400 0.700
3.800 0.867
4.200 0.868
4.900 1.150
[2]
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147
7
(ii) Plot a graph to show how y mol dm–3 varies with initial concentrations of hydrogen and iodine,
a mol dm–3.
5.0
4.0
3.0
y / mol dm–3
2.0
1.0
0
0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0
a / mol dm–3
[1]
(iii) Use your points to draw a line of best fit. [1]

148
8
(c) (i) Determine the slope of your graph. State the co-ordinates of both points you used for your
calculation. Record the value of the slope to three significant figures.
co-ordinates of both points used ...................................... .......................................
slope = ............................
[2]
(ii) Use the value of your slope and the equation in (b) to calculate the value of Kc. Your
working must be shown.
[2]
(d) Explain why, for safety reasons, it is necessary to remove air from the 1 dm3 flask.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(e) One of the experiments in (b) was repeated in a 500 cm3 flask instead of the 1 dm3 flask.
What effect, if any, would this have on the rate of reaction and the value of Kc measured?
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
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9
(f) The reaction of hydrogen and iodine to form hydrogen iodide is exothermic.
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) H = –9.6 kJ mol–1
(i) On your graph, draw and label the line you would expect if the experiment was performed
at 1000 K instead of 760 K. [1]
(ii) What effect, if any, would the higher temperature have on the value of Kc?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]

150

151
7 2015 JUN P52 Q2 5
2 In order to identify a monoprotic (monobasic) hydroxycarboxylic acid, HX, the following experiments
are carried out.
25.0 cm3 of an aqueous solution of HX is titrated against 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous sodium carbonate.
The end-point of the titration is reached when 25.0 cm3 of the aqueous sodium carbonate has been
added.
(a) (i) Write the equation for the complete neutralisation of HX with sodium carbonate.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) How does the equation show that the concentration of HX is 0.100 mol dm–3?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(b) (i) State the acid dissociation constant, Ka, for the above reaction in terms of H+ and HX
only.
Ka =
[1]
(ii) The pH of the aqueous solution of HX is 2.43.
Use the pH and the concentration of HX to show that the pKa of the acid is 3.86. All your
working must be shown.
[2]

152
6
(c) In an experiment various masses of the sodium salt of the acid, NaX, are added to separate
portions of 100 cm3 of HX with stirring. After each addition the pH of the solution obtained is
measured. The results of the experiment are recorded in the table below.
mass of NaX added / g pH

0.00 2.43
0.10 2.81
0.20 3.11
0.30 3.19
0.40 3.41
0.60 3.59
0.80 3.71
1.00 3.81
1.20 3.89
1.50 3.99
2.00 4.11
© UCLES 2015 9701/52/M/J/15

Draw the curve of best fit.
4.2 153
7 7
(i) (i)a graph

Plot Plot a graph to show
to show how how
the pH the of
pHthe
of the solution
solution varieswith
varies withthe
the mass
mass of
of NaX
NaXadded.
added.
Draw the curve of
Draw the curve of best fit.best fi t.
4.0
4.2
4.2
3.8
4.0
4.0
3.6 3.8
3.8
3.4 3.6
pH3.6
3.4
3.2
3.4 pH
3.2
pH3.0
3.2
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.8 2.6
2.4
0 2.4 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
2.6
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 of NaX
mass 1.0
added /1.2
g 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
mass of NaX added / g [2]
[2]
2.4
0 (ii) 0.2
Circle one 0.4anomalous 0.6 pointpoint on your graph
0.8 1.0 and1.2 give a reason 1.4 for for how
1.6 this this could
1.8have have2.0
(ii) Circle
occurred using onethe anomalous
experimental on your
procedure graph and give a reason
described. how could
occurred using the experimental mass of procedure
NaX added described.
/g
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................[2]
(ii) .............................................................................................................................................
Circle one anomalous point on your graph and give a reason for how this could have
.............................................................................................................................................
occurred using the experimental procedure described.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2] [2]
.......................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
© UCLES 2015 .......................................................................................................................................
9701/52/M/J/15 [2]
[Turn over

154
8
(d) (i) The graph shows that a pH of 3.86 is obtained when 1.12 g of NaX is added to 100 cm3 of
HX.
Remember that pKa of HX is also 3.86.
Use this information to calculate the relative molecular mass, Mr, of HX.
Show your working.
[Ar: H, 1.0; C, 12.0; O, 16.0; Na, 23.0]
[3]
(ii) The calculated Mr is subject to small experimental error. Suggest a structure for the organic
hydroxycarboxylic acid, HX, that best fits your Mr data.
If you have not calculated a value for the Mr, use the value of 104. This is not the correct
value.
[1]
(e) Another method for determining the concentration of the acid HX could be to evaporate a
sample of the solution and weigh the solid that remains.
Suggest two reasons why this might not be a very good method of finding the mass of solid
HX in a sample of the solution.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]
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155

156
8 2015 NOV P53 Q2 6
2 At 25 C, dinitrogen tetroxide, N2O4(g), forms an equilibrium mixture with nitrogen dioxide, NO2(g).
N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) H = +57.2 kJ mol 1
As N2O4(g) is colourless and NO2(g) is brown, the composition of an equilibrium mixture can be
determined by its colour.
(a) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, Kc, for this equilibrium.
[1]
(b) In an experiment, quantities of N2O4 are left to reach an equilibrium which contains N2O4 and
NO2. These are analysed to determine the concentrations of N2O4(g) and NO2(g) that are
present. The results are listed in the first two columns of the table below.
Complete the third column of the table to give the value of [NO2(g)]2 for each of the results of
the experiment. Values should be given to three significant figures.
[N2O4(g)] / mol dm–3 [NO2(g)] / mol dm–3 [NO2(g)]2 / mol2 dm–6

0.900 0.0729
0.800 0.0687
0.700 0.0643
0.600 0.0595
0.500 0.0548
0.400 0.0486
0.300 0.0390
0.200 0.0344
0.100 0.0243
[2]
(c) (i) The value of the equilibrium constant for N2O4(g) 2NO2(g) can be calculated from a
graph of [N2O4(g)] against [NO2(g)]2.
Use the grid on page 7 to plot this graph and draw a line of best fit through the plotted
points.
© UCLES 2015 9701/53/O/N/15

1577
0.006
0.005
0.004
[NO2(g)]2 / mol2 dm–6
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.000
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70 0.80 0.90
[N2O4(g)] / mol dm–3
[2]

158
8
(ii) Choose two suitable sets of values from your graph and use them to calculate a value for
the equilibrium constant, Kc. Give your answer to three significant figures and give its
units.
co-ordinates of two points used ......................................... .........................................
Kc = ........................ units ........................

[3]
(d) Identify the result which is most anomalous and suggest a reason, other than a calculation
error, why this may have occurred.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) (i) On your graph, draw a line that would be obtained if the temperature of the equilibrium
mixture was raised. [1]
(ii) Explain the position of the line drawn in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) What effect, if any, would the higher temperature have on the value of Kc?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) How would your value for the equilibrium constant change if the pressure applied to the
equilibrium mixture was increased?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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9
(f) In the experiments, the results have been obtained by starting with pure N2O4(g) and then
letting the equilibrium with NO2(g) form.
Calculate the starting concentration of pure N2O4(g) that would be required to produce the
mixture of 0.900 mol dm–3 of N2O4(g) and 0.0729 mol dm–3 of NO2(g) once equilibrium had been
established.
[1]
[Total: 15]

160
9 2018 NOV P52 Q1 2
1 A sample of waste water contains calcium ions, copper(II) ions and lead(II) ions.
2
You are to plan an experimental procedure to separate the metal ions in the waste water sample by
1 A sample of waste water contains calcium ions, copper(II) ions and lead(II) ions.
forming precipitates of the metal ions.
You are to plan an experimental procedure to separate the metal ions in the waste water sample by
The table shows
forming the numerical
precipitates values
of the metal of the solubility products, Ksp, of some compounds.
ions.
For example, the solubility product of calcium chloride, Ksp = [Ca2+][Cl –]2 = 2 101 mol3 dm–9.
The smaller the shows
The table solubility
the product,
numericalthe easier
values it issolubility
of the for a precipitate
products, Ktosp,form.
of some compounds.
For example, the solubility product of calcium chloride, Ksp = [Ca2+][Cl –]2 = 2 101 mol3 dm–9.
The smaller the solubility product, the easier it is for a precipitate to form.
Ksp values
Cl – CO 2–
Ksp values
3 S2–
Ca2+ 2 10Cl1 – 5 CO
10–9
3
2–
3 S10
2– –10
Cu2+ Ca 2
10110 3 51010 63 10
10–36
2+ 1 –10–9 –10
1
Pb2+ Cu 1 –510 7 3 1010 36 10
10–28
2+ 1 –10 –36
2 10 –14
Pb2+ 2 10–5 7 10–14 3 10–28

You are provided with
2+
(aq), Cu2+(aq) and Pb2+2+(aq),
l (aq),
2+
(aq), Cu (aq) and Pb (aq),
2+
l (aq),
4)2CO3(aq),
4)2CO3(aq),
4)2S(aq). ) S(aq).
4 2
(a) (a)
precipitates
precipitates fromsample
from the the sample of waste
of waste water.
water.
step 1 step 2 step 3

step 1 step 2 step 3
reagent added reagent added reagent added
reagent added reagent added reagent added
HCl (aq)
.................................. .................................. ..................................
HCl (aq)
.................................. .................................. ..................................
sample neutralise
sampleof waste neutralise
substance(s) substance(s) substance(s)
of waste water removed by filtration removed by filtration removed by filtration
water substance(s) substance(s) substance(s)
removed by filtration
..................................
..................................
..................................
..................................
.................................. ..................................
.................................. ..................................
..................................
.................................. .................................. ..................................

[3]
[3]
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© UCLES 2018 9701/52/O/N/18

161
3
(b) After the substances formed in each step in (a)

of the reagent used for that step is added to the waste water sample.
Suggest why this is necessary.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) Between steps 1 and 2, the waste water sample is neutralised. This is so that steps 2 and 3 will
work.
Suggest a reagent that should be added to neutralise the waste water sample. State how you
could test that the waste water sample had been neutralised.
reagent ......................................................................................................................................
test .............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
A student completes the reactions in (a) with a sample of waste water and obtains one of the
precipitates produced, XCO3.
(d) The student plans to calculate the concentration of X2+ ions present in this sample of waste
3(s).
(i) Draw and label a diagram of the experimental set-up the student should use.
Your diagram should show how loss of solid during heating would be prevented.
[2]

162
4
The student weighs the XCO3 precipitate and records its mass. The student then heats the
mass and from this calculates [X2+].
The precipitate thermally decomposes according to the following equation.
heat
XCO3(s) XO(s) + CO2(g)
(ii) Identify two problems with this method. Explain the effect that each problem has on the
calculated concentration of X2+.
problem 1 ............................................................................................................................
effect 1 ................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
problem 2 ............................................................................................................................
effect 2 ................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2018 9701/52/O/N/18

163
10 2020 JUN P51 Q2 5
2 Nitrogen dioxide can be prepared by strongly heating anhydrous lead nitrate, Pb(NO3)2(s). The
thermal decomposition occurs according to the equation shown.
2Pb(NO3)2(s) 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
The nitrogen dioxide, NO2, can be separated from the oxygen by cooling the gas mixture produced
until the NO2 condenses and the oxygen does not.
melting point / K boiling point / K

nitrogen dioxide 262 294
oxygen 54 90
(a) Draw a labelled diagram of the laboratory apparatus (assembled) that could be used to prepare
liquid nitrogen dioxide from the thermal decomposition of anhydrous lead nitrate.
[2]
(b) At room temperature, nitrogen dioxide exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide according
to the equation shown.
2NO2(g) N2O4(g)
brown colourless
For this equilibrium, Kp = pN2O4 / p2NO2.
pN2O4 and pNO2 are measured in kPa.
State the units of Kp.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

164
6
A student plans to investigate the variation of Kp with temperature.
(c) (i) A sample of the mixture of nitrogen oxides is introduced into a gas syringe at 295 K and
the gas syringe is sealed so that it is both airtight and watertight. The volume occupied
by the mixture is measured at different temperatures. The Kp value is calculated at each
temperature.
Name the apparatus you would use to heat the gas syringe at different temperatures
between 295 K and 370 K so that a volume reading of the gas syringe could be easily
taken.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The results obtained are shown in the table.

1
Complete the table by calculating values for and log Kp.
T
1
Record the value of to .
T
Record the value of log Kp to two decimal places.
1 –1
T/K T /K Kp log Kp
377 0.076
361 0.122
344 0.257
330 0.741
315 1.506
312 3.490
295 9.025
[2]
1
(iii) Plot a graph on the grid of log Kp against .
T
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165
7
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
log Kp
–0.20
–0.40
–0.60
–0.80
–1.00
–1.20
–1.40
0.00260 0.00270 0.00280 0.00290 0.00300 0.00310 0.00320 0.00330 0.00340
1 –1
/K
T

166
8
(d) (i) State and explain what your graph shows about the accuracy of the experimental results.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest a reason for your answer in (d)(i).
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) Suggest what the student could do to improve the accuracy of the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) (i)
State the coordinates of both points you used in your calculation. These must be on your
Give your answer to .
coordinates 1 .............................................. coordinates 2 ...............................................
gradient = ............................. K
[2]
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167
9
1
(ii) The relationship between log Kp and is given by the equation shown.
T
log Kp = (– H / 2.303 RT ) + constant
R = 8.31 J K–1 mol–1
Use the gradient determined to calculate a value for H.
If you were unable to determine a value for the gradient, use the value 2800 K. This is not
the correct value.
H = .............................. kJ mol–1
[2]
(f) (i) With reference to the results obtained in this experiment, state and explain how Kp varies
with temperature.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(ii) With reference to (b) and the data for Kp in the table in (c)(ii) suggest how the colour of the
equilibrium mixture at 370 K will differ, if at all, from the colour at room temperature.
difference in colour of mixture .............................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 19]

168
REACTION KINETICS
1 2014 JUN P52 Q2 6
2 Nitrogen(II) oxide, NO, can be oxidised by ozone, O3, in the atmosphere to form nitrogen(IV)
oxide, NO2.
It is possible to simulate this process in the laboratory to measure the rate at which this reaction
takes place.
In this experiment, nitrogen(II) oxide is reacted with ozone. Since the concentration of nitrogen(II)
oxide, [NO], in the air is very low, specialist equipment is required and [NO] oxide is measured as
the number of molecules present in a volume of 1 cm3.
The results obtained from the experiment are shown below.
concentration of NO
time / s
/ 108 molecules cm–3
0 27.0
30 21.9
60 17.7
90 14.4
120 13.2
150 9.45
180 7.66
210 6.21
240 5.03
270 4.08
300 3.31
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2014 9701/52/M/J/14 REACTION KINETICS
169
7
(a) Use the results obtained to plot a graph to show the relationship between [NO] and time.
27.0
25.0
23.0
21.0
19.0
17.0
[NO] / 108 molecules cm–3
15.0
13.0
11.0
9.0
7.0
5.0
3.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
BILAL HAMEED REACTION KINETICS

170
8
(b) On your graph circle the single result that you consider to be the most anomalous.
Suggest a reason why anomalous results may occur during an experiment to measure the rate
of a reaction.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(c) Use construction lines at concentrations of nitrogen(II) oxide equal to 13.5 108 molecules cm–3
and 6.75 108 molecules cm–3 to determine the order of reaction with respect to nitrogen(II)
oxide.
Show the construction lines on your graph and your working.
[3]
(d) (i) Use your graph to calculate the initial rate of the reaction.
[2]
(ii) In the reaction between ozone and nitrogen(II) oxide the order of reaction with respect to
ozone is 1.
In the experiment the initial concentration of ozone used was 4 1011 molecules cm–3.
Calculate the value of the rate constant for the reaction and give its units.
[2]
© UCLES 2014 9701/52/M/J/14

171
9
(e) 1 mole contains 6.02 1023 particles.

Convert the initial rate in (d)(i) to a value with units of mol dm–3 s–1.
(If you have no answer to (d)(i) you may use 3.0 105 as the value of the initial rate.)
[2]
(f) The concentration of ozone used in the experiment is considerably greater than the concentration
of nitrogen(II) oxide.
Explain why this is necessary for the experiment, in order to determine the order with respect
to nitrogen(II) oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 15]

172
2 2016 MAR P52 Q1 2
1 Propanone, CH3COCH3, is an organic liquid which is soluble in water.
Aqueous propanone reacts with aqueous iodine. The reaction is catalysed by H+(aq) ions.
CH3COCH3(aq) + I2(aq) CH3COCH2I(aq) + HI(aq)
The order of reaction with respect to iodine can be determined experimentally.
An experiment is carried out using the following solutions.
solution A, 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 CH3COCH3(aq)

solution B, 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq)
solution C, 50.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 I2(aq)
The solutions are mixed to start the reaction. At certain time intervals, a 10.0 cm3 portion
hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3
removing the H+(aq) ions. The concentration of unreacted I2(aq) in each 10.0 cm3 portion of the
mixture can then be determined by titration with aqueous thiosulfate ions, S2O32–(aq).
(a) State the size and type of apparatus needed to prepare a suitable volume of a standard solution
of 1.00 mol dm–3 CH3COCH3(aq) from liquid propanone.
Calculate the mass of propanone needed to prepare this standard solution.

[Ar: C, 12.0; H, 1.0; O, 16.0]
apparatus ...................................................................................................................................
mass of propanone ............................. g

[3]
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173
3
(b) Solutions A, B and C

solution is added.
(i) Suggest the best order of adding the solutions.
1 ........................................................
2 ........................................................
3 ........................................................
[1]
(ii) Explain your choice.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Each 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture removed from the main reaction is added to a separate
solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO3 +
(aq) ions.
(i) Which piece of apparatus should be used to transfer each 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture to
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest two reasons why NaHCO3(aq) is preferred to NaOH(aq) as the reagent used to
remove H+(aq) ions.
reason 1 ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
reason 2 ..............................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

174
4
(d) The unreacted iodine in each 10.0 cm3 portion of the mixture is titrated against 0.100 mol dm–3
aqueous thiosulfate ions, S2O32–(aq), to determine the concentration of I2(aq) in the mixture at
the time that the 10.0 cm3 portion was withdrawn.
I2(aq) + 2S2O32–(aq) 2I–(aq) + S4O62–(aq)
(i) A 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture is removed at time = 0. This is before any of the
0.200 mol dm–3 I2(aq) had reacted.
Calculate the volume of 0.100 mol dm–3 S2O32–(aq) needed to react with the iodine present
in this 10.0 cm3 portion of mixture.
volume 0.100 mol dm–3 S2O32–(aq) = ............................. cm3 [3]
(ii) Suggest the name of a suitable indicator to use in the titration and state its colour change.
indicator ..............................................................................................................................
colour change .....................................................................................................................

[2]
(e) State two variables which must be recorded in this experiment.
For each variable, state the units.
variable 1 ....................................................................................... units .................................
variable 2 ....................................................................................... units .................................

[2]
(f) State one other variable which must be controlled in this experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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175
5
(g)
(i) Use the axes below to draw a sketch graph of how the concentration of iodine changes
during the experiment. Label both axes.
[2]
(ii) How could the graph be used to prove that the order of reaction with respect to iodine is
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) A student suggested that the temperature at which the experiment was carried out would affect
the order of reaction with respect to iodine.
State if the student was correct and explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 20]

176

177
3 2016 JUN P51 Q2 5
2 Activation energy, EA, is the minimum energy with which particles must collide so that a reaction
occurs. The activation energy for the reaction of magnesium with aqueous hydrogen ions can be
determined in the laboratory.
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)
A magnesium strip is placed in dilute hydrochloric acid and the time taken (t), in seconds, for the
1
magnesium to disappear is measured. The initial rate of reaction is calculated as ` 1 j.
time t
If the experiment is repeated at several different temperatures then the following mathematical
relationship can be used to calculate EA.
1 EA
log10 ` j = `1 j
t 0.0191 T
T is the temperature measured in K.
1
is the initial rate of reaction in s–1.
t
1 1
A graph of log10 ` j against can be plotted.
t T
Experimental procedure
1. 25 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a boiling tube.

2. The boiling tube is placed in a water bath until the dilute hydrochloric acid reaches a
constant temperature. This temperature is recorded.
3. A magnesium strip of mass 0.10 g is added to the boiling tube, the mixture stirred and the
time taken for the magnesium to disappear is recorded.
4. The temperature of the water bath is changed and the experiment is repeated.

6
(a) The results of this experiment, carried out 178

6at different temperatures, are recorded in the table
6
below.
(a)(a)The results
The resultsof of
this experiment,
this experiment,carriedcarriedoutoutatatdifferent
differenttemperatures,
temperatures, are recorded in the table
1 are recorded 1 in the table
below.
Process
below. the results to calculate the reciprocal of temperature ` j and log ` j
T 10
t
1
value of has been done for you. 11 11
Process
ProcessTthetheresults
results to tocalculate
calculatethe thereciprocal temperature ``T jj and
reciprocalofoftemperature log1010`` t jj
and log
1 1 T t
value of 1
value of has hasbeenbeendonedoneforfor
you.
you.
Record T in standard form to three
T T
1 1
Record in standard form totothree
Record
Record T T10 ìn1 jstandard
log form
to two decimal three You should expect log ` 1 j to be negative.
places.
t 10
t
1 1 11
10 `10 `j to log1010``t jjto
t t j to two decimal
Record
Recordloglog two decimal places. places.You
Youshould
shouldexpect
expectlog tobe
be negative.
negative.
temperature temperature, 1 1 t 1
/ C
time, t / s
T/K /K –1
/s –1
log10 ` j
T t t
temperature
temperature temperature,
temperature, 11 –1–1 11 –1–1
time,time,t/s
83 t / s / KK –3 /s log ``11 j
/15
C/ C T288
/TK/ K 3.47TT / 10 1.20 t t / s10–2 log10 10 tt
20 58 293 1.72 10–2

15 15 8383 288
288 3.47
3.47 10
10–3–3 1.20
1.20 10
10–2–2
27 20 3658 300
293 2.78
1.72 10 –2
10–2–2
20 58 293 1.72 10
30 27 2836 303
300 3.57
2.78 10 –2
10–2–2
27 36 300 2.78 10
34 30 1828 307
303 5.56
3.57 10 –2
10–2–2
30 28 303 3.57 10
38 34 1918 311
307 5.26
5.56 10 –2
10–2–2
34 18 307 5.56 10
40 38 1519 313
311 6.67
5.26 10 –2
10–2–2
38 19 311 5.26 10
43 40 1215 316
313 8.33
6.67 10 –2
10–2–2
40 15 313 6.67 10
48 43 9 321 1.11 10 –1
43 1212 316
316 8.33
8.33 10–2–2
10
55 48 89 328
321 1.25
1.11 10 –1
10–1
–1
48 9 321 1.11 10
55 55 88 328
328 1.25 10
1.25 10–1–1
[3]
[3]
[3]
1 1
(b) Plot a graph on the grid on page 7 to show the relationship between log10 ` j and .
t T
Use a cross ( ) to plot each data point. 1 1
(b) Plot a graph on the grid on page 7 to show the relationship between log10 `1 j and 1 .
(b) Plot a graph on the grid on page 7 to show
the relationship between log ` t j and T .
10
t T
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/M/J/16

© UCLES 2016 9701/51/M/J/16
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/M/J/16

7
179
1
/ K–1
T
3.0 × 10–3 3.1 × 10–3 3.2 × 10–3 3.3 × 10–3 3.4 × 10–3 3.5 × 10–3 3.6 × 10–3
−0.8
−0.9
−1.0
−1.1
−1.2
−1.3
1
log10 ` j
t
−1.4
−1.5
−1.6
−1.7
−1.8
−1.9
−2.0

180
8
(c) On your graph, circle the two points you consider to be the most anomalous. Label each
one with a different letter. Explain what may have caused each of the anomalies you have
Make it clear in your answer to which point you are referring.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) (i) Determine the gradient of your graph. State the co-ordinates of both points you used for
your calculation.
Record the value of the gradient to three
co-ordinates 1 .....................................................................................................................
co-ordinates 2 .....................................................................................................................
gradient = ......................................
[2]
(ii) Use your gradient from (i) and the mathematical relationship on page 5 to calculate the
activation energy, EA, in kJ mol–1.
Include a sign in your answer.
EA = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
(e) State whether you consider the results to be reliable. Explain your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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181
9
(f) Student X commented that data collected at higher temperatures in the experiment may be
less accurate than that collected at lower temperatures.
State whether student X is correct. Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g)
State how this will affect the reaction time. Explain why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(h) The experiment in (a) is repeated using dilute ethanoic acid instead of dilute hydrochloric acid.
The concentration of both acids is equal. The same temperatures are used as in (a).
State the effect this change in acid will have on the initial rate values. Give a reason for this.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]

182

183
7
42 2016 NOV 77
Sucrose, C12P51 Q2, is a naturally occurring sugar
H22O11 found in sugarcane and many fruits. It can be
2 hydrolysed
Sucrose, C12inHacidic solution to give glucosesugar
and fructose. All three molecules arefruits.
chiralItand will
2 Sucrose, CO
22 H,22is
1211 O11a, is
naturally occurring
a naturally occurring sugarfoundfoundinin sugarcane
sugarcane andandmany
many can
fruits. It can be be
rotate the
hydrolysed plane
hydrolysed
of
in acidic polarised
solution
in acidic
light. The
to give
solution
degree
glucose
to give glucose
of
and rotation
andfructose.
is known
fructose.All
All three
as the optical
moleculesare
three molecules
rotation,
arechiral
chiral and
and
.
willwill
rotate rotate
the plane of polarised
the plane light.
of polarised TheThe
light. degree
degreeofofrotation
rotationisisknown
known as thetheoptical rotation,. .
opticalrotation,
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OH CH2OH
CH2OHCHO 2OH CHO OH H + catalyst CH2OH
CH OHO
CH 2OH
O
CH OH 2 2 CH 2OH
OH O O 2 OHOO +
+ H2O H+Hcatalyst catalyst OH O
O + O OHO
OH HO + H O OH + HO
HO OH O HO CH2OH + H2O 2
HO OH OH + OH HO CH2OH
HO OH O CH OH HO OH OH CH2OH
HO O OH CH2OH 2
HO OH OH OHOH CH2OH
OH OH OH OH
OHsucrose OH glucoseOH fructose
OH
sucrose glucose fructose
sucrose glucose fructose
sucrose concentration.
The progress of theof reaction
The progress cancan
the reaction be be
monitored using
monitored usingaapolarimeter, which measures
polarimeter, which measuresthe theoptical
optical
rotation, , of
rotation, the
, ofsolution. The
the solution. more
The concentrated
more concentratedthe
thesolution,
solution, the
the greater the
greater the optical
optical
The progress of the reaction can be monitored using a polarimeter, which measures the optical rotation
rotation of of
the the solution.
solution.
rotation, , of the solution. The more concentrated the solution, the greater the optical rotation of
the solution.
The concentration of sucrose at time t can
The concentration of sucrose at time t can bebe representedas
represented as (( –– final
final
),
), where
where final
final
isisthe optical
the optical
rotation of the solution after 6
rotation of the solution after 6 hours. hours.
The concentration of sucrose at time t can be represented as ( – final ), where final is the optical
rotation of mathematical
The the solution after 6 hours.
relationship is given by the following equation.
The mathematical relationship is given by the following equation.
The mathematical relationship is given kt
logby
10(
the
– following equation.
final) = A – kt
log10( – final) = A – 2.30
2.30
A is a constant. kt
log10( – final) = A –
A is a kconstant.
is the rate constant. 2.30
k is the rate constant.
A is a constant.
k is the rate constant.

184
8
(a) The experimentally determined values of optical rotation during the hydrolysis of sucrose at
298 K are recorded below.
Process the results to allow you to plot a graph of log10( – final ) against time, t.
Calculate ( – final ) and record it to 1 decimal place.
Calculate log10( – final ) and record it to 2 decimal places.
optical
time / s ( – ) log10( – )
rotation, final final
0 39.9
300 29.1
600 21.3
900 15.5
1200 10.6
1500 6.2
1800 2.4
2100 –0.3
2400 –2.5
2700 –4.5
final –12.0
[2]
(b) (i) Plot a graph on the grid on page 9 to show how log10( – final ) varies with time, t.
Use a cross (
(ii)
kt
log10( – )=A– .
final
2.30
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2016 9701/51/O/N/16

185
9
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
log10(α – α final )
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
time / s

186
10
(c) (i) Determine the gradient of the graph.
Record the value of the gradient to .
..............................................
gradient = ........................................ s–1

[2]
(ii) Use the gradient value to calculate a value for k in the expression shown.
kt
log10( – )=A–
final
2.30
[2]
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187
11
(d) The graph below shows the results obtained from a second hydrolysis of sucrose reaction
performed at a different temperature.
45.0
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
α – α final
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800
time / s
(i) The point at time = 2000 s is considered to be anomalous.

Suggest what caused the anomaly.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

188
12
(ii) t½, of this reaction.
..............................................
(iii)
0.693
t½ =
k'
Use this relationship and your answer to (ii) to determine k', the rate constant for this
second hydrolysis reaction.
(ii), you may use the
value t½ = 500 s, though this is not the correct answer.
k' = .......................................... s–1 [1]
(iv) State whether the temperature of the second reaction was higher or lower than that of the
Explain your answer with reference to the answers you obtained in (c)(ii) and (d)(iii).
If you have been unable to calculate a value for k in (c)(ii), you may use the value
k = 8.00 10–4, though this is not the correct answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v)
concentration of sucrose? Give a reason for your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
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189

190
5 2016 NOV P52 Q2 6
2 Benzenediazonium chloride, C6H5N2Cl, is readily hydrolysed at temperatures above 5 C, forming

phenol, nitrogen gas and hydrochloric acid.
C6H5N2Cl (aq) + H2O(l) C6H5OH(aq) + N2(g) + HCl (aq)
The progress of the reaction can be monitored by measuring the volume of gas produced over time.
The volume of gas produced, V, after time, t, is proportional to the amount of benzenediazonium
chloride that has been hydrolysed. The final volume of gas produced, Vfinal, is proportional to the
original concentration of benzenediazonium chloride.
The order of reaction can be determined from these results.
(a) (i) The experimentally determined volumes of gas produced during the hydrolysis of
benzenediazonium chloride at 50 C are recorded below.
Process the results to allow you to plot a graph of (Vfinal – V ) against time, t.
Vfinal = 252 cm3
time / s volume, V / cm3 (Vfinal – V ) / cm3

0 0
150 32
300 62
450 87
600 110
750 129
900 146
1050 160
1200 173
1350 184
1500 193
[1]
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7 7
(ii) (ii)
PlotPlot
a graph to show
a graph how
to show (Vfi(V
how nal – V ) / cm3 varies with time / s.
final – V ) / cm varies with time / s.
3
UseUse
a cross ( ) (to) plot
a cross each
to plot data
each point.
data Draw
point. the
Draw thecurve
curveofofbest
bestfifit.t.
260260
240240
220220
200200
180
180
160
160
140
140
(Vfinal – V ) / cm3
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
0 time / s
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
[2]
time / s
[2]

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8
(iii) Do you think the results obtained in (i) are reliable? Explain your answer.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Use the graph to determine the half-life, t½, of this reaction.
co-ordinates 1 .............................................. co-ordinates 2 ..............................................
half-life = ........................................ s
[2]
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193
9 9
(b) A student set up an experiment to determine the order of the reaction in (a). Part of the
experimental
(b) A
(b)student setset-up
A student set upisexperiment
up an shown
an below.
to to
experiment determine thetheorder
determine orderofofthe
thereaction
reaction inin (a).
(a). Part
Part of
of the
experimental set-up is shown below.
experimental set-up is shown below.
boiling tube
boiling tube
water bathbath
water boiling tube
water bath
benzenediazonium
benzenediazonium
chloride
benzenediazonium chloride
chloride
anti-bumping
anti-bumping
granules
granules
anti-bumping
granules
(i) Complete
(i) Complete the the diagram
diagram above above to toshow show thethe experimentalset-up
experimental set-upthe thestudent
student couldcould havehave
(i) used used
Complete to
to collect collect and
and measure
the diagram measure
abovethe the
tovolumevolume
show the of
of gas gas evolved
evolved byset-up
experimental by the reaction.
the reaction.
the student could have [2]
[2]
used to collect and measure the volume of gas evolved by the reaction. [2]
(ii) (ii)
The Thewater water
bathbathwaswas set set
at 60at 60C. C.
(ii) The water bath was set at 60 C.
At a At a reaction
reaction temperature
temperature of 60of 60 C, C,thethe measurements
measurements madewould
made wouldbe beless
lessaccurate
accurate than than
measurements made at room temperature.
measurements
At a reaction temperature made at room of 60temperature.
C, the measurements made would be less accurate than
measurements made at room temperature.
State why the measurements made at a higher temperature are less accurate.
State why the measurements made at a higher temperature are less accurate.
State.............................................................................................................................................
why the measurements made at a higher temperature are less accurate.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
State the effect this will have on the values of Vfinal – V.
State the effect this will have on the values of Vfinal – V.
State.............................................................................................................................................
the effect this will have on the values of Vfinal – V.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[2]


194
10
10
(c) The graph below shows the results obtained from another benzenediazonium chloride
(c) The graph below shows the results obtained from another benzenediazonium chloride
hydrolysis reaction
hydrolysis performed
reaction performed at
at aa different
differenttemperature.
temperature.
250 250
200
200
150
150
(Vfinal – V ) / cm3 100
100
50
50
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
11
time / s
(i) The point at time = 450 s is considered to be anomalous.
Suggest what caused the anomaly.

0
.............................................................................................................................................
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/O/N/16
time / s
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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BILAL HAMEED Question 2 continues on page 12. REACTION KINETICS

195
12
(ii) The rate of reaction at different times can be calculated by drawing tangents to the best-fit
line. The gradient of the tangent is equal to the rate of reaction, in cm3 s–1.
Use the graph in (c) to read the value of (Vfinal – V ) at time t = 200 s and write this value in
the table below.
Draw a tangent to the curve at time t = 200 s. Use the tangent to determine the gradient at
time t = 200 s.
gradient at 200 s = ............................. cm3 s–1
Use your gradient to complete the table.
time / s (Vfinal – V ) / cm3 rate of reaction / cm3 s–1

200
500 104 –0.143
600 91 –0.127
900 59 –0.0867
1000 52 –0.0720
1400 30 –0.0417
[4]
(iii) The concentration of benzenediazonium chloride is directly proportional to (Vfinal – V ).
Use the data in the table in (ii) to calculate the order of reaction with respect to
benzenediazonium chloride.
You must show your working.
[2]
[Total: 17]
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196
6 2017 NOV P51 Q1 2
1 Iodide ions, I–, and persulfate ions, S2O82–, react according to the following equation.
2I–(aq) + S2O82–(aq) I2(aq) + 2SO42–(aq)
The rate of reaction between these ions can be determined from the time it takes for a certain
amount of iodine, I2(aq), to be produced.
4)2S2O8(aq),
2 2 3(aq),
S O
I
started.
I2(aq).
I2(aq) + 2S2O32–(aq) 2I–(aq) + S4O62–(aq)
I2
I2(aq) that is produced turns the starch indicator blue.
iodide ions on the rate of reaction.
4)2S2O8(s)
0.20 mol dm–3 I, a source of I–(aq)
0.0050 mol dm–3 2S2O3, a source of S2O3 (aq)
2–
starch indicator
(a) (i) Calculate the mass of 4)2S2O8(s) that would be required to prepare 250 cm of a
3
standard solution of concentration 1.00 mol dm .

–3
[Ar
) S2O8
4 2
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3
3
(ii) Describe how, after weighing the mass calculated in (i)
(ii) Describe how, after weighing the mass calculated in (i)
3
3
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) (iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(b) (b) II–

–
1.1.
2 to
2 to 5. 5.
1.00 mol dm–3 0.20 mol dm–3 water 0.0050 mol dm–3 starch solution
1.00 mol dm–3 0.20 mol dm–3 water 0.0050 mol dm–3 starch solution
4)2S2O8(aq) I(aq) 2S2O3(aq)
4)2S2O 8(aq) I(aq) 3 2S/2O3(aq)
/3cm 3
/ cm / cm3 cm 3
/ cm3
/ cm / cm3 / cm3 / cm3 / cm3
1 25.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 1.0
1 25.0 10.0 0.0 5.0 1.0
2 5.0 1.0
2 5.0 1.0
3 5.0 1.0
3 5.0 1.0
4 5.0 1.0
4 5.0 1.0
5 5.0 1.0
5 5.0 1.0

198
4
(c)
for the reaction.
of 1.00 mol dm–3

3
4)2S2O8(aq)
3
of 0.0050 mol dm–3 2S2O3(aq)
3
of 0.20 mol dm–3 I(aq)
3
of starch indicator
(i) The time taken for the blue colour to appear was 134 seconds (to the nearest second).
Calculate the rate of production of moles of I2, in mol dm–3 s–1.
rate of production of moles of I2 = ............................................................ mol dm–3 s–1
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(iii) The 5.0 cm3 of 0.0050 mol dm–3 2 S2O3(aq) was measured using a 50 cm3 burette which
3
.
(d)
I(aq) was added.
State what error the student had made.
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
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5
(e)
procedure.
Ammonium persulfate Solid is oxidising and hazardous to the environment.
health hazard, is harmful if swallowed and is
Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.2 mol dm–3

should be labelled health hazard and hazardous to the
environment. Solutions equal to or more concentrated than
0.05 mol dm–3 but less concentrated than 0.2 mol dm–3 should
be labelled health hazard.
Potassium iodide
Sodium thiosulfate
Describe one
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................

200
7 2018 JUN P51 Q2 6
2 At temperatures above 5 C, the benzenediazonium ion, C6H5N2+, reacts with water as shown.
C6H5N2+(aq) + H2O(l) C6H5OH(aq) + N2(g) + H+(aq)
A student investigates this reaction by measuring the volume of nitrogen gas produced at regular
time intervals.
The diagram shows the experimental set-up used to investigate this reaction.
conical flask
gas syringe
C6H5N2+(aq)
(a) C.
Complete the diagram to show how the student could investigate this reaction at a constant
30 C. [2]
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7
(b) The student prepared a solution of C6H5N2+(aq) at 5 C. A 200.0 cm3 sample of this solution was
C. The gas syringe
was then connected, a stop-clock was started and readings of time and gas volume were
taken. When the decomposition of the C6H5N2+ ion was complete (as shown by no more gas
2(g) produced, V , was 72 cm3.
(i) Show by calculation that when the stop-clock was started the concentration of C6H5N2+(aq)
was 0.0150 mol dm–3.
[The molar volume of gas under room conditions is 24.0 dm3.]
concentration of C6H5N2+(aq) = .............................. mol dm–3 [2]
(ii) The volume of nitrogen produced is proportional to the amount of C6H5N2+ that reacts. As
C6H5N2+ reacts, its concentration in the solution falls.
Using the axes shown, sketch a graph to show the change in volume of N2(g) produced
with the change in concentration of C6H5N2+(aq).
Label the axes [C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3 and volume of N2(g) / cm3, putting the independent
variable on the x-axis.
Include on the axes the maximum values for concentration and volume where the lines on
the axes are shown.
..............................
0
0
................................................
[2]

202
8
(c) The results the student obtained are shown in the table.
To calculate the concentration of C6H5N2+(aq) the student used the following equation.
V
[C6H5N2+(aq)] = 0.0150 (1 – )
Vfinal
V = volume of N2
V 2 (g) at complete decomposition of C6H5N2+.
V is 72 cm3.
Complete columns C and D to three

working.
A B C D
volume of V
time
N2(g), Vfinal [C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3
/ minutes
V / cm3
0.0 0 0.000 0.0150
2.0 9 0.125 0.0150 (1 – 0.125) = 0.0131
4.0 17
6.0 24
8.0 30
10.0 35
12.0 40
14.0 44
16.0 48
[2]
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2039
9
(d)a graph
(d) Plot Plot a graph ongrid
on the the to
gridshow
to show
thethe relationshipbetween
relationship [C6H
between [C 5N 2 +
(aq)] and time. +
6H5N2 (aq)] and time.
Use a cross (
Use a cross (
0.0150
0.0150
0.0140
0.0140
0.0130
0.0130
0.0120
0.0120
0.0110
0.0110
[C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3
0.0100
[C6H5N2+(aq)] / mol dm–3
0.0100
0.0090
0.0090
0.0080
0.0080 0.0070
0.0060
0.0070
0.0050
0.0060
0.0040
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
0.0050
time / minutes
[2]

0.0040
0.0 2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 16.0
time / minutes
[2]

204
10
(e) Draw a tangent at time = 0.0 on your graph and use the tangent to determine the initial rate of
reaction. State the units of the initial rate of reaction.
co-ordinates 1 ................................................ co-ordinates 2 .................................................
initial rate of reaction = ..............................
units = ..............................
[4]
(f)
half-life, concentrations have been chosen for you.
concentration 1 time 1 concentration 2 time 2 t1

2
0.0120 ................ 0.0060 ................ ................
....................... ................ ....................... ................ ................

[3]
(g) State and explain what the values of the two half-lives suggest about the order of reaction with
respect to [C6H5N2+(aq)].
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 18]
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8 2018 NOV P51 Q1 2
1 The Finkelstein reaction is a nucleophilic substitution reaction in which a halogen atom in a

halogenoalkane is replaced by another halogen atom. The reaction is carried out using dry
propanone as a solvent.
One example of the Finkelstein reaction is given.
CH3CH2CH2Br + NaI CH3CH2CH2I + NaBr
(a) (i) Explain why it is important for dry propanone to be used as a solvent for this reaction.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The solubilities of NaBr and NaI in propanone are shown.
solubility at 25 C
compound
in g / 100 g of propanone
NaBr 0.00841
NaI 39.9
Use this information to explain why, although the reaction between CH3CH2CH2Br and NaI
is reversible, the reaction produces a very high yield.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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3
(b) Some safety information for the organic compounds used in this reaction is shown.
and . It is
irritating to eyes, the respiratory system and skin.
and . It is irritating to
eyes, the respiratory system and skin.
and . It is irritating
to eyes, and may cause dizziness and drowsiness.
Identify different precautions, other than using protective equipment such as gloves, a lab
coat or eye protection, that should be taken when carrying out this experiment. Explain each
answer.
1 precaution ...............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
2 precaution ...............................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
explanation .................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]

207
4
(c) A student plans an experiment to show that the rate of the reaction is proportional to the
concentration of NaI.
CH3CH2CH2Br(pr) + NaI(pr) CH3CH2CH2I(pr) + NaBr(s)
(pr) = substance is dissolved in propanone
The student plans to record the time it takes for the solid formed to obscure a cross on a piece
reaction mixture
To carry out this experiment, the following materials are available.
CH3CH2CH2Br(l)
NaI(s)
dry propanone, CH3COCH3(l)
usual laboratory apparatus
(i) Calculate the masses of NaI(s) and CH3COCH3(l) that would be needed to make 150 cm3
of 0.50 mol dm–3 NaI(pr). Assume 150 cm3 of propanone are required. Give your answers
to .
The density of CH3COCH3(l) is 0.79 g cm–3.
[Ar: Na, 23.0; I, 126.9]
mass of NaI(s) = .............................. g
mass of CH3COCH3(l) = .............................. g

[2]
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208
5
(ii)
Complete the table with appropriate volumes that the student could have used in four
further experiments.
volume of volume of volume of total volume time

0.50 mol dm–3 CH3CH2CH2Br(l) CH3COCH3(l)
NaI(pr) / cm3 / cm3 / cm3 / cm3 /s
10.0 2.0 30.0 42.0
[2]
(iii)
In this experiment, identify the dependent variable.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv) Write an expression to show how the student could calculate the rate of the reaction.
[1]
(v) Identify the major source of inaccuracy of measurement in this reaction.
Suggest an improvement to the experiment to make it more accurate.
inaccuracy ..........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
improvement .......................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]

209
6
(d) The reaction between CH3CH2CH2Br and NaI proceeds via an SN2 mechanism.
The student repeated the experiment in (c) using an isomer of CH3CH2CH2Br that reacts via
both SN1 and SN2 mechanisms.
State and explain whether the student will be able to show that the rate of this reaction is
proportional to the concentration of NaI.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 14]
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211
9 2018 NOV P52 Q2 5
2 2)2CO, Mr = 60, is shown by the equation. The reaction is catalysed by

the enzyme urease, when present in low concentrations.
)
2 2 2 O 4
+
+ CO32–
and CO32– ions increases the conductivity of the solution. The increase
4
+
in conductivity over time can be measured and the rate of hydrolysis can be determined from this.
A student plans to carry out this reaction using a 50 cm3 sample of 5.00 10–3 mol dm–3 urea solution.
(a) The 5.00 10–3 mol dm–3 urea solution cannot be accurately prepared by dissolving urea in
50.0 cm3
the solution of the required concentration.
(i) Suggest why diluting a more concentrated solution is a more accurate method of preparing
this solution than by dissolving urea in 50.0 cm3 of water.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Describe how you would accurately prepare exactly 100 cm3 of 5.00 10–3 mol dm–3
urea solution, starting with 3.00 g of solid urea. Your method should use more than one
3
, and other suitable equipment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [3]

212
6
(b) A student added a small amount of urease to a 50.0 cm3 sample of the solution made in
(a)(ii). The conductivity of the solution was measured. The student obtained the results shown
in the table. The student forgot to record the conductivity at 150 s. Conductivity is measured in
S cm–1.
time, t conductivity
/s / S cm–1
0 0
30 55
60 110
90 160
120 215
150 –
180 320
210 375
240 425
270 480
300 530
(i) Plot a graph on the grid to show the relationship between time t and conductivity.
Use a cross (
(ii)
points you used in your calculation.
co-ordinates 1 ............................................. co-ordinates 2 .............................................
gradient = .............................. S cm–1 s–1

[2]
(iii) Use your graph to determine the conductivity of the solution at t = 150 s.
conductivity at 150 s = .............................. S cm–1 [1]
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7
600
550
500
450
400
350
conductivity
300
/ μS cm–1
250
200
150
100
50
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
t/s

214
8
(c) In another experiment, a student added a small amount of urease to 50.0 cm3 samples of urea
of various concentrations and measured their conductivity until hydrolysis was complete.
(i) Sketch a graph on the axes below to show the variation in conductivity in one such
experiment.
Explain the shape of your graph as hydrolysis reaches completion.
conductivity
time
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
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9
of solution against initial concentration of urea.
600
500
400
final
conductivity 300
/ μS cm–1
200
100
0
0.00 1.00 × 10–4 2.00 × 10–4 3.00 × 10–4
initial concentration of urea / mol dm–3
in (b).
(ii) Use the calibration graph to determine the initial concentration of urea that would give the
(b)(iii).
(If you were unable to obtain an answer to (b)(iii) you should use the value of 350 S cm–1.
This is not the correct value.)
initial concentration of urea = .............................. mol dm–3 [1]
(iii) Use your answer to (c)(ii)

150 s. Determine the units of the rate of hydrolysis.
rate of hydrolysis = .............................. units = .............................. [2]

216
10
(d) The student repeats the experiment in (b) using a different low concentration of urea solution.
The student measures the conductivity of the solution for 300 s.
At 300 s, the student adds 1.0 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm–3 3 (aq). The
measured conductivity of the solution immediately increases.
3 (aq) is known to prevent the enzyme urease from hydrolysing urea.
Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the conductivity of the solution changes
during this experiment.
3 (aq) is added at 300 s.
conductivity
0
0 300
time / s
[3]
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11
(e) The following information gives some of the hazards associated with the chemicals used in the
procedure.
silver nitrate Solutions equal to or more concentrated than 0.18 mol dm–3
corrosive and
environment; solutions equal to or more concentrated than
0.06 mol dm–3 but less concentrated than 0.18 mol dm–3 are
moderate hazard and
; solutions less concentrated than
0.06 mol dm–3
environment.
All solutions are low hazard.
Concentrated solutions may produce allergic reactions.

They can cause asthma and irritate the eyes, nose and skin.
Dilute solutions are low hazard.
Describe one relevant precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that should be
taken to keep the risk associated with the chemicals used to a minimum. Explain your answer.
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
[Total: 18]

218
10 2019 MAR P52 Q1 2
1 The reaction between hydrogen peroxide, H2O2(aq), and iodide ions, I–(aq), takes place in acidic
conditions.
H2O2(aq) + 2I–(aq) + 2H+(aq) I2(aq) + 2H2O(l) reaction 1
The rate of this reaction can be found by measuring the time taken for a given amount of iodine,
I2(aq), to form.
This is done by adding a known amount of thiosulfate ions, S2O32–(aq), and allowing the I2(aq)
formed in reaction 1 to react with the S2O32–(aq).
I2(aq) + 2S2O32–(aq) 2I–(aq) + S4O62–(aq) reaction 2
After the S2O32–(aq) ions have all reacted in reaction 2, any further I2(aq) formed in reaction 1 can
be detected using an indicator.
A student carried out a series of experiments to determine the order of reaction with respect to the
concentration of I–(aq) ions in reaction 1.
The student prepared the following solutions.
solution A 0.100 mol dm–3 KI(aq)
solution B 0.0500 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq)
The student also had access to the following chemicals.
solution C 0.100 mol dm–3 H2O2(aq)

0.2 mol dm H2SO4(aq)
–3
distilled water
a suitable indicator
(a) The student prepared solution A in a 250 cm3
(i) The student used a balance accurate to two decimal places and a weighing boat. A
weighing boat is a small container used to hold solid samples when they are weighed.
Determine the mass, in g, of KI needed to prepare 250.0 cm3 of solution A.

[Ar: K, 39.1; I, 126.9]
mass = .............................. g [2]
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219
3
(ii) The student weighed the empty weighing boat. The student then added solid KI to the
weighing boat until the mass of KI calculated in (i) was reached. The student transferred
all of the KI from the weighing boat into a 100 cm3 beaker.
Describe how the student could check that the mass of KI transferred into the 100 cm3
beaker was exactly the same as the mass calculated in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) The student dissolved the KI in the 100 cm3 beaker in distilled water and transferred the
solution formed into a 250 cm3
3
. Care was taken to avoid parallax
errors.
Describe:
how the student should transfer all the KI solution from the beaker into the 250 cm3
volumetric flask
how the student should fill the volumetric flask exactly up to the 250 cm3 mark.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The student rinsed a burette with solution A A.
Explain why this improves the accuracy of the results.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(c) The student was given a solution of 0.400 mol dm–3 Na2S2O3(aq).
Determine the volume, in cm3, of this solution that should be added to a 100 cm3 volumetric
3
of solution B. Give your answer to two decimal places.
volume = .............................. cm3 [1]

220
4
(d) Experiment 1 was carried out using a series of steps.
step 1 The student used a measuring cylinder to measure 25 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm–3 H2SO4(aq).
step 2 The student added 20.00 cm3
step 3 The student added 5.00 cm3 of solution A
step 4 The student added 5.00 cm3 of solution B
step 5 The student added 1.0 cm3
step 6 The student used a burette to add 10.00 cm3 of solution C to a small beaker. The
immediately. The stopclock was stopped when the I2 formed caused the indicator to
change colour.
In Experiments 2–6 the student repeated steps 1–6 but using the volumes of distilled water
and solution A given in the table.
The student carried out two trials of each experiment.
volume of time for the indicator

volume of volume of volume of volume of to change colour, t
distilled
experiment H2SO4(aq) solution A, v solution B indicator /s
water
/ cm3 / cm3 / cm3 / cm3
/ cm3 trial 1 trial 2
1 25.0 20.00 5.00 5.00 1.0 218 220
2 25.0 15.00 10.00 5.00 1.0 112 113
3 25.0 12.50 12.50 5.00 1.0 100
4 25.0 10.00 15.00 5.00 1.0 77 76
5 25.0 5.00 20.00 5.00 1.0 59 59
6 25.0 0.00 25.00 5.00 1.0 47 49
(i) In Experiment 3, trial 2, the indicator changed colour as soon as the student added
solution C
Suggest which step the student did not carry out in Experiment 3, trial 2.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Suggest why the results shown in the table could be considered reliable.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 9701/52/F/M/19

221
5
(iii) What was the percentage error in the burette reading for measuring the volume of
solution A in Experiment 5?
percentage error = .............................. % [1]
(iv) Suggest why a measuring cylinder was used to measure the volume of H2SO4(aq) rather
than a more accurate piece of apparatus, such as a burette.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) For Experiments 1–6, state:
.............................................................................................
...............................................................................................
[2]

222
6
(e) The rate equation can be written as rate = k[I–]n where [I–] is proportional to the volume of
solution A and n is the order of reaction with respect to I–.
(i) Use only the results of Experiments 1–6 given in (d) to complete the table where:
v is the volume of solution A used in cm3

tav is the average time taken in trial 1 and trial 2 in s.
Give all values to three
experiment v / cm3 log v tav / s (1/tav) / s–1 log(1/tav)
1 5.00
2 10.00
3 12.50 100 0.0100
4 15.00
5 20.00
6 25.00
[2]
(ii) Rate can be expressed as (1/tav).

The rate equation can be expressed as shown.
log(1/tav) = nlog v + c
where:
v is proportional to [I–].
On the grid:
tav) against log v. Use a cross ( ) to plot each data point.
[2]
(iii)
both points you used in your calculation. Give the gradient to three
Determine the order of reaction with respect to I–(aq).
gradient = ..............................
order of reaction with respect to I–(aq) = ..............................

[3]
© UCLES 2019 9701/52/F/M/19

7
223
–1.60
–1.70
–1.80
–1.90
–2.00
log (1/tav)
–2.10
–2.20
–2.30
–2.40
–2.50
0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1.40
log v
[Total: 20]

224
11 2020 MAR P52 Q2 6
2 The activation energy, Ea, of the reaction between aqueous manganate(VII) ions, MnO4–(aq), and
aqueous ethanedioate ions, C2O42–(aq), can be determined as follows.
step 1 Use a pipette to transfer 10.00 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm–3 MnO4–(aq) into a boiling tube.
step 2 Use a second pipette to transfer 10.00 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 C2O42–(aq) into a second
boiling tube.
step 3 Place both boiling tubes into a water-bath at approximately 50 C and allow the temperature
of both solutions to become equal and constant.
step 4 Record this constant temperature.
step 5 Pour the C2O42–(aq) solution into the boiling tube containing the MnO4–(aq) solution and
immediately start the timer. Continue to stir the mixture during the reaction.
step 6
step 7 Repeat the experiment at different temperatures and record the results.
The student used their recorded data to complete columns 1–3 of the table.
average temperature
experiment 1
of reaction mixture (T ) time (t –1
log t
number T
1 333 11
2 323 35
3 315 76
4 310 145
5 304 284
(a) An extra procedural step in the method is required in order to be able to calculate the average
temperature of the reaction mixture throughout each experiment.
State the extra procedural step that needs to be done.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Complete the empty columns in the table, giving all values to . [2]
(c) Suggest why an experiment with an average temperature of 70 C (343 K) would produce a
result that is less accurate than the other experiments.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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225
7
(d) Identify the dependent variable.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
1
(e) Plot a graph on the grid to show the relationship between log t and T . Use a cross ( ) to plot
2.60
2.40
2.20
2.00
log t
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
1.00
0.00295 0.00300 0.00305 0.00310 0.00315 0.00320 0.00325 0.00330 0.00335
1 –1
/K
T
[2]

226
8
(f)
Ea
log t = + constant
2.303 RT
R = 8.314 J mol–1 K–1
(i)
State the coordinates of both points you used in your calculation. These must be selected
Give the gradient to .
coordinates 1 ............................................. coordinates 2 ................................................
gradient = .............................. K
[2]
(ii) Determine the activation energy, Ea, of this reaction.
Give your answer to . Include units.
Ea = ..............................
units = ..............................
[2]
[Total: 11]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2020 9701/52/F/M/20

227
ELECTROCHEMISTRY
1 2008 NOV P5 Q2 7
2 A student reads about the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate and makes the For
following notes. Examiner’s
Use
• reaction at the cathode Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)

• reaction at the anode Cu(s) Cu2+(aq) + 2e–
• 1 mol of Cu(s) is deposited on the cathode by 2 mol of electrons.
• The Faraday constant is the charge in coulombs, C, on 1 mol of
electrons.
• The Faraday constant = 9.5 × 104 C mol–1.
The student realises that a value for the Faraday constant can be determined experimentally
using the following apparatus.
variable
resistor
A
Cu(s) electrodes
CuSO4(aq)
Method
• The cathode is cleaned and weighed before being placed in the copper(II) sulphate
solution.
• The circuit is completed and the current set at 0.3 A by adjusting the variable resistor.
• The current is maintained at 0.3 A for exactly 40 minutes at which point the circuit is
broken.
• The cathode is removed from the solution and carefully washed with distilled water to
remove any copper(II) sulphate solution.
• Distilled water is removed from the cathode by rinsing it with propanone in which the
water dissolves.
• The cathode is finally dried by allowing the propanone to evaporate from its surface.
• The cathode is reweighed and placed back in the solution.
• A constant current of 0.3 A is passed for a further 40 minutes when the rinsing, drying
and weighing are repeated.
• This procedure is repeated a further 8 times.
BILAL HAMEED ELECTROCHEMISTRY

2288
The results of the experiment are recorded below. For

Examiner’s
Use
A B C D E F
time mass of
cathode
/minutes /g
0 115.74
40 115.97
80 116.22
120 116.46
160 116.70
200 116.94
240 117.19
280 117.49
320 117.67
360 117.92
400 118.14
(a) Use the additional columns of the table to record the charge passed and the mass of
copper deposited on the cathode.
[ charge in coulombs = time in seconds × current in amps; 1 minute = 60 seconds ]
You may use some or all of the columns. Label the columns you use, including the units
and an equation to show how the value is calculated. [2]
© UCLES 2008 9701/05/O/N/08

229
9
(b) Present the data calculated in (a) in graphical form. Draw the line of best-fit. For
Examiner’s
Use
[4]

23010
(c) Indicate clearly one anomalous point on the graph that you did not use when drawing For
the line of best-fit. By reference to the instructions for the experiment suggest an Examiner’s
explanation for the anomaly. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The balance used by the student weighed to 2 decimal places. By reference to the
results of the experiment explain why it would have been more appropriate to use an
analytical balance weighing to 4 decimal places.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Draw construction lines on the graph to derive relevant values and use them to calculate
a numerical value for the Faraday constant.
reaction at the cathode Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s)
[Ar: Cu; 63.5]
The value of the Faraday constant determined in this experiment is
.......................................... C mol–1. [2]
© UCLES 2008 9701/05/O/N/08

23111
(f) By considering the data you have processed and the graph you have drawn, decide if For
the experimental procedure described is suitable for the determination of the Faraday Examiner’s
constant. Explain your reasoning. Use
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [2]
(g) What other measurements could be made during the course of the experiment to provide
alternative data to confirm the determined value of the Faraday constant?
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
(h) Another student, performing the same experiment, plotted the mass of copper deposited
against time, and obtained the results below.
mass of
copper / g
time / minutes
Making reference to the experimental method, suggest an explanation for the shape of
this graph.
..........................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 15]
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232
2 2014 JUN P51 Q2 6
2 An experiment was set up to investigate how the cell potential of a cell containing a metal, M, in
contact with an aqueous solution of its ions, Mn+(aq) (where n = 1, 2 or 3), changed as Mn+(aq) was
diluted.
Since a standard hydrogen half-cell was not available, a standard half-cell consisting of silver in
contact with a 1 mol dm–3 solution of silver ions was used to connect to the half-cell with M in contact
with Mn+(aq).
salt bridge
metal M silver
electrode electrode
Mn+(aq) ions 1 mol dm–3

Ag+(aq) ions
The metal electrodes of the two half-cells were connected via a voltmeter, reading to two decimal
places. This was used to measure the cell potential of the cell.
The cell potential was measured for various concentrations of Mn+(aq) and the results obtained are
shown in the table below.
(a) Complete the third column of the table below. Give each answer to two decimal places.
concentration of cell potential

log [Mn+(aq)]
Mn+(aq) / mol dm–3 /V
5.00 10–1 0.94

1.00 10–1 0.96
4.00 10–2 0.97
1.00 10–2 0.99
5.00 10 –3
1.00
2.00 10–3 1.01
8.00 10–4 1.02
2.00 10–4 1.04
[2]
© UCLES 2014 9701/51/M/J/14

233
7
7
(b) Plot
(b) aPlot
graph to show
a graph to showthethe
relationship
relationshipbetween
betweenlog
log [M
[Mn+(aq)]
n+
andthe
(aq)] and thecell
cellpotential
potential measured
measured
and draw the line
and draw of best
the line fit. fit.
of best
cell potential /V /V
cell potential
1.04 1.04
1.03 1.03
1.02
1.02
1.01
1.01
1.00
1.00
0.99
0.99
0.98
0.98
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.96
0.95
0.95
0.94
0.94 0.93
0.93 0.92
– 4.5 – 4.0 –3.5 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0

0.92
– 4.5 – 4.0 –3.5 –3.0 –2.5 –2.0 –1.5 –1.0 –0.5 0.0

234
8
(c) Are there any anomalous points on your graph? If so, circle those points. Give a reason for
your answer.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(d) It is known that the cell potential of a cell, E, is related to the standard electrode potential, E o,
by the equation:
0.06 log [Mn+(aq)]

E = Eo –
n
(i) Use your graph to determine the charge, n, of the Mn+ ions. Draw appropriate lines on
your graph to enable you to calculate its slope and show in the space below, how n was
calculated.
[3]
(ii) Use your graph to determine the standard electrode potential, E o, of the cell.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) The standard electrode potential for silver is +0.80 V.

Calculate the standard electrode potential for the metal, M. Use the data given on page 12 to
suggest the identity of M.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
© UCLES 2014 9701/51/M/J/14

235
9
(f) Write an overall equation for the cell reaction which is taking place.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) The solutions contained in the two half-cells must be connected using a salt bridge.
(i) Why is a salt bridge necessary?
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Which (if any) of the following salts would be suitable to use in the salt bridge:
potassium chloride, potassium nitrate, potassium sulfate?
If you consider any to be unsuitable, explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
[Total: 15]

2
236
1 This question concerns electrolysis of different compounds.
3 2015 JUN the

P52electrolysis
Q1 2 2
(a) During of dilute sulfuric acid using a current of 0.75 A for 90 minutes, the volume
1 of oxygen
This1 question gas collected
concerns
This question was recorded
electrolysis
concerns and
of different
electrolysis is shown
compounds.
of different in the graph below.
compounds.
250 (a) During the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric

(a) During the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acidacid using
using a current
a current ofof0.75
0.75AAfor
for 90
90 minutes,
minutes, the
thevolume
volume
of oxygen gas collected volume of oxygen
of oxygen gas collected was was recorded
recorded andand is shown
is shown in in thegraph
the graphbelow.
below.
250
250 volume of oxygen
200 volume of oxygen
200
200
150
volume
of gas 150
/ cm3 volume
150
volume 100
of gas
/ cm3
of gas
100
/ cm3
100
50
50
50
0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
0 10 20 30 40 / min 50
time 60 70 80 90
0 time / min
0
(i) 10
Give equations 20the reactions
for 30 that occur40 at each 50 electrode
60 in the electrolysis
70 80sulfuric 90
of
(i) Give equations for the reactions thattime
acid. occur at
/ min each electrode in the electrolysis of sulfuric
acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
(i) Give equations for the reactions that occur at each electrode in the electrolysis of sulfuric
.............................................................................................................................................
acid.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
.............................................................................................................................................
(ii) On(ii)theOn the graph
graph above, above,
use ause a ruler
ruler to draw
to draw andand label
label a line(hydrogen)
a line (hydrogen) to to predict
predict thethevolume
volume
of hydrogen
of hydrogen that would
that would be given
be given off during
off during thethesamesame experiment.
experiment. [1]
[1]
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) On the graph above, use a ruler to draw and label a line (oxygen) to predict the volume of
(iii) On theoxygen
graph above, usebea produced
ruler to draw and label a line (oxygen) to predict the volume of
(ii) On the graph that
above, use a ruler to draw
would and label
if a current a line
of 0.45 (hydrogen)
A was to predict
used instead theAvolume
of the 0.75 used
oxygeninthat would
the original be produced
experiment. if a current of 0.45 A was used instead of the 0.75 A used
[1][1]
of hydrogen that would be given off during the same experiment.
in the original experiment. [1]
(iii) On the graph above, use a ruler to draw and label a line (oxygen) to predict the volume of
oxygen that would be produced if a current of 0.45 A was used instead of the 0.75 A used
in the original experiment. [1]
© UCLES 2015 9701/52/M/J/15
© UCLES 2015 9701/52/M/J/15
© UCLES 2015 9701/52/M/J/15

237
3
(b) During the electrolysis of potassium butanedioate, the following reaction occurs.
CH2COO– K+
2H2O + → C2H4 + 2CO2 + H2 + 2K+OH–
CH2COO K – +
potassium
butanedioate
An experiment can be carried out to confirm the above equation. In order to do this, the amounts
of hydrogen, ethene and carbon dioxide produced need to be measured.
Hydrogen is produced at one electrode, ethene and carbon dioxide are produced at the other.
The carbon dioxide can be separated from the ethene by absorbing it in an alkali before the
volume of ethene is measured.
(i) Using the power supply drawn below, draw a fully labelled circuit diagram and apparatus
which shows how:
the current could be measured,
the hydrogen produced could be collected and its volume measured,
the carbon dioxide could be removed using a named alkali,
the volume of ethene could be measured.
+ –
d.c. power
supply
[5]

238
4
(ii) State what measurements should be taken when carrying out the experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) C coulombs of electricity resulted in V cm3 of hydrogen gas being produced during the
electrolysis.
In terms of C and V, state the number of coulombs, N, that would be required to produce
24 dm3 of hydrogen.
[1]
(iv) In terms of N, state the number of faradays of electricity that would be required to produce
1 mol of hydrogen at room temperature and pressure.
(1 faraday of electricity = 96 500 coulombs)
[1]
(v) Give the equation for the reaction that takes place when the carbon dioxide is absorbed
by the alkali.
Include state symbols.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) Predict the organic product that would be obtained at the anode when a solution of
potassium hexanedioate is electrolysed.
[1]
[Total: 15]
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239
4 2016 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 A more reactive metal will displace a less reactive metal from a solution of its salt. This reaction is
exothermic. If the same reaction is set up in an electrochemical cell then, instead of an enthalpy
change, electrical energy is produced and a cell voltage can be measured.
You are to plan an investigation of the reaction of three different metals (magnesium, iron and zinc)
with aqueous copper(II) sulfate. You will plan to investigate whether there is a relationship between
their cell potential values, , and their enthalpy changes of reaction, Hr.
Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s)

Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Copper(II) sulfate solution moderate hazard.
Zinc sulfate solution corrosive.
Iron(II) sulfate solution health hazard.
(a) Predict how Hr may change as increases. Give a reason for your prediction.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) Hr, for the reaction of

the same number of moles of three powdered metals with 0.500 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulfate.
When determining the Hr for the reaction of the metals listed above with aqueous copper(II)
sulfate,
the independent variable is, .......................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
the dependent variable is. .........................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
© UCLES 2016 9701/52/M/J/16

240
3
You are provided with a sample of powdered metal and 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous
copper(II) sulfate.
(c) (i) Draw a fully labelled diagram to show how the apparatus should be set up to allow you to
determine the increase in temperature of aqueous copper(II) sulfate.
You should use apparatus normally found in a school or college laboratory.
[1]
(ii) State the measurements you would make in your experiment.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Other than eye protection, state one precaution you would take to make sure that the
experiment proceeds safely.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

241
4
(iv) For the reaction with magnesium, calculate the mass of magnesium, in g, you would use
so that it is in a small excess. You must show your working.
[Ar: Mg, 24.3]
mass of Mg = ............................. g [2]
(v) Explain why the metal used should be in powdered form rather than in strips.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(vi) The aqueous copper(II) sulfate and metal mixture should be stirred continuously.
Explain why.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) In one experiment, the increase in temperature when excess magnesium powder is added to
50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous copper(II) sulfate is 58.5 C.
Calculate the enthalpy change for this reaction, Hr, in kJ mol–1.

c, of the reaction mixture is 4.18 J g–1 K–1.
Assume 1.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm–3 aqueous copper(II) sulfate has a mass of 1.0 g.
Include a sign in your answer.
Hr = ............................. kJ mol–1 [2]
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242
5
(e) The second part of the investigation involves determining the cell potential, , for the three
electrochemical cells.
cell reaction
Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)
Draw a diagram of the apparatus you would use to measure the for the magnesium/copper
cell. Your labels should include the names of the metals and the names and concentrations
of the solutions you would use.
[3]
(f) Explain why the enthalpy change determination and cell potential determination should be
carried out at the same temperature as each other.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
6
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(g) Accepted values are shown for the cell reactions.
cell reaction /V Hr
1 Mg(s) + Cu2+(aq) Mg2+(aq) + Cu(s) +2.72
2 Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Zn2+(aq) + Cu(s) +1.10
3 Fe(s) + Cu (aq) 2+
Fe (aq) + Cu(s)
2+
+0.78
Use your prediction in (a), your answer to (d) and data from the table to predict Hr values for
reactions 2 and 3.
Complete the table with these values. [1]
[Total: 18]

243
5 2017 NOV P51 Q2 7
2 2 SO4
50.0 cm3 mark
burette 1 burette 2
0.0 cm3 mark

dilute sulfuric acid
platinum electrode
– +
reaction at electrode in burette 1 +

(aq) + 2e– 2 (g)
1
reaction at electrode in burette 2 2O(l) 2 O2
+
(aq) + 2e–

244
8
F.
(a)
table.
3
, and the charge
passed, in coulombs, C.
time (s)
reading on charge passed

time / s
burette 1 / cm3 gas produced / cm3 /C
0 46.20 0.00
50 41.20
100 36.20
150 31.45
200 25.80
250 20.80
300 16.40
350 11.45
400 6.80
450 1.50
© UCLES 2017 9701/51/O/N/17

245
99
(b) (b)
and charge passed.
and charge passed.
Use aUse a cross

cross ( (
44.00 44.00
40.00
40.00
36.00
36.00
32.00
32.00
volume of hydrogen gas produced / cm3
volume of hydrogen gas produced / cm3
28.00
28.00
24.00
24.00
20.00
20.00
16.00
16.00
12.00
12.00 8.00
8.00 4.00
0.00
4.00 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
charge passed / C
0.00
0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
© UCLES 2017
charge passed / C
9701/51/O/N/17 [Turn over

246
10
(c) (a)
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(d) (i)
co-ordinates 1 .............................................. co-ordinates 2 .............................................
gradient = .............................. cm3 C–1
(ii)
If you were unable to obtain an answer for (d)(i), you may use the value 0.148 cm3 C–1, but
this is not the correct answer.
.............................. mol C–1
(iii) (ii) 2 (g) to calculate a
+
(aq) + 2e– 2 (g)
.............................. C mol–1
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(e) (i) 2 (g) produced at the cathode
2 (g) produced at
20.0
16.0 H2(g)
volume of 12.0
gas produced
/ cm3 8.0
4.0
0.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
time / s
(ii) 2 less than that
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(f)
pressure, Patm.
pressure of the gas to Pnew.
Pnew and Patm.
Pnew = Patm – 2.81 – (9.81 height of solution in burette)
(i)
Pnew and the height of solution in the burette.
Pnew
height of solution

248
12
(ii) State how Pnew Patm in (d)(iii).
.............................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
(g)
half-equation Eo/V
+
(aq) + 2e– 2 (g) 0.00
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) +0.34
1
2 O2 (aq) + 2e O(l)
+ –
2 +1.23
each
cathode ......................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
anode .........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
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6 2018 JUN P51 Q1 2
1 The Faraday constant is the charge in coulombs, C, carried by 1 mole of electrons.
(a) A student plans an electrolysis experiment to determine the Faraday constant.
The student was supplied with the following.
1.0 mol dm–3 copper(II) sulfate

clean, dry copper foil electrodes, labelled ‘anode’ and ‘cathode’
balance
stop-clock
ammeter
other equipment suitable for carrying out electrolysis
Draw a labelled diagram of the apparatus and chemicals the student should use in their
electrolysis experiment. Include in your diagram the circuit connecting the anode and cathode.
[2]
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3
(b) Two of the hazards of using copper(II) sulfate solution are given below.
For each hazard, state a precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that the student
should take when carrying out the experiment.
hazard: copper(II) sulfate solution causes skin irritation
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
hazard: copper(II) sulfate solution is toxic to aquatic life
precaution ..................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
The student carried out the electrolysis for exactly 30 minutes with a current of 0.5 A.
After the electrolysis was finished, the student removed the electrodes.
The electrodes were then carefully washed in water and then dipped in propanone.
The electrodes were dried by allowing the propanone to evaporate.
(c) State the measurements the student would need to record to calculate the mass change of an
electrode. Include the appropriate unit.
[1]

251
4
(d) Calculate the charge passed through the copper(II) sulfate solution during the electrolysis
experiment using the formula shown.
charge (C) = current (A) time (s)
charge passed = .............................. C [1]
(e) The mass change of the anode was – 0.282 g.
[Ar: Cu, 63.5]
moles of copper lost from the anode = .............................. mol [1]
(f) Use your answers to (d) and (e) to calculate the charge required to remove 1 mole of copper
from the anode.
charge required to remove 1 mole of copper = .............................. C [1]
(g) The theoretical charge required to remove 1 mole of copper from the anode into solution as
copper(II) ions is 193 000 C.
The Faraday constant is 96 500 C mol–1.
Explain why the theoretical charge is twice the Faraday constant.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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5
(h) A possible source of error is not drying the anode at the start of the experiment.
Explain the effect, if any, on the calculated value of the Faraday constant if the anode is wet at
the beginning of the experiment but dry at the end.
effect ..........................................................................................................................................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
(i) The student wanted to ensure that the anode was completely dry at the end of the experiment
some blackening of the surface of the copper.
Suggest what caused this blackening.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(j) The student calculated the mass change of the anode and the cathode after the experiment
was complete.
mass change of anode = – 0.282 g mass change of cathode = +0.217 g
Suggest one reason why the mass gained at the cathode is not the same as the mass lost at
the anode. Assume the student has recorded the mass changes correctly.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 12]

253
7 2018 JUN P52 Q1 2
1 When concentrated iron(III) chloride is added to water at just below boiling point, a reaction occurs
and produces Fe2O3, seen as a red colour in the water. This is a ‘sol’ of Fe2O3. A sol contains
particles that are insoluble but do not form a precipitate.
A student prepared a concentrated solution of iron(III) chloride by dissolving FeCl 3.6H2O(s) in

distilled water.
(a) Hazard information for hydrated iron(III) chloride is given.
For this hazard, state a precaution, other than eye protection and a lab coat, that the student
could take when preparing a solution of concentrated iron(III) chloride.
hazard: solid FeCl 3.6H2O is irritating to the skin
precaution ............................................................................................................................ [1]
Particles of a sol can be positively or negatively charged. The student used the experimental set-up
2O3 sol particle is positively charged.
d.c.
power supply
+ –
U-tube
graphite electrode graphite electrode
distilled water distilled water
red Fe2O3 sol
(b) The student placed a few cm3 of the sol at the bottom of the U-tube and poured 10 cm3 of
distilled water into each side of the U-tube, without disturbing the sol. The two layers of distilled
water were colourless at the beginning of the experiment. Graphite electrodes were inserted
and a current was passed. After 30 minutes a difference was noted between the distilled water
in the two sides of the U-tube.
Predict the colour of the distilled water in both sides of the U-tube after 30 minutes, if the Fe2O3
sol particle is positively charged.
observation in side with positive electrode ................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
observation in side with negative electrode ...............................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[1]
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3
Salt solutions can be added to sols to cause them to precipitate. This method is used in water
(c) The student made up 100.0 cm3 of standard solutions containing 0.100 mol dm–3 of the following
ions.
K+(aq) Mg2+(aq) Al 3+(aq) Cl –(aq) SO42–(aq) PO43–(aq)
(i) What mass of solid potassium sulfate, K2SO4, did the student use to make up exactly
100.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm–3 SO42–(aq)?
[Ar: K, 39.1; S, 32.1; O, 16.0]
mass of K2SO4 = .............................. g [1]
(ii) Describe how the student should have accurately prepared this volume of standard
solution from a sample of K2SO4 of mass calculated in (c)(i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(d) The student carried out an experiment to precipitate the Fe2O3 sol, using 0.100 mol dm–3
K2SO4(aq). Only one drop of K2SO4(aq) was needed for the complete precipitation of 10.0 cm3
Fe2O3 sol.
Calculate how many moles of SO42– were added. Assume that one drop is 0.05 cm3.
moles of SO42– added = .............................. mol [1]

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4
(e) The student decided to dilute the standard solution of 0.100 mol dm–3 K2SO4 to make 50.0 cm3
of 0.0100 mol dm–3 K2SO4(aq).
(i) Calculate the volume of standard solution required to make exactly 50.0 cm3 of
0.0100 mol dm–3 K2SO4(aq).
volume of standard K2SO4(aq) = .............................. cm3 [1]
(ii) Name a piece of apparatus that could be used to measure accurately the volume of
solution calculated in (e)(i).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) In an alternative method, 50.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3 K2SO4(aq) could be prepared by using
0.0872 g of K2SO4.
Explain why the dilution method used by the student to prepare 50.0 cm3 of 0.0100 mol dm–3
K2SO4(aq) is the more accurate of the two methods.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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5
(g) The student carried out experiments to investigate how much of a particular salt solution was
required to fully precipitate all the Fe2O3 sol in a 1000 cm3 sample. The salt solutions used were
all of concentration 0.0100 mol dm–3 with respect to the ion being investigated.
Experiment 1
identity of charge minimum amount of anion required for

salt solution on anion complete precipitation of 1000 cm3 sol / mol
KCl –1 1.02 10–1
K2SO4 –2 3.25 10– 4
K3PO4 –3 8.56 10–5
Experiment 2
identity of charge minimum amount of cation required for

salt solution on cation complete precipitation of 1000 cm3 sol / mol
KCl +1 1.02 10–1
MgCl 2 +2 1.10 10–1
Al Cl 3 +3 1.15 10–1
(i) Describe the effect of changing the charge on the anion from –1 to –2 to –3 on the
precipitation of the Fe2O3 sol in Experiment 1.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) Identify the independent variable in Experiment 2.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) 2 S3, is highly toxic and should be removed from drinking water.
The Fe2O3 sol particles are positively charged.
The As2S3 sol particles are negatively charged.
Based on the student’s results, which salt used in either Experiment 1 or Experiment 2
would be the most effective at removing As2S3 from drinking water?
salt ......................................................................................................................................
explanation .........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 13]

257
8 2018 NOV P51 Q2 7
2 The solubility product, Ksp, of a sparingly soluble salt can be determined by measuring the cell
potential of a cell known as a concentration cell
the salt as the electrolyte.
The Ksp of silver chloride, AgCl, can be measured using the apparatus shown.
salt bridge
silver silver
electrode electrode
saturated solution Ag+(aq) of varying

of silver chloride concentrations
places. This measured the cell potential of the concentration cell.
C. Under these conditions, the relationship between

cell potential, Ecell, and [Ag+(aq)] is
16.1Ecell = log Csat – log [Ag+(aq)]
Csat is the concentration of the saturated solution of silver chloride
(a) (i) C.
Explain how you would do this.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) If the temperature was maintained at 40 C, over time the reading on the voltmeter would
change.
Suggest reason why.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

258
8
The cell potential was measured for various concentrations of Ag+(aq) and the results obtained are
shown in the table.
(b)
Give each answer to .
[Ag+(aq)]
experiment Ecell / V –log [Ag+(aq)] 16.1Ecell / V
/ mol dm–3
1 0.00100 –0.097
2 0.00500 –0.140
3 0.0100 –0.159
4 0.0250 –0.171
5 0.0500 –0.202
6 0.100 –0.221
7 0.200 –0.239
8 0.500 –0.264
9 1.50 –0.294
[2]
(c) (i) On the grid on page 9, plot a graph of 16.1Ecell against –log [Ag+(aq)].
(ii) Circle the single most anomalous point on the graph.
C. Suggest what error in the
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) Use your graph and the equation to determine a value for log Csat.
16.1Ecell = log Csat – log [Ag+(aq)]
log Csat = .............................. [1]
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9
–0.50
–1.00
–1.50
–2.00
–2.50
16.1Ecell / V
–3.00
–3.50
–4.00
–4.50
–5.00
–5.50
–0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50
–log [Ag (aq)]
+

260
10
(d) To carry out these experiments, Ag+(aq) of concentration 2.0 mol dm–3 was prepared.
(i) For experiment 6, calculate the volume of 2.0 mol dm–3 Ag+(aq) needed to prepare exactly
250.0 cm3 of Ag+(aq) in a 250.0 cm3
volume = .............................. cm3 [1]
(ii) Name a suitable piece of apparatus which could be used to measure the volume calculated
in (i).
.........................................................................................................................................[1]
The relationship between the solubility product, Ksp, and the concentration of the saturated
solution of silver chloride, Csat, is shown.
Ksp = Csat2
Use this equation and your answer to (c)(iii) to calculate a value for Ksp.
(If you have no answer for (c)(iii), use a value of – 4.20 but this is the true value.)
Ksp = .............................. [2]
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11
(ii) The solubility of AgCl increases with temperature.
Using the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the Ksp of AgCl varies with temperature.
Label both axes.
[1]
(f) The salt bridge in a concentration cell commonly contains a solution of one of the following
compounds.
potassium chloride potassium nitrate sodium chloride
Identify which, if any, of these compounds would be suitable for use in the salt bridge in
this experiment.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
[Total: 16]

262

263
9 2019 JUN P51 Q1 3
1 A student investigates the charge (z+) carried by aqueous manganese ions, Mnz+(aq). The
electrochemical cell shown is set up for this investigation with the following two half-cells:
a standard copper(II) ion / copper half-cell (E o = +0.340 V)

a half-cell made from manganese and 0.500 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq).
(a) Label the items P and Q and state the concentration of the copper(II) ion solution in the copper
half-cell.
P ........................................
copper manganese
copper(II) ion 0.500 mol dm–3

solution aqueous Mnz+(aq)
Q ........................................
concentration of the copper(II) ion solution in the copper half-cell = ........................................

[1]
(b) During the investigation the student plans to use solutions of Mnz+(aq) of lower concentration
than 0.500 mol dm–3.
(i) Calculate the volume of 0.500 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq) needed to prepare 100.0 cm3 of
0.200 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq).
volume = .............................. cm3 [1]

264
4
(ii) Describe how, using a 100 cm3

100.0 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq) using the volume of 0.500 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq)
calculated in (b)(i) and standard school or college apparatus.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
The cell potential of the electrochemical cell in (a) is measured. The 0.500 mol dm–3 Mnz+(aq) is
then replaced by the 0.200 mol dm–3 solution and the cell potential is measured again. This is
repeated for other lower concentrations of Mnz+(aq). All measurements are made at 25 C.
(iii)
Complete column three of the table, calculating log[Mnz+] to two decimal places.
Complete column four of the table, calculating E, the electrode potential of each manganese
half-cell, to three decimal places, using the equation shown.
E (manganese half-cell) = Ecell + 0.340 V
electrode potential
[Mnz+]
cell potential, Ecell / V log[Mnz+] of each manganese
/ mol dm–3
half-cell, E / V
5.0 10–1 –1.529 –0.30 –1.189
2.0 10–1 –1.541
1.0 10–1 –1.550
7.5 10–2 –1.553
2.5 10–2 –1.567
8.0 10–3 –1.582
6.0 10–3 –1.590
4.0 10–3 –1.591
3.0 10–3 –1.594
5.0 10–4 –1.617
[2]
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5
(c) Plot a graph of electrode potential of manganese half-cell (y z+

] (x
Use a cross (
log[Mnz+]
–3.0 –2.0 –1.0 0.0
–1.16
–1.17
–1.18
–1.19
–1.20
–1.21
electrode
potential of
manganese
half-cell, E / V
–1.22
–1.23
–1.24
–1.25
–1.26
–1.27
–1.28
[2]

266
6
(d) (i) Circle the most anomalous point on your graph. [1]
(ii) The student is careful to ensure that all solutions used are at the same temperature in all
(d)(i)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(e) Your graph is a plot of E against log[Mnz+] and can be analysed using the Nernst equation at
25 C.
0.059
E = Eo + log[Mnz+]
z
z is the value of the charge carried by the manganese ion

E is the electrode potential / V
E o is the standard electrode potential / V
E o, of the
manganese half-cell.
E o = .............................. V [1]
(f) (i) Determine the gradient of the graph.

State the co-ordinates of both points you used for your calculation.
Record the value of the gradient to .
gradient = ..............................
[2]
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7
(ii) Use your answer to (f)(i) and the Nernst equation to calculate the value of z to three
Your calculation show the use of the Nernst equation.
(If you were unable to calculate an answer to (f)(i) you may use the value 0.0197. This is
not the correct value.)
z = ..............................
formula of manganese ion = ..............................

[2]
(g) Lowering [Mnz+] causes the value of the electrode potential of the manganese half-cell to
become more negative.
Suggest why this happens.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 16]

268
10 2020 JUN P52 Q2 5
2 (a)
dissolved in concentrated nitric acid and the resulting solution is diluted with distilled water.
Cu2+ ions are formed in this reaction.
Use the electrode potentials shown to write a balanced ionic equation for the reaction between
the copper in the brass nail and the concentrated nitric acid.
equation electrode potential, E o / V

2H+(aq) + 2e– H2(g) 0.00
Cu2+(aq) + e– Cu+(aq) +0.15
Cu2+(aq) + 2e– Cu(s) +0.34
NO3–(aq) + 2H+(aq) + e– NO2(g) + H2O(l) +0.81
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(b) A small beaker was weighed using a balance accurate to two decimal places and its mass
recorded.
The brass nail was placed in the beaker and the mass increased by 3.76 g.
Calculate the percentage error in measuring the mass of this nail.
percentage error = .............................. %

[1]
(c) 50 cm3 of concentrated nitric acid was added to the nail in the beaker. When the reaction
3
water.
Concentrated nitric acid is corrosive.
State one precaution related to this hazard that must be taken when using concentrated
nitric acid.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

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6
(d) (i) Concentrations of metal ions in solution can be determined using a colorimeter. When light
passes through solutions of metal ions some of the light may be absorbed.
The quantity of light absorbed is called the absorbance and is measured by a colorimeter.
The absorbance of solutions of known concentration of copper(II) ions can be used to
determine an unknown concentration of copper(II) ions.
A solution of copper(II) nitrate of concentration 0.800 mol dm–3 is required for this
investigation.
Calculate the mass of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2, needed to prepare 100.0 cm3 of
0.800 mol dm–3 solution. Give your answer to .
[Ar: Cu, 63.5; N, 14.0; O, 16.0]
mass of copper(II) nitrate, Cu(NO3)2 = .............................. g

[2]
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8
A series of ten solutions of different concentrations of copper(II) ions are prepared by diluting
volumes of 0.800 mol dm–3 copper(II) nitrate with distilled water.
(ii) The total volume needed of each solution is 20.00 cm3.
The absorbance of each solution is recorded in a colorimeter at a wavelength of light of

630 nm and recorded in the table.
Complete the table to show the volumes of 0.800 mol dm–3 copper(II) nitrate and distilled
water needed to prepare each solution. Give all volumes to .
volume of concentration
volume of
solution 0.800 mol dm–3 of Cu2+(aq) absorbance
distilled water / cm3
copper(II) nitrate / cm3 / mol dm–3
1 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00
2 0.04 0.12
3 0.12 0.36
4 0.16 0.48
5 0.22 0.66
6 0.30 0.89
7 0.36 1.06
8 0.42 1.25
9 0.48 1.41
10 0.60 1.76
[1]
(iii) Name a suitable piece of apparatus for accurately measuring the volumes you have
calculated in (d)(ii).
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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9
(e) (i) The plot produced by comparing the absorbance of each solution with its concentration is
referred to as a calibration graph.
Plot a calibration graph of absorbance (y-axis) against concentration of Cu2+(aq) (x-axis).

Use a cross (
2.00
1.80
1.60
1.40
1.20
absorbance
1.00
0.80
0.60
0.40
0.20
0.00
0.00 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50 0.60 0.70
concentration of Cu2+(aq) / mol dm–3
[2]

272
10
(ii) State the relationship between concentration of Cu2+(aq) and absorbance.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f) (i) The absorbance of the solution prepared in (c) from the brass nail was found to be 0.56.
2+
(aq) in this solution.
concentration of Cu2+(aq) = .............................. mol dm–3 [1]
(ii) Use your answer to (f)(i) and the information in (b) and (c) to calculate the percentage of
copper, by mass, in the brass nail. Give your answer to .
(If you were unable to obtain an answer to (f)(i) you may use the value 0.22 mol dm–3. This
is not the correct value.)
[Ar: Cu, 63.5]
percentage of copper in the brass nail = ..............................%

[2]
[Total: 14]
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273
11 2020 JUN P52 Q2 7
excess
chlorine gas
iron wire
dry chlorine gas
chloride
heat
of iron
(a)
(i) two
1 ..........................................................................................................................................
2 ..........................................................................................................................................
[1]
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

274
8
(b) (i)
amount
student
/g /g /g / mol / mol
1 1.64
2 1.10 3.16
3 1.40 4.03
two decimal places.
[Ar l
[3]
(ii)
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9
0.22
0.20
0.18
0.16
0.14
0.12
amount
of
chlorine
atoms 0.10
/ mol
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08
amount of iron / mol

276
10
(iii)
Suggest one
procedure.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c)
coordinates 1 ................................................. coordinates 2 ...................................................
gradient = ..............................
[2]
(d) l 3.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
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11
(e) (i)
percentage error = .............................. % [1]
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(f)
(i)
l 2.
[Ar l
[1]
(ii) (a) and (f) do
electrode
reaction o
/V
Fe2+ –
–0.44
2H + –
H2 0.00
Fe3+ –
Fe2+
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

278
MISCELLANEOUS
1 2014 NOV P51 Q1 2
1 A solder is an alloy of metals which is used to join 2 other metal pieces together.
A specialist solder that can be used to join together pieces of aluminium is made from a mixture by
1 of
mass A solder is an 20%
65% zinc, alloy of metals which
aluminium andis15%
usedcopper.
to join other metal pieces together.
A specialist solder that can be used to join together pieces of aluminium is made from a mixture by
mass
You are of 65%
to plan zinc, 20% aluminium
an experimental and 15%
procedure copper.
to confi rm the composition of a powdered sample of this
solder, by adding reagents and then extracting from the mixture each of the following in sequence;
You are to plan an experimental procedure to confirm the composition of a powdered sample of this
solder, by adding reagents and then extracting from the mixture each of the following in sequence;
(i) the copper metal,
(ii) the(i) aluminium
the copperas aluminium hydroxide,
metal,
(iii) the zinc as zinc hydroxide.
(ii) the aluminium as aluminium hydroxide,
(iii) the zinc as zinc hydroxide.
a sample of this solder, with approximate mass 4 g,
a sample
1.00 mol of this solder,
dm–3 sulfuric acid, with approximate mass 4 g,
1.00 mol
–3 dm sulfuric acid,
–3
1.00 mol dm ammonia.
1.00 mol dm ammonia.
–3
No other reagents should be used. Standard laboratory equipment is available including a balance,
No other reagents should be used. Standard laboratory equipment is available including a balance,
accurate to twotodecimal
accurate places.
two decimal places.
(a) Complete the flthe

(a) Complete owchart below
flowchart to show
below to showthetheorder
orderininwhich
which the
the reagents wouldbe
reagents would beadded
addedto to
the solder to allow
the solder you you
to allow to extract andand
to extract separate
separatethethecomponents
components as copper
coppermetal,
metal,(Step
(Step
1),1),
aluminium hydroxide,
aluminium (Step
hydroxide, 2), and
(Step zinc
2), and hydroxide,
zinc hydroxide,(Step
(Step3).
3).
You
You are are reminded
reminded that that aqueous
aqueous ammonia
ammonia containsboth
contains boththe
thebase
base OH
OH– and
andthe
thecomplex-forming
complex-forming
molecule
molecule NH3. 3 NH .
StepStep
1 1 Step 2
Step 2 Step 3
Step 3
reagent(s) added reagent(s) added reagent(s) added
reagent(s) added reagent(s) added reagent(s) added
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
substance(s) present at substance(s) present at substance(s) present at
the end of
substance(s) the reaction
present at the end of the
substance(s) reaction
present at the end of the reaction
substance(s) present at
the end of the reaction the end of the reaction the end of the reaction
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
solder
..................................... ..................................... .....................................
solder ..................................... ..................................... .....................................
.....................................
..................................... .....................................
..................................... .....................................
.....................................
.....................................
substance(s) removed .....................................
substance(s) removed .....................................
substance(s) removed
by filtration (if any) by filtration (if any) by filtration (if any)
substance(s) removed substance(s) removed substance(s) removed
by filtration (if any)
..................................... by .....................................
filtration (if any) by filtration (if any)
.....................................
.....................................
..................................... .....................................
..................................... .....................................
.....................................
..................................... ..................................... .....................................

[5]
[5]
© UCLES 2014 9701/51/O/N/14
BILAL HAMEED
© UCLES 2014 9701/51/O/N/14 MISCELLANEOUS
279
3
(b) For some of the steps in the procedure you would need to be careful to add an appropriate
quantity of a reagent.
For each step of your procedure explain why particular quantities of reagent should be chosen.
Step 1 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Step 2 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
Step 3 ........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [4]
(c) The aluminium hydroxide and zinc hydroxide that have been extracted are difficult to dry so it
is better to convert them to their oxides.
Describe how this could be done and how you would make sure that each hydroxide had been
completely converted into its oxide.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
BILAL HAMEED MISCELLANEOUS

280
4
(d) The purpose of the experiment is to confirm the composition of the solder.
When the experiment is carried out state
the measurements that would be taken,
what you would do to the copper to make sure that the correct value is obtained.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [2]
(e) If the mass of aluminium oxide obtained was 1.50 g, calculate the mass of aluminium that was
present in the solder.
(Ar: Al, 27.0; O, 16.0)
[1]
(f) Even if the experimental difficulties of extracting all of the copper from the mixture were
overcome, it would be difficult to obtain an accurate mass of copper from this experiment.
Suggest why.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]
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281
2 2015 NOV P53 Q1 2
1 The halogenoalkanes can react with hydroxide ions to form an alcohol and a halide ion.
(a) The rate at which the reaction occurs depends on which of the halogenoalkanes is chosen.
The reaction is a nucleophilic attack by the hydroxide ion and the rate might depend on:
the polarity of the carbon-halogen bond,
the bond strength of the carbon-halogen bond.
For (i) and (ii), chlorobutane, bromobutane and iodobutane should be considered.
(i) If the rate of reaction was only controlled by the polarity of the carbon-halogen bond, the
order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive) would be
........................................................................................................................................... .
Explain the variation in the polarity of the carbon-halogen bonds.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) If the rate of reaction was only controlled by the bond strength of the carbon-halogen
bond, the order of reactivity (most reactive to least reactive) would be
........................................................................................................................................... .
Explain the variation in the bond strength of the carbon-halogen bonds.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
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3
(b) An experiment can be carried out to compare the extent of the reaction between aqueous
hydroxide ions and chlorobutane, bromobutane and iodobutane. Samples of the
halogenoalkanes are reacted with sodium hydroxide for 2 minutes at 50 C. After the reaction,
addition of aqueous silver nitrate causes the formation of a silver halide precipitate.
Some hazards associated with the use of halogenoalkanes include:

very hazardous in case of skin and particularly eye contact,
very hazardous if inhaled or ingested,
flammable.
To carry out this experiment, the following would be supplied.
usual laboratory apparatus

laboratory reagents including a suitable aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and
aqueous silver nitrate
samples of each of the three liquid halogenoalkanes
(i) Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in this experiment.
independent variable ..........................................................................................................
dependent variable .............................................................................................................

[1]
(ii) The amount of each halogenoalkane liquid to use is most practically measured by its
volume. Usually equal volumes of the three halogenoalkanes are used.
Explain why this is not ideal and what change should be made to obtain a more reliable
comparison between the halogenoalkanes.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

283
4
(iii) Answer the following questions about the experiment.
Having measured the quantity of halogenoalkanes, what must be ensured about the
amount of sodium hydroxide used?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
How would the reaction tubes be heated and the experiment be started?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
What reagent could be added which would ensure that after 2 minutes the reaction
was stopped?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
After the reaction has been stopped and aqueous silver nitrate added, the amount of
precipitate formed could be determined by measuring its height.
Why is it necessary to leave the tubes for some time before making this measurement?
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[5]
(iv) Although the amount of silver halide formed can reasonably be obtained by measuring the
height of the precipitate in the reaction tube, this is not very reliable.
Explain what should be done with the precipitate to obtain a more reliable measurement
of the amount of silver halide produced.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
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5
(c) The use of halogenoalkanes is hazardous and both gloves and eye protection are necessary.
State one other essential precaution which should be taken when carrying out the experiments.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 15]

285
3 2017 MAR P52 Q2 9
2 Transition metal complex ions are coloured. The formula of a complex ion can be determined using
colorimetry.
In colorimetry, light of a certain wavelength is passed through a complex ion solution. The absorbance
of the light is proportional to the intensity of the colour of the solution. The more concentrated the
complex ion solution, the more intense its colour and so the higher the absorbance.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the formula of the complex ion formed between
aqueous iron(III) ions, Fe3+(aq), and aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate ions, C6H4(OH)CO2–, which have
the structure shown.
O O–
C
OH
(a) 3
of 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous
iron(III) nitrate.
(i) Determine the mass, in g, of solid hydrated iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3.9H2O, needed to
prepare 100.0 cm3 of a 0.0500 mol dm–3 solution.
[Ar: Fe, 55.8; N, 14.0; O, 16.0; H, 1.0]
mass of Fe(NO3)3.9H2O = .............................. g [2]
(ii) Describe how, after weighing the mass determined in (i), the student should prepare
100.0 cm3 of 0.0500 mol dm–3 aqueous iron(III) nitrate.
In your answer you must give the name and capacity, in cm3, of any apparatus used.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]

28610
10
(b) (b)
TheThe student prepared solutions containing variouscombinations
combinationsofof0.0500
0.0500mol
moldm
dm–3–3 Fe
Fe3+ (aq)
3+
student prepared solutions containing various (aq)
and 0.0500 mol dm –3
aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate, as shown in
and 0.0500 mol dm aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate, as shown in the table.
–3 the table.
TheThe student
student placed
placed a small
a small sample
sample of of eachsolution
each solutioninto
intoa acolorimeter
colorimeter and
and measured
measured the
the
absorbance. The student made a mistake in test number 9 and did not measure the result.
absorbance. The student made a mistake in test number 9 and did not measure the result.
test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
test number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 9.0 10.0
volume of aqueous
volume of aqueous / cm3 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0
2-hydroxybenzoate
1.0 0.0
10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 1.0 0.0
2-hydroxybenzoate / cm3
absorbance 0 23 46 69 70 58 47 35 13 0
absorbance 0 23 46 69 70 58 47 35 13 0
(i) Plot a graph on the grid to show the relationship between absorbance and the volumes of
(i) PlotFe a 3+
graph on the
(aq) and grid to2-hydroxybenzoate
aqueous show the relationship between absorbance and the volumes of
used.
Fe3+Use
(aq)aand aqueous
cross 2-hydroxybenzoate
( ) to represent used.Draw two
each data point.
Use a cross ( ) to represent each data point. Draw two
80
80
70
70
60
60
50
50
absorbance
absorbance 40
40
30
30
20
20
10
10
0
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
volume of aqueous 0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
volume of Fe3+(aq) / cm3 3 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0
2-hydroxybenzoate / cm
volume of aqueous 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0
2-hydroxybenzoate / cm3
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/F/M/17
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287
11
(ii) Use the graph in (i) to determine the volumes of Fe3+(aq) and aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate
which would give the maximum absorbance.
volume of Fe3+(aq) = .............................. cm3
volume of aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate = .............................. cm3

[1]
(iii) The point of maximum absorbance shows where all of the ions are combined in the
complex.
Use the volumes in (ii) to determine the number of moles of 2-hydroxybenzoate ions that
form a complex with 1 mole of Fe3+ ions.
moles of 2-hydroxybenzoate ions = .............................. [1]
(iv) Fe3+(aq) ions exist in aqueous solution as complex ions with the formula [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq).
2-hydroxybenzoate ions, C6H4(OH)CO2–, are bidentate ligands.
Use this information and your answer to (iii) to suggest the formula of the complex ion
formed between Fe3+(aq) ions and 2-hydroxybenzoate ions.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(v) Name the apparatus that should be used to measure the volumes of the solutions given in
the table accurately.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

288
12
(c) In test 9, instead of mixing 8.0 cm3 of Fe3+(aq) and 2.0 cm3 of aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate, the
student mixed 16.0 cm3 of Fe3+(aq) and 4.0 cm3 of aqueous 2-hydroxybenzoate.
Use your graph in (b)(i) to suggest the absorbance that would have been measured if a sample
of this solution had been analysed in the colorimeter.
absorbance = .............................. % [1]
(d) In a colorimetry experiment, the absorbance of the solution follows the relationship shown.
A = cl
A is the absorbance (no units).

c is the concentration in mol dm–3.
l is the path length of the light travelling through the solution in cm.
Determine the unit of .
unit = .............................. [1]
[Total: 12]
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289
4 2017 JUN P51 Q2 7
2 Sucrose is a sugar. The concentration of a solution of sucrose can be measured by the optical
rotation, , of a sucrose solution. The more concentrated the solution, the greater the optical
rotation of the solution.
A polarimeter is used to measure optical rotation. Light is passed through a sample of the sucrose
solution in a glass cell, and the observed angle of rotation, obs, is measured.
eyepiece
eye of
observer
light glass cell rotated light
–3
the
].
The observed angle of rotation, obs, measured by the polarimeter is related mathematically to the
concentration of the sucrose solution by the equation shown.
obs = [ ]c
obs is the observed angle of rotation using a 10 cm cell
c is the concentration of sucrose, in g cm–3
]. Solutions of different
concentrations of sucrose at 20 C were placed in a polarimeter and the observed angle of rotation,
obs, recorded. The ‘+’ sign is used to show that the rotation is in a clockwise direction.

290
8
concentration of
observed angle
sucrose, c
of rotation, obs
/ g cm–3
0.0750 +5.05
0.0700 +4.70
0.0650 +4.40
0.0600 +4.00
0.0500 +3.30
0.0450 +2.55
0.0350 +2.30
0.0300 +1.95
0.0250 +1.68
0.0200 +1.40
(a) (i) Plot a graph on the grid on page 9 to show the relationship between concentration of
sucrose, c, and observed angle of rotation, obs.
Use a cross (
(ii) Circle the most anomalous point on your graph. [1]
(iii) ], of sucrose.
Give this value to two decimal places.
] = ..............................
[2]
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9
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
αobs
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0.000 0.0100 0.0200 0.0300 0.0400 0.0500 0.0600 0.0700 0.0800
c / g cm–3

292
10
(b) You are asked to write instructions for another student to follow so they can prepare a standard
solution of 250 cm3 0.0750 g cm–3 sucrose. The student is provided with solid sucrose and a
250 cm3
(i) Calculate the mass, in g, of sucrose the student would need to use.
mass of sucrose = .............................. g [1]
(ii) Describe how the student should accurately prepare the standard solution using a sample
of sucrose of mass calculated in (i).
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) (i) The student used the standard solution prepared in (b) to prepare the solutions in the table
on page 8.
Calculate the volume of standard solution of concentration 0.0750 g cm–3 and the volume
of distilled water needed to prepare 15.00 cm3 of sucrose solution of concentration
0.0350 g cm–3.
Give your answers to two decimal places.
volume of standard solution = .............................. cm3
volume of distilled water = .............................. cm3

[1]
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11
The volumes of the two solutions given in (c)(i) could be measured using the same type of
apparatus.
(ii) Name a suitable piece of apparatus which could be used to measure these volumes.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) (a)(ii) you circled an anomalous point. This was caused by the student incorrectly
making one of the sucrose solutions.
Suggest the error made by the student that caused this anomaly.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(d) The student recorded the observed angle of rotation, obs , for a sucrose solution of unknown
concentration as +3.75.
Determine the concentration of this sucrose solution in mol dm–3.

[Mr sucrose: 342]
concentration of sucrose = .............................. mol dm–3 [3]

294
12
(e) The glass cell of 10 cm length is expensive, so one cell is used for all the solutions that are
placed in the polarimeter.
Suggest how you would ensure that the concentration of solution in the cell is accurate each
time the cell is used for the different sucrose solutions.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(f) Concentration of sucrose is the independent variable in this polarimeter experiment.
The glass cell of 10 cm length is replaced by a glass cell of 20 cm length. The 20 cm glass cell
–3
sucrose solution.
Predict the value for the observed angle of rotation, obs, for the sucrose solution of concentration
0.0750 g cm–3 when the 20 cm cell is used. Explain your answer.
predicted value = ..............................
explanation ................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
[2]
(g)
with distilled water and the angle of rotation measured.
Explain why this measurement is taken.
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
[Total: 18]
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295
5 2017 JUN P52 Q2 6
sample of solution
light detector
light of one glass cuvette

wavelength
(a) (i)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii)
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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7
MnO4–
of MnO4–
(b) 1.0 dm3 of a standard solution of 0.0300 mol dm–3 MnO4–

potassium manganate(VII 4, measured using a two decimal place balance.
(i) 4
[Ar
4 = .............................. g [1]
(ii)
4 of mass calculated in (i) 3
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii) 10–4 mol dm–3
4 in 1.0 dm3 of water.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

(c)
of MnO4– 3.0 10–4 mol dm–3 MnO4– and different
297
8 8
0.760
(c) (c)
of MnO
of4–MnO4– 3.0
3.0 10
10–4
–4
mol dm
dm–3–3 MnO
MnO4–4–and
anddifferent
different
0.750
0.740 0.760
0.760
0.730 0.750
0.750
0.740
0.720
0.740
0.730
0.710
0.730
0.720
0.700
0.720
0.710
0.690
0.710
absorbance absorbance
0.700
0.680
0.700
0.690
absorbance
0.670
0.690 0.680
0.660 0.670
0.680
0.650 0.660
0.670
0.640 0.650
0.660
0.630 0.640
0.650
0.630
0.620
0.640
0.620
0.610
0.630
0.610
0.600
0.620
510
0.600 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550
510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545 550
0.610 wavelength / nm
wavelength / nm
0.600 –
solution.
–4
510 515 520 525 530 535 540 545
4 solution. 550
wavelength / nm
4
–
solution.
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298
10
(d)
MnO4–
–
4
concentration of
absorbance
MnO4– –3
3.00 10–4 0.748

2.70 10–4 0.680
2.40 10–4 0.610
2.10 10 –4
0.530
1.80 10–4 0.440
1.50 10 –4
0.378
1.20 10–4 0.315
0.90 10–4 0.230
0.60 10–4 0.150
(i) Plot a graph on the grid on page 11 to show the relationship between the absorbance and
the concentration of MnO4–
Use a cross (
(ii) State the relationship between absorbance and concentration of MnO4–

answer with reference to particles.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [2]
(iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
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29911
0.800
0.700
0.600
0.500
absorbance
0.400
0.300
0.200
0.100
0.000
0.00 0.50 × 10–4 1.00 × 10–4 1.50 × 10–4 2.00 × 10–4 2.50 × 10–4 3.00 × 10–4 3.50 × 10–4
concentration of MnO4–(aq) / mol dm–3

300
12
(e) (i) 4
–
10–4 mol dm–3 to prepare
the solutions in the table on page 10.
10–4 mol dm–3 MnO4–

3
solution of 2.70 10–4 mol dm–3 MnO4–
two decimal places.
10–4 mol dm–3 MnO4– 3
[1]
(ii) (e)(i)
apparatus.
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
VII 4
–
solution was made up to 100.0 cm 3
(f) A small sample of the solution of MnO4–
(i) 4
–
(d)(i) to determine the concentration of MnO4–

solution.
.
concentration of MnO4– –3
[1]
(ii)
[Ar: Mn, 54.9]
mass of manganese = .............................. g [1]
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301
13
(g)
(f)(ii) to calculate the percentage of manganese
(f)(ii)
percentage of manganese in the steel sample = .............................. % [1]
(h)
–
4
of iron(II
MnO4– + 2+
Mn2+ 3+
2
....................................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]

302

303
6 2017 NOV P52 Q2 9
2 Activated charcoal is a form of carbon with a very high surface area. It can be used to remove
impurities from mixtures. It does this by a process called adsorption, where particles of the impurity
bond (adsorb) to the activated charcoal surface.
A student wanted to determine the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb a blue dye (the impurity)
from aqueous solution.
The equation that links the mass of activated charcoal with the amount of blue dye adsorbed is
shown.
log D = A + b log [X
m
D = difference in concentration of dye (in g dm–3) before and after adsorption
m = mass of activated charcoal (in g)
[X –3
) after adsorption
A and b are constants
The student used the following procedure to investigate the ability of activated charcoal to adsorb
a blue dye from an aqueous solution.
3 –3

10
304
1010
(a) X
table.
(a) (a) XX
table.
(i) table.
Process the results to complete the table.
(i) (i)
Process the the
Process results to complete
results thethe
to decimal
complete table.
table.
two places.
twotwodecimal places.
decimal places.
mass of initial difference in
activated concentration concentration concentration
massmass
of of initial
initial difference
difference in in D log D log [X
charcoal, m
activated of blue dye of blue
concentration dye, [X of blue
concentration dye, D
concentration m m
activated concentration concentration concentration DD log DD log[X
[X
–3 –3 –3
log log
charcoal,
charcoal, m mof blue
of blue
dyedyeof blue
of blue dye,
dye, [X [X of of blue
blue dye,
dye, DD mm mm
–3 –3 –3 –3 –3 –3
97.24
97.24
97.24
(ii) (ii)
of activated
of activated charcoal,
charcoal, m, m,on onthethe amount
amount of of
adsorption
adsorptionthat thatoccurs.
occurs.
(ii)
of activated charcoal, m, on the amount of adsorption that occurs.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
Explain
Explain this this effect.
effect.
Explain this effect.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
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305
1111
(b) Plot D and log [X

(b)a Plot
graph on the
a graph ongrid
the to
gridshow thethe
to show relationship
relationshipbetween
betweenlog
log
m and log [X
Use a Use a cross
cross ( (
2.15 2.15
2.10
2.10
2.05
2.05
2.00
2.00
1.95
1.95
1.90
log D
1.90m
1.85
log D
m
1.85
1.80
1.80
1.75
1.75 1.70
1.70 1.65
1.60
1.65
1.55
1.60 –0.90 –0.80 –0.70 –0.60 –0.50 –0.40 –0.30 –0.20 –0.10 0.00
log [X]
1.55
–0.90 –0.80 –0.70 –0.60 –0.50 –0.40 –0.30 –0.20 –0.10 0.00
log [X]

306
12
(c) Circle the most anomalous point on the graph.
Suggest a reason why this anomaly may have occurred during the experimental procedure.
....................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................................
(d) (i)
points you used in your calculation.
Determine the value of the constant b.
..............................................
gradient = ............................................................
b = ............................................................
(ii) Use the graph to determine a value for A.
© UCLES 2017 9701/52/O/N/17

307
7 2019 MAR P532 Q2 8
2 A student was given a sample of an unknown Group 2 chloride. The student dissolved 3.172 g
of the unknown Group 2 chloride in distilled water in a beaker and added an excess of aqueous
silver nitrate, AgNO3(aq), to the beaker.
A white precipitate of silver chloride formed.
(a) Write the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction occurring.
.............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b)
reduced pressure.
(i)
reduced pressure.
to suction pump
(to reduce the pressure
in the conical flask)
filtrate
[2]
(ii) Suggest one
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
© UCLES 2019 9701/52/F/M/19

308
9
(c) The student rinsed the residue, transferred it to a crucible and placed it in a warm oven to dry it.
(i) What should the student do to ensure that the drying process is complete?
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(ii) The student recorded the masses shown in the table.
Complete the table to calculate the mass of dry silver chloride formed. Use this value to
determine the number of moles of silver chloride formed.
[Ar: Cl, 35.5; Ag, 107.9]
mass of crucible + dry silver chloride / g 24.898
mass of empty crucible / g 19.162
mass of dry silver chloride / g
moles of silver chloride formed = .............................. mol [1]
(iii) Use your answer to (ii) to calculate the mass of one mole of the Group 2 chloride and
hence identify the Group 2 metal present in the chloride.
If you were unable to calculate an answer in (ii), assume that 0.0304 mol of silver chloride
formed. This is not the correct value.
[Ar: Be, 9.0; Mg, 24.3; Ca, 40.1; Sr, 87.6; Ba, 137.3]
mass of one mole of the Group 2 chloride = .............................. g
identity of the Group 2 metal = ..............................

[3]
(iv) State and explain how the number of moles of silver chloride formed in (ii) would change
if the student used tap water instead of distilled water to dissolve the Group 2 chloride.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 10]

309
8 2019 JUN P51 Q2 8
2 A student plans to prepare propanone from propan-2-ol and test the product. Reagents provided to
the student and some of their hazards are shown in the table.
reagent hazard
propan-2-ol
concentrated sulfuric acid corrosive
potassium dichromate(VI)
distilled water non-hazardous
(a) (i)
dichromate(VI) is shown.
3CH3CH(OH)CH3 + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 3(CH3)2CO + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 7H2O
Calculate the minimum mass of potassium dichromate(VI) that is needed for complete
[Ar: K, 39.1; Cr, 52.0; O, 16.0; C, 12.0; H, 1.0]
mass K2Cr2O7 = .............................. g

[2]
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9
(ii) The student is provided with a set of instructions to prepare the propanone.
a few drops at a time.
step 2 Dissolve the mass of potassium dichromate(VI) calculated in (a)(i) in a few cm3
of distilled water.
step 3 Add this aqueous potassium dichromate(VI
The student is also provided with the boiling points of propan-2-ol and propanone.
compound boiling point / C

propan-2-ol 82.5
propanone 56.5
in step 5.
Label your diagram fully including the location of propan-2-ol and propanone after
clamp
heated collection
water-bath flask
round-bottomed
reaction flask
mixture
[3]

311
10
(iii)
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iv)
which needs to be removed.
student would ensure that all of the acid is no longer present.
reagent ...............................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
[2]
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11
(b) (i) When propanone reacts with a solution of 2,4-DNPH an insoluble compound, X, is
produced according to the following equation.
2,4-DNPH
CH3
N C
H2N NH HN CH3
NO2 NO2
CH3COCH3 + + H2O
NO2 NO2
The melting point of X

has reacted with 2,4-DNPH. To do this, solid X
This can be done using method A or method B.
Buchner funnel
suction pump
Buchner flask
method A
method B
Suggest one major advantage of using method B rather than method A.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]

313
12
(ii) The student places a washed sample of X in a drying oven for an hour. The student
records the mass of X. The student wants to ensure that X is completely dry.
Describe what the student should do to ensure that X is completely dry.
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
(iii) 5.00 cm3 X produced is

11.84 g.
Calculate the percentage yield of X in this reaction.
Mr X = 238
Mr CH3COCH3 = 58
density CH3COCH3 = 0.789 g cm–3
percentage yield of X = .............................. %

[3]
(iv) X is not possible.
.............................................................................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................... [1]
[Total: 14]
Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.
To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.
Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of
Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which itself is a department of the University of Cambridge.
© UCLES 2019 9701/51/M/J/19

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1

P5: PLANNING, ANALYSIS & EVALUATION

REACTION WITH GASES 19

REACTION KINETICS 168

• Any recording, graphical and numerical processes should be stated.

• The quantities of reagents to be used should be specified.

• Any purification techniques employed in the production of a compound should be included.

Analysis, Conclusions And Evaluation

Evaluation can include:

• identifying anomalous results (or outliers)

• a view of the adequacy of the range of data used

• commenting on the effectiveness of measures taken to control variables

• an argued judgement on the confidence you have in the conclusions reached

BILAL HAMEED P5 TIPS

BILAL HAMEED P5 TIPS

TABLES FOR Q2 (ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS)

2. A requirement for a specific number of significant figures or decimal places:

4. Quote value in decimal or standard form. For example, the values of

DRAWING DIAGRAMS AND VOLUMES

MEASURING OUT LIQUIDS

(2 x 0.05)/25 x 100 = 0.4%

1.0/25 x 100 = 4.0%

The error is ten fold.

MEASURING OUT LIQUIDS

At large volumes the percentage error decreases.

1/100 x 100 = 1.0%

BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES

• we obtain concordant titres

• % error in pipette and burette is very small (around 0.5%)

• The end point of a titration is generally very sharp.

MEASURING SMALL MASSES

for a mass of 0.25 g measurement:

a 2 dp mass balance % error = 0.01 / 0.25 x 100 = 4%

a 3 dp mass balance % error= 0.001/0.25 x 100 = 0.4 %

BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES

MAKING SOLUTIONS BY USING MASSES

• find the formula mass of CuSO4.5H2O crystals =

• find the mass needed to be added to make 250 cm3 =

• The plan is to dissolve this mass into 250 cm3 of solution.

MAKING SOLUTIONS BY USING MASSES

• Stir solid until it fully dissolves.

• Then transfer the solution from the beaker to a volumetric flask.

BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES

MAKING SOLUTIONS: FROM A CONCENTRATED SOLUTION

• Add around 100 cm3 of water and stir.

• Then transfer the solution from the beaker to a volumetric flask.

MAKING SOLUTIONS: DILUTING STANDARD SOLUTIONS

BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES

MAKING A SATURATED SOLUTION

• And repeat the process until more solid dissolves.

• let the dish cool.

• Weigh the evaporating dish with the solid residue.

• mass of solid / mass of water x 100 g

BILAL HAMEED P5 NOTES

1 Collection of gas and keeping a check on temperature

2 Collection of gas on adding solid to acid.

CEDAR COLLEGE P 5 DIAGRAMS

BILAL HAMEED SET-UP DIAGRAMS

BILAL HAMEED SET-UP DIAGRAMS

Keeping two reactants separated in afiask

passing hydrogen for the reduction a certain metal oxides by

Finding Out the enthalpy of combustion of fuels like ethanol

BILAL HAMEED SET-UP DIAGRAMS