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i
Telecommunications
Law and Regulation
Fifth Edition
E d it e d b y
Ian Walden
1
iv
1
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries
© The Contributors 2018
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
Fourth Edition published in 2012
Fifth Edition published in 2018
Impression: 1
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in
a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the
prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted
by law, by licence or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics
rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the
above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
address above
You must not circulate this work in any other form
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer
Crown copyright material is reproduced under Class Licence
Number C01P0000148 with the permission of OPSI
and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland
Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press
198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Data available
Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942280
ISBN 978–0 –19–8 80741–4
Printed and bound by
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Links to third party websites are provided by Oxford in good faith and
for information only. Oxford disclaims any responsibility for the materials
contained in any third party website referenced in this work.
v
Preface
The origins of this book lie in a LLM course in Telecommunications Law, for which
I became responsible when I joined the Centre for Commercial Law Studies, at
Queen Mary University of London in 1992, and still teach today. One problem
faced by our students in those early days was the lack of a suitable textbook, as
those targeted at the professional adviser market were priced appropriately. The
first edition, published by Blackstone in 2001, was the affordable and accessible
single work that we felt was missing in the market. The publication of the second
edition, in 2005, was by Oxford University Press. For the third edition, in 2009, my
co-editor, John Angel, stepped down from the role due to other commitments. I
would like to record my thanks to John for his invaluable input to this project. The
fourth edition was published in 2012.
This fifth edition substantially updates the fourth edition. In terms of new ma-
terial, all the chapters have changed significantly, reflecting the ongoing legal
and regulatory developments occurring in the sector. While no new chapters
were required, we welcome some new authors and remain immensely grateful to
all the contributors for their input. The organization of the book remains struc-
tured into six parts: Fundamentals; Regulatory Regimes; Key Regulatory Issues;
Telecommunications Transactions; Communications Content; and International
Regulatory Regimes.
The telecommunications sector continues to be of strategic importance to
states, both as an activity in its own right as well as an infrastructure over which
trade is carried out. Rapid technological and market developments confront the
legal frameworks that are designed to regulate the sector, challenging legislators,
regulators, and advisers. This book attempts, but inevitably fails, to keep up with
such developments and the challenges they generate. While the law should be cor-
rect up to January 2018, we have managed to sneak some amendments in up until
June 2018.
Professor Ian Walden
Centre for Commercial Law Studies, Queen Mary, University of London
Of Counsel, Baker McKenzie
June 2018
vi
vi
Contents
Table of Cases ix
Table of Statutes xix
Table of EU Legislation xxxi
Table of International Instruments xli
List of Contributors xlv
PART I: FUNDAMENTALS
viii Contents
Index 895
ix
Table of Cases
A&M Records, Inc v Napster, Inc, 239 F 3d 1004 (2001) (‘Napster’). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737–8
ABC/Général des Eaux/Canal+/WHSmith (Case IV/M.110) [1991] OJ C244 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568–9
AEG Telefunken v Commission (Case 107/82) [1983] ECR 3151. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
AGC v ISTAT (Case C-240/15), 28 July 2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Agincourt Steamship Co Ltd v Eastern Extension, Australasia and China Telegraph
Co Ltd [1907] 2 KB 305, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Aimster Copyright Litigation, In Re, 334 F 3d 643 (7th Cir 2003). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Airtours/First Choice (IV/M. 1524) [2000] OJ L 93/01, 13.4.2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Airtours v Commission (T-342/99) [2002] 5 CMLR 7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
AKZO Chemie BV v Commission of the European Communities (C-62/86) [1991]
ECR I-3359, [1993] 5 CMLR 215 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36, 555, 559
Alliance for Community Media v FCC, 529 F 3d 763 (6th Cir 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
ALS Scan v Remarq Communities Inc, 239 F 3d 619 (4th Cir 2001). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 743
Ameren Corporation v FCC, 865 F 3d 1009 (8th Cir 2017) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
American Bird Conservancy, Inc and Forest Conservation Council v FCC,
516 F 3d 1027 (DC Cir 2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
American Civil Liberties Union v Reno 21 US 844 (1997). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735
AOL and Time Warner (Case No COMP/M.1845), OJ L 268/28, 9.10.2001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Arcor AG & Co KG and Others v Bundesrepublik Deutschland, (C-152/07 and C-154/07)
[2008] ECR I-5959; [2008] 3 CMLR 37. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Arcor AG & Co KG v Bundesrepublik Deutschland (C-55/06) 24 April 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Areva/Siemens (Case COMP/39736), 18 June 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
AT&T Corp v Iowa Utilities Board, 525 US 366 (1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
AT&T v City of Portland, 216 F 3d 871 (2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
AT&T Wireless PCS v Virginia Beach, 155 F 3d 423 (4th Cir 1998). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254–5
Attorney-General v Edison Telephone Company of London (1880) 6 QBD 244 . . . . . . . 103, 293, 400
Austria v Commission (C-411/02) ECJ, ECRI-8155, 16 March 2004. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160, 674
Autronic AG v Switzerland (1990) 12 EHRR 485. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 684
A v France (1994) 17 EHRR 462. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
BAI and Commission v Bayer (C-2 and 3/01P) [2004] ECRI-23. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
Bais Yaakov of Spring Valley v FCC, No. 14-1234 (DC Cir 31 March 2017). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Bărbulescu v Romania (5 September 2017) (Application No. 61496/08) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649, 673–4
Base Co. NV v Ministeraad (Case C-1/14), (2015), Judgment of
Third Chamber, 11 June 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
Base NV and others v Ministeraad (Case C-389/08), 6 October 2010. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Base NV v Commission (T-295-06), 22 February 2008 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Bell Atlantic Telephone Companies v FCC, 206 F 3d 1 (2000). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Bellsouth/SBC/J V (Case COMP/M.1946), OJ C 202/5, 15 July 2000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
x
x Table of Cases
Table of Cases xi
JML Direct v Freesat UK [2009] EWHC 616 (Ch), affirmed in [2010] EWCA Civ 34. . . . . . . . . . . . . 707
Johnson v Youden [1950] 1 KB 544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680
Lap v Axelrod, 95 A2d 457 (NY App Div 3d Dept 1953), appeal denied, 460 NE 2d 1360. . . . . . . . 302
Liberty Global/Virgin Media (Case COMP/M.6880), 15 April 2013 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Liberty Global/Ziggo (Case COMP/M.7000), OJ [2015] C 145/7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534–5, 569, 576
L’Oréal SA & Others v eBay International AG & Others (C-324/09), 12 July 2011. . . . . . . 741, 747, 751
L’Oréal v eBay [2009] EWHC 1094 (Ch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750–1
Louisiana Pub Serv Commission v FCC, 476 US 355 (1986). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
National Association of Telecom, Officers and Advisors v FCC (DC Cir 2017). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
National Biscuit Co v City of Philadelphia, 98 A 2d 182, 187–188 (Pa, 1953). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Inc v Brand X Internet
Services 545 US 967 (2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
National Cable & Telecommunications Association, Inc v Gulf Power Co,
534 US 327 (2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
New Media Online v Bundeskommunikationssenat (Case C-374/14) [2015],
21 October 2015 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
News Corp/BSkyB (Case M.5932), 21 December 2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Newscorp/Telepiu (COMP/M.2876). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Nokia/Navteq (M.4942), 2 July 2008, [2009] OJEU C13/8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
North Carolina Utilities Commission v FCC, 537 F 2d 787, (4th Cir 1976),
cert denied, 429 US 1027 (1976) (NCUC I). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Norwich Pharmacal Co v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1973]
UKHL 6, [1974] AC 133 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750
Nungesser and Eisele v Commission (Case 258/78) [1982] ECR 2015. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
Peel Land and Property (Ports No 3) Ltd v TS Sheerness Steel Ltd [2013] EWHC 1658 (Ch). . . . . 370
People of the State of California v FCC, 905 F 2d 1217 (9th Cir 1990). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Perfect 10, Inc v Amazon, Inc, 508 F 3d 1146, 1172–73 (9th Cir 2007). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
Perfect 10, Inc v Google Inc, 416 F Supp (2nd 828) CD Cal 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737
xv
Table of Cases xv
Western Union Telegraph Co v Call Publishing Co, 181 US 92, 98 (1901) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Wilson v Newspaper and Mail Deliverer’s Union of NY, 197 A 720, 722 (NI Ch 1938). . . . . . . . . . 288
WorldCom and MCI (Case No. IV/M.1069), OJ L 116/1, 4.5.1999). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162, 440
WorldCom v FCC, 288 F 3d 429 (2002). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Wouters (Case C-309/99) [2002] ECR I-1577. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
Table of Statutes
xx Table of Statutes
Finland Russia
Information Society Code (917/2014)������������766 Federal Law No. 374-FZ������������������������������������661
Germany Slovenia
Federal Telecommunications Law on Electronic
Law (TKG), § 6 ����������������������������������� 627, 633 Communications 2012 ����������������������������766
Teleservices Act 1997 (TDG)����������������������������739
Solomon Islands
India Telecommunications Act 2009
Regulations (No. 2 of 2016)������������������������������766 (No 20 of 2009)��������������������������������������������859
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naam, indien hij bestond, als S e r a l l e n —’s Her-Allen, des heeren
Allen zone—luiden). In Oost-Friesland A l l a n a , A l l e n a , en
A l l e n . In Engeland A l l e n , A l l i n s o n , A l l i s , A l l i s o n ,
A l l i n g h a m en A l l i n g t o n ; deze twee laatste namen zijn
eigenlijk plaatsnamen, die ook als geslachtsnamen dienst doen.
Men ziet hieruit, hoe oneindig veel er, op taalkundig gebied, valt af te
leiden, op te merken en mede te deelen, naar aanleiding van eenen
enkelen naam, in dit geval van den Gentschen maagschapsnaam
A l l i n c k x . En dan nog is alles, wat hier nu is aangegeven, slechts
als voor de hand opgenomen, is anders niet als ’t gene bij een
oppervlakkig zoeken gevonden werd. Zoo men echter geheel
nauwgezet wilde te werk gaan, zoo men alles wilde uitzoeken en
navorschen, zoo men alle bronnen wilde uitputten—wel! daar
kwamen gewis nog tienmaal meer namen, van A l l e afgeleid, of met
A l l e samenhangende, voor den dag; tienmaal meer dan men hier
nu vindt medegedeeld. Daar is dus geen denken aan, dat ook bij de
volgende Gentsche geslachtsnamen die ik nog wensch te vermelden
en te behandelen, zulk eene min of meer uitvoerige
behandelingswijze zoude kunnen worden gevolgd. Dit ware
onmogelijk, tenzij men geheele boekdeelen zoude willen
volschrijven. Slechts oppervlakkig en als ter loops zal ik nu nog wat
kunnen vermelden van andere Gentsche geslachtsnamen, die van
Oud-Germaansche mansnamen zijn afgeleid, of anderszins op zich
zelven die schoone oude mansvóórnamen in hunne volledige
vormen vertoonen.
Geslachtsnamen: H w y t y n g h a , W y t t i n g a , W i t i n g a , (de
Friesche weêrga van den Gentschen naam W y t i n c k ), die in oude
Friesche oorkonden vermeld staan; en W y t e m a , W i t e m a , die
nog heden in Friesland leven. W y t y n c k in West-Vlaanderen.
W h i t i n g (ook W h i t t i n g —’t is ’t zelfde van oorsprongs wegen) in
Engeland. W y t , W y t e n , W y t t e n in Holland. Verder
W e l l i n g a , W e l l e m a , W e l m a , W e l l e n s en W e l l e s in
[157]Friesland. W e l l i n g in Drente. W e l l e n s en W e l l e k e n s
(afgeleid van W e l l e k e , verkleinvorm van den mansnaam
W e l l e ), elders in Vlaanderen en Brabant. W e l l s , W e l l i n g ,
W e l l i n g t o n in Engeland. Eindelijk: H e l l i n c k x , H e l l y n c k ,
H e l l y n c k x , alle drie bijvormen van den Gentschen naam
H e l l i n c k , in andere Vlaamsche en Brabantsche gewesten;
H e l l i n g a , H e l l e n g a , H e l l e m a en H e l l e s in Friesland.
H e l l i n g in Holland en in Engeland. Ook nog H e l s k e n s , in
Vlaanderen, afgeleid van H e l s k e n , verkleinvorm van den
mansnaam H e l l e .
Plaatsnamen: W y t w e r d , voormalig klooster, thans gehucht, bij het
dorp Uskwerd, in Groningerland; O o s t e r - W y t w e r d , dorp in
Groningerland; W i t u m (dat is: W i t a - h e m , woonplaats van
W y t ), dorp dat in den zeeboezem de Dollart, tusschen Oost-
Friesland en Groningerland verdronken ligt. W i t i k o n (oudtijds
voluit W i t i n c h o v a , de hoeve der Wytinks of der Witingen), dorp
bij Zürich in Zwitserland. Ook moet bij deze groep van plaatsnamen
gevoegd worden de naam van het Westvlaamsche dorp
W y t s c h a e t e , ’t welk ik als W y t s k a t e , de kate (kote, kot =
huis, hut) van W y t verklaar, en reeds uitvoeriger verklaard heb in
den negentienden jaargang van het Brugsche weekblad Rond den
Heerd, nummer van 2 December 1883, in een opstel: Oorsprong van
den naam Wytschaete. Dit opstel heeft nog aanleiding gegeven tot
sommige andere opstellen, op dien plaatsnaam betrekkelijk, en in
dien zelfden jaargang van genoemd blad geplaatst.
Y s e b a e r t (I s e b r e c h t , I s e b e r t ), in zijnen volledigen,
oorspronkelijken vorm I s a n b e r c h t , is samengesteld uit de
naamsstammen [166]isan, ise en bercht of bert. De laatstgenoemde
naamsstam komt zeer algemeen voor, zooals reeds een en ander
maal in dit opstel is aangetoond. Met den eerstgenoemden is dit niet
het geval; hij is tamelijk zeldzaam. Wij kennen hem uit de
mansnamen I s u w a r t h of I s o a r d (in Frankrijk I s o u a r d ),
I s a n b r a n d (nog heden ten dage in leven als Y s b r a n d en
Y s e b r a n d , met de geslachtsnamen Y s b r a n d s z , en,
verlatijnscht, Y s b r a n d i ), I s a n g r i m (als Y z e g r i m nog wel
bekend, zij het dan ook maar als scheld- of bijnaam), enz.
I s a m b e r t komt nog heden als maagschapsnaam in Frankrijk
voor. I s a n p e r t e s d o r f is de volledige, oude naamsvorm (in het
hedendaagsche Vlaamsch zoude deze naam als
Y s e b a e r t s d o r p luiden) van het hedendaagsche
E i s s e l s d o r f , een gehucht bij Geisenhausen in Neder-Beieren.