UNIT-V

Case Studies/Industrial
Applications
Contents
• IoT applications:
• Home
• Infrastructures
• Buildings
• Security
• Industries
• Home appliances and other IoT electronic equipment
• Industry 4.0 concepts.
Case Study
• Definition
“A case study is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry that
investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context.
Case studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a single
individual, group or event to explore the causes of underlying principles”.
• One of the most promising IoT use cases is creating smarter, more
efficient cities.
• Public energy grids can be optimized to balance workloads, predict
energy surges, and distribute energy more equitably to customers.
• Traffic lights could be synced using IoT to adapt to traffic conditions in
real-time.
IoT Applications
IoT applications promise to bring immense value into
our lives.
With newer wireless networks, superior sensors and
revolutionary computing capabilities, the Internet of
Things could be the next frontier in the race for its share
of the wallet.
IoT Applications
IoT Application: Smart and Connected Cities
• An IoT Strategy for Smarter Cities
• Smart City IoT Architecture
• Smart City Security Architecture
 IoT Application: Smart and Connected Cities
• An IoT Strategy for Smarter Cities
• IoT Needs for Smarter Cities
• Smart buildings
• Gas monitoring
• Smart parking
• Water management
• Road pricing
IoT Application: Smart and Connected Cities
• Smart City IoT Architecture
IoT Application: Smart and Connected Cities
IoT Application: Smart and Connected Cities
• Smart City Security Architecture
• Firewall
• VLAN
• Encryption
IoT Applications
IoT applications are expected to equip billions of everyday objects with
connectivity and intelligence. Few applications of IoT are
• Wearables
• Smart Home Applications
• Smart Buildings
• Securities
• Health Care
• Smart Cities
• Agriculture
• Industrial Automation
IoT Smart Home
IoT Smart Home
• Creating a smart home enables us to control all the devices we
have, remotely by using a network system in which we can assign a
task to be done later.
• Measuring home conditions
• Managing home appliances
• Controlling home access
Smart Home Automation
• Smart home automation is where Automatic devices such as
lights, thermostat, doors or windows, and so many other things
are considered as a part of a smart home.
• Time switch enables us to save energy and money since sensors
won’t let them be left open while we do not use them.
Smart Home Automation Using IoT
• Cloud Computing Paradigm
Smart Home Components
 Smart Buildings
• Any building that leverages data collected from distributed sensors to improve optimization
parameters.
• Optimization parameters
• Utilities (Energy/Electricity/Water/Gas) consumption reduction
• Safety & Security

• Smart Building Classification

• Commercial Buildings
• Offices
• Malls and Shopping Complexes
• Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals
• Schools, Community Halls / Libraries
• Industrial facilities
• Residential Buildings
• Apartment Complexes
• Gated Communities, villas
• Individual residential units
Smart Buildings
• The different ingredients of IoT, connectivity, control, cloud
computing, data analytics, can all contribute to make smarter
buildings (offices, industrial, residential, hotels, hospitals, etc.)
Smart Building Implementation
Features of Smart Building
• Connected to the grid (“smart grid ready”)
• Connected to the smart city.
• Energy efficient while taking care of the comfort of the occupants.
• Adaptable to the changing needs of the occupants over time.
• Providing services for a better life of the occupants.
• Easy to maintain during the whole life cycle at minimal cost.
Smart Buildings
• Smart buildings use wireless connections that record and share
information about the building’s functions (such as water use,
heating and other utilities) to streamline their use.

• This information allows users to better see when and what

resources are in use , control them remotely , and even automate
processes.
Smart Infrastructures
• “A smart infrastructure is a smart system that uses a data feedback loop to
improve decision making regarding a matter. A system that can monitor,
measure, analyze, communicate and act based on data collected by sensors.”

• Smart infrastructures are based not only on their physical structure

(cabling, sensors, etc.) but also on four principles:
• Data
• Analytics
• Feedback
• Adaptability
Smart Infrastructures
• Data: It is the basic element required by a smart system to work, and the raw
material required by a smart infrastructure for its operation.

• Analytics: The analysis of information is key to obtain useful information for

decision making.

• Feedback: A data feedback loop is fundamental for any smart system. This feedback
is evident when information is collected regarding the way in which an asset is used,
and this information is used to improve the way in which the system operates.

• Adaptability: Smart systems are those that not only adapt to current demands, but
also conform to the needs of the future.
Types of Smart Infrastructure
• Depending on degree of human participation in decision making
process

–Semi Intelligent Infrastructure

–Intelligent Infrastructure

–Smart Infrastructure
Types of Smart Infrastructure
• Semi-Intelligent Infrastructure
• This infrastructure collects and registers data about its own use, its structural behavior
and environmental conditions, but it has no ability to make decisions based on the
obtained information. Some examples of this infrastructure would be maps that record a
city’s pollution or vehicle traffic.
• Intelligent Infrastructure
• This is a reference to systems that collect data to process and present the information in
a way that helps a human operation make decisions. One example of this structure
would be the traffic system that detects heavy traffic and informs drivers so they can
make better decisions while they drive.
• Smart Infrastructure
• This infrastructure collects data, processes information and takes appropriate action
completely autonomously (without human intervention) and dynamically, and adapts
to changing conditions. This classification usually contains smart networks, smart
buildings, smart public infrastructure
Industrial IoT
• Industrial IoT is defined as a network of devices, machinery and
sensors connected to each other and to the Internet, with the purpose
of collecting data and analyze it to apply this information in continuous
process improvement.

• There are many Industrial IOT applications out there, and they have
driven an increasing number of companies to engage in this new
paradigm to improve their productivity and optimize their expenses
and profits.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Automated and remote equipment management and monitoring
• Predictive maintenance
• Faster implementation of improvements
• Pinpoint inventories
• Quality control
• Supply chain optimization
• Plant safety improvement
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Automated and remote equipment management and monitoring
• One of the main IIoT applications is related to the automated management of equipment,
allowing a centralized system to control and monitor all company processes.
• This ability to remotely control equipment via digital machines and software also implies
that it is possible to control several plants located at different geographic locations.
• This gives companies an unprecedented ability to over see advances in their production in
real-time, while also being able to analyze historical data that they obtain in relation to their
processes.
• The objective of collecting and using that data is to support the improvement of processes and
generating an environment where information-based decisions are a priority.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Predictive maintenance
• Predictive maintenance consists of detecting the need for a machine to be
maintained before a crisis takes place and production needs to be
stopped urgently. It is therefore among the reasons to implement a data
acquisition, analysis and management system.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Faster implementation of improvements
• IIoT generates valuable information so that those in charge of improving
processes in an industrial business model (process, quality or manufacturing
engineers) can access data and analyze it faster and automatically, and remotely
perform the necessary processes adjustments.

• This also increases the speed in which changes and improvements are applied in
Operational Intelligence and Business Intelligence–changes that are already
offering competitive advantages to a myriad of industrial businesses.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Pinpoint inventories
• The use of Industrial IoT systems allows for the automated monitoring of
inventory, certifying whether plans are followed and issuing an alert
incase of deviations.

• It is yet another essential Industrial IOT application to maintain a

constant and efficient workflow.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Quality control
• Another entry among the most important IIoT applications is the ability to monitor the
quality of manufactured products at any stage:
• From the raw materials that are used in the process
• To the way in which they are transported( via smart tracking applications)
• To the reactions of the end customer once the product is received.

• This information is vital when studying the efficiency of the company and applying the
necessary changes in case failures are detected, with the purpose of optimizing the
processes and promptly detect issues in the production chain.
• It has also been proven that it is essential to prevent risks in more delicate industries,
such as pharmaceutics or food.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Supply chain optimization
• Among the Industrial IoT applications aimed at achieving a higher
efficiency, we can find the ability to have real time in-transit
information regarding the status of a company’s supply chain.

• This allows for the detection of various hidden opportunities for

improvement or pinpointing the issues that are hindering processes,
making them inefficient or unprofitable.
 The main Industrial IOT applications
• Plant safety improvement
• Machines that are part of IIoT can generate real-time data regarding the
situation on the plant.
• Through the monitoring of equipment damages, plant air quality and the
frequency of illnesses in a company, among other indicators, it is possible to
avoid hazardous scenarios that imply a threat to the workers.
• This not only boosts safety in the facility, but also productivity and employee
motivation. In addition, economic and reputation costs that result from poor
management of company safety are minimized.
IoT Home Appliances
• IoT Home Appliances help save time and allow the control of the
Smart Home from afar. Schedule, monitor and improve various
aspects of your daily life.

• Smart home systems are integrated and enable you to play an

active role in every part of your home by surrounding your home.
Smart Appliances
• Smart appliances make the management easier and provide status
information of appliances to the users remotely.
• E.g.: smart washer/dryer that can be controlled remotely and notify when the
washing/drying cycle is complete.
• Open Remote is an open source automation platform for smart home and
building that can control various appliances using mobile and web
applications.
• It comprises of three components
• A Controller: manages scheduling and runtime integration between devices.
• A Designer: allows creating both configurations for the controller and user
interface designs.
• Control Panel: allows interacting with devices and controlling them.
 Smart Home Appliances

• Smart Washing Machine

– One can access the developed smart washing
machine on ones smart phone.
– One can monitor and control the process at the same
time. This smart washing machine can also dry your
laundry with the control application.
 Smart Home Appliances
• Smart Refrigerator with Internet of Things
– Internet in the kitchen makes life easier for you and your family in the
kitchen.
– With this internet connection, you can transmit a lot of information
starting from your shopping list, to the weather conditions, recipes etc.
– You can also view the inside of your refrigerator with its camera technology.
 Smart Home Appliances
• Smart Doorbell
– The most important thing in smart home
applications is known to be secure and protected
home.
– With this smart doorbell designed for security,
can recognize people who come to your home
with high quality.
– The night also has infrared technology added to
the smart bell. This will also send the screen to you
when it gets dark.
 Smart Home Appliances
• Safe Home Ready to Use
– A smart lock is one of the most preferred and
researched applications for the protection of a safe
house. This smart lock can be turned on or off by
reaching from your smart mobile phone.
Smart Home Appliances
• Smart Water Sensor
– The water sensor, which you can place
in any place of your house, can
instantly report real-time water leaks
in your home with its technology of
Internet of Things.

– With this smart home appliance IoT,

you can take precautions against water
leaks and make your home more
protected.
Smart Home Appliances
• Multiple Smart Power Socket

– The smart socket has many options. You can control the devices you have
plugged into this smart power socket with mobile applications.

– With the help of the audible application, you can switch the electronic
devices plugged on and off.
Smart Home Appliances
• Smart Camera for Safe Home
– Control of your home is in your
hands from every part. This smart
camera sends records from every
part of your home to your smart
phone with the Internet of Things
technology. Research on smart
camera technology is still continuing
 Industry 4.0 concepts
• Industry 4.0 refers to a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that
focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning,
and real-time data.

• Industry 4.0, also sometimes referred to as IIoT (Industrial Internet of

Things) or smart manufacturing which provides physical production
and operations with smart digital technology, machine learning and
big data to create a more holistic and better connected ecosystem for
companies that focus on manufacturing and supply chain
management.
 Industry 4.0 concepts
• While every company and organization operating today is
different, they all face a common challenge—the need for
connectedness and access to real-time insights across processes,
partners, products, and people.

• Industry 4.0 refers to the use of automation and data exchange in

manufacturing.
 Industry 4.0 concepts
• There are nine principal technologies that make up Industry 4.0:
– Autonomous Robots
– Simulation
– Horizontal and Vertical System Integration
– The Industrial Internet of Things
– Cyber security
– The Cloud
– Additive Manufacturing
– Data and Analytics
– Augmented Reality.
Industry 4.0 concepts
Industrial Revolution
 Evolution of Industry 4.0
• The First Industrial Revolution

– The first industrial revolution happened between the late 1700s and
early 1800s.

– During this period of time, manufacturing evolved from focusing on

manual labour performed by people and aided by work animals to a
more optimized form of labour performed by people through the use of
water and steam-powered engines and other types of machine tools.
 Evolution of Industry 4.0
• The Second Industrial Revolution

– In the early part of the 20th century, the world entered a second
industrial revolution with the introduction of steel and use of electricity
in factories.

– The introduction of electricity enabled manufacturers to increase

efficiency and helped make factory machinery more mobile.

– It was during this phase that mass production concepts like the assembly
line were introduced as a way to boost productivity.
Evolution of Industry 4.0

• Third Industrial Revolution

– Starting in the late 1950s, a third industrial revolution slowly began to

emerge, as manufacturers began incorporating more electronic and
eventually computer technology into their factories.

– During this period, manufacturers began experiencing a shift that put

less emphasis on analog and mechanical technology and more on digital
technology and automation software.
 Evolution of Industry 4.0
• Fourth Industrial Revolution[Industry 4.0]

– Fourth industrial revolution has emerged known as Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0
takes the emphasis on digital technology from recent decades to a whole new
level with the help of interconnectivity through the Internet of Things (IoT),
access to real-time data, and the introduction of cyber-physical systems.

– It connects physical with digital, and allows for better collaboration and access
across departments, partners, vendors, product, and people.

– An industry 4.0 empowers business owners to control and understand every

aspect of their operation, and allows them to leverage instant data to boost
productivity, improve processes, and drive growth.
 Characteristics of Industry 4.0
• Even more automation than in the third industrial revolution.
• The bridging of the physical and digital world through cyber-physical
systems, enabled by Industrial IoT
• A shift from a central industrial control system to one where smart
products define the production steps
• Closed-loop data models and control systems
• Personalization/customization of products.
Benefits of Industry 4.0
 Security Issues in IoT
• Vulnerabilities
• Vulnerabilities are a large problem that constantly plague users
and organizations.
• One of the main reasons IoT devices are vulnerable is because
they lack the computational capacity for built-in security.
• Another reason that vulnerabilities can be so pervasive is the
limited budget for developing and testing secure firmware, which
is influenced by the price point of devices and their very short
development cycle.
Security Issues in IoT
• Malware
• Despite the limited computing capacity of most IoT devices, they can still be
infected by malware.
• This is something cybercriminals have used to great effect in the past few years.
• IoT botnet malware are among the most frequently seen variants, as they are
both versatile and profitable for cybercriminals.
• Escalated cyberattacks
• Infected devices are often used for distributed-denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks.
• Hijacked devices can also be used as an attack base to infect more machines and
mask malicious activity, or as an entry point for lateral movement in a corporate
network
Security Issues in IoT
• Information theft and unknown exposure
• As with anything dealing with the internet, connected devices increase the
chances of exposure online.
• Important technical and even personal information can be unknowingly
stored and targeted in these devices.
• Device mismanagement and misconfiguration
• Security oversights, poor password hygiene, and overall device
mismanagement can assist in the success of these threats.
• Users may also simply lack the knowledge and the capability to
implement proper security measures, wherein service providers and
manufacturers may need to help their customers achieve better
protection.
Possible consequences of IoT attacks
• Cyberattacks on IoT ecosystems could have far more unpredictable effects because
they translate more easily into physical consequences.
• This is most prominent in the field of industrial internet of things (IIoT), where past
cyberattacks had already demonstrated cascading consequences.
• In the healthcare industry, IoT devices are already being utilized to remotely monitor
patients’ vital signs and has proven very helpful during the pandemic.
• Attacks on such devices can expose sensitive patient information or even endanger
their health and safety.
• In the smart home, exposed devices could allow cybercriminals to monitor the
household, compromise security devices like smart locks, and turn devices against
their owners, as was the case when a baby monitor and a smart thermostat were
hacked in separate attacks.
How to secure the IoT
• Users can apply a few best practices to reduce risks and prevent threats:
• Assign an administrator of things. Having a person act as an
administrator of IoT devices and the network can help minimize security
oversights and exposures. They will be in charge of ensuring IoT device
security, even at home.
• Regularly check for patches and updates. Vulnerabilities are a major
and constant issue in the field of the IoT. This is because vulnerabilities
can come from any layer of IoT devices. Even older vulnerabilities are still
being used by cybercriminals in order to infect devices, demonstrating
just how long unpatched devices can stay online.
How to secure the IoT
• Use strong and unique passwords for all accounts. Strong
passwords help prevent many cyberattacks. Password managers
can help users create unique and strong passwords that users can
store in the app or software itself.
• Prioritize Wi-Fi security. Some of the ways users can do this
include enabling the router firewall, disabling WPS and enabling
the WPA2 security protocol, and using a strong password for Wi-Fi
access. Ensuring secure router settings is also a big part of this
step.
How to secure the IoT
• Monitor baseline network and device behavior. Cyberattacks can be difficult to detect.
Knowing the baseline behavior (speed, typical bandwidth, etc.) of devices and the network
can help users watch for deviations that hint at malware infections.
• Apply network segmentation. Users can minimize the risk of IoT-related attacks by
creating an independent network for IoT devices and another for guest connections. Network
segmentation also helps prevent the spread of attacks, and isolate possibly problematic
devices that cannot be immediately taken offline.
• Secure the network and use it to strengthen security. IoT devices can place networks at
risk, but networks can also serve as levelled ground through which users can implement
security measures that cover all connected devices.
• Secure IoT-cloud convergence and apply cloud-based solutions. The IoT and the cloud
are becoming increasingly integrated. It is important to look at the security implications of
each technology to the other. Cloud-based solutions can also be considered to deliver added
security and processing capabilities to IoT edge devices.
How to secure the IoT
• Consider security solutions and tools. A large hurdle that users face in
trying to secure their IoT ecosystems is the limited capacity in which they can
implement these steps. Some device settings might have restricted access and
are difficult to configure. In such cases users can supplement their efforts by
considering security solutions that provide multi-layered protection and
endpoint encryption.
• Take into consideration the different protocols used by IoT devices. To
communicate, IoT devices use not only internet protocols, but also a huge set
of different networking protocols, from the well-known Bluetooth and Near
Field Communication (aka NFC), to the lesser-known nRF24, nRFxx, 443MHz,
LoRA, LoRaWAN and optical, infrared communication. Administrators must
understand the whole set of protocols used in their IoT systems in order to
reduce risks and prevent threats.
How to secure the IoT
• Secure the heavy use of GPS.
• Some IoT devices and applications use GPS heavily, which carries
potential security concerns.
• Organizations, in particular, need to be wary of cases where GPS signals
can be jammed or even faked, especially if they use positioning systems
for manufacturing, monitoring, and other functions.
• If these positioning systems are crucial to a company, means of
monitoring the GPS signal should then also exist in the company.
• Another option would be for the company to use other positioning
systems as well, such as Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) or Differential GNSS
(DGNSS or DGPS).(GNSS-Global navigation Satellite System)